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Mashhadi Kholerdi A, Moradian F, Mehralitabar H. In vitro study of the expression of autophagy genes ATG101, mTOR and AMPK in breast cancer with treatment of lactoferrin and in silico study of their communication networks and protein interactions. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 190:19-27. [PMID: 38782098 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2024.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy is a new window of science that has been noticed due to the importance of specific therapies in cancer. In this study, the effect of lactoferrin (Lf) on the expression level of ATG101, mTOR and AMPK genes in breast cancer cell line MCF7, as well as the interaction between lactoferrin protein and their protein were investigated. The expression level of the genes was measured using a real-time PCR method. PDB, UniProt, KEGG, and STRING databases and ClusPro webserver and PyMol software were used in silico study. The results showed that the expression level of the ATG101 gene in treatment with concentrations of 100, 400, 600, and 800 μg/ml Lf decreased by 0.05, 0.13, 0.54 and 0.77, respectively. The expression level of the mTOR gene in treatment with concentrations of 100, 400, 600, and 800 μg/ml Lf decreased by 0.07, 0.05, 0.13, and 0.49 times respectively. The level of the AMPK gene expression in treatment with concentrations of 100, 400, 600, and 800 μg/ml Lf decreased by 0.05, 0.01, 0.06, and 0.03, respectively. Virtualization of the interaction of Lf protein with ATG101, mTOR and AMPK proteins by Pymol software showed that the N lobe region of Lf interacted with the HORMA domain of ATG101 protein, the fat domain of mTOR protein, and the CTD domain of AMPK protein. Although Lf was not able to increase the expression of autophagy-inducing genes, it may be able to induce autophagy through protein interaction by activating or inhibiting proteins related to autophagy regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Mashhadi Kholerdi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Moradian
- Department of Basic Sciences, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran.
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Tsopela V, Korakidis E, Lagou D, Kalliampakou KI, Milona RS, Kyriakopoulou E, Mpekoulis G, Gemenetzi I, Stylianaki EA, Sideris CD, Sioli A, Kefallinos D, Sideris DC, Aidinis V, Eliopoulos AG, Kambas K, Vassilacopoulou D, Vassilaki N. L-Dopa decarboxylase modulates autophagy in hepatocytes and is implicated in dengue virus-caused inhibition of autophagy completion. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119602. [PMID: 37778471 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme L-Dopa Decarboxylase (DDC) synthesizes the catecholamine dopamine and the indolamine serotonin. Apart from its role in the brain as a neurotransmitter biosynthetic enzyme, DDC has been detected also in the liver and other peripheral organs, where it is implicated in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and host-virus interactions. Dengue virus (DENV) suppresses DDC expression at the later stages of infection, during which DENV also inhibits autophagosome-lysosome fusion. As dopamine affects autophagy in neuronal cells, we investigated the possible association of DDC with autophagy in human hepatocytes and examined whether DDC mediates the relationship between DENV infection and autophagy. We performed DDC silencing/overexpression and evaluated autophagic markers upon induction of autophagy, or suppression of autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Our results showed that DDC favored the autophagic process, at least in part, through its biosynthetic function, while knockdown of DDC or inhibition of DDC enzymatic activity prevented autophagy completion. In turn, autophagy induction upregulated DDC, while autophagy reduction by chemical or genetic (ATG14L knockout) ways caused the opposite effect. This study also implicated DDC with the cellular energetic status, as DDC silencing reduced the oxidative phosphorylation activity of the cell. We also report that upon DDC silencing, the repressive effect of DENV on the completion of autophagy was enhanced, and the inhibition of autolysosome formation did not exert an additive effect on viral proliferation. These data unravel a novel role of DDC in the autophagic process and suggest that DENV downregulates DDC expression to inhibit the completion of autophagy, reinforcing the importance of this protein in viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilina Tsopela
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 115 21 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Korakidis
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 115 21 Athens, Greece
| | - Despoina Lagou
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 115 21 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Raphaela S Milona
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 115 21 Athens, Greece
| | - Eirini Kyriakopoulou
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 115 21 Athens, Greece
| | - George Mpekoulis
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 115 21 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Gemenetzi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 115 21 Athens, Greece
| | - Elli-Anna Stylianaki
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, 16672 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Aggelina Sioli
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 115 21 Athens, Greece
| | - Dionysis Kefallinos
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National Technical University of Athens, 157 73 Athens, Greece
| | - Diamantis C Sideris
- Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 157 01 Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis Aidinis
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, 16672 Athens, Greece
| | - Aristides G Eliopoulos
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine, NKUA, 115 27 Athens, Greece; Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Kambas
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 115 21 Athens, Greece
| | - Dido Vassilacopoulou
- Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 157 01 Athens, Greece
| | - Niki Vassilaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 115 21 Athens, Greece.
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Zarrabi A, Perrin D, Kavoosi M, Sommer M, Sezen S, Mehrbod P, Bhushan B, Machaj F, Rosik J, Kawalec P, Afifi S, Bolandi SM, Koleini P, Taheri M, Madrakian T, Łos MJ, Lindsey B, Cakir N, Zarepour A, Hushmandi K, Fallah A, Koc B, Khosravi A, Ahmadi M, Logue S, Orive G, Pecic S, Gordon JW, Ghavami S. Rhabdomyosarcoma: Current Therapy, Challenges, and Future Approaches to Treatment Strategies. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5269. [PMID: 37958442 PMCID: PMC10650215 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15215269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma is a rare cancer arising in skeletal muscle that typically impacts children and young adults. It is a worldwide challenge in child health as treatment outcomes for metastatic and recurrent disease still pose a major concern for both basic and clinical scientists. The treatment strategies for rhabdomyosarcoma include multi-agent chemotherapies after surgical resection with or without ionization radiotherapy. In this comprehensive review, we first provide a detailed clinical understanding of rhabdomyosarcoma including its classification and subtypes, diagnosis, and treatment strategies. Later, we focus on chemotherapy strategies for this childhood sarcoma and discuss the impact of three mechanisms that are involved in the chemotherapy response including apoptosis, macro-autophagy, and the unfolded protein response. Finally, we discuss in vivo mouse and zebrafish models and in vitro three-dimensional bioengineering models of rhabdomyosarcoma to screen future therapeutic approaches and promote muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34396, Türkiye; (A.Z.); (A.Z.)
| | - David Perrin
- Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; (D.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Mahboubeh Kavoosi
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; (M.K.); (B.B.); (F.M.); (J.R.); (P.K.); (S.A.); (S.M.B.); (P.K.); (B.L.); (S.L.); (J.W.G.)
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, 8 Krzywousty St., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Micah Sommer
- Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; (D.P.); (M.S.)
- Section of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Serap Sezen
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Türkiye; (S.S.); (N.C.); (B.K.)
| | - Parvaneh Mehrbod
- Department of Influenza and Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran;
| | - Bhavya Bhushan
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; (M.K.); (B.B.); (F.M.); (J.R.); (P.K.); (S.A.); (S.M.B.); (P.K.); (B.L.); (S.L.); (J.W.G.)
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Filip Machaj
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; (M.K.); (B.B.); (F.M.); (J.R.); (P.K.); (S.A.); (S.M.B.); (P.K.); (B.L.); (S.L.); (J.W.G.)
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jakub Rosik
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; (M.K.); (B.B.); (F.M.); (J.R.); (P.K.); (S.A.); (S.M.B.); (P.K.); (B.L.); (S.L.); (J.W.G.)
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Philip Kawalec
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; (M.K.); (B.B.); (F.M.); (J.R.); (P.K.); (S.A.); (S.M.B.); (P.K.); (B.L.); (S.L.); (J.W.G.)
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1R9, Canada
| | - Saba Afifi
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; (M.K.); (B.B.); (F.M.); (J.R.); (P.K.); (S.A.); (S.M.B.); (P.K.); (B.L.); (S.L.); (J.W.G.)
| | - Seyed Mohammadreza Bolandi
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; (M.K.); (B.B.); (F.M.); (J.R.); (P.K.); (S.A.); (S.M.B.); (P.K.); (B.L.); (S.L.); (J.W.G.)
| | - Peiman Koleini
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; (M.K.); (B.B.); (F.M.); (J.R.); (P.K.); (S.A.); (S.M.B.); (P.K.); (B.L.); (S.L.); (J.W.G.)
| | - Mohsen Taheri
- Genetics of Non-Communicable Disease Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 9816743463, Iran;
| | - Tayyebeh Madrakian
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 6517838695, Iran; (T.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Marek J. Łos
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, 8 Krzywousty St., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Benjamin Lindsey
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; (M.K.); (B.B.); (F.M.); (J.R.); (P.K.); (S.A.); (S.M.B.); (P.K.); (B.L.); (S.L.); (J.W.G.)
| | - Nilufer Cakir
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Türkiye; (S.S.); (N.C.); (B.K.)
| | - Atefeh Zarepour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34396, Türkiye; (A.Z.); (A.Z.)
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran 1419963114, Iran;
| | - Ali Fallah
- Integrated Manufacturing Technologies Research and Application Center, Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Türkiye;
| | - Bahattin Koc
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Türkiye; (S.S.); (N.C.); (B.K.)
- Integrated Manufacturing Technologies Research and Application Center, Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Türkiye;
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Türkiye
| | - Arezoo Khosravi
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Okan University, Istanbul 34959, Türkiye;
| | - Mazaher Ahmadi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 6517838695, Iran; (T.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Susan Logue
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; (M.K.); (B.B.); (F.M.); (J.R.); (P.K.); (S.A.); (S.M.B.); (P.K.); (B.L.); (S.L.); (J.W.G.)
| | - Gorka Orive
- NanoBioCel Research Group, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain;
- University Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology–UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Stevan Pecic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA;
| | - Joseph W. Gordon
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; (M.K.); (B.B.); (F.M.); (J.R.); (P.K.); (S.A.); (S.M.B.); (P.K.); (B.L.); (S.L.); (J.W.G.)
- College of Nursing, Rady Faculty of Health Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; (M.K.); (B.B.); (F.M.); (J.R.); (P.K.); (S.A.); (S.M.B.); (P.K.); (B.L.); (S.L.); (J.W.G.)
- Biology of Breathing Theme, Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran
- Academy of Silesia, Faculty of Medicine, Rolna 43, 40-555 Katowice, Poland
- Research Institutes of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba-University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
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Rahmani AH, Almatroudi A, Allemailem KS, Khan AA, Almatroodi SA. The Potential Role of Fisetin, a Flavonoid in Cancer Prevention and Treatment. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27249009. [PMID: 36558146 PMCID: PMC9782831 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27249009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a main culprit and the second-leading cause of death worldwide. The current mode of treatment strategies including surgery with chemotherapy and radiation therapy may be effective, but cancer is still considered a major cause of death. Plant-derived products or their purified bioactive compounds have confirmed health-promoting effects as well as cancer-preventive effects. Among these products, flavonoids belong to polyphenols, chiefly found in fruits, vegetables and in various seeds/flowers. It has been considered to be an effective antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and to play a vital role in diseases management. Besides these activities, flavonoids have been revealed to possess anticancer potential through the modulation of various cell signaling molecules. In this regard, fisetin, a naturally occurring flavonoid, has a confirmed role in disease management through antioxidant, neuro-protective, anti-diabetic, hepato-protective and reno-protective potential. As well, its cancer-preventive effects have been confirmed via modulating various cell signaling pathways including inflammation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, growth factor, transcription factor and other cell signaling pathways. This review presents an overview of the anti-cancer potential of fisetin in different types of cancer through the modulation of cell signaling pathways based on in vivo and in vitro studies. A synergistic effect with anticancer drugs and strategies to improve the bioavailability are described. More clinical trials need to be performed to explore the anti-cancer potential and mechanism-of-action of fisetin and its optimum therapeutic dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Husain Rahmani
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51542, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Ahmad Almatroudi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51542, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled S. Allemailem
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51542, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amjad Ali Khan
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51542, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A. Almatroodi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51542, Saudi Arabia
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The effect of lactoferrin on ULK1 and ATG13 genes expression in breast cancer cell line MCF7 and bioinformatics studies of protein interaction between lactoferrin and the autophagy initiation complex. Cell Biochem Biophys 2022; 80:795-806. [PMID: 36169801 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-022-01097-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the study of autophagy and its mechanism on the cancer cell growth process has received much attention. lactoferrin (Lf) is a glycoprotein with various biological activities, including antibacterial, antiviral, anti-cancer, etc. In the present study, the effect of different concentrations of lactoferrin on the expression of ULK1 and ATG13 genes was evaluated in breast cancer cell line MCF7 using real-time PCR technique as well as the molecular mechanism of these two genes and their proteins in the autophagy pathway and the relationship between lactoferrin and these proteins were investigated by bioinformatics studies. The result showed that the expression of the ULK1 gene at a concentration of 500 μg/ml of lactoferrin was significantly (P < 0.007) increased compared to the control and two other concentrations. Also, the expression of the ATG13 gene at all three concentrations was not significantly different from each other and compared to the control (P = 0.635). In the immunoblot of ULK1 protein at a concentration of 500 µg, more protein expression was observed. The binding mode of lactoferrin with ULK1, ATG13, and ATG101 proteins was obtained using docking. According to docking results, the N-lobe region of lactoferrin interacts with the PS domain of the ULK1 protein, and the N-lobe region of lactoferrin interacts with the horma domain of the ATG 13 and ATG101 proteins. The results show that lactoferrin, in addition to acting on the gene, interacts with ULK1, ATG13, and ATG101 proteins. Since all three proteins are components of the autophagy initiation complex, lactoferrin can induce autophagy in this way.
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Liu Q, Liu Y, Li SE, Geng JH. Bcl-2 Interacts with Beclin 1 and Regulates Autophagy in 7, 12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-Induced Hamster Buccal-Pouch Squamous-Cell Tumorigenesis. Curr Med Sci 2021; 41:1198-1204. [PMID: 34950986 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-021-2472-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autophagy is a programmed cell death procedure, which has essential functions in tumorigenesis. However, its temporal expression and function under different status are yet to be determined. This study aims to investigate the temporal expression of autophagy and its possible function in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced hamster buccal-pouch cancer model (HBPCM). METHODS A total of 50 hamster buccal-pouch tumorigenesis models were established by painting DMBA for 4, 8, 10 and 13 weeks. The expression and subcellular localization of LC3, Beclin 1 and Bcl-2 in buccal lesions were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting. DNA damage was observed by immunohistochemical staining of 8-oHdG. The relationship between Beclin 1 and Bcl-2 was analyzed by immunofluorescence colocalization. RESULTS The expression levels of LC3 and Beclin 1 associated with autophagy in the experimental buccal pouch of HBPCM were significantly upregulated after 4 weeks (P<0.05), but gradually downregulated after 13 weeks of HBPCM induction. By contrast, the expression level of Bcl-2 was significantly upregulated after 13 weeks. The co-localized regions of Bcl-2 and Beclin 1 peaked after 4 weeks and then decreased gradually. The DNA damage in epithelial cells increased slightly after 4 weeks, and then rapidly decreased over the next 2 months. CONCLUSION Autophagy is motivated by a tumor suppressor that diminishes carcinogen-induced DNA damage. However, autophagy is gradually suppressed, which may be attributed to the interaction between Bcl-2 and Beclin 1. This result indicates that the promotion of autophagy may suppress malignant transformation and provide new insights on future potential treatments of HBPCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Shu-E Li
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Jin-Huan Geng
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China
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Wang Y, Du J, Wu X, Abdelrehem A, Ren Y, Liu C, Zhou X, Wang S. Crosstalk between autophagy and microbiota in cancer progression. Mol Cancer 2021; 20:163. [PMID: 34895252 PMCID: PMC8665582 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-021-01461-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved catabolic process seen in eukaryotes and is essentially a lysosome-dependent protein degradation pathway. The dysregulation of autophagy is often associated with the pathogenesis of numerous types of cancers, and can not only promote the survival of cancer but also trigger the tumor cell death. During cancer development, the microbial community might predispose cells to tumorigenesis by promoting mucosal inflammation, causing systemic disorders, and may also regulate the immune response to cancer. The complex relationship between autophagy and microorganisms can protect the body by activating the immune system. In addition, autophagy and microorganisms can crosstalk with each other in multifaceted ways to influence various physiological and pathological responses involved in cancer progression. Various molecular mechanisms, correlating the microbiota disorders and autophagy activation, control the outcomes of protumor or antitumor responses, which depend on the cancer type, tumor microenvironment and disease stage. In this review, we mainly emphasize the leading role of autophagy during the interaction between pathogenic microorganisms and human cancers and investigate the various molecular mechanisms by which autophagy modulates such complicated biological processes. Moreover, we also highlight the possibility of curing cancers with multiple molecular agents targeting the microbiota/autophagy axis. Finally, we summarize the emerging clinical trials investigating the therapeutic potential of targeting either autophagy or microbiota as anticancer strategies, although the crosstalk between them has not been explored thoroughly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngological Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060 China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute, Tianjin, 300060 China
- National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Jiang Du
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngological Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060 China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute, Tianjin, 300060 China
- National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Xuemei Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Gastroenterology and Hepatology Institute, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300052 China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300070 China
| | - Ahmed Abdelrehem
- Department of Craniomaxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Yu Ren
- Tianjin Research Center of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070 China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngological Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060 China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute, Tianjin, 300060 China
- National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngological Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060 China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute, Tianjin, 300060 China
- National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Sinan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Gastroenterology and Hepatology Institute, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300052 China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300070 China
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Ieni A, Pizzimenti C, Giuffrè G, Caruso RA, Tuccari G. Autophagy-related prognostic signature in HER2 positive gastric carcinomas. Curr Mol Med 2021; 22:809-818. [PMID: 34814818 DOI: 10.2174/1566524021666211123093532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immunohistochemical analysis of autophagy-related proteins (ATGs) has been recently applied in human pathology to study differentiation and cancer progression. The aim of the present study is to analyze a cohort of gastric carcinomas (GC) by five ATG antisera (Beclin-1, LC3A/B, p62, ULK-1 and AMBRA-1), also evaluating their possible relationship with clinicopathological parameters, HER2 status and final outcome of patients. METHODS A cohort of 123 GCs has been studied by ATG antisera utilizing Masuda's criteria that define positive cases in which at least two out of five protein expressions were documented. RESULTS The immunohistochemical signature for autophagy (A-IHC) was 49.59% as a whole. The percentage of A-IHC ranged from 31% for poorly cohesive carcinomas to 56% for adenocarcinomas. The performance of each ATG immunomarker documented high values for sensitivity, specificity and efficiency for LC3A/B, Beclin-1 and p62. In univariate analysis of GC, grade, stage, Ki67 expression, HER2 status as well as A-IHC appeared as emerged as relevant parameters with a high p-value (p < 0.001). Finally, in multivariate analysis, HER2 status, stage and A-IHC emerged as independent prognostic variables. In the comparison of survival curves, GC cases immunoreactive for A-IHC exhibited a shorter survival with a worse outcome. CONCLUSIONS We have hypothesized that A-IHC could represent an additional morphological tool to provide prognostic elements in order to identify patients affected by aggressive with shorter survival and worse outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Ieni
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Section of Pathology, University of Messina, Messina. Italy
| | - Cristina Pizzimenti
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Section of Pathology, University of Messina, Messina. Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giuffrè
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Section of Pathology, University of Messina, Messina. Italy
| | - Rosario Alberto Caruso
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Section of Pathology, University of Messina, Messina. Italy
| | - Giovanni Tuccari
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Section of Pathology, University of Messina, Messina. Italy
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9
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Marzo T, Ferraro G, Cucci LM, Pratesi A, Hansson Ö, Satriano C, Merlino A, La Mendola D. Oxaliplatin inhibits angiogenin proliferative and cell migration effects in prostate cancer cells. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 226:111657. [PMID: 34784565 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenin (Ang) is a potent angiogenic protein that is overexpressed in many types of cancer at concentration values correlated to the tumor aggressiveness. Here, by means of an integrated multi-technique approach based on crystallographic, spectrometric and spectroscopic analyses, we demonstrate that the anti-cancer drug oxaliplatin efficiently binds angiogenin. Microscopy cellular studies, carried out on the prostate cancer cell (PC-3) line , show that oxaliplatin inhibits the angiogenin prompting effect on cell proliferation and migration, which are typical features of angiogenesis process. Overall, our findings point to angiogenin as a possible target of oxaliplatin, thus suggesting a potential novel mechanism for the antineoplastic activity of this platinum drug and opening the avenue to novel approaches in the combined anti-cancer anti-angiogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziano Marzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giarita Ferraro
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Lorena Maria Cucci
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pratesi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Örjan Hansson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9C, PO Box 462, SE-40530 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Cristina Satriano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Antonello Merlino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 21, I-80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Diego La Mendola
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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10
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Moayedi F, Shojaei-Ghahrizjani F, Yaghoobi H. Inhibition of miR-155-5p in non-small cell lung cancer, a potential target for induction of autophagy. Meta Gene 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2021.100855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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11
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Sodium orthovanadate inhibits growth of acute leukemia HL60 cells and HL60/A cells in vitro. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:226437. [PMID: 32940655 PMCID: PMC7522360 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20201918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vanadium is an ultratrace element. The transition metal vanadium, widely exists in the environment and exhibits various biological and physiological effects in the human body, yet with no presently known specific physiological function in mammals. Sodium orthovanadate (SOV) is a kind of vanadium compound. SOV has shown promising antineoplastic activity in several human cancers. But the effects of SOV on acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) are still unknown. In the present study, for the first time, we found that SOV could inhibit proliferation, induce G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and could inhibit autophagy of acute leukemia cell lines in vitro. Thus, our findings suggest that SOV could effectively suppress the growth of acute leukemia HL60 cells and HL60/A cells through the regulations of proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis and autophagy, and thus may act as a potential therapeutic agent in APL treatment.
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12
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Kyani S, Akrami H, Mostafaei A, Akbari S, Salehi Z. Inhibitory effect of Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor on autophagy in MDAMB231 breast cancer cell line. J Cancer Res Ther 2021; 17:504-509. [PMID: 34121699 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_622_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Autophagy has an essential role in cellular energetic balance, cell cycle, and cell death, so the change in autophagy level is crucial in many human diseases such as cancer. Herbal medicine has been widely used to treat cancer. Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor (BBI), a protease inhibitor extracted from soybean, has antitumorigenic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-angiogenic activities. In this study, we evaluated the effect of BBI on the growth of breast cancer cell line and transcript level of autophagy and apoptosis-related genes. Materials and Methods BBI was purified from soybean by ion-exchange chromatography method. The viability of MDA-MB-231 cells that were treated with BBI was measured by MTT assay, and the transcript level of genes involved in autophagy and apoptosis was measured by real-time-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Results The results of BBI purification showed that 100 g of the ethanolic fraction yielded 300-mg BBI with more than 95% purity. MTT results revealed that BBI inhibited the cell growth of MDA-MB-231 cell line in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 of 200 μg/mL. The results of real-time reverse transcription-PCR exhibited that BBI altered the expression of Atg5, Beclin1, light chain 3-II, and sequestosome1 and increased the Bax/Bcl2 ratio in MDA-MB-231 cell line. Conclusion According to our results, BBI could inhibit autophagy and induce apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cell line. Thus, BBI may be used as a therapeutic drug in the treatment of breast cancer whether alone or with chemotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudabeh Kyani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Hassan Akrami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ali Mostafaei
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Samaneh Akbari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Zohreh Salehi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
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13
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Baicalin mediated regulation of key signaling pathways in cancer. Pharmacol Res 2020; 164:105387. [PMID: 33352232 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Baicalin has been widely investigated against different types of malignancies both at the cellular and molecular levels over the past few years. Due to its remarkable anti-proliferative potential in numerous cancer cell lines, it has created immense interest as a potential chemotherapeutic modality compared to other flavonoids. Thus, this review focuses on the recent accomplishments of baicalin and its limitations in cancer prevention and treatment. Further, combination studies and nanoformulations using baicalin to treat cancer along with the metabolism, bioavailability, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics have been discussed. The present review explains biological source, and anti-proliferative potential of baicalin against cancers including breast, colon, hepatic, leukemia, lung, and skin, as well as the relevant mechanism of action to modulate diverse signaling pathways including apoptosis, cell cycle, invasion, and migration, angiogenesis, and autophagy. The anticancer mechanism of baicalin in orthotropic and xenograft mice models have been deliberated. The combination studies of baicalin in novel therapies as chemotherapeutic adjuvants have also been summarized. The low bioavailability, fast metabolism, and poor solubility, and other significant factors that limit the clinical use of baicalin have been examined as a challenge. The improvement in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of baicalin with newer approaches and the gaps are highlighted, which could establish baicalin as an effective and safe compound for cancer treatment as well as help to translate its potential from bench to bedside.
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14
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Chen L, Lin G, Chen K, Wan F, Liang R, Sun Y, Chen X, Zhu X. VEGF knockdown enhances radiosensitivity of nasopharyngeal carcinoma by inhibiting autophagy through the activation of mTOR pathway. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16328. [PMID: 33004943 PMCID: PMC7531011 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73310-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important pro-angiogenic factor. VEGF was reported to promote the occurrence of autophagy, which enhanced the radioresistance of tumors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of VEGF silencing on the radiosensitivity of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells and the underlying mechanisms. The radiosensitivity of NPC cells after VEGF silencing was detected by cell counting kit 8 (CCK-8) and clonogenic assay, while cell cycle and apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry. The processes of DNA damage, repair and autophagy were examined by immunofluorescence and western blotting. The interaction between VEGF and mTOR was confirmed by western blotting and co-immunoprecipitation studies. The effect of VEGF on radiosensitivity of NPC cells was investigated in vivo using a xenograft model. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry and TUNEL assays were used to verify the relationship between autophagy and radiosensitivity in NPC after VEGF depletion. Downregulation of VEGF significantly inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis of NPC cells after radiotherapy in vitro and in vivo. In addition, VEGF knockdown not only decreased autophagy level, but also delayed the DNA damage repair in NPC cells after irradiation. Mechanistically, silencing VEGF suppressed autophagy through activation of the mTOR pathway. VEGF depletion increased radiosensitivity of NPC cells by suppressing autophagy via activation of the mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoxiang Lin
- Department of Oncology, Wuming Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530010, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaihua Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangzhu Wan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Renba Liang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongchu Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xishan Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Oncology, Wuming Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530010, Guangxi, People's Republic of China. .,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
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15
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LC3C-Mediated Autophagy Selectively Regulates the Met RTK and HGF-Stimulated Migration and Invasion. Cell Rep 2020; 29:4053-4068.e6. [PMID: 31851933 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Met/hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) is deregulated in many cancers and is a recognized target for cancer therapies. Following HGF stimulation, the signaling output of Met is tightly controlled by receptor internalization and sorting for degradation or recycling. Here, we uncover a role for autophagy in selective degradation of Met and regulation of Met-dependent cell migration and invasion. Met engagement with the autophagic pathway is dependent on complex formation with the mammalian ATG8 family member MAP1LC3C. LC3C deletion abrogates Met entry into the autophagy-dependent degradative pathway, allowing identification of LC3C domains required for rescue. Cancer cells with low LC3C levels show enhanced Met stability, signaling, and cell invasion. These findings provide mechanistic insight into RTK recruitment to autophagosomes and establish distinct roles for ATG8 proteins in this process, supporting that differential expression of ATG8 proteins can shape the functional consequences of autophagy in cancer development and progression.
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16
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Rezaei S, Mahjoubin-Tehran M, Aghaee-Bakhtiari SH, Jalili A, Movahedpour A, Khan H, Moghoofei M, Shojaei Z, R Hamblin M, Mirzaei H. Autophagy-related MicroRNAs in chronic lung diseases and lung cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2020; 153:103063. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.103063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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17
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Chen X, He LY, Lai S, He Y. Dihydroartemisinin inhibits the migration of esophageal cancer cells by inducing autophagy. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:94. [PMID: 32831913 PMCID: PMC7439151 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) is a complex gastrointestinal malignancy and its global incidence rate ranks 7th among all cancer types. Due to its aggressive nature and the potential for early metastasis, the survival rates of patients with EC are poor. Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) is the primary active derivative of artemisinin, and, as well as its use as an anti-malarial, DHA has also exhibited antitumor activity in various cancer models, such as cholangiocarcinoma, head and neck carcinoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma cells. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the antitumor effect of DHA in the treatment of EC remains poorly understood. The results of the present study demonstrated that DHA significantly inhibited the migration of TE-1 and Eca-109 EC cells in a dose-dependent manner by activating autophagy. DHA treatment also significantly reversed epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by downregulating the EMT-associated markers, N-cadherin and vimentin, and upregulating the expression of E-cadherin. Mechanistically, DHA treatment decreased Akt phosphorylation and inhibited the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, leading to the activation of autophagy. The levels of the autophagy-associated proteins were suppressed and DHA-mediated inhibition of migration in EC cells was reversed when an active form of Akt was overexpressed. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated the potential value of DHA in the treatment of EC, and revealed the underlying mechanism by which FDHA inhibits cellular migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Lan-Ying He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, P.R. China
| | - Shu Lai
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiulongpo District People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing 400050, P.R. China
| | - Yao He
- Department of Pharmacy, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
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18
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Huang Z, Wang T, Xia W, Li Q, Chen X, Liu X, Wei P, Xu W, Lv M. Oblongifolin C reverses GEM resistance via suppressing autophagy flux in bladder cancer cells. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:1431-1440. [PMID: 32765672 PMCID: PMC7388549 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of previous studies have demonstrated that inhibiting autophagy can increase the cellular cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic agents in urothelial cancer cells. However, the mechanistic roles of autophagy in gemcitabine (GEM) resistant bladder cancer cells have not been thoroughly investigated. In the present study, immunohistochemistry staining of autophagy marker LC3 was performed in bladder cancer and healthy control tissues and demonstrated an essential role of autophagy in cancer development. A GEM-resistant cell line was established to assess the effects of autophagy on the acquisition of GEM resistance. Western blotting of autophagy markers in GEM-resistant bladder cancer cells suggested that GEM resistance was caused, at least partially, by GEM-induced autophagy. GEM resistance was demonstrated to be reversed by the inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine. In addition, oblongifolin C (OC), a novel autophagic flux inhibitor purified from traditional Chinese medicine, was found to enhance the efficiency of GEM in GEM-resistant bladder cancer cells by inhibiting autophagic flux. In conclusion, data from the present study suggest that autophagy serves an important role in bladder cancer development and GEM resistance. OC treatment has the ability to reverse GEM-resistance in bladder cancer cells by suppressing autophagic flux, thereby providing a potential adjunctive therapeutic option for bladder cancer GEM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilong Huang
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
- Department of Anesthesia, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Wenjun Xia
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Urology, Yucheng People's Hospital, Yucheng, Shandong 251200, P.R. China
| | - Xinlei Chen
- Department of Anesthesia, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Peng Wei
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Wenping Xu
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Meirong Lv
- Department of Nursing, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, P.R. China
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19
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FTO accelerates ovarian cancer cell growth by promoting proliferation, inhibiting apoptosis, and activating autophagy. Pathol Res Pract 2020; 216:153042. [PMID: 32825930 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.153042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) is identified as a critical demethylase involved in various physiological processes. Despite efforts have been made to study the biological functions of FTO in certain cancers, the role of FTO in ovarian cancer is largely unknown. In this study, we sought to investigate the function of FTO on proliferation, apoptosis and autophagy of ovarian cancer cells. METHODS Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to detect FTO expression in ovarian tumor tissues and ovarian cancer cell lines OVCAR-3, SKOV-3, COC1, HO-8910 and A2780. SKOV-3 cells were constructed with FTO overexpression and A2780 cells were constructed with FTO knockdown. CCK-8 assay was used to examine cell viability and flow cytometry was used to detect cell apoptosis. Activity assay kits were applied to detect caspase-3 and caspase-9 levels. Western blot was performed to measure the expressions of FTO, PCNA, Bax, Bcl-2, LC3, ATG5, P62, p-AKT and AKT. Stable FTO-overexpression SKOV-3 cells or FTO-depletion A2780 cells were injected subcutaneously into male Balb/c-nu mice. Xenografted tumors were assayed by H&E staining. Immunohistochemistry was subjected to measure FTO and Ki67 expressions. RESULTS FTO was up-regulated in ovarian tumor tissues compared with non-cancerous ovarian tissues. FTO overexpression markedly increased viability and autophagy function, but decreased apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells. In addition, FTO overexpression promoted AKT phosphorylation. In contrast, FTO silence showed the opposite effect. CONCLUSION FTO accelerated ovarian cancer cell growth by promoting proliferation, inhibiting apoptosis, and activating autophagy.
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20
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Jamali Z, Taheri-Anganeh M, Shabaninejad Z, Keshavarzi A, Taghizadeh H, Razavi ZS, Mottaghi R, Abolhassan M, Movahedpour A, Mirzaei H. Autophagy regulation by microRNAs: Novel insights into osteosarcoma therapy. IUBMB Life 2020; 72:1306-1321. [PMID: 32233112 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a kind of primary bone cancer that is considered as the leading cause of children death. Surgery and chemotherapy are considered as common treatment approaches for OS; the rate of survival for patients is almost 60-70%. Besides the used therapeutic approaches, it seems that there is a crucial need to launch new treatments for OS. In this regard, more understanding about cellular and molecular pathways involved in OS can contribute to recovery and develop new therapeutic platforms. Autophagy is a cellular machinery that digests and degrades dysfunctional proteins and organelles, so it can regulate the cell proliferation and survival. Most of the time, OS cells use autophagy to increase their survival and proliferation and to gain the ability to resist chemotherapy. Although, there are several controversial evidences on how OS cells use autophagy. A variety of cellular and molecular pathways, that is, microRNAs (miRNAs) can modulate autophagy. MiRNAs are some endogenous, approximately 22 nucleotide RNAs that have an important role in posttranscriptional regulation of mRNAs by targeting them. There are many evidences that the various miRNA expressions in OS cells are dysregulated, so it can propel a normal cell to cancerous one by influencing the cell survival, apoptosis, and autophagy, and eventually increased chemoresitance. Hence, miRNAs can be considered as new biomarkers for OS diagnosis, and according to the role of autophagy in OS progression, miRNAs can use inhibiting or promoting autophagy agents. The present review summarizes the effects of aberrant expression of miRNAs in OS diagnosis and treatment with focus on their roles in autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Jamali
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mortaza Taheri-Anganeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Shabaninejad
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Nanotechnology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abdolkhalegh Keshavarzi
- Burn and Wound Healing Research Center, Surgical Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hajar Taghizadeh
- School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Reza Mottaghi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Abolhassan
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Movahedpour
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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21
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Enhancing therapeutic efficacy of oncolytic vaccinia virus armed with Beclin-1, an autophagic Gene in leukemia and myeloma. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 125:110030. [PMID: 32187960 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Different strategies were taken to make virotherapy more effective at killing cancer cells. Among them, oncolytic virus which arms the therapeutic gene to enhance antitumor activity is a prevalent approach. In this study, a newly developed oncolytic vaccinia virus (OVV) that expresses Beclin-1 (OVV-BECN1) was tested for its in vitro and in vivo oncolytic activity in blood cancer. Results showed that the OVV exhibited higher infectivity for leukemia cells. OVV-BECN1 induced significant apoptosis-independent cell death either in wild-type leukemia and multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines or caspase-3 shRNA leukemia cell lines, and had a superior antitumor activity compared to the parent OVV. Autophagic cell death induced by OVV-BECN1 was demonstrated in vitro and in vivo experiments. Finally, upregulation of SIRT-1, a member of class III histone deacetylases, by OVV-BECN1 resulted in the deacetylation of LC3 and its distribution from the nucleus toward the cytoplasm, which might contribute to induction of autophagy. Overall, our data showed a favorable therapeutic effect of the oncolytic vaccinia virus on blood cancers through oncolytic and autophagic mechanisms, and may therefore constitute a promising and effective therapeutic strategy for treating human leukemia and MM. However, further studies are warranted for its reliable clinical translation.
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22
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Xu WL, Wang SH, Sun WB, Gao J, Ding XM, Kong J, Xu L, Ke S. Insufficient radiofrequency ablation-induced autophagy contributes to the rapid progression of residual hepatocellular carcinoma through the HIF-1α/BNIP3 signaling pathway. BMB Rep 2019. [PMID: 30940322 PMCID: PMC6507849 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2019.52.4.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently speaking, it is noted that radiofrequency ablation (RFA) has been the most widely used treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) occurring in patients. However, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the incidence of insufficient RFA (IRFA) may result in the identified rapid progression of residual HCC in the patient, which can greatly hinder the effectiveness and patient reported benefits of utilizing this technique. Although many efforts have been proposed, the underlying mechanisms triggering the rapid progression of residual HCC after IRFA have not yet been fully clarified through current research literature reviews. It was shown in this study that cell proliferation, migration and invasion of residual HepG2 and SMMC7721 cells were significantly increased after the IRFA was simulated in vitro. In other words, it is noted that IRFA could do this by enhancing the image of autophagy of the residual HCC cell via the HIF-1α/BNIP3 pathway. Consequently, the down-regulation of BNIP3 may result in the inhibition of the residual HCC cell progression and autophagy after IRFA. Our present study results suggest that IRFA could promote residual HCC cell progression in vitro by enhancing autophagy via the HIF-1α/BNIP3 pathway. For this reason, it is noted that the targeting of the BNIP3 may be useful in preventing the rapid growth and metastasis of residual HCC after IRFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Lei Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100043, China
| | - Shao-Hong Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100043, China
| | - Wen-Bing Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100043, China
| | - Jun Gao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100043, China
| | - Xue-Mei Ding
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100043, China
| | - Jian Kong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100043, China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100043, China
| | - Shan Ke
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100043, China
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Kardideh B, Samimi Z, Norooznezhad F, Kiani S, Mansouri K. Autophagy, cancer and angiogenesis: where is the link? Cell Biosci 2019; 9:65. [PMID: 31428311 PMCID: PMC6693242 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-019-0327-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Autophagy is a catabolic process for degradation of intracellular components. Damaged proteins and organelles are engulfed in double-membrane vesicles ultimately fused with lysosomes. These vesicles, known as phagophores, develop to form autophagosomes. Encapsulated components are degraded after autophagosomes and lysosomes are fused. Autophagy clears denatured proteins and damaged organelles to produce macromolecules further reused by cells. This process is vital to cell homeostasis under both physiologic and pathologic conditions. Main body While the role of autophagy in cancer is quite controversial, the majority of studies introduce it as an anti-tumorigenesis mechanism. There are evidences confirming this role of autophagy in cancer. Mutations and monoallelic deletions have been demonstrated in autophagy-related genes correlating with cancer promotion. Another pathway through which autophagy suppresses tumorigenesis is cell cycle. On the other hand, under hypoxia and starvation condition, tumors use angiogenesis to provide nutrients. Also, autophagy flux is highlighted in vessel cell biology and vasoactive substances secretion from endothelial cells. The matrix proteoglycans such as Decorin and Perlecan could also interfere with angiogenesis and autophagy signaling pathway in endothelial cells (ECs). It seems that the connection between autophagy and angiogenesis in the tumor microenvironment is very important in determining the fate of cancer cells. Conclusion Matrix glycoproteins can regulate autophagy and angiogenesis linkage in tumor microenvironment. Also, finding details of how autophagy and angiogenesis correlate in cancer will help adopt more effective therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Kardideh
- 1Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.,2Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, 6714967346 Iran
| | - Zahra Samimi
- 1Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Norooznezhad
- 2Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, 6714967346 Iran
| | - Sarah Kiani
- 2Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, 6714967346 Iran
| | - Kamran Mansouri
- 2Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, 6714967346 Iran.,3Molecular Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Zhang Z. Trefoil factor 3 knock-down prevents autophagy-related gene 12 elevation in colon adenocarcinoma. J Histotechnol 2019; 42:169-176. [PMID: 31362594 DOI: 10.1080/01478885.2019.1633088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Colon cancer, which is considered a common gastrointestinal cancer, has been the third leading cause of cancer mortality in the United States. Colon cancer has various histological sub-types and 90% of them are adenocarcinoma. In recent years, autophagy, the process by which cells are self-cannibalized, has been implicated in pathophysiology of various diseases including colon adenocarcinoma and thus, has become a strong research focus. This has also been true for trefoil factor 3 (TFF3). TFF3 is a small secreted peptide that is present in almost all mucin-secreting tissues, it is most abundant in goblet cells of the gastrointestinal tract and expressed at high protein levels in colon cancer. The present study analyzed the expression of TFF3 and autophagy-related gene ATG12 in cancerous and normal tissue samples collected from patients with colon adenocarcinoma. The expression of both proteins was shown to be increased in cancerous as compared to adjacent non-cancerous tissues. Furthermore, these proteins were shown to be positively correlated using the Pearson's Correlation test in cancerous tissues. Finally, TFF3 was shown to regulate ATG12 in human colon adenocarcinoma cells in vitro. Thus, the data presented here suggest that both TFF3 and ATG12 may be promising potential therapeutic targets to develop novel treatment strategies for patients with colon adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, China
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25
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Chu C, Niu X, Ou X, Hu C. LAPTM4B knockdown increases the radiosensitivity of EGFR-overexpressing radioresistant nasopharyngeal cancer cells by inhibiting autophagy. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:5661-5677. [PMID: 31410015 PMCID: PMC6645602 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s207810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignant tumor that commonly occurs in southern China and Southeast Asia. Radiation therapy is the main treatment for patients with NPC, and the radioresistance of NPC is an unresolved clinical problem. This study focuses on the mechanism of NPC radioresistance and explores therapeutic targets and research directions for increasing the radiosensitivity of radioresistant cells. Methods We used a gradient dose model to establish radioresistant strains of 6-10B and CNE-2 human NPC cells. Plate colony formation assays were used to verify the radioresistance of the cells. We evaluated the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), lysosome-associated transmembrane protein 4β (LAPTM4B), Beclin1 and the autophagy-related proteins p62, LC3I, and LC3II by Western blot and observed GFP-LC3 puncta by confocal microscopy. The interaction between proteins was verified by immunofluorescence and coimmunoprecipitation analyses. Flow cytometry was performed to detect differences related to the apoptosis of radioresistant strains. Results The EGFR and LAPTM4B expression levels and autophagic flux were higher in radioresistant cells than in nonradioresistant cells, suggesting that EGFR and LAPTM4B are associated with autophagy levels. We observed that EGFR and LAPTM4B interact and stabilize each other in endosomes by confocal microscopy. LAPTM4B knockdown decreased the survival fraction of radioresistant cells and increased apoptosis after exposure to radiation. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that LAPTM4B interacts with Beclin1, which in turn promotes the initiation of autophagy. Conclusion This study illustrates a relationship among EGFR, LAPTM4B and autophagy in radioresistant NPC cell lines. LAPTM4B interacts with EGFR and Beclin 1, which promotes autophagy. LAPTM4B knockdown decreases radioresistance by inhibiting autophagy. This study proposes a possible mechanism for NPC radioresistance and provides a new research direction and theoretical basis for addressing the radioresistance of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu Chu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoshuang Niu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomin Ou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaosu Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
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Gene delivery to the rat retina by non-viral vectors based on chloroquine-containing cationic niosomes. J Control Release 2019; 304:181-190. [PMID: 31071372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The incorporation of chloroquine within nano formulations, rather than as a co-treatment of the cells, could open a new avenue for in vivo retinal gene delivery. In this manuscript, we evaluated the incorporation of chloroquine diphosphate into the cationic niosome formulation composed of poloxamer 188, polysorbate 80 non-ionic surfactants, and 2,3-di (tetradecyloxy) propan-1-amine (hydrochloride salt) cationic lipid, to transfect rat retina. Niosome formulations without and with chloroquine diphosphate (DPP80, and DPP80-CQ, respectively) were prepared by the reverse phase evaporation technique and characterized in terms of size, PDI, zeta potential, and morphology. After the incorporation of the pCMS-EGFP plasmid, the resultant nioplexes -at different cationic lipid/DNA mass ratios- were further evaluated to compact, liberate, and secure the DNA against enzymatic digestion. In vitro procedures were achieved in ARPE-19 cells to assess transfection efficacy and intracellular transportation. Both nioplexes formulations transfected efficiently ARPE-19 cells, although the cell viability was clearly better in the case of DPP80-CQ nioplexes. After subretinal and intravitreal injections, DPP80 nioplexes were not able to transfect the rat retina. However, chloroquine containing vector showed protein expression in many retinal cells, depending on the administration route. These data provide new insights for retinal gene delivery based on chloroquine-containing niosome non-viral vectors.
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27
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Autophagy as a molecular target for cancer treatment. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 134:116-137. [PMID: 30981885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic mechanism, by which eukaryotic cells recycle or degrades internal constituents through membrane-trafficking pathway. Thus, autophagy provides the cells with a sustainable source of biomolecules and energy for the maintenance of homeostasis under stressful conditions such as tumor microenvironment. Recent findings revealed a close relationship between autophagy and malignant transformation. However, due to the complex dual role of autophagy in tumor survival or cell death, efforts to develop efficient treatment strategies targeting the autophagy/cancer relation have largely been unsuccessful. Here we review the two-faced role of autophagy in cancer as a tumor suppressor or as a pro-oncogenic mechanism. In this sense, we also review the shared regulatory pathways that play a role in autophagy and malignant transformation. Finally, anti-cancer therapeutic agents used as either inhibitors or inducers of autophagy have been discussed.
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28
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Xu C, Wang Y, Tu Q, Zhang Z, Chen M, Mwangi J, Li Y, Jin Y, Zhao X, Lai R. Targeting surface nucleolin induces autophagy-dependent cell death in pancreatic cancer via AMPK activation. Oncogene 2019; 38:1832-1844. [PMID: 30356139 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0556-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer remains one of the deadliest human cancers despite current advances in conventional therapeutics including surgery and adjuvant therapies. Here, we showed that LZ1, a peptide derived from a snake venom cathelicidin, significantly inhibited growth of pancreatic cancer cells by inducing autophagy-dependent cell death both in vitro and in vivo. The LZ1-induced cell death was blocked by pharmacological or genetic inhibition of autophagy. In orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer, systemic administration of LZ1 (1-4 mg/kg) exhibited remarkable antitumor efficacy, significantly prolonged mice survival, and showed negligible adverse effects by comparison with gemcitabine (20 mg/kg). Mechanistic studies revealed that LZ1 acts through binding to nucleolin, whose expression on cell surface is frequently increased in pancreatic cancer cells. LZ1 binding triggers degradation of surface-expressed nucleolin. This leads to activation of 5'-AMP kinase which results in suppression of mTORC1 activity and induction of autophagic flux. These data suggest that LZ1, targeting nucleolin-AMPK-autophagy axis, is a promising lead for the development of therapeutic agents against pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, Yunnan, China
| | - Yunfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, Yunnan, China
| | - Qiu Tu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhiye Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Mengrou Chen
- Life Sciences College of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - James Mwangi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, Yunnan, China
- Sino-African Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Yaxiong Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650041, Yunnan, China
| | - Yang Jin
- Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Xudong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China.
| | - Ren Lai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China.
- Life Sciences College of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China.
- Sino-African Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China.
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Jia S, Xu X, Zhou S, Chen Y, Ding G, Cao L. Fisetin induces autophagy in pancreatic cancer cells via endoplasmic reticulum stress- and mitochondrial stress-dependent pathways. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:142. [PMID: 30760707 PMCID: PMC6374379 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1366-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most aggressive tumors and patients have poor survival rates. Fisetin, a natural flavonoid, was recently reported to have antitumor effects in various cancer models. Autophagy is a conserved catabolic process that maintains cellular homoeostasis in response to stress, and together with apoptosis, determines cell fate. Herein, we examined the effect of fisetin on pancreatic cancer. We reveal that fisetin inhibits PANC-1 cell proliferation using a real-time cell analysis system. Moreover, the in vivo antitumor effect of fisetin was verified in pancreatic cancer using a luciferase-expressing murine xenograft pancreatic cancer model. We found that the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway was enhanced after fisetin treatment; however, autophagy was not diminished by adding the AMPK inhibitor compound C. Thus, we hypothesized that an another autophagy regulating pathway existed. RNA-seq analysis revealed that the unfolded protein response pathway, which is activated by ER stress, was enriched. We also found that the stress-induced transcription factor p8 was increased in fisetin-treated PANC-1 cells, and that fisetin-induced autophagy was blocked by silencing p8. We revealed that p8-dependent autophagy was AMPK-independent, and that p8 regulated ATF6, ATF4, and PERK in response to ER stress via p53/PKC-α-mediated signaling. Furthermore, mitophagy was associated with Parkin and PINK1 in response to mitochondrial stress. Interestingly, ATF4 and ATF6 were increased in cells treated with fisetin and compound C. Moreover, inhibiting the AMPK/mTOR pathway with compound C may upregulate p8-dependent autophagy. Thus, there may be crosstalk between the AMPK/mTOR and p8-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Jia
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310000, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310000, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Senhao Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310000, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 313003, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guoping Ding
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310000, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Liping Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310000, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Innovation Center for Minimally Invasive Technique and Device, Zhejiang University, 310000, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Xia C, He Z, Liang S, Chen R, Xu W, Yang J, Xiao G, Jiang S. Metformin combined with nelfinavir induces SIRT3/mROS-dependent autophagy in human cervical cancer cells and xenograft in nude mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 848:62-69. [PMID: 30695683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying the antineoplastic properties of metformin combined with nelfinavir remain elusive. To explore this question, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to observe the combinatorial effect of inducing autophagosome formation in human cervical cancer cells. Western blotting respectively assayed protein expression of LC3I, LC3II, Beclin-1, Autophagy-related protein 7 (Atg7), Autophagy-related protein 3 (Atg3), NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-3 (SIRT3) and major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related gene A (MICA). Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) cytotoxicity assay evaluated natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity in the presence of metformin and nelfinavir in combination or each drug alone. Using tumor xenografts in a nude mouse model, antitumor efficacy of the drug combination was assessed. We found that the drug combination could induce autophagosome formation in human cervical cancer cells. The biomarker proteins of autophagy, including Beclin-1, Atg7 and Atg3, decreased, but the ratios of LC3I/II increased. We also found that this drug combination sensitizes human cervical cancer cells to NK cell-mediated lysis by increasing the protein of SIRT3 and MICA. Moreover, this drug combination markedly induced autophagy of SiHa xenografts in nude mice. Therefore, it can be concluded that metformin, in combination with nelfinavir, can induce SIRT3/mROS-dependent autophagy and sensitize NK cell-mediated lysis in human cervical cancer cells and cervical cancer cell xenografts in nude mice. Thus, our findings have revealed the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying the antitumor effects of metformin in combination with nelfinavir in cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglai Xia
- Foshan Maternal and Child Health Research Institute, Foshan Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Foshan 528000, China.
| | - Zhihong He
- Foshan Maternal and Child Health Research Institute, Foshan Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Foshan 528000, China; The College of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China
| | - Shaofen Liang
- Foshan Maternal and Child Health Research Institute, Foshan Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Foshan 528000, China; The College of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China
| | - Ruihong Chen
- Foshan Maternal and Child Health Research Institute, Foshan Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Weikang Xu
- Foshan Maternal and Child Health Research Institute, Foshan Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Jie Yang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China
| | - Guohong Xiao
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, College of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Li B, Bu S, Sun J, Guo Y, Lai D. Artemisinin derivatives inhibit epithelial ovarian cancer cells via autophagy-mediated cell cycle arrest. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2018; 50:1227-1235. [PMID: 30395153 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmy125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most fatal gynecologic malignancy due to its late diagnosis and lack of curative therapy. The antimalaria compound artemisinin and its derivatives, such as artesunate (ART) and dihydroartemisinin (DHA), have proven to be potent anticancer drugs and act through various anticancer mechanisms. To identify novel targets of artemisinin derivatives in EOC cells, we investigated the effects of ART and DHA on SKOV3 and primary EOC cell growth via CCK-8 assay. Both ART and DHA inhibited EOC cell growth. A cell cycle distribution analysis showed that ART and DHA caused G2/M cell cycle arrest. Moreover, ART and DHA induced autophagy in EOC cells, whereas autophagy inhibitors reversed the cell growth inhibition and cell cycle arrest induced by ART and DHA. Western blot analysis showed that ART and DHA also suppressed the cell cycle-related NF-κB-signaling pathway in EOC cells. These data suggest that artemisinin derivatives induce autophagy, block the cell cycle, and inhibit cell growth in EOC cells. Our research provides new targets for artemisinin derivatives for EOC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boning Li
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shixia Bu
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junyan Sun
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Guo
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongmei Lai
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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Schott CR, Ludwig L, Mutsaers AJ, Foster RA, Wood GA. The autophagy inhibitor spautin-1, either alone or combined with doxorubicin, decreases cell survival and colony formation in canine appendicular osteosarcoma cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206427. [PMID: 30372478 PMCID: PMC6205606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs diagnosed with appendicular osteosarcoma typically succumb to metastatic disease within a year of diagnosis. The current standard of care for curative intent, amputation followed by adjuvant chemotherapy, increases survival time but chemoresistance is a major contributor to mortality. Unfortunately, the mechanisms driving the progression of metastatic disease and the development of chemoresistance are unknown. One theory is that autophagy may contribute to chemoresistance by providing neoplastic cells with a mechanism to survive chemotherapy treatment. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of combining an autophagy inhibitor with a standard chemotherapeutic drug on response to chemotherapy in canine appendicular osteosarcoma cells. We hypothesized that combining the autophagy inhibitor spautin-1 with doxorubicin treatment would enhance chemoresponsiveness. Using commercial (D17) and primary cell lines derived from 1° and 2° sites of osteosarcoma, we showed that this combination treatment enhances cell killing and inhibits colony formation. Our findings support the theory that autophagy contributes to chemoresistance in canine appendicular osteosarcoma and indicate that adding an autophagy inhibitor to the standard of care has the potential to improve outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney R. Schott
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Latasha Ludwig
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony J. Mutsaers
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert A. Foster
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Geoffrey A. Wood
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Mortezavi A, Salemi S, Rupp NJ, Rüschoff JH, Hermanns T, Poyet C, Randazzo M, Simon HU, Moch H, Sulser T, Wild P, Eberli D. Negative LC3b immunoreactivity in cancer cells is an independent prognostic predictor of prostate cancer specific death. Oncotarget 2018; 8:31765-31774. [PMID: 28423666 PMCID: PMC5458246 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Autophagy is a catabolic cellular process used for degradation of cytoplasmic organelles and preservation of cell viability. In this study we aimed to analyse the level of autophagy markers in benign and malignant prostate tissue and to evaluate the prognostic properties for patients with prostate cancer (PCa). Results LC3b expression was significantly upregulated in PCa, especially in metastatic and castration-resistant PCa samples compared to benign prostate tissue (p<0.001). Evaluation of expression in malignant radical prostatectomy specimens revealed an inverse association with preoperative serum PSA levels (p=0.02) and Gleason Score (p=0.07). LC3b immunoreactivity was identified as a novel predictor of PCa specific death after radical prostatectomy, independent of Gleason score, tumour stage, and surgical margin status in a multivariable cox regression analysis (hazard ratio 0.09, 95% confidence interval 0.01-0.69, p=0.021). A significant association of ATG-5 and Beclin 1 with LC3b expression could be noticed (p<0.001), but no link with other clincopathologic parameters was observed. Materials and Methods A Tissue microarray containing 468 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded prostate tissue cores was stained immunohistochemically for major autophagy proteins LC3b, ATG5 and Beclin 1. Immunoreactivity was semiquantitatively scored and correlated with pathologic and clinical parameters, including tumour stage, Gleason score, preoperative PSA level, biochemical recurrence rate and survival. The median clinical follow-up was 132 months. Conclusion LC3b was significantly overexpressed in malignant compared to benign prostate tissue. However, positive LC3b immunoreactivity in PCa, as a marker of increased autophagy, was independently associated with a reduced disease-specific mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashkan Mortezavi
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Souzan Salemi
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Niels J Rupp
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Hendrik Rüschoff
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Hermanns
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cedric Poyet
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Randazzo
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, Inselspital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Holger Moch
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tullio Sulser
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Wild
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Eberli
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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Hao J, Graham P, Chang L, Ni J, Wasinger V, Beretov J, Deng J, Duan W, Bucci J, Malouf D, Gillatt D, Li Y. Proteomic identification of the lactate dehydrogenase A in a radioresistant prostate cancer xenograft mouse model for improving radiotherapy. Oncotarget 2018; 7:74269-74285. [PMID: 27708237 PMCID: PMC5342052 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Radioresistance is a major challenge for prostate cancer (CaP) metastasis and recurrence after radiotherapy. This study aimed to identify potential protein markers and signaling pathways associated with radioresistance using a PC-3 radioresistant (RR) subcutaneous xenograft mouse model and verify the radiosensitization effect from a selected potential candidate. PC-3RR and PC-3 xenograft tumors were established and differential protein expression profiles from two groups of xenografts were analyzed using liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry. One selected glycolysis marker, lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) was validated, and further investigated for its role in CaP radioresistance. We found that 378 proteins and 51 pathways were significantly differentially expressed between PC-3RR and PC-3 xenograft tumors, and that the glycolysis pathway is closely linked with CaP radioresistance. In addition, we also demonstrated that knock down of LDHA with siRNA or inhibition of LDHA activity with a LDHA specific inhibitor (FX-11), could sensitize PC-3RR cells to radiotherapy with reduced epithelial-mesenchymal transition, hypoxia, DNA repair ability and autophagy, as well as increased DNA double strand breaks and apoptosis. In summary, we identified a list of potential RR protein markers and important signaling pathways from a PC-3RR xenograft mouse model, and demonstrate that targeting LDHA combined with radiotherapy could increase radiosensitivity in RR CaP cells, suggesting that LDHA is an ideal therapeutic target to develop combination therapy for overcoming CaP radioresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingli Hao
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Peter Graham
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Lei Chang
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Jie Ni
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Valerie Wasinger
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Julia Beretov
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.,SEALS, Anatomical Pathology, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - Junli Deng
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Wei Duan
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | - Joseph Bucci
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - David Malouf
- Department of Urology, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - David Gillatt
- Department of Urology, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia.,Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2019, Australia
| | - Yong Li
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Moosavi MA, Haghi A, Rahmati M, Taniguchi H, Mocan A, Echeverría J, Gupta VK, Tzvetkov NT, Atanasov AG. Phytochemicals as potent modulators of autophagy for cancer therapy. Cancer Lett 2018; 424:46-69. [PMID: 29474859 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The dysregulation of autophagy is involved in the pathogenesis of a broad range of diseases, and accordingly universal research efforts have focused on exploring novel compounds with autophagy-modulating properties. While a number of synthetic autophagy modulators have been identified as promising cancer therapy candidates, autophagy-modulating phytochemicals have also attracted attention as potential treatments with minimal side effects. In this review, we firstly highlight the importance of autophagy and its relevance in the pathogenesis and treatment of cancer. Subsequently, we present the data on common phytochemicals and their mechanism of action as autophagy modulators. Finally, we discuss the challenges associated with harnessing the autophagic potential of phytochemicals for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amin Moosavi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P.O Box:14965/161, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Atousa Haghi
- Young Researchers & Elite Club, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marveh Rahmati
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hiroaki Taniguchi
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Andrei Mocan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Gheorghe Marinescu 23 Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Javier Echeverría
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Casilla 40, Correo 33, Santiago 9170022, Chile
| | - Vijai K Gupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, ERA Chair of Green Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Nikolay T Tzvetkov
- Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany; NTZ Lab Ltd., Krasno Selo 198, Sofia 1618, Bulgaria
| | - Atanas G Atanasov
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland; Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Toton E, Romaniuk A, Konieczna N, Hofmann J, Barciszewski J, Rybczynska M. Impact of PKCε downregulation on autophagy in glioblastoma cells. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:185. [PMID: 29439667 PMCID: PMC5811983 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4095-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several efforts have been focused on identification of pathways involved in malignancy, progression, and response to treatment in Glioblastoma (GB). Overexpression of PKCε was detected in histological samples from GB, anaplastic astrocytoma, and gliosarcoma and is considered an important marker of negative disease outcome. In multiple studies on GB, autophagy has been shown as a survival mechanism during cellular stress, contributing to resistance against anti-cancer agents. The main object of this research was to determine the influence of PKCε downregulation on the expression of genes involved in autophagy pathways in glioblastoma cell lines U-138 MG and U-118 MG with high PKCε level. Methods We conducted siRNA-mediated knockdown of PKCε in glioblastoma cell lines and studied the effects of autophagy pathway. The expression of autophagy-related genes was analyzed using qPCR and Western blot analysis was carried out to assess protein levels. Immunostaining was used to detect functional autophagic maturation process. Results We found that these cell lines exhibited a high basal expression of autophagy-related genes. Our results suggest that the loss of PKCε contributes to the downregulation of genes involved in autophagy pathways. Moreover, most of the changes we observed in Western blot analysis and endogenous immunofluorescence experiments confirmed dysfunction of autophagy programs. We found that knockdown of PKCε induced a decrease in the expression of Beclin1, Atg5, PI3K, whereas the expression of other autophagy-related proteins mTOR and Bcl2 was increased. Treatment of control siRNA glioma cells with rapamycin-induced autophagosome formation and increase in LC3-II level and caused a decrease in the expression of p62. Additionally, PKCε siRNA caused a diminution in the Akt phosphorylation at Ser473 and in the protein level in both cell lines. Moreover, we observed reduction in the adhesion of glioblastoma cells, accompanied by the decrease in total FAK protein level and phosphorylation. Conclusions Effects of down-regulation of PKCε in glioma cells raised the possibility that the expression of PKCε is essential for the autophagic signal transduction pathways in these cells. Thus, our results identify an important role of PKCε in autophagy and may, more importantly, identifyit as a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Toton
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewskiego 49 St., 60-355, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Romaniuk
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewskiego 49 St., 60-355, Poznan, Poland
| | - Natalia Konieczna
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewskiego 49 St., 60-355, Poznan, Poland
| | - Johann Hofmann
- Biocenter, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Innsbruck Medical University, Innrain 80-82, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jan Barciszewski
- NanoBioMedical Center, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Poznan, Poland.,Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Maria Rybczynska
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewskiego 49 St., 60-355, Poznan, Poland
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Russo M, Russo GL. Autophagy inducers in cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 153:51-61. [PMID: 29438677 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a complex, physiological process devoted to degrade and recycle cellular components. Proteins and organelles are first phagocytized by autophagosomes, then digested in lysosomes, and finally recycled to be utilized again during cellular metabolism. Moreover, autophagy holds an important role in the physiopathology of several diseases. In cancer, excellent works demonstrated the dual functions of autophagy in tumour biology: autophagy activation can promote cancer cells survival (protective autophagy), or contribute to cancer cell death (cytotoxic/nonprotective autophagy). A better understanding of the dichotomy roles of autophagy in cancer biology can help to identify or design new drugs able to induce/enhance (or block) autophagic flux. These features will necessary be tissue-dependent and confined to a specific time of treatment. The intent of this review is to focus on the different potentialities of autophagy inducers in cancer prevention versus therapy in order to elicit a desirable clinical response. Few promising synthetic and natural compounds have been identified and the pros and cons of their role in autophagy regulation is reviewed here. In the complex framework of autophagy modulation, "connecting the dots" is not a simple work and the lack of clinical studies further complicates the scenario, but the final goal to obtain clinically relevant autophagy inducers can reveal an unexpected landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Russo
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Russo
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, 83100 Avellino, Italy.
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Schneider NFZ, Persich L, Rocha SC, Ramos ACP, Cortes VF, Silva IT, Munkert J, Pádua RM, Kreis W, Taranto AG, Barbosa LA, Braga FC, Simões CM. Cytotoxic and cytostatic effects of digitoxigenin monodigitoxoside (DGX) in human lung cancer cells and its link to Na,K-ATPase. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 97:684-696. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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Nelson N, Clark GJ. Rheb may complex with RASSF1A to coordinate Hippo and TOR signaling. Oncotarget 2017; 7:33821-31. [PMID: 27034171 PMCID: PMC5085121 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The TOR pathway is a vital component of cellular homeostasis that controls the synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids and lipids. Its core is the TOR kinase. Activation of the TOR pathway suppresses autophagy, which plays a vital but complex role in tumorigenesis. The TOR pathway is regulated by activation of the Ras-related protein Rheb, which can bind mTOR. The Hippo pathway is a major growth control module that regulates cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis. Its core consists of an MST/LATS kinase cascade that can be activated by the RASSF1A tumor suppressor. The TOR and Hippo pathways may be coordinately regulated to promote cellular homeostasis. However, the links between the pathways remain only partially understood. We now demonstrate that in addition to mTOR regulation, Rheb also impacts the Hippo pathway by forming a complex with RASSF1A. Using stable clones of two human lung tumor cell lines (NCI-H1792 and NCI-H1299) with shRNA-mediated silencing or ectopic overexpression of RASSF1A, we show that activated Rheb stimulates the Hippo pathway, but is suppressed in its ability to stimulate the TOR pathway. Moreover, by selectively labeling autophagic vacuoles we show that RASSF1A inhibits the ability of Rheb to suppress autophagy and enhance cell growth. Thus, we identify a new connection that impacts coordination of Hippo and TOR signaling. As RASSF1A expression is frequently lost in human tumors, the RASSF1A status of a tumor may impact not just its Hippo pathway status, but also its TOR pathway status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Nelson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Geoffrey J Clark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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Chang L, Graham P, Hao J, Ni J, Deng J, Bucci J, Malouf D, Gillatt D, Li Y. Cancer stem cells and signaling pathways in radioresistance. Oncotarget 2017; 7:11002-17. [PMID: 26716904 PMCID: PMC4905454 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) is one of the most important strategies in cancer treatment. Radioresistance (the failure to RT) results in locoregional recurrence and metastasis. Therefore, it is critically important to investigate the mechanisms leading to cancer radioresistance to overcome this problem and increase patients' survival. Currently, the majority of the radioresistance-associated researches have focused on preclinical studies. Although the exact mechanisms of cancer radioresistance have not been fully uncovered, accumulating evidence supports that cancer stem cells (CSCs) and different signaling pathways play important roles in regulating radiation response and radioresistance. Therefore, targeting CSCs or signaling pathway proteins may hold promise for developing novel combination modalities and overcoming radioresistance. The present review focuses on the key evidence of CSC markers and several important signaling pathways in cancer radioresistance and explores innovative approaches for future radiation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chang
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Graham
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Jingli Hao
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Jie Ni
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Junli Deng
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Joseph Bucci
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - David Malouf
- Department of Urology, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia
| | - David Gillatt
- Department of Urology, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia.,Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yong Li
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
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Overaccumulation of p53-mediated autophagy protects against betulinic acid-induced apoptotic cell death in colorectal cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e3087. [PMID: 28981110 PMCID: PMC5682653 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Betulinic acid (BA) exhibits cytotoxic activity against some cancer cells. However, the molecular mechanism of BA against CRC cells was little reported. Here, we proved that BA elicited CRC cells' growth inhibition and apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, BA treatment induced autophagy via inhibiting the AKT-MTOR signaling pathway. Inhibition of autophagy by either administration of autophagic inhibitor chloroquine or siRNA-mediated knockdown of ATG5 could augment BA-induced apoptotic cell death as well as inhibition of cell proliferation. Moreover, we found that p53 was firstly activated by short exposure to BA and then was rapidly degraded via the ubiquitin-mediated degradation pathway in both wtp53 and mutp53 CRC cells. Notably, more preferential cytotoxicity of BA was obtained in mutp53 cells (IC50 values: HT29, 125 μM; SW480, 58 μM) rather than wtp53 cells (IC50 values: HCT116, 178 μM). Further experiments demonstrated that siRNA-mediated p53 knockdown attenuated BA-induced autophagy, and forced overexpression of p53 augmented BA-induced autophagy, indicating that p53-enhanced BA-induced autophagy. Moreover, BA enhanced the sensitivity of mutp53 cells to chemotherapy drugs such as 5-FU and ADR by degradation of mutp53. Overall, our study proved that BA could induce CRC cell death by inducing apoptosis and reduce the overaccumulation of BA-induced protective autophagy by degrading wtp53 and mutp53 dependent on the ubiquitin-mediated degradation pathway to achieve killer effect, suggesting that BA might serve as a novel desirable drug for mutp53 cancer therapy.
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Regulation of Autophagy by MiRNAs and Their Emerging Roles in Tumorigenesis and Cancer Treatment. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 334:1-26. [PMID: 28838537 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved catabolic process for the degradation and recycling of cytosolic components or organelles through a lysosome-dependent pathway. Autophagy can be induced in response to multiple stress conditions, such as nutrient deprivation, hypoxia, energy depletion, etc. As a result, autophagy can regulate many biological processes, including cell survival, metabolism, differentiation, senescence, and cell death. MicroRNAs (MiRNAs) are small noncoding molecules that regulate gene expression by silencing mRNA targets. MiRNA dysregulation exhibits great regulatory potential during organismal development, hematopoiesis, immunity, cell proliferation and death, and autophagy. Recently, increasing studies have linked MiRNAs to autophagic regulation during cancer initiation and development. Although the relationship between MiRNAs and autophagy is quite complicated and has not been well elucidated, MiRNAs may underlie key aspects of autophagy and cancer biology. Increasing evidence shows that MiRNAs play important roles as both oncogenic MiRNAs and tumor suppressive MiRNAs in cancer initiation and development. Thus, understanding the novel relationship between MiRNAs and autophagy may allow us to develop promising cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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43
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Fesler A, Liu H, Wu N, Liu F, Ling P, Ju J. Autophagy regulated by miRNAs in colorectal cancer progression and resistance. CANCER TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017; 3:96-100. [PMID: 28748218 PMCID: PMC5524452 DOI: 10.4103/ctm.ctm_64_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The catabolic process of autophagy is an essential cellular function that allows for the breakdown and recycling of cellular macromolecules. In recent years, the impact of epigenetic regulation of autophagy by non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs) has been recognized in human cancer. In colorectal cancer, Autophagy plays critical roles in cancer progression as well as resistance to chemotherapy, and recent evidence demonstrates that miRNAs are directly involved in mediating these functions. In this review, we will focus on the recent advancements in the field of miRNA regulation of autophagy in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Fesler
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA
| | - Hua Liu
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA
| | - Ning Wu
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan, 250101, P. R. China
| | - Peixue Ling
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan, 250101, P. R. China
| | - Jingfang Ju
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan, 250101, P. R. China
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Huang HY, Wang WC, Lin PY, Huang CP, Chen CY, Chen YK. The roles of autophagy and hypoxia in human inflammatory periapical lesions. Int Endod J 2017; 51 Suppl 2:e125-e145. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Y. Huang
- Department of Dentistry; Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital; Chia-Yi Taiwan
- School of Dentistry; College of Dental Medicine; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - W. C. Wang
- School of Dentistry; College of Dental Medicine; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Oral & Maxillofacial Imaging Center; College of Dental Medicine; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Division of Oral Pathology & Maxillofacial Radiology; Department of Dentistry; Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - P. Y. Lin
- Department of Dentistry; Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital; Chia-Yi Taiwan
| | - C. P. Huang
- Department of Dentistry; Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital; Chia-Yi Taiwan
| | - C. Y. Chen
- School of Dentistry; College of Dental Medicine; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Oral & Maxillofacial Imaging Center; College of Dental Medicine; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Division of Oral Pathology & Maxillofacial Radiology; Department of Dentistry; Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Y. K. Chen
- School of Dentistry; College of Dental Medicine; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Oral & Maxillofacial Imaging Center; College of Dental Medicine; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Division of Oral Pathology & Maxillofacial Radiology; Department of Dentistry; Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital; Kaohsiung Taiwan
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Wang M, Huang C, Su Y, Yang C, Xia Q, Xu DJ. Astragaloside II sensitizes human hepatocellular carcinoma cells to 5-fluorouracil via suppression of autophagy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 69:743-752. [PMID: 28266023 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Inhibition of autophagy has been increasingly recognized as a potential therapeutic approach against cancer. Our previous reports showed that Astragaloside II improves hepatic cancer cells resistance by downregulating MDR1 and P-gp .The purpose of this study was to further investigated the effect of autophagy on AS-II reversing multidrug resistance and its molecular mechanism in hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro. METHODS Bel-7402 and Bel-7402/FU cell lines were used in this study. Western blot was used to detect the expression of autophagy-related protein, p-mTOR and p-p79s6k, MTT was used to analyse cell viability, GFP-LC3 punctate dots distribution was observed by GFP-LC3 transient transfection under fluorescence microscopy and silencing of autophagy-related genes was detected by small interfering RNA transfection. KEY FINDINGS Astragaloside II was able to significantly decrease the expression of LC3-II and Beclin-1 in a dose-dependent manner, Astragaloside II (80 μm) further decreased LC3-II formation, Beclin-1 and GFP-LC3 puncta dots stimulated with 5-fluorouracil (0.2 mm) in Bel-7402/FU cells (P < 0.05). In addition, Astragaloside II is capable of sensitizing cells to 5-fluorouracil-induced cell death via inhibition of pro-survival autophagy involvement of MAPK-mTOR pathway. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggested that Astragaloside II could suppress autophagy by interfering with Beclin-1 and LC3 via MAPK-mTOR pathway, through which sensitized human cancer resistant cells to 5-FU-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Can Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Anqing Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anqing, Anhui, China
| | - Yong Su
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Cui Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Quan Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Du-Juan Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Schneider NFZ, Silva IT, Persich L, de Carvalho A, Rocha SC, Marostica L, Ramos ACP, Taranto AG, Pádua RM, Kreis W, Barbosa LA, Braga FC, Simões CMO. Cytotoxic effects of the cardenolide convallatoxin and its Na,K-ATPase regulation. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 428:23-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2914-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Liu P, Jin H, Guo Z, Ma J, Zhao J, Li D, Wu H, Gu N. Silver nanoparticles outperform gold nanoparticles in radiosensitizing U251 cells in vitro and in an intracranial mouse model of glioma. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:5003-5014. [PMID: 27757033 PMCID: PMC5055115 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s115473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy performs an important function in the treatment of cancer, but resistance of tumor cells to radiation still remains a serious concern. More research on more effective radiosensitizers is urgently needed to overcome such resistance and thereby improve the treatment outcome. The goal of this study was to evaluate and compare the radiosensitizing efficacies of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on glioma at clinically relevant megavoltage energies. Both AuNPs and AgNPs potentiated the in vitro and in vivo antiglioma effects of radiation. AgNPs showed more powerful radiosensitizing ability than AuNPs at the same mass and molar concentrations, leading to a higher rate of apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, the combination of AgNPs with radiation significantly increased the levels of autophagy as compared with AuNPs plus radiation. These findings suggest the potential application of AgNPs as a highly effective nano-radiosensitizer for the treatment of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peidang Liu
- School of Medicine; State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University
| | | | - Zhirui Guo
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University
| | - Jun Ma
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | - Hao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University
| | - Ning Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University
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Zarogoulidis P, Petanidis S, Domvri K, Kioseoglou E, Anestakis D, Freitag L, Zarogoulidis K, Hohenforst-Schmidt W, Eberhardt W. Autophagy inhibition upregulates CD4 + tumor infiltrating lymphocyte expression via miR-155 regulation and TRAIL activation. Mol Oncol 2016; 10:1516-1531. [PMID: 27692344 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance is a major challenge in lung cancer treatment. Recent findings have revealed that autophagic mechanism contributes significantly to immunosuppressive related chemoresistance. For that reason, targeting autophagy-related immunosuppression is an important approach to reverse tumor drug resistance. In this study, we report for the first time that autophagy inhibition triggers upregulation of CD4+, Foxp3+ tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in late metastatic lung cancer tissues. Furthermore, autophagy blockage induces chemosensitization to carboplatin, immune activation and cell cycle arrest. This induction correlated with reduction in expression of drug resistance genes MDR1, MRP1, ABCG2 and ABCC2 along with decreased expression of PD-L1 which is associated with severe dysfunction of tumor specific CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, experiments revealed that co-treatment of carboplatin and autophagy inhibitor chloroquine increased lung tissue infiltration by CD4+, FoxP3+ lymphocytes and antigen-specific immune activation. Subsequent ex vivo experiments showed the activation of carboplatin related TRAIL-dependent apoptosis through caspase 8 and a synergistic role of miR-155 in lung tissue infiltration by CD4+, and FoxP3+ lymphocytes. Overall, our results indicate that autophagy blockage increases lung cancer chemosensitivity to carboplatin, but also reveal that miR-155 functions as a novel immune system activator by promoting TILs infiltration. These results indicate that targeting of autophagy can prevent cancer related immunosuppression and elucidate immune cell infiltration in tumor microenvironment thus representing a potential therapeutic strategy to inhibit lung cancer progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Zarogoulidis
- Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 57010, Greece
| | - Savvas Petanidis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece.
| | - Kalliopi Domvri
- Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 57010, Greece
| | - Efrosini Kioseoglou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Doxakis Anestakis
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of General Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece; Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Lutz Freitag
- Department of Interventional Pneumology, Ruhrlandklinik, University Hospital Essen, University of Essen-Duisburg, Tueschener Weg 40, 45239, Essen, Germany
| | - Konstantinos Zarogoulidis
- Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 57010, Greece
| | | | - Wilfried Eberhardt
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45122, Essen, Germany
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Menopause-induced uterine epithelium atrophy results from arachidonic acid/prostaglandin E2 axis inhibition-mediated autophagic cell death. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31408. [PMID: 27506466 PMCID: PMC4979008 DOI: 10.1038/srep31408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Women experience menopause later in life. Menopause is characterized by dramatically decreased circulating estrogen level secondary to loss of ovarian function and atrophic state of genital organs. However, the molecular mechanisms for this process are not fully understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential molecular mechanisms that underlie menopause-induced uterine endometrial atrophy. Our data showed that autophagy was activated in the uterine epithelial cells of both ovariectomized rats and peri-menopausal females. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress occurred even prior to autophagy induction. Integrated bioinformatics analysis revealed that ER stress induced downstream decreased release of arachidonic acid (AA) and downregulation of AA/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) axis, which led to Akt/mTOR signaling pathway inactivation. Consequently, autophagosomes were recruited and LC3-dependent autophagy was induced in uterine epithelial cells. Treatment with exogenous E2, PGE2, salubrinal or RNAi-mediated silencing of key autophagy genes could effectively counteract estrogen depletion-induced autophagy. Collectively, autophagy is a critical regulator of the uterine epithelium that accounts for endometrial atrophy after menopause.
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Hussain SA, Sulaiman AA, Balch C, Chauhan H, Alhadidi QM, Tiwari AK. Natural Polyphenols in Cancer Chemoresistance. Nutr Cancer 2016; 68:879-91. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2016.1192201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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