Preparation of CNC-dispersed Fe3O4 nanoparticles and their application in conductive paper

Cellulose nanocrystal-based polymer hydrogel embedded with iron oxide nanorods for efficient arsenic removal

A cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) polymer hydrogel containing magnetic iron oxide nanorods (Fe3O4NRs) was prepared for As(III) removal in water. Systematic studies on the performance of these prepared CNC-based composite hydrogels for the removal of As(III) have been undertaken. The maximum adsorption capacity of the CNC-g-PAA/qP4VP (CPqP) hydrogel was 241.3 mg/g. After introduction of Fe3O4NRs in the hydrogel, the maximum adsorption capacity of the resulting Fe3O4NRs@CNC-g-PAA/qP4VP (FN@CPqP) hydrogel was further improved to 263.0 mg/g. The high adsorption performance can be attributed to the facts that the 3D interconnected porous network of the hydrogel allows As species to easily enter into the hydrogel, the quaternized P4VP chains provides more adsorption sites, Fe3O4NRs uniformly distributed in the internal cavity of the hydrogel significantly reduces the nanoparticle aggregation. The adsorption kinetics indicated that the adsorption of arsenic by the hydrogel was mainly chemisorption. The isotherm analysis revealed that the adsorption of arsenic by the hydrogel was principally monolayer adsorption on a homogeneous surface. Moreover, the as-prepared CNC-based polymer hydrogels exhibited good stability and reusability with negligible performance loss after five adsorption-desorption cycles. The novel FN@CPqP hydrogel demonstrates great potential as a cost-effective adsorbent for the removal of arsenic contaminants from wastewater.

A novel and ultrasensitive electrochemical immunosensor based on nanocellulose-Ti3C2Tx@ZrO2 nano framework for the detection of ovalbumin

A versatile and highly sensitive sensing platform based on nanocellulose/MXene/ZrO2 nano framework has been developed at the surface of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for detecting ovalbumin (Ova). To create this innovative nano framework, dialdehyde groups were introduced onto the surface of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), which were then decorated with MXene nanosheets and nanostructured zirconia. Nanocellulose/MXene/ZrO2 nano framework was used as electrochemical mediator and immobilization environment that provided the large surface area and 197 % increment in the electrochemical signal which allowed the Ova detection in the femtomolar range. Ovalbumin antibody was immobilized on the surface of dialdehyde cellulose nanofiber through covalent bonding between amino groups of Ova and dialdehyde groups of CNFs. The assembly process of nano framework, anti-Ova, and Ova antigen were characterized using electrochemical approaches (CV and DPV). The fabricated immunosensor is further applied to DPV detection of Ova and it demonstrated a linear response to Ova antigen in the linear range of 0.01-1000 pg/mL. With optimal experimental conditions, the detection limit, quantification limit and sensitivity of Ova were found to be 1.1 fg/mL, 0.01 pg/mL and 0.1497 μA pg/mL cm-2, respectively. The fabricated immunosensor exhibited high selectivity, reproducibility, and interference resistance and achieved excellent recoveries in real food samples spiked with Ova, indicating its potential applicability in food safety monitoring.

Understanding Nanocellulose-Water Interactions: Turning a Detriment into an Asset

Modern technology has enabled the isolation of nanocellulose from plant-based fibers, and the current trend focuses on utilizing nanocellulose in a broad range of sustainable materials applications. Water is generally seen as a detrimental component when in contact with nanocellulose-based materials, just like it is harmful for traditional cellulosic materials such as paper or cardboard. However, water is an integral component in plants, and many applications of nanocellulose already accept the presence of water or make use of it. This review gives a comprehensive account of nanocellulose-water interactions and their repercussions in all key areas of contemporary research: fundamental physical chemistry, chemical modification of nanocellulose, materials applications, and analytical methods to map the water interactions and the effect of water on a nanocellulose matrix.

Stabilizing both oil droplets and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in aqueous dispersion with nanofibrillated cellulose

Nanocellulose is a well-known stabilizer for several colloidal dispersions, including emulsions and solid nanoparticles, replacing surfactants, polymers, and other additives, and therefore providing more minimalistic and eco-friendly formulations. However, could this ability be extended to stabilize oil droplets and inorganic nanoparticles simultaneously in the same colloidal system? This work aimed to answer this question. We evaluated both cationic and anionic nanofibrillated celluloses to stabilize both titanium dioxide nanoparticles and oil droplets. The resulting suspensions held their macroscopic stability for up to 2 months, regardless of pH or surface charge. Cryo-TEM images revealed a complex network formation involving nanofibers and TiO₂ nanoparticles, which agrees with the high viscosity values and gel-like behavior found in rheology measurements. We propose that the formation of this network is responsible for the simultaneous stabilization of oil droplets and TiO₂ nanoparticles, and that this may be used as a formulation tool for other complex systems.

Cellulose Structures as a Support or Template for Inorganic Nanostructures and Their Assemblies

Cellulose is the most abundant natural polymer and deserves the special attention of the scientific community because it represents a sustainable source of carbon and plays an important role as a sustainable energent for replacing crude oil, coal, and natural gas in the future. Intense research and studies over the past few decades on cellulose structures have mainly focused on cellulose as a biomass for exploitation as an alternative energent or as a reinforcing material in polymer matrices. However, studies on cellulose structures have revealed more diverse potential applications by exploiting the functionalities of cellulose such as biomedical materials, biomimetic optical materials, bio-inspired mechanically adaptive materials, selective nanostructured membranes, and as a growth template for inorganic nanostructures. This article comprehensively reviews the potential of cellulose structures as a support, biotemplate, and growing vector in the formation of various complex hybrid hierarchical inorganic nanostructures with a wide scope of applications. We focus on the preparation of inorganic nanostructures by exploiting the unique properties and performances of cellulose structures. The advantages, physicochemical properties, and chemical modifications of the cellulose structures are comparatively discussed from the aspect of materials development and processing. Finally, the perspective and potential applications of cellulose-based bioinspired hierarchical functional nanomaterials in the future are outlined.

Lignocellulosic Nanocrystals from Sawmill Waste as Biotemplates for Free-Surfactant Synthesis of Photocatalytically Active Porous Silica

This work presents a new approach for more effective valorization of sawmill wastes (Beech and Cedar sawdusts), which were used as new sources for the extraction of lignin-containing and lignin-free cellulose II nanocrystals (L-CNCs and CNCs). It was shown that the properties of the extracted nanocrystals depend on the nature of the used sawdust (softwood or hardwood sawdusts). L-CNCs and CNCs derived from Beech fibers were long and thin and also had a higher crystallinity, compared with those obtained from Cedar fibers. Thanks to their interesting characteristics and their high crystallinity, these nanocrystals have been used without changing their surfaces as template cores for nanostructured hollow silica-free-surfactant synthesis for photocatalysis to degrade methylene blue (MB) dye. The synthesis was performed with a simple and efficient sol-gel method using tetraethyl orthosilicate as the silica precursor followed by calcination at 650 °C. The obtained materials were denoted as B/L-CNC/nanoSiO2, B/CNC/nanoSiO2, C/L-CNC/nanoSiO2, and C/CNC/nanoSiO2, when the used L-CNC and CNC cores are from Beech and Cedar, respectively. By comprehensive analysis, it was demonstrated that the nanostructured silica were quite uniform and had a similar morphology as the templates. Also, the pore sizes were closely related to the dimensions of L-CNC and CNC templates, with high specific surface areas. The photocatalytic degradation of MB dye was about 94, 98, 74, and 81% for B/L-CNC/nanoSiO2, B/CNC/nanoSiO2, C/L-CNC/nanoSiO2, and C/CNC/nanoSiO2, respectively. This study provides a simple route to extract L-CNCs and CNCs as organic templates to prepare nanostructured silica. The different silica structures showed excellent photodegradation of MB.

Room temperature preparation of cellulose nanocrystals with high yield via a new ZnCl2 solvent system

Here, a facile method to fabricate cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) with high yield from microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) at room temperature (RT) is achieved by using a new solvent system of zinc chloride (ZnCl₂) and a little amount of hydrochloric acid (HCl). Compared with sulphuric acid hydrolysis process, about one-fifth mole of acid is used for per gram of CNCs in our protocol. CNCs with rod-like morphology are regenerated with a maximum yield of 35.2% and high crystallinity of 73.8%. Moreover, with an additional 2 h of ball-milling, the yield of CNCs could significantly increase to 66.9% at RT. The possible formation mechanism for CNCs prepared by the solvent system of ZnCl₂/HCl is proposed. As the first example of isolation of CNCs with high yield at RT using ZnCl₂, this work provides a facile, energy-saving, and practical strategy for the preparation of cellulose nanomaterials.

Mechanical properties of cellulose nanofibril papers and their bionanocomposites: A review

Cellulose nanofibril (CNF) paper has various applications due to its unique advantages. Herein, we present the intrinsic mechanical properties of CNF papers, along with the preparation and properties of nanoparticle-reinforced CNF composite papers. The literature on CNF papers reveals a strong correlation between the intrafibrillar network structure and the resulting mechanical properties. This correlation is found to hold for all primary factors affecting mechanical properties, indicating that the performance of CNF materials depends directly on and can be tailored by controlling the intrafibrillar network of the system. The parameters that influence the mechanical properties of CNF papers were critically reviewed. Moreover, the effect on the mechanical properties by adding nanofillers to CNF papers to produce multifunctional composite products was discussed. We concluded this article with future perspectives and possible developments in CNFs and their bionanocomposite papers.

Self-assembly in biobased nanocomposites for multifunctionality and improved performance

Concerns of petroleum dependence and environmental pollution prompt an urgent need for new sustainable approaches in developing polymeric products. Biobased polymers provide a potential solution, and biobased nanocomposites further enhance the performance and functionality of biobased polymers. Here we summarize the unique challenges and review recent progress in this field with an emphasis on self-assembly of inorganic nanoparticles. The conventional wisdom is to fully disperse nanoparticles in the polymer matrix to optimize the performance. However, self-assembly of the nanoparticles into clusters, networks, and layered structures provides an opportunity to address performance challenges and create new functionality in biobased polymers. We introduce basic assembly principles through both blending and in situ synthesis, and identify key technologies that benefit from the nanoparticle assembly in the polymer matrix. The fundamental forces and biobased polymer conformations are discussed in detail to correlate the nanoscale interactions and morphology with the macroscale properties. Different types of nanoparticles, their assembly structures and corresponding applications are surveyed. Through this review we hope to inspire the community to consider utilizing self-assembly to elevate functionality and performance of biobased materials. Development in this area sets the foundation for a new era of designing sustainable polymers in many applications including packaging, construction chemicals, adhesives, foams, coatings, personal care products, and advanced manufacturing.

Macroporous MnO2-based aerogel crosslinked with cellulose nanofibers for efficient ozone removal under humid condition

Atmospheric ozone pollution receives worldwide concerns, and it is a big challenge to search for the practical ozone-decomposition catalyst with good moisture resistance. Herein, a light-weight and high-porosity MnO₂-based hybrid aerogel was synthesized with cellulose nanofibers using a facile ice-template approach, followed by freeze-drying. In the three-dimensional framework, the cellulose nanofibers serve as the skeletons to disperse MnO₂ particles, improving the exposure of active sites on MnO₂. XPS, ¹H NMR and ATR-FTIR demonstrate that MnO₂ particles are effectively combined with cellulose nanofibers through hydrogen bonds, which originate from the abundant surface hydroxyl groups of both components. These consumed surface hydroxyl groups of MnO₂ not only reduce the water adsorption but also avoid the generation of surface-adsorbed H₂O via the reaction with ozone, thus alleviating the catalyst deactivation. In addition, the interconnected macroporous structure enables the rapid diffusion of ozone molecules and facilitates the passage of water molecules, which is conducive to the adsorption and decomposition of ozone on the active sites, i.e. surface oxygen vacancies. Thus, the high and stable ozone conversion was achieved for 150 ppb O₃ under the relative humidity of 50% and the space velocity of 600 L·g^-1·h^-1 within 10 days at room temperature.

Preparation of cellulose nanospheres via combining ZnCl2·3H2O pretreatment and p-toluenesulfonic hydrolysis as a two-step method

Spherical nanocelluloses, also known as cellulose nanospheres (CNS), have controllable morphology and have shown advantages as green template material, emulsion stabilizer. Herein, CNS were prepared via a new two-step method, first pretreatment of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) using ZnCl₂·3H₂O and then acid hydrolysis of regenerated cellulose (RC) via p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TsOH). The shape, size, crystallinity of MCC were changed, and nubbly RC with smallest size (942 nm) was obtained after 2 h pretreatment by ZnCl₂·3H₂O. CNS with high 61.3% yield were produced after acid hydrolysis (67 wt% p-TsOH) of RC at 80 °C, 6 h. The analysis of Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) showed that CNS had an average diameter of 347 nm. CNS were present in precipitate after high-speed centrifugation, due to the high Zeta potential of -12 mV and large size. The structure of CNS was tested by Fourier Transfer Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), CNS had high crystallinity (cellulose II) of 61%. Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) indicated that CNS had high thermal stability (T_onset 303.3 °C, T_max 332 °C). CNS showed poor re-dispersibility in water/ethanol/THF, 1 wt% CNS could be dissolved in ZnCl₂·3H₂O. 7.37% rod-like CNC were obtained after 6 h hydrolysis. FTIR proved that p-TsOH was recovered by re-crystallization. This study provided a novel, sustainable two-step method for the preparation of spherical CNS.

Magnetic cellulose nanocrystals hybrids reinforced phase change fiber composites with highly thermal energy storage efficiencies

The intrinsic intermittence of solar energy raises the necessity for thermal energy storage (TES) systems to balance the contradiction between energy supply and demand energy. This work experimentally provides solid-liquid phase change materials (PCMs) with sufficient storage capacity and discharging rate to offer heating for agriculture products by enhancing heat transfer in phase change fiber composites (PCF). To achieve this, we prepared dipole responsive magnetic/solar-driven PCF composites reinforced with magnetic cellulose nanocrystals hybrids (MCNC). The obtained PCF/MCNC-5% showed excellent magnetic property with a saturation magnetization (MS) value of 1.3 emu/g and effective latent heat phase change enthalpies of 69.2 ± 3.5 J/g - 83.1 ± 4.2 J/g. More importantly, PCF/MCNC-5% showed robust high magnetic to thermal energy storage efficiency of 32.5 % and solar light accelerated energy storage efficiency of 58.5 %. These advantages make the PCF composites promising and more desirable for drying and preservation of the fruits and other agriculture products.

Dialdehyde modified cellulose nanofibers enhanced the physical properties of decorative paper impregnated by aldehyde-free adhesive

Impregnated decorative paper was an important wood-based panel finishing material. However, traditional impregnated decorative paper was impregnated with melamine-formaldehyde resin, which will release formaldehyde and harm the human health. To solve this problem, small molecule polyacrylate-polyethylene glycol (PEG) adhesive was used to achieve the non-formaldehyde addition of the impregnation system. The dialdehyde modified CNF (D-CNF), modified by sodium periodate (NaIO₄), and triethylenediamine were introduced to enhance the surface properties of the impregnated decorative paper. The results showed that the incorporation of D-CNF and triethylenediamine imparted excellent physical strength and surface properties to impregnated decorative paper. When the dosage of 0.3 wt% D-CNF and 3 mL/100 g triethylenediamine in the compound emulsion, the hardness, abrasion resistant value and surface bonding strength of impregnated decorative paper adhered fiberboard reached 3H, 330 r of damage and 1.13 MPa, respectively. Thus, it could be effectively used for making high-performance formaldehyde-free impregnated decorative paper.

SnO2 Nanoflower-Nanocrystalline Cellulose Composites as Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries

One of the biggest challenges in the commercialization of tin dioxide (SnO₂₎-based lithium-ion battery (LIB) electrodes is the volume expansion of SnO₂ during the charge-discharge process. Additionally, the aggregation of SnO₂ also deteriorates the performance of anode materials. In this study, we prepared SnO₂ nanoflowers (NFs) using nanocrystalline cellulose (CNC) to improve the surface area, prevent the particle aggregation, and alleviate the change in volume of LIB anodes. Moreover, CNC served not only as the template for the synthesis of the SnO₂ NFs but also as a conductive material, after annealing the SnO₂ NFs at 800 °C to improve their electrochemical performance. The obtained CNC-SnO₂NF composite was used as an active LIB electrode material and exhibited good cycling performance and a high initial reversible capacity of 891 mA h g^-1, at a current density of 100 mA g^-1. The composite anode could retain 30% of its initial capacity after 500 charge-discharge cycles.

Impact of the Combined Use of Magnetite Nanoparticles and Cellulose Nanocrystals on the Shape-Memory Behavior of Hybrid Polyurethane Bionanocomposites

Hybrid bionanocomposites with shape-memory behavior are reported. The materials were accessed by combining a polyurethane matrix with a highly renewable carbon content, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), and magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs). The integration of the two nanoparticle types resulted in tough materials that display a higher stiffness and storage modulus in the glassy and rubbery state, thus contributing to the structural reinforcement, as well as magnetic properties, reflecting a synergistic effect of this combination. A quantitative characterization of the thermoactivated shape-memory effect made evident that the addition of CNCs increases the shape fixity, due to the higher glass transition temperature (T_g) and the higher stiffness below T_g than the neat PU, while the addition of MNPs made it possible to activate the shape recovery by applying an alternating magnetic field. Moreover, the new hybrid bionanocomposites showed good bio- and hemocompatibility.

Microscopic Techniques for the Analysis of Micro and Nanostructures of Biopolymers and Their Derivatives

Natural biopolymers, a class of materials extracted from renewable sources, is garnering interest due to growing concerns over environmental safety; biopolymers have the advantage of biocompatibility and biodegradability, an imperative requirement. The synthesis of nanoparticles and nanofibers from biopolymers provides a green platform relative to the conventional methods that use hazardous chemicals. However, it is challenging to characterize these nanoparticles and fibers due to the variation in size, shape, and morphology. In order to evaluate these properties, microscopic techniques such as optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are essential. With the advent of new biopolymer systems, it is necessary to obtain insights into the fundamental structures of these systems to determine their structural, physical, and morphological properties, which play a vital role in defining their performance and applications. Microscopic techniques perform a decisive role in revealing intricate details, which assists in the appraisal of microstructure, surface morphology, chemical composition, and interfacial properties. This review highlights the significance of various microscopic techniques incorporating the literature details that help characterize biopolymers and their derivatives.

Nanocellulose applications in sustainable electrochemical and piezoelectric systems: A review

Recent studies advocate the use of cellulose nanomaterials (CNs) as a sustainable carbohydrate polymer in numerous innovative electronics for their quintessential features such as flexibility, low thermal expansion and self-/directed assembly within multiphase matrices. Herein, we review the contemporary advances in CN-built electrochemical systems and highlight the constructive effects of these nanoscopic entities once engineered in conductive composites, proton exchange membranes (PEMs), electrochromics, energy storage devices and piezoelectric sensors. The adopted strategies and designs are discussed in view of CN roles as copolymer, electrolyte reservoir, binder and separator. Finally, physiochemical attributes and durability of resulting architectures are compared to conventional materials and the possible challenges/solutions are delineated to realize the promising capabilities. The volume of the up-to-present literature in the field indeed implies to nanocellulose overriding importance and the presented angles perhaps shed more lights on prospect of the biosphere's most dominant biomaterial in the energy-related arena that deserve attention.

A review on versatile applications of blends and composites of CNC with natural and synthetic polymers with mathematical modeling

Cellulose is world's most abundant, renewable and recyclable polysaccharide on earth. Cellulose is composed of both amorphous and crystalline regions. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are extracted from crystalline region of cellulose. The most attractive feature of CNC is that it can be used as nanofiller to reinforce several synthetic and natural polymers. In this article, a comprehensive overview of modification of several natural and synthetic polymers using CNCs as reinforcer in respective polymer matrix is given. The immense activities of CNCs are successfully utilized to enhance the mechanical properties and to broaden the field of application of respective polymer. All the technical scientific issues have been discussed highlighting the recent advancement in biomedical and packaging field.

A facile template approach to preparing stable NFC/Ag/polyaniline nanocomposites for imparting multifunctionality to paper

Nanocomposites of function polymer and inorganic nanoparticles have many beneficial properties and can be used in many applications. However, the formation of aggregates of the polymer and inorganic nanoparticles in the nanocomposites limits their use in practical applications. Here, a facile approach to preparing stable nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC)/Ag/polyaniline nanocomposites by the templates of NFC was developed. The Ag nanoparticles and polyaniline were loaded on the NFC by the reduction of Ag cations and in situ chemical polymerization in the templates of NFC. The network structure of the NFC and the electrostatic repulsion resulted in the formation of stable nanocomposites. Owing to the well-dispersed Ag nanoparticles and polyaniline in the nanocomposites, the nanocomposites can be coated on the paper uniformly, thus imparting excellent conductivity and antibacterial properties to paper. The coated paper can be used as a new type of conductive paper with excellent antibacterial activity.

Surface-Imprinted Magnetic Carboxylated Cellulose Nanocrystals for the Highly Selective Extraction of Six Fluoroquinolones from Egg Samples

We herein describe a novel adsorbent based on molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) on the surface of magnetic carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals (Fe₃O₄@CCNs@MIPs) for the separation and purification of six fluoroquinolones (FQs) from egg samples. The obtained Fe₃O₄@CCNs@MIPs not only exhibited a large surface area and specific recognition toward FQs, but also were easily gathered and separated from the egg samples using an external magnetic field. The morphologies and surface groups of the Fe₃O₄@CCNs@MIPs were assessed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area analysis. The Fe₃O₄@CCNs@MIPs exhibited high selectivity toward six structurally similar FQs. An enrichment approach was established for the measurement of six FQs from egg samples using Fe₃O₄@CCNs@MIPs coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography. The recovery of spiked FQs ranged from 75.2-104.9% and limit of detection was in the range of 3.6-18.4 ng g^-1 for the six FQs. Therefore, the proposed method is a promising technique for the enrichment, separation, and determination of FQs from biomatrices.

Magnetic Cellulose Nanocrystal Based Anisotropic Polylactic Acid Nanocomposite Films: Influence on Electrical, Magnetic, Thermal, and Mechanical Properties

This paper reports a single-step co-precipitation method for the fabrication of magnetic cellulose nanocrystals (MGCNCs) with high iron oxide nanoparticle content (∼51 wt % loading) adsorbed onto cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and Raman spectroscopic studies confirmed that the hydroxyl groups on the surface of CNCs (derived from the bamboo pulp) acted as anchor points for the adsorption of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The fabricated MGCNCs have a high magnetic moment, which is utilized to orient the magnetoresponsive nanofillers in parallel or perpendicular orientations inside the polylactic acid (PLA) matrix. Magnetic-field-assisted directional alignment of MGCNCs led to the incorporation of anisotropic mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties in the fabricated PLA-MGCNC nanocomposites. Thermomechanical studies showed significant improvement in the elastic modulus and glass-transition temperature for the magnetically oriented samples. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and XRD studies confirmed that the alignment of MGCNCs led to the improvement in the percentage crystallinity and, with the absence of the cold-crystallization phenomenon, finds a potential application in polymer processing in the presence of magnetic field. The tensile strength and percentage elongation for the parallel-oriented samples improved by ∼70 and 240%, respectively, and for perpendicular-oriented samples, by ∼58 and 172%, respectively, in comparison to the unoriented samples. Furthermore, its anisotropically induced electrical and magnetic properties are desirable for fabricating self-biased electronics products. We also demonstrate that the fabricated anisotropic PLA-MGCNC nanocomposites could be laminated into films with the incorporation of directionally tunable mechanical properties. Therefore, the current study provides a novel noninvasive approach of orienting nontoxic bioderived CNCs in the presence of low magnetic fields, with potential applications in the manufacturing of three-dimensional composites with microstructural features comparable to biological materials for high-performance engineering applications.

The biocompatibility evaluation of iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized by a one pot process for intravenous iron supply

This paper reports a new synthesis method to control the size of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONs) by adding sodium citrate during fabrication to obtain sodium citrate-modified iron oxide nanoparticles (SCIONs).

Dispersion stability, magnetivity and wettability of cellulose nanocrystal (CNC)-dispersed superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles: impact of CNC concentration

This study investigates the effects of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) on the dispersion and colloidal stability of Fe₃O₄–cellulose nanocrystal nanocomposites (MCNCs).