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Waste Paper as a Valuable Resource: An Overview of Recent Trends in the Polymeric Composites Field. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020426. [PMID: 36679306 PMCID: PMC9866924 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on polymeric waste-paper composites, including state-of-the-art analysis with quantitative and qualitative discussions. Waste paper is a valuable cellulose-rich material, produced mainly from office paper, newspaper, and paper sludge, which can be recycled and returned to paper production or used in a new life cycle. A systematic literature review found 75 publications on this material over the last 27 years, with half of those published during the last five years. These data represent an increasing trend in the number of publications and citations that have shown an interest in this field. Most of them investigated the physicomechanical properties of composites using different contents of raw waste paper or the treated, modified, and cellulose-extracted types. The results show that polyethylene and polypropylene are the most used matrices, but polylactic acid, a biodegradable/sourced polymer, has the most citations. The scientific relevance of waste-paper composites as a subject includes the increasing trend of the number of publications and citations over the years, as well as the gaps identified by keyword mapping and the qualitative discussion of the papers. Therefore, biopolymers and biobased polymers could be investigated more, as well as novel applications. The environmental impact in terms of stability and degradation should also receive more attention regarding sustainability and life cycle analyses.
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Mikhailidi AM, Kotel’nikova NY. Functional Materials from Paper Wastes: II–Cellulose Hydrogels with High Water Retention Capacity Obtained from Solutions of Waste Paper in DMAc/LiCl. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162022070172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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3
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Nanocellulose: A Fundamental Material for Science and Technology Applications. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27228032. [PMID: 36432134 PMCID: PMC9694617 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27228032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, considerable interest has been focused on developing greener and biodegradable materials due to growing environmental concerns. Owing to their low cost, biodegradability, and good mechanical properties, plant fibers have substituted synthetic fibers in the preparation of composites. However, the poor interfacial adhesion due to the hydrophilic nature and high-water absorption limits the use of plant fibers as a reinforcing agent in polymer matrices. The hydrophilic nature of the plant fibers can be overcome by chemical treatments. Cellulose the most abundant natural polymer obtained from sources such as plants, wood, and bacteria has gained wider attention these days. Different methods, such as mechanical, chemical, and chemical treatments in combination with mechanical treatments, have been adopted by researchers for the extraction of cellulose from plants, bacteria, algae, etc. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) have been extracted and used for different applications such as food packaging, water purification, drug delivery, and in composites. In this review, updated information on the methods of isolation of nanocellulose, classification, characterization, and application of nanocellulose has been highlighted. The characteristics and the current status of cellulose-based fiber-reinforced polymer composites in the industry have also been discussed in detail.
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Tavakoli M, Ghasemian A, Dehghani-Firouzabadi MR, Mazela B. Cellulose and Its Nano-Derivatives as a Water-Repellent and Fire-Resistant Surface: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 15:82. [PMID: 35009224 PMCID: PMC8746080 DOI: 10.3390/ma15010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The inevitable destructive effects of moisture and temperature are obvious in cellulosic and nanocellulosic substrates. These materials are the main foundations of interdependent industries that produce products such as currency notes or high-quality packaging for sanitary, cosmetics, or ammunition in the defense industry. Therefore, it is essential to develop procedures to eliminate problems arising from humidity and fire to improve the quality of these green and sustainable materials. The production of waterproof and flame-resistant cellulose-based substrates has drawn increasing attention to resolve these drawbacks. In this review paper, we have initially summarized the most accessible cellulosic substrates, different kinds of nanocellulose, and the general information about water repellents and intumescent fireproof surfaces. Then, the potential and necessity of using cellulosic biobased substrates are addressed for use in modified shapes as waterproof and fire inhibitor coatings. Cost-effective, eco-friendly, and durable, dual-function coatings are also introduced as future challenges, which are exploited as water-repellents and flame-retardant cellulose-based surfaces for pulp and paper applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnoosh Tavakoli
- Department of Pulp and Paper Technology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources, Gorgan 4913815739, Iran or (M.T.); (A.G.); (M.R.D.-F.)
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Ali Ghasemian
- Department of Pulp and Paper Technology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources, Gorgan 4913815739, Iran or (M.T.); (A.G.); (M.R.D.-F.)
| | - Mohammad Reza Dehghani-Firouzabadi
- Department of Pulp and Paper Technology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources, Gorgan 4913815739, Iran or (M.T.); (A.G.); (M.R.D.-F.)
| | - Bartłomiej Mazela
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
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5
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Mechanical properties of cellulose nanofibril papers and their bionanocomposites: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 273:118507. [PMID: 34560938 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose nanofibril (CNF) paper has various applications due to its unique advantages. Herein, we present the intrinsic mechanical properties of CNF papers, along with the preparation and properties of nanoparticle-reinforced CNF composite papers. The literature on CNF papers reveals a strong correlation between the intrafibrillar network structure and the resulting mechanical properties. This correlation is found to hold for all primary factors affecting mechanical properties, indicating that the performance of CNF materials depends directly on and can be tailored by controlling the intrafibrillar network of the system. The parameters that influence the mechanical properties of CNF papers were critically reviewed. Moreover, the effect on the mechanical properties by adding nanofillers to CNF papers to produce multifunctional composite products was discussed. We concluded this article with future perspectives and possible developments in CNFs and their bionanocomposite papers.
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6
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Guan Y, Li W, Gao H, Zhang L, Zhou L, Peng F. Preparation of cellulose nanocrystals from deinked waste newspaper and their usage for papermaking. CARBOHYDRATE POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2021.100107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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7
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Goh PS, Othman MHD, Matsuura T. Waste Reutilization in Polymeric Membrane Fabrication: A New Direction in Membranes for Separation. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:782. [PMID: 34677548 PMCID: PMC8541373 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11100782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In parallel to the rapid growth in economic and social activities, there has been an undesirable increase in environmental degradation due to the massively produced and disposed waste. The need to manage waste in a more innovative manner has become an urgent matter. In response to the call for circular economy, some solid wastes can offer plenty of opportunities to be reutilized as raw materials for the fabrication of functional, high-value products. In the context of solid waste-derived polymeric membrane development, this strategy can pave a way to reduce the consumption of conventional feedstock for the production of synthetic polymers and simultaneously to dampen the negative environmental impacts resulting from the improper management of these solid wastes. The review aims to offer a platform for overviewing the potentials of reutilizing solid waste in liquid separation membrane fabrication by covering the important aspects, including waste pretreatment and raw material extraction, membrane fabrication and characterizations, as well as the separation performance evaluation of the resultant membranes. Three major types of waste-derived polymeric raw materials, namely keratin, cellulose, and plastics, are discussed based on the waste origins, limitations in the waste processing, and their conversion into polymeric membranes. With the promising material properties and viability of processing facilities, recycling and reutilization of waste resources for membrane fabrication are deemed to be a promising strategy that can bring about huge benefits in multiple ways, especially to make a step closer to sustainable and green membrane production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Sean Goh
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia;
| | - Takeshi Matsuura
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur St., Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada;
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8
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Huang D, Hong H, Huang W, Zhang H, Hong X. Scalable Preparation of Cellulose Nanofibers from Office Waste Paper by an Environment-Friendly Method. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13183119. [PMID: 34578020 PMCID: PMC8473219 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Waste paper is often underutilized as a low-value recyclable resource and can be a potential source of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) due to its rich cellulose content. Three different processes, low acid treatment, alkali treatment and bleaching treatment, were used to pretreat the waste paper in order to investigate the effect of different pretreatments on the prepared CNFs, and CNFs obtained from bleached pulp boards were used as control. All sample fibers were successfully prepared into CNFs by 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) oxidation. It was quite obvious that the bleached CNFs samples showed dense fibrous structures on a scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while needle-like fibers with width less than 20 nm were observed on a transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Meanwhile, the bleaching treatment resulted in a 13.5% increase in crystallinity and a higher TEMPO yield (e.g., BCNF, 60.88%), but a decrease in thermal stability. All pretreated CNFs samples showed narrow particle size distribution, good dispersion stability (zeta potential less than −29.58 mV), good light transmission (higher than 86.5%) and low haze parameters (lower than 3.92%). This provides a good process option and pathway for scalable production of CNFs from waste papers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyuan Huang
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (D.H.); (H.H.); (W.H.); (H.Z.)
| | - Haoqun Hong
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (D.H.); (H.H.); (W.H.); (H.Z.)
| | - Weilong Huang
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (D.H.); (H.H.); (W.H.); (H.Z.)
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (D.H.); (H.H.); (W.H.); (H.Z.)
| | - Xiaobin Hong
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Correspondence:
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9
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Hafid HS, Omar FN, Zhu J, Wakisaka M. Enhanced crystallinity and thermal properties of cellulose from rice husk using acid hydrolysis treatment. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 260:117789. [PMID: 33712137 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose was extracted from rice husk (RH) using an integrated delignification process using alkaline treatment and acid hydrolysis (concentrated HNO3) for lignocellulosic biomass dissolution. Cellulose yield and quality were assessed through analysis of lignocellulosic content, thermogravimetric, functional group, X-ray diffraction, and surface morphology. HNO3 treatment showed an increment (2.01-fold) in the cellulose content and some enhancement in the crystallinity of cellulose (up to 40.8%). A slight increase was observed in thermal properties from 334.6 °C to 339.3 °C. Economic analysis showed chlorine extraction produce higher cellulose recovery (58%) as compared to HNO3 (26.7%) with the total cost of operation using HNO3 was double compared to chlorine extraction. The economic feasibility of HNO3 can be improved using various progress in the pre-treatment process, chemical recycling and cellulose recovery process since adopting it is crucial for environmental sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halimatun Saadiah Hafid
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu, 808-0196, Japan.
| | - Farah Nadia Omar
- Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jiangyu Zhu
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu, 808-0196, Japan
| | - Minato Wakisaka
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu, 808-0196, Japan
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10
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Campano C, Lopez-Exposito P, Gonzalez-Aguilera L, Blanco Á, Negro C. In-depth characterization of the aggregation state of cellulose nanocrystals through analysis of transmission electron microscopy images. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 254:117271. [PMID: 33357852 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Dispersion of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) is of utmost importance to guarantee their reliable application. Nevertheless, there is still no consensual method to characterize CNC aggregation. The hypothesis of this paper is that dispersion could be quantified through the classification of aggregates detected in transmission electron microscopy images. k-Means was used to classify image particulate elements of five CNC samples into groups according to their geometric features. Particles were classified into five groups according to their maximum Feret diameter, elongation, circularity and area. Two groups encompassed the most application-critical aggregates: one integrated aggregates of high complexity and low compactness while the other included elongated aggregates. In addition, the characterization of CNC dispersion after different levels of sonication was achieved by assessing the change in the number of elements belonging to each cluster after sonication. This approach could be used as a standard for the characterization of the aggregation state of CNCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Campano
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Patricio Lopez-Exposito
- Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganés, Spain.
| | - Laura Gonzalez-Aguilera
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ángeles Blanco
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carlos Negro
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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11
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Santos TA, Spinacé MAS. Sandwich panel biocomposite of thermoplastic corn starch and bacterial cellulose. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 167:358-368. [PMID: 33278430 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inadequate disposition and long period for degradation of Petroleum-derived polymers promote damages in the environment, which could be minimized by the use of biodegradable polymers such as starch and cellulose. Films of thermoplastic corn starch (TPS) and bacterial cellulose (BC) were used to produce sandwich panel biocomposite. RXD, SEM and FTIR were used to verify the transformation of TPS from native corn starch. TPS/BC is flexible and transparent, but it is less transparent that TPS and BC due to its multilayer format. TPS/BC presented similar thermal events to TPS and BC samples and thermal stability similar to TPS. The FTIR spectrum of the TPS/BC showed bands observed in the BC and TPS spectra. BC, TPS and TPS/BC showed faster water absorption in the initial stage reaching a stability at about 50 h and presenting Fickian behavior. TPS/BC showed lower water absorption and a good adhesion between the phases observed by SEM images, which can be associated to hydrogen interactions in the interface improving mechanical properties. TPS/BC showed an increase of about 3.6 times in the tensile strength compared to TPS, indicating that BC is a good reinforcement for TPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita A Santos
- Federal University of ABC, Natural and Human Sciences Center, Av. dos Estados 5001, Bangu, 09.210-170 Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcia A S Spinacé
- Federal University of ABC, Natural and Human Sciences Center, Av. dos Estados 5001, Bangu, 09.210-170 Santo André, SP, Brazil.
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12
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Danial WH, Mohd Taib R, Abu Samah MA, Mohd Salim R, Abdul Majid Z. The valorization of municipal grass waste for the extraction of cellulose nanocrystals. RSC Adv 2020; 10:42400-42407. [PMID: 35516782 PMCID: PMC9057941 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07972c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The study reports on the valorization of municipal grass waste (MGW) for the extraction of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), as an eco-friendly and sustainable low-cost precursor for cellulose nanomaterial production. The raw MGW was subjected to boiling in water pretreatment, and alkali and bleaching treatments for the extraction of cellulose fibers, followed by isolation of the CNCs through a conventional acid hydrolysis technique. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to analyze the cellulose fibers extracted while scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy images confirmed the presence of cellulose fibers and CNCs, respectively. The chemical composition of MGW was ascertained through the TAPPI-222 om-02 standard for lignin content and determination of α-cellulose. The diameters of CNCs are in the range of 5–15 nm with the length ranging from 100 nm to 500 nm, while a crystallinity index of 58.2% was determined from X-ray diffraction analysis. The production of CNCs from MGW is an avenue to convert green waste into a value-added product, in addition to reducing the volume of cumulative waste in the environment. The production of CNCs from MGW is an avenue to convert green waste into a value-added product.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Hazman Danial
- Department of Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia 25200 Kuantan Malaysia
| | - Raihan Mohd Taib
- Department of Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia 25200 Kuantan Malaysia
| | - Mohd Armi Abu Samah
- Department of Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia 25200 Kuantan Malaysia
| | - Rosliza Mohd Salim
- Department of Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia 25200 Kuantan Malaysia
| | - Zaiton Abdul Majid
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 81310 UTM Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
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Comparative Optimization of Cellulase and Laccase Enzymes in Deinking Process of Used Newspapers. JURNAL KIMIA SAINS DAN APLIKASI 2020. [DOI: 10.14710/jksa.23.10.353-359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of enzymes in the bio-deinking process of newspaper waste has promising potential. However, investigations on the concentration of enzyme combinations need to be carried out to obtain the optimum ratio of cellulase and laccase enzymes for the bio-deinking process of recycled newspapers. The mixture of the two enzymes at various ratios was used to remove the ink on paper pulp from used newspapers by mechanical disintegration method treatment and followed by the bio-deinking process in an incubator shaker. The characterization of functional groups, structures, and thermal properties of bio-deinked pulp paper was carried out by FTIR, XRD, DTG/TGA, and an analysis of the degree of brightness to the prepared paper. FTIR results confirmed three main components of papers, such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The XRD results showed that the equal ratio of cellulase and laccase enzymes had an effect on a higher crystallinity index, which was 78.8% compared to those obtained from the conventional methods with a crystallinity index of 69.7%. Thermal analysis showed that the optimum combination of both enzymes contributed the most at the highest temperature where the rate of degradation decreased. Brightness analysis showed that bio-deinking had met the quality requirements for newsprint paper in SNI 7273:2008. Our findings show that the combination of cellulase and laccase enzymes at the same ratio can produce optimal bio-deinked pulp for paper fabrication with excellent characteristics in brightness, thermal, and physical properties.
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Noor SM, Anuar AN, Tamunaidu P, Goto M, Shameli K, Halim MHA. Nanocellulose production from natural and recyclable sources: A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/479/1/012027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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15
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Agarwal J, Mohanty S, Nayak SK. Valorization of pineapple peel waste and sisal fiber: Study of cellulose nanocrystals on polypropylene nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Agarwal
- School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP), Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials (LARPM)Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology Bhubaneswar Odisha India
| | - Smita Mohanty
- School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP), Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials (LARPM)Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology Bhubaneswar Odisha India
| | - Sanjay K. Nayak
- School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP), Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials (LARPM)Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology Bhubaneswar Odisha India
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16
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Kumar V, Pathak P, Bhardwaj NK. Waste paper: An underutilized but promising source for nanocellulose mining. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 102:281-303. [PMID: 31704510 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nanocellulose has achieved an inimitable place and value in nano-materials research sector. Promising and exclusive physical, chemical and biological properties of nanocellulose make it an attractive and ideal material for various high end-user applications. Conventionally, the base material for nanocellulose i.e. cellulose is being extracted from various lignocellulosic raw materials (like wood, agro-industrial-residues, etc.) using pulping followed by bleaching sequences. As an alternate to lignocellulosic raw materials, waste paper also showed potential as a competent raw material due to its abundant availability and high cellulosic content (60-70%) with comparatively less hemicelluloses (10-20%) and lignin (5-10%) without any harsh treatments. The production yields of nanocellulose were reported to vary from 1.5% to 64% depending upon the waste papers and treatments given. The diameters of these nanocelluloses were reported in the range of 2-100 nm and crystallinity range around 54-95%. Thermal degradation of waste paper nanocellulose was varied from 187 °C to 371 °C. Although these properties are comparable with the nanocellulose obtained from lignocellulosic raw materials, yet waste paper is an underutilized source for nanocellulose preparation due to its ordinary fate of recycling, dumping and incineration. In the sight of necessity and possibility of waste paper utilization, this article reviews the outcomes of research carried out for preparation of nanocellulose using waste paper as a source of cellulose. There is a need of sincere investigation to convert this valuable waste to wealth i.e. waste papers to nanocellulose, which will be helpful in solid waste management to protect environment in economical way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Kumar
- Nanotechnology and Advanced Biomaterials Group, Avantha Centre for Industrial Research & Development, Paper Mill Campus, Yamuna Nagar 135001, India
| | - Puneet Pathak
- Nanotechnology and Advanced Biomaterials Group, Avantha Centre for Industrial Research & Development, Paper Mill Campus, Yamuna Nagar 135001, India
| | - Nishi Kant Bhardwaj
- Avantha Centre for Industrial Research & Development, Paper Mill Campus, Yamuna Nagar 135001, India.
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Lei W, Zhou X, Fang C, Li Y, Song Y, Wang C, Huang Z. New approach to recycle office waste paper: Reinforcement for polyurethane with nano cellulose crystals extracted from waste paper. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 95:59-69. [PMID: 31351645 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
New approach to recycle office waste paper was purposed in this paper, i.e., cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) was extracted from waste paper and then used CNC as the organic filler to reinforce polyurethane elastomer (PUE) in thermal properties. A series of CNC/PUE nanocomposites was prepared in situ using a two-step process in solvent N,N-dimethylformamide solution by changing the content of CNC from 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 to 5 wt%. The results showed that CNC was covalently bonded to PUE, and specifically concerned with the hard segments of PUE resulting from the strong hydrogen bonding. The interactions between CNC and PUE caused the increased thermal and thermo-mechanical properties, and decreased water absorption of nanocomposites. Importantly, the initial degradation temperature of PUE with 2 wt% content CNC (CNC/PUE2) increased by 21 °C. CNC/PUE2 had the better comprehensive properties with the worse water absorption, which made CNC/PUE2 appealing in load bearing and outdoor applications. Hence, this work not only provided a new recycling method of waste paper but also provided a thermolstable PUE with lower cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqing Lei
- School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China; Faculty of Printing, Packing Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China
| | - Xing Zhou
- School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China; Faculty of Printing, Packing Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China
| | - Changqing Fang
- School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China; Faculty of Printing, Packing Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China.
| | - Yaguang Li
- Faculty of Printing, Packing Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China
| | - Yonghua Song
- Faculty of Printing, Packing Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China
| | - Chenxi Wang
- Faculty of Printing, Packing Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China
| | - Zhigang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Hygiene and Safety Quality Evaluation Technology of Plastic, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, PR China.
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Campano C, Lopez-Exposito P, Blanco A, Negro C, van de Ven TG. Hairy cationic nanocrystalline cellulose as a novel flocculant of clay. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 545:153-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.02.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Balea A, Sanchez-Salvador JL, Monte MC, Merayo N, Negro C, Blanco A. In Situ Production and Application of Cellulose Nanofibers to Improve Recycled Paper Production. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24091800. [PMID: 31075959 PMCID: PMC6539324 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The recycled paper and board industry needs to improve the quality of their products to meet customer demands. The refining process and strength additives are commonly used to increase mechanical properties. Interfiber bonding can also be improved using cellulose nanofibers (CNF). A circular economy approach in the industrial implementation of CNF can be addressed through the in situ production of CNF using side cellulose streams of the process as raw material, avoiding transportation costs and reducing industrial wastes. Furthermore, CNF fit for use can be produced for specific industrial applications.This study evaluates the feasibility of using two types of recycled fibers, simulating the broke streams of two paper machines producing newsprint and liner for cartonboard, to produce in situ CNF for direct application on the original pulps, old newsprint (ONP), and old corrugated container (OCC), and to reinforce the final products. The CNF were obtained by 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO)-mediated oxidation and homogenization at 600 bar. Handsheets were prepared with disintegrated recycled pulp and different amounts of CNF using a conventional three-component retention system. Results show that 3 wt.% of CNF produced with 10 mmol of NaClO per gram of dry pulp improve tensile index of ONP ~30%. For OCC, the same treatment and CNF dose increase tensile index above 60%. In both cases, CNF cause a deterioration of drainage, but this effect is effectively counteracted by optimising the retention system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Balea
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Av. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jose Luis Sanchez-Salvador
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Av. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - M Concepcion Monte
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Av. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Noemi Merayo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Av. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Industrial Design Engineering, ETSIDI, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Ronda de Valencia 3, 28012 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carlos Negro
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Av. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Angeles Blanco
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Av. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Low-fibrillated bacterial cellulose nanofibers as a sustainable additive to enhance recycled paper quality. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 114:1077-1083. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.03.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Yuan W, Wang C, Lei S, Chen J, Lei S, Li Z. Ultraviolet light-, temperature- and pH-responsive fluorescent sensors based on cellulose nanocrystals. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00613j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Intelligent CNC-g-P(AzoC6MA-co-DMAEMA) fluorescent nanosensors present ultraviolet light-, temperature- and pH-responsive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhong Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 201804
- P. R. China
| | - Chunyao Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 201804
- P. R. China
| | - Shize Lei
- Central South University
- Changsha 410083
- P. R. China
| | - Jiangdi Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 201804
- P. R. China
| | - Shaorong Lei
- Department of Plastic Surgery
- Xiangya Hospital
- Central South University
- Changsha 410008
- P. R. China
| | - Zhihong Li
- Division of General Surgery
- Shanghai Pudong New District Zhoupu Hospital
- Shanghai 201200
- P. R. China
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