1
|
Ma Y, Morozova SM, Kumacheva E. From Nature-Sourced Polysaccharide Particles to Advanced Functional Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2312707. [PMID: 38391153 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Polysaccharides constitute over 90% of the carbohydrate mass in nature, which makes them a promising feedstock for manufacturing sustainable materials. Polysaccharide particles (PSPs) are used as effective scavengers, carriers of chemical and biological cargos, and building blocks for the fabrication of macroscopic materials. The biocompatibility and degradability of PSPs are advantageous for their uses as biomaterials with more environmental friendliness. This review highlights the progresses in PSP applications as advanced functional materials, by describing PSP extraction, preparation, and surface functionalization with a variety of functional groups, polymers, nanoparticles, and biologically active species. This review also outlines the fabrication of PSP-derived macroscopic materials, as well as their applications in soft robotics, sensing, scavenging, water harvesting, drug delivery, and bioengineering. The paper is concluded with an outlook providing perspectives in the development and applications of PSP-derived materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingshan Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Sofia M Morozova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
- Center of Fluid Physics and Soft Matter, N.E. Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 5/1 2-nd Baumanskaya street, Moscow, 105005, Russia
| | - Eugenia Kumacheva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada
- The Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 4 Taddle Creek Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Babaei-Ghazvini A, Vafakish B, Patel R, Falua KJ, Dunlop MJ, Acharya B. Cellulose nanocrystals in the development of biodegradable materials: A review on CNC resources, modification, and their hybridization. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128834. [PMID: 38128804 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The escalating demand for sustainable materials has propelled cellulose into the spotlight as a promising alternative to petroleum-based products. As the most abundant organic polymer on Earth, cellulose is ubiquitous, found in plants, bacteria, and even a unique marine animal-the tunicate. Cellulose polymers naturally give rise to microscale semi-crystalline fibers and nanoscale crystalline regions known as cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). Exhibiting rod-like structures with widths spanning 3 to 50 nm and lengths ranging from 50 nm to several microns, CNC characteristics vary based on the cellulose source. The degree of crystallinity, crucial for CNC properties, fluctuates between 49 and 95 % depending on the source and synthesis method. CNCs, with their exceptional properties such as high aspect ratio, relatively low density (≈1.6 g cm-3), high axial elastic modulus (≈150 GPa), significant tensile strength, and birefringence, emerge as ideal candidates for biodegradable fillers in nanocomposites and functional materials. The percolation threshold, a mathematical concept defining long-range connectivity between filler and polymer, governs the effectiveness of reinforcement in nanocomposites. This threshold is intricately influenced by the aspect ratio and molecular interaction strength, impacting CNC performance in polymeric and pure nanocomposite materials. This comprehensive review explores diverse aspects of CNCs, encompassing their derivation from various sources, methods of modification (both physical and chemical), and hybridization with heterogeneous fillers. Special attention is devoted to the hybridization of CNCs derived from tunicates (TCNC) with those from wood (WCNC), leveraging the distinct advantages of each. The overarching objective is to demonstrate how this hybridization strategy mitigates the limitations of WCNC in composite materials, offering improved interaction and enhanced percolation. This, in turn, is anticipated to elevate the reinforcing effects and pave the way for the development of nanocomposites with tunable viscoelastic, physicochemical, and mechanical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amin Babaei-Ghazvini
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada.
| | - Bahareh Vafakish
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada.
| | - Ravi Patel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada.
| | - Kehinde James Falua
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada.
| | - Matthew J Dunlop
- Tunistrong Technologies Incorporated, 7207 Route 11, Wellington, Charlottetown, PE C0B 20E, Canada.
| | - Bishnu Acharya
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Andrew LJ, Gillman ER, Walters CM, Lizundia E, MacLachlan MJ. Multi-Responsive Supercapacitors from Chiral Nematic Cellulose Nanocrystal-Based Activated Carbon Aerogels. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2301947. [PMID: 37093171 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The development of long-lived electrochemical energy storage systems based on renewable materials is integral for the transition toward a more sustainable society. Supercapacitors have garnered considerable interest given their impressive cycling performance, low cost, and safety. Here, the first example of a chiral nematic activated carbon aerogel is shown. Specifically, supercapacitor materials are developed based on cellulose, a non-toxic and biodegradable material. The chiral nematic structure of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) is harnessed to obtain free-standing hierarchically ordered activated carbon aerogels. To impart multifunctionality, iron- and cobalt-oxide nanoparticles are incorporated within the CNC matrix. The hierarchical structure remains intact even at nanoparticle concentrations of ≈70 wt%. The aerogels are highly porous, with specific surface areas up to 820 m2 g-1 . A maximum magnetization of 17.8 ± 0.1 emu g-1 with superparamagnetic behavior is obtained, providing a base for actuator applications. These materials are employed as symmetric supercapacitors; owing to the concomitant effect of the hierarchically arranged carbon skeleton and KOH activation, a maximum Cp of 294 F g-1 with a capacitance retention of 93% after 2500 cycles at 50 mV s-1 is achieved. The multifunctionality of the composite aerogels opens new possibilities for the use of biomass-derived materials in energy storage and sensing applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J Andrew
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Emma R Gillman
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Christopher M Walters
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Erlantz Lizundia
- Life Cycle Thinking Group, Department of Graphic Design and Engineering Projects, Faculty of Engineering in Bilbao, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, 48013, Spain
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - Mark J MacLachlan
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
- Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, 2355 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
- UBC BioProducts Institute, 2385 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Song M, Yang SC. Investigation of Ferromagnetic and Ferroelectric Properties in Binderless Cellulose/Ni Laminates for Magnetoelectric Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245347. [PMID: 36559712 PMCID: PMC9784961 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
According to reported polymer-based magnetoelectric (ME) laminates, which generate voltage via an external magnetic field, a binder is indispensable for the adhesion between phases. However, if the binder is excluded, the ME response is expected to improve via efficient strain transfer from the magnetostrictive phase to the piezoelectric phase. Nevertheless, an understanding of the binderless state has not yet been addressed in polymer-based ME laminates. In this study, cellulose/Ni (CN) laminates were designed to obtain binderless polymer-based ME laminates. The surface properties of Ni foil desirable for the anchoring effect and the electrostatic interactions required for binderless states were determined via heat treatment of the Ni substrate. Moreover, to confirm the potential of the binderless laminate in ME applications, the ferromagnetic and ferroelectric properties of the CN laminates were recorded. Consequently, the CN laminates exhibited remnant and saturation magnetizations of 29.5 emu/g and 55.2 emu/g, respectively. Furthermore, the significantly increased remnant and saturation polarization of the CN laminates were determined to be 1.86 µC/cm2 and 0.378 µC/cm2, an increase of approximately 35-fold and 5.56-fold, respectively, compared with a neat cellulose film. The results indicate that multiferroic binderless CN laminates are excellent candidates for high-response ME applications.
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang X, Kang S, Adstedt K, Kim M, Xiong R, Yu J, Chen X, Zhao X, Ye C, Tsukruk VV. Uniformly aligned flexible magnetic films from bacterial nanocelluloses for fast actuating optical materials. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5804. [PMID: 36192544 PMCID: PMC9530119 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33615-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally derived biopolymers have attracted great interest to construct photonic materials with multi-scale ordering, adaptive birefringence, chiral organization, actuation and robustness. Nevertheless, traditional processing commonly results in non-uniform organization across large-scale areas. Here, we report magnetically steerable uniform biophotonic organization of cellulose nanocrystals decorated with superparamagnetic nanoparticles with strong magnetic susceptibility, enabling transformation from helicoidal cholesteric (chiral nematic) to uniaxial nematic phase with near-perfect orientation order parameter of 0.98 across large areas. We demonstrate that magnetically triggered high shearing rate of circular flow exceeds those for conventional evaporation-based assembly by two orders of magnitude. This high rate shearing facilitates unconventional unidirectional orientation of nanocrystals along gradient magnetic field and untwisting helical organization. These translucent magnetic films are flexible, robust, and possess anisotropic birefringence and light scattering combined with relatively high optical transparency reaching 75%. Enhanced mechanical robustness and uniform organization facilitate fast, multimodal, and repeatable actuation in response to magnetic field, humidity variation, and light illumination. Naturally derived biopolymers attracted great interest to construct photonic materials but traditional processing commonly results in non-uniform organization across largescale areas. Here, the authors report a uniform biophotonic organization of cellulose nanocrystals decorated with superparamagnetic nanoparticles enabling transformation from helicoidal cholesteric to uniaxial nematic phase with near-perfect orientation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0245, USA
| | - Saewon Kang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0245, USA
| | - Katarina Adstedt
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0245, USA
| | - Minkyu Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0245, USA
| | - Rui Xiong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0245, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Juan Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0245, USA
| | - Xinran Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Xulin Zhao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Chunhong Ye
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Vladimir V Tsukruk
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0245, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rincón-Iglesias M, Salado M, Lanceros-Mendez S, Lizundia E. Magnetically active nanocomposites based on biodegradable polylactide, polycaprolactone, polybutylene succinate and polybutylene adipate terephthalate. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
7
|
Salles P, Guzmán R, Zanders D, Quintana A, Fina I, Sánchez F, Zhou W, Devi A, Coll M. Bendable Polycrystalline and Magnetic CoFe 2O 4 Membranes by Chemical Methods. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:12845-12854. [PMID: 35232015 PMCID: PMC8931725 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c24450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The preparation and manipulation of crystalline yet bendable functional complex oxide membranes has been a long-standing issue for a myriad of applications, in particular, for flexible electronics. Here, we investigate the viability to prepare magnetic and crystalline CoFe2O4 (CFO) membranes by means of the Sr3Al2O6 (SAO) sacrificial layer approach using chemical deposition techniques. Meticulous chemical and structural study of the SAO surface and SAO/CFO interface properties have allowed us to identify the formation of an amorphous SAO capping layer and carbonates upon air exposure, which dictate the crystalline quality of the subsequent CFO film growth. Vacuum annealing at 800 °C of SAO films promotes the elimination of the surface carbonates and the reconstruction of the SAO surface crystallinity. Ex-situ atomic layer deposition of CFO films at 250 °C on air-exposed SAO offers the opportunity to avoid high-temperature growth while achieving polycrystalline CFO films that can be successfully transferred to a polymer support preserving the magnetic properties under bending. Float on and transfer provides an alternative route to prepare freestanding and wrinkle-free CFO membrane films. The advances and challenges presented in this work are expected to help increase the capabilities to grow different oxide compositions and heterostructures of freestanding films and their range of functional properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pol Salles
- ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Roger Guzmán
- School
of Physical Sciences and CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - David Zanders
- Inorganic
Materials Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | | | - Ignasi Fina
- ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | | | - Wu Zhou
- School
of Physical Sciences and CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Anjana Devi
- Inorganic
Materials Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Mariona Coll
- ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sadare OO, Yoro KO, Moothi K, Daramola MO. Lignocellulosic Biomass-Derived Nanocellulose Crystals as Fillers in Membranes for Water and Wastewater Treatment: A Review. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:320. [PMID: 35323795 PMCID: PMC8951035 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12030320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The improvement of membrane applications for wastewater treatment has been a focal point of research in recent times, with a wide variety of efforts being made to enhance the performance, integrity and environmental friendliness of the existing membrane materials. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are sustainable nanomaterials derived from microorganisms and plants with promising potential in wastewater treatment. Cellulose nanomaterials offer a satisfactory alternative to other environmentally harmful nanomaterials. However, only a few review articles on this important field are available in the open literature, especially in membrane applications for wastewater treatment. This review briefly highlights the circular economy of waste lignocellulosic biomass and the isolation of CNCs from waste lignocellulosic biomass for membrane applications. The surface chemical functionalization technique for the preparation of CNC-based materials with the desired functional groups and properties is outlined. Recent uses of CNC-based materials in membrane applications for wastewater treatment are presented. In addition, the assessment of the environmental impacts of CNCs, cellulose extraction, the production techniques of cellulose products, cellulose product utilization, and their end-of-life disposal are briefly discussed. Furthermore, the challenges and prospects for the development of CNC from waste biomass for application in wastewater treatment are discussed extensively. Finally, this review unraveled some important perceptions on the prospects of CNC-based materials, especially in membrane applications for the treatment of wastewater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olawumi O. Sadare
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering the Built Environment, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa;
| | - Kelvin O. Yoro
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;
| | - Kapil Moothi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering the Built Environment, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa;
| | - Michael O. Daramola
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Built Environment and Information Technology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa;
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang M, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Yuan H, Guo Q, Zhuang T. Amplifying inorganic chirality using liquid crystals. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:592-601. [PMID: 34850801 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr06036h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Chiral inorganic nanostructures have drawn extensive attention thanks to their unique physical properties as well as multidisciplinary applications. Amplifying inorganic chirality using liquid crystals (LCs) is an efficient way to enhance the parented inorganic asymmetry owing to chirality transfer. Herein, the universal synthetic methods and structural characterizations of chiral inorganic-doped LC hybrids are introduced. Additionally, the current progress and status of recent experiment and theory research about chiral interactions between inorganic nanomaterials (e.g. metal, semiconductor, perovskite, and magnetic oxide) and LCs are summarized in this review. We further present representative applications of these new hybrids in the area of encryption, sensing, optics, etc. Finally, we provide perspectives on this field in terms of material variety, new synthesis, and future practice. It is envisaged that LCs will act as a pivotal part in the amplification of inorganic chirality with versatile applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingjiang Zhang
- Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Yaxin Wang
- Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Yajie Zhou
- Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Honghan Yuan
- Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
- Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Qi Guo
- Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Taotao Zhuang
- Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bionanocellulose/Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Composites Produced by In-Situ Method and Ex-Situ/Impregnation or Sterilization Methods. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14216340. [PMID: 34771866 PMCID: PMC8585208 DOI: 10.3390/ma14216340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the work was to obtain composites based on bionanocellulose (BNC) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) for specific biomedical and cosmetic applications and to determine how the method and conditions of their preparation affect their utility properties. Three different ways of manufacturing these composites (in-situ method and ex-situ methods combined with sterilization or impregnation) were presented. The structure and morphology of BNC/PVA composites were studied by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and scanning microscopy (SEM, AFM). Surface properties were tested by contact angle measurements. The degree of crystallinity of the BNC fibrils was determined by means of the XRD method. The mechanical properties of the BNC/PVA films were examined using tensile tests and via the determination of their bursting strength. The water uptake of the obtained materials was determined through the gravimetric method. The results showed that PVA added to the nutrient medium caused an increase in biosynthesis yield. Moreover, an increase in base weight was observed in composites of all types due to the presence of PVA. The ex-situ composites revealed excellent water absorption capacity. The in-situ composites appeared to be the most durable and elastic materials.
Collapse
|
11
|
Haniffa MACM, Munawar K, Chee CY, Pramanik S, Halilu A, Illias HA, Rizwan M, Senthilnithy R, Mahanama KRR, Tripathy A, Azman MF. Cellulose supported magnetic nanohybrids: Synthesis, physicomagnetic properties and biomedical applications-A review. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 267:118136. [PMID: 34119125 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose and its forms are widely used in biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability and lack of cytotoxicity. It provides ample opportunities for the functionalization of supported magnetic nanohybrids (CSMNs). Because of the abundance of surface hydroxyl groups, they are surface tunable in either homogeneous or heterogeneous solvents and thus act as a substrate or template for the CSMNs' development. The present review emphasizes on the synthesis of various CSMNs, their physicomagnetic properties, and potential applications such as stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems, MRI, enzyme encapsulation, nucleic acid extraction, wound healing and tissue engineering. The impact of CSMNs on cytotoxicity, magnetic hyperthermia, and folate-conjugates is highlighted in particular, based on their structures, cell viability, and stability. Finally, the review also discussed the challenges and prospects of CSMNs' development. This review is expected to provide CSMNs' development roadmap in the context of 21st-century demands for biomedical therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Khadija Munawar
- Centre of Advanced Manufacturing and Material Processing, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Ching Yern Chee
- Centre of Advanced Manufacturing and Material Processing, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Sumit Pramanik
- Functional and Biomaterials Engineering Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Kancheepuram, 603203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Ahmed Halilu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hazlee Azil Illias
- Centre of Advanced Manufacturing and Material Processing, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rajendram Senthilnithy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, The Open University of Sri Lanka, 10250 Nawala, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Ashis Tripathy
- Center for MicroElectroMechanics Systems (CMEMS), University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Mohd Fahmi Azman
- Physics Division, Centre for foundation studies, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cellulose and its derivatives for lithium ion battery separators: A review on the processing methods and properties. CARBOHYDRATE POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2020.100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
|
13
|
|
14
|
Rincón-Iglesias M, Delgado A, Peřinka N, Lizundia E, Lanceros-Méndez S. Water-based 2D printing of magnetically active cellulose derivative nanocomposites. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 233:115855. [PMID: 32059906 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The fabrication of magnetic materials typically involves expensive, non-scalable, time-consuming or toxic processes. Here we report a scalable, quick and environmentally-benign fabrication of magnetically active materials through screen printing using mechanically flexible paper having micron-sized pores as substrates. In comparison with traditional multicomponent inks, simple aqueous dispersions comprising solely water-soluble cellulose derivatives and cobalt ferrite nanoparticles are used. Depending on the cellulosic matrix used, inks with viscosities in the 500-2.500 mPa s range were obtained for shear rates of 20-100 s-1. Patterns with line widths from 183 to 642 μm with a maximum deviation of 9 % were fabricated. The largest magnetization saturation obtained of 0.024 emu (or 0.021 emu cm-2) for the hydroxypropyl cellulose-based ink demonstrates enough magnetization for applications in areas such as actuators and sensors. This work provides novel insights towards the processing of renewable, magnetically active and mechanically flexible materials with tailored geometries which use water as the sole solvent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Rincón-Iglesias
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Aitor Delgado
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Nikola Peřinka
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Erlantz Lizundia
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain; Department of Graphic Design and Engineering Projects, Faculty of Engineering in Bilbao, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao 48013, Spain.
| | - Senentxu Lanceros-Méndez
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lizundia E, Rincón-Iglesias M, Lanceros-Méndez S. Combining cobalt ferrite and graphite with cellulose nanocrystals for magnetically active and electrically conducting mesoporous nanohybrids. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 236:116001. [PMID: 32172835 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Free-standing mesoporous membranes based on cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are fabricated upon the incorporation of cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) and graphite nanoparticles at concentrations up to 20 wt % through a soft-templating process. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms reveal the development of highly-porous interconnected random 3D structure with surface areas up to 193.9 m2 g-1. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) shows an enhanced thermal stability thanks to the formation of a tortuous network limiting the hindrance of degradation by-products. Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) reveals a maximum magnetization saturation of 8.77 emu·g-1 with materials having either ferromagnetic or diamagnetic behaviour upon the incorporation of CoFe2O4 and graphite, respectively. Four-point-probe measurements display a maximum electrical conductivity of 9.26 ± 0.04 S·m-1 when graphite is incorporated into CNCs. A proof of concept for the applicability of synthesized nanohybrids for environmental remediation is provided, presenting the advantage of their easy recovery using external magnetic fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erlantz Lizundia
- Department of Graphic Design and Engineering Projects, Bilbao Faculty of Engineering, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, 48013, Spain; BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940, Leioa, Spain; Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Mikel Rincón-Iglesias
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Senentxu Lanceros-Méndez
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940, Leioa, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lizundia E, Reizabal A, Costa CM, Maceiras A, Lanceros-Méndez S. Electroactive γ-Phase, Enhanced Thermal and Mechanical Properties and High Ionic Conductivity Response of Poly (Vinylidene Fluoride)/Cellulose Nanocrystal Hybrid Nanocomposites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E743. [PMID: 32041217 PMCID: PMC7040804 DOI: 10.3390/ma13030743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were incorporated into poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) to tailor the mechanical and dielectric properties of this electroactive polymer. PVDF/CNC nanocomposites with concentrations up to 15 wt.% were prepared by solvent-casting followed by quick vacuum drying in order to ensure the formation of the electroactive γ-phase. The changes induced by the presence of CNCs on the morphology of PVDF and its crystalline structure, thermal properties, mechanical performance and dielectric behavior are explored. The results suggest a relevant role of the CNC surface -OH groups, which interact with PVDF fluorine atoms. The real dielectric constant ε' of nanocomposites at 200 Hz was found to increase by 3.6 times up to 47 for the 15 wt.% CNC nanocomposite due to an enhanced ionic conductivity provided by CNCs. The approach reported here in order to boost the formation of the γ-phase of PVDF upon the incorporation of CNCs serves to further develop cellulose-based multifunctional materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erlantz Lizundia
- Department of Graphic Design and Engineering Projects, Bilbao Faculty of Engineering, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48013 Bilbao, Spain
- BC Materials, Basque Center Centre for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (A.R.); (A.M.); (S.L.-M.)
| | - Ander Reizabal
- BC Materials, Basque Center Centre for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (A.R.); (A.M.); (S.L.-M.)
| | - Carlos M. Costa
- Centro de Física, Universidade do Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Centro de Química, Universidade do Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Alberto Maceiras
- BC Materials, Basque Center Centre for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (A.R.); (A.M.); (S.L.-M.)
| | - Senentxu Lanceros-Méndez
- BC Materials, Basque Center Centre for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (A.R.); (A.M.); (S.L.-M.)
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Torkashvand N, Sarlak N. Fabrication of a dual T1 and T2 contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging using cellulose nanocrystals/Fe3O4 nanocomposite. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
18
|
Rincón-Iglesias M, Lizundia E, Lanceros-Méndez S. Water-Soluble Cellulose Derivatives as Suitable Matrices for Multifunctional Materials. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:2786-2795. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Rincón-Iglesias
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Erlantz Lizundia
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Department of Graphic Design and Engineering Projects, Faculty of Engineering in Bilbao, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Senentxu Lanceros-Méndez
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abou Hammad AB, Abd El-Aziz ME, Hasanin MS, Kamel S. A novel electromagnetic biodegradable nanocomposite based on cellulose, polyaniline, and cobalt ferrite nanoparticles. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 216:54-62. [PMID: 31047082 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable, antimicrobial, and semiconducting cellulosic composite was synthesized by in-situ polymerization of polyaniline in the presence of cellulose. The cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (CFO-NPs) were added during the polymerization process to acquire this composite magnetic property. The CFO-NPs were prepared by sol-gel method with average particles size less than 50 nm. The nanocomposites were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX). In addition, their magnetic, dielectric constant, dielectric loss, and conductivity behaviors were studied. The magnetization (Ms) and conductivity increased up to 3.7 emu/g and 3.5 × 10-3 S/cm, respectively, with increasing CFO-NPs content. The prepared electromagnetic nanocomposite exhibits highly efficient biodegradability and antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Candida albicans. The antimicrobial activity increased with increasing CFO-NPs while the biodegradability decreased.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A B Abou Hammad
- Solid-State Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza P.O. 12622, Egypt
| | - M E Abd El-Aziz
- Polymers and Pigments Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza P.O. 12622, Egypt.
| | - M S Hasanin
- Cellulose and Paper Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza P.O. 12622, Egypt
| | - S Kamel
- Cellulose and Paper Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza P.O. 12622, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gao M, Li J, Bao Z, Hu M, Nian R, Feng D, An D, Li X, Xian M, Zhang H. A natural in situ fabrication method of functional bacterial cellulose using a microorganism. Nat Commun 2019; 10:437. [PMID: 30683871 PMCID: PMC6347598 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07879-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The functionalization methods of materials based on bacterial cellulose (BC) mainly focus on the chemical modification or physical coating of fermentation products, which may cause several problems, such as environment pollution, low reaction efficiency and easy loss of functional moieties during application. Here, we develop a modification method utilizing the in situ microbial fermentation method combined with 6-carboxyfluorescein-modified glucose (6CF-Glc) as a substrate using Komagataeibacter sucrofermentans to produce functional BC with a nonnatural characteristic fluorescence. Our results indicate that the microbial synthesis method is more efficient, controllable and environmentally friendly than traditional modification methods. Therefore, this work confirms that BC can be functionalized by using a microbial synthesis system with functionalized glucose, which provides insights not only for the functionalization of BC but also for the in situ synthesis of other functional materials through microbial synthetic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minghong Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Juan Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 238 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Zixian Bao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Moudong Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 238 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Rui Nian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Dexin Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Dong An
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Xing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Mo Xian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266101, China.
| | - Haibo Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266101, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zong Y, Yue Z, Martins P, Zhuang J, Du Y, Lanceros-Mendez S, Higgins MJ. Magnetoelectric coupling in nanoscale 0-1 connectivity. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:17370-17377. [PMID: 30203827 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr05182h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The strain-mediated magnetoelectric (ME) coupling between piezoelectric (PE) and magnetostrictive (MS) components are established in various connectivities. Discovering new ME connectivity and elucidating the key factors governing the performance of ME composite are of critical importance to find advanced materials for modern electronics. Reported here is a novel ME coupling in 0-1 connectivity. The unique self-assembling ability of 1-dimension crystalline nanocellulose (CNC) nanowhiskers enables the establishment of ME coupling with 0-dimension cobalt ferrite (CFO) nanoparticles without the use of binder. The developed CFO/CNC 0-1 ME composites display a significant ME voltage coefficient (αME) as high as 0.135 mV cm-1 Oe-1. The CFO nanoparticles are also modified with a cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), to reduce their dispersion ability. A ME response related to the rearrangement of aggregated MS nanoparticles is observed in the CTAB-CFO/CNC composites, which differs from the typical magnetostriction induced ME effect in nanoparticulate ME composites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zong
- ARC Centre for Electromaterials Science (ACES), Intelligent Polymer Research Institute/AIIM Faculty, Innovation Campus, Squires Way, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Srasri K, Thongroj M, Chaijiraaree P, Thiangtham S, Manuspiya H, Pisitsak P, Ummartyotin S. Recovery potential of cellulose fiber from newspaper waste: An approach on magnetic cellulose aerogel for dye adsorption material. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 119:662-668. [PMID: 30041034 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we have attempted to extract cellulose fiber from newspaper waste for circular economy project. Cellulose was successfully extracted from newspaper waste with high purity. It was further developed as a composite with Fe3O4 powder. 10-30 wt% of Fe3O4 was synthesized from conventional synthetic route and it was uniformly distributed into cellulose suspension. The composite was prepared by freeze-dry technique in order to remove water and create the porosity. X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis were employed to characterize the structural and thermal properties of composite. Scanning electron microscope with energy dispersion analysis can be confirmed that uniformity of cellulose and the existence of Fe3O4 powder. Frequency dependence of dielectric properties was used to imply the polarity enhancement of composite. Preliminary adsorption of composite as adsorbent material for Congo red was investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Srasri
- Materials and Textile Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Patumtani, Thailand
| | - M Thongroj
- Materials and Textile Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Patumtani, Thailand
| | - P Chaijiraaree
- Materials and Textile Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Patumtani, Thailand
| | - S Thiangtham
- The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - H Manuspiya
- The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - P Pisitsak
- Materials and Textile Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Patumtani, Thailand
| | - S Ummartyotin
- Materials and Textile Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Patumtani, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|