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Mishra A, Omoyeni T, Singh PK, Anandakumar S, Tiwari A. Trends in sustainable chitosan-based hydrogel technology for circular biomedical engineering: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 276:133823. [PMID: 39002912 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Eco-friendly materials have emerged in biomedical engineering, driving major advances in chitosan-based hydrogels. These hydrogels offer a promising green alternative to conventional polymers due to their non-toxicity, biodegradability, biocompatibility, environmental friendliness, affordability, and easy accessibility. Known for their remarkable properties such as drug encapsulation, delivery capabilities, biosensing, functional scaffolding, and antimicrobial behavior, chitosan hydrogels are at the forefront of biomedical research. This paper explores the fabrication and modification methods of chitosan hydrogels for diverse applications, highlighting their role in advancing climate-neutral healthcare technologies. It reviews significant scientific advancements and trends chitosan hydrogels focusing on cancer diagnosis, drug delivery, and wound care. Additionally, it addresses current challenges and green synthesis practices that support a circular economy, enhancing biomedical sustainability. By providing an in-depth analysis of the latest evidence on climate-neutral management, this review aims to facilitate informed decision-making and foster the development of sustainable strategies leveraging chitosan hydrogel technology. The insights from this comprehensive examination are pivotal for steering future research and applications in sustainable biomedical solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshuman Mishra
- Institute of Advanced Materials, IAAM, Gammalkilsvägen 18, Ulrika 59053, Sweden
| | - Temitayo Omoyeni
- Institute of Advanced Materials, IAAM, Gammalkilsvägen 18, Ulrika 59053, Sweden; Cyprus International University Faculty of Engineering, Nicosia 99258, TRNC, Cyprus
| | - Pravin Kumar Singh
- Institute of Advanced Materials, IAAM, Gammalkilsvägen 18, Ulrika 59053, Sweden
| | - S Anandakumar
- Department of Chemistry, Anna University, Chennai 600025, India
| | - Ashutosh Tiwari
- Institute of Advanced Materials, IAAM, Gammalkilsvägen 18, Ulrika 59053, Sweden.
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2
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Yuan M, Ke S, Wang A, Wang X, Zhuang M, Ning M, Zhou Z. Changes in physicochemical and gut microbiota fermentation property induced by acetylation of polysaccharides from Cyperus esculentus. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131172. [PMID: 38552701 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
In this study, the impact of acetylation on physicochemical, digestive behavior and fermentation characteristics of Cyperus esculentus polysaccharides (CEP) was investigated. Results indicated that the acetylation led the molecules to be more likely aggregated, followed by a higher crystallinity, a lower apparent viscosity and a higher ratio of G" to G' (tan δ). Importantly, the acetylated polysaccharides (ACEP) had a lower digestibility, but its molecular weight was lower than that of original polysaccharides (CEP) following a simulated saliva-gastrointestinal digestion. Gut microbiota fermentation indicated that both polysaccharides generated outstanding short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), in which the acetylated polysaccharides had a faster fermentation kinetics than the original one, followed by a quicker reduction of pH and a more accumulation of SCFAs, particularly butyrate. Fermentation of both polysaccharides promoted Akkermansia, followed by a reduced richness of Klebsiella. Importantly, the current study revealed that the fermentation of acetylated polysaccharides enriched Parabacteroides, while fermentation of original ones promoted Bifidobacterium, for indicating their individual fermentation characteristics and gut environmental benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyu Yuan
- College of Food Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Sheng Ke
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Anqi Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xuanyu Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Min Zhuang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Ming Ning
- College of Food Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Zhongkai Zhou
- College of Food Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; Gulbali Institure- Agriculture Water Environment, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia.
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3
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Zhang S, Ji Y, He Y, Dong J, Li H, Yu S. Effect of Environmental pH on the Mechanics of Chitin and Chitosan: A Single-Molecule Study. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:995. [PMID: 38611253 PMCID: PMC11014069 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Chitin and chitosan are important structural macromolecules for most fungi and marine crustaceans. The functions and application areas of the two molecules are also adjacent beyond their similar molecular structure, such as tissue engineering and food safety where solution systems are involved. However, the elasticities of chitin and chitosan in solution lack comparison at the molecular level. In this study, the single-molecule elasticities of chitin and chitosan in different solutions are investigated via atomic force microscope (AFM) based single-molecule spectroscopy (SMFS). The results manifest that the two macromolecules share the similar inherent elasticity in DOSM due to their same chain backbone. However, obvious elastic deviations can be observed in aqueous conditions. Especially, a lower pH value (acid environment) is helpful to increase the elasticity of both chitin and chitosan. On the contrary, the tendency of elastic variation of chitin and chitosan in a larger pH value (alkaline environment) shows obvious diversity, which is mainly determined by the side groups. This basic study may produce enlightenment for the design of intelligent chitin and chitosan food packaging and biomedical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Moutai Institute, Renhuai 564502, China; (Y.J.); (Y.H.); (J.D.); (H.L.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Shirui Yu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Moutai Institute, Renhuai 564502, China; (Y.J.); (Y.H.); (J.D.); (H.L.)
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4
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Sacco P, Piazza F, Marsich E, Abrami M, Grassi M, Donati I. Ionic Strength Impacts the Physical Properties of Agarose Hydrogels. Gels 2024; 10:94. [PMID: 38391424 PMCID: PMC11154414 DOI: 10.3390/gels10020094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Agarose is a natural polysaccharide known for its ability to form thermoreversible hydrogels. While the effects of curing temperature and polysaccharide concentration on mechanical properties have been discussed in the literature, the role of ionic strength has been less studied. In the present manuscript, we investigate the effects of supporting salt concentration and the role of cation (i.e. Na+ or Li+, neighbors in the Hofmeister series), on the setting and performance of agarose hydrogels. Compressive and rheological measurements show that the supporting salts reduce the immediate elastic response of agarose hydrogels, with Li+ showing a stronger effect than Na+ at high ionic strength, while they significantly increase the extent of linear stress-strain response (i.e., linear elasticity). The presence of increasing amounts of added supporting salt also leads to a reduction in hysteresis during mechanical deformation due to loading and unloading cycles, which is more pronounced with Li+ than with Na+. The combination of rheological measurements and NMR relaxometry shows a mesh size in agarose hydrogels in the order of 6-17 nm, with a thickness of the water layer bound to the biopolymer of about 3 nm. Of note, the different structuring of the water within the hydrogel network due to the different alkali seems to play a role for the final performance of the hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Sacco
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy; (F.P.); (I.D.)
| | - Francesco Piazza
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy; (F.P.); (I.D.)
| | - Eleonora Marsich
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazza dell’Ospitale 1, I-34129 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Michela Abrami
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via A. Valerio 6/1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy; (M.A.); (M.G.)
| | - Mario Grassi
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via A. Valerio 6/1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy; (M.A.); (M.G.)
| | - Ivan Donati
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy; (F.P.); (I.D.)
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5
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Bai Y, Jing Z, Ma R, Wan X, Liu J, Huang W. A critical review of enzymes immobilized on chitosan composites: characterization and applications. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2023; 46:1539-1567. [PMID: 37540309 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-023-02914-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes with industrial significance are typically used in biological processes. However, instability, high sensitivity, and impractical recovery are the major drawbacks of enzymes in practical applications. In recent years, the immobilization technology has attracted wide attention to overcoming these restrictions and improving the efficiency of enzyme applications. Chitosan (CS) is a unique functional substance with biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, and antibacterial properties. Chitosan composites are anticipated to be widely used in the near future for a variety of purposes, including as supports for enzyme immobilization, because of their advantages. Therefor this review explores the effects of the chitosan's structure, molecular weight, degree of deacetylation on the enzyme immobilized, effect of key factors, and the enzymes immobilized on chitosan based composites for numerous applications, including the fields of biosensor, biomedical science, food industry, environmental protection, and industrial production. Moreover, this study carefully investigates the advantages and disadvantages of using these composites as well as their potential in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Bai
- School of Environment and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Yellow River Water Environment in Gansu Province, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zongxian Jing
- School of Environment and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Ma
- School of Environment and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinwen Wan
- School of Environment and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Liu
- School of Environment and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiting Huang
- School of Environment and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China
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6
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Namli S, Guven O, Simsek FN, Gradišek A, Sumnu G, Yener ME, Oztop M. Effects of deacetylation degree of chitosan on the structure of aerogels. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 250:126123. [PMID: 37543264 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan aerogels, obtained by (supercritical) CO2 drying of hydrogels, are novel adsorbents because of their large surface area and high porosity. Intrinsic properties of chitosan such as molecular weight (MW) and degree of deacetylation (DDA) had large impacts on the characteristics of chitosan aerogels. Although there are a few studies about the effects of solely DDA or MW on aerogel structure, none of them has focused on the mutual effects. The study aims to investigate the combined effects of MW and DDA of chitosan on aerogel properties. Hydrogels were produced in beads form by physical gelation of the chitosan solutions (2 % w/v in acetic acid of 1 %, v/v) in an alkaline environment (NaOH, 4 N). Supercritical CO2 dried aerogels were examined with respect to the bulk density, diameter as well as pore characteristics, and surface area by Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) methods, respectively. Morphologies of aerogels were also examined by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images and structural changes of aerogels were observed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy. Additional to BET-BJH analysis, proton relaxation dispersion was measured by Fast Field Cycling NMR (FFC-NMR) to determine the pore volume of the aerogels. Compact structures were obtained for higher MW chitosan and lower MW chitosans with higher DDA increasing the aerogel diameters. All types of aerogels obtained by different chitosan characteristics (MW and DDA) showed a porous structure and the highest DDA with the lowest MW caused the minimum bulk density with the highest water absorption rate. Although different N2 adsorption-desorption profiles were obtained in terms of pore volumes; all aerogels had Type IV isotherms with Type H1 hysteresis curve. FFC-NMR experiments showed that the coherence length values were associated with the pore volumes and FFC-NMR experiments were found to be meaningful as supportive experiments for the characterization of aerogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serap Namli
- Middle East Technical University, Department of Food Engineering, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Ozge Guven
- Middle East Technical University, Department of Food Engineering, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Feyza Nur Simsek
- Middle East Technical University, Department of Food Engineering, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Anton Gradišek
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Solid State Physics and Department of Intelligent Systems, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Gulum Sumnu
- Middle East Technical University, Department of Food Engineering, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Meryem Esra Yener
- Middle East Technical University, Department of Food Engineering, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Mecit Oztop
- Middle East Technical University, Department of Food Engineering, Ankara, Turkey.
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7
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Fei X, Yang T, Liu S, Zhang B, Zhao H, Liu D, Wu X, Xu D. Effect of silane coupling
agent‐TiO
2
on the sustained release performance of quaternary ammonium salt of chitosan shell fragrance microcapsules. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuening Fei
- School of Science Tianjin Chengjian University Tianjin China
| | - Tingyu Yang
- School of Science Tianjin Chengjian University Tianjin China
| | - Sijia Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tiangong University Tianjin China
| | - Baolian Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin Chengjian University Tianjin China
| | - Hongbin Zhao
- School of Science Tianjin Chengjian University Tianjin China
| | - Dan Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tiangong University Tianjin China
| | - Xinyi Wu
- School of Science Tianjin Chengjian University Tianjin China
| | - Danyang Xu
- School of Science Tianjin Chengjian University Tianjin China
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8
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Zhang H, Zhao T, Wu Y, Xie F, Xiong Z, Song Z, Ai L, Wang G. Acetylation modification improved the physicochemical properties of xyloglucan from tamarind seeds. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 223:193-201. [PMID: 36356863 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Acetylation modification was conducted to improve the water-solubility and solution properties of xyloglucan from tamarind seeds (TSX). Three acetylated TSX with different degree of substitution (DS) were successfully prepared, and their structure and molecular parameters were investigated by FT-IR, NMR, and high-performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC). Further, the effects of acetylation on the thermal stability, solubility, and rheological properties of TSX were studied. Results showed that acetyl groups were mainly substituted at the O-6 position of terminal galactose with DS of 0.2, 0.47, and 0.36 for AC-2, AC-5, and AC-10, respectively. HPSEC analysis indicated that molecular weight of acetylated derivatives decreased slightly, and the solution conformation became more flexible as the DS increase. By comparing with TSX, the thermal stability, water-solubility, solution transmittance, and ζ-potential of acetylated TSX were significantly improved as the DS increase. In addition, rheological studies demonstrated that acetylation reduced the shear viscosity, but high DS of acetylation could induce the weak gelling property of TSX. In conclusion, acetylation modification could be applied to improve the physicochemical properties of TSX and promote its further application in food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Taolei Zhao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Fan Xie
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Zhiqiang Xiong
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Zibo Song
- Yunnan Maoduoli Group Food Co., Ltd., Yuxi 653100, China
| | - Lianzhong Ai
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Guangqiang Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
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9
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Potential Medical Applications of Chitooligosaccharides. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173558. [PMID: 36080631 PMCID: PMC9460531 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides, also known as chitosan oligomers or chitooligomers, are made up of chitosan with a degree of polymerization (DP) that is less than 20 and an average molecular weight (MW) that is lower than 3.9 kDa. COS can be produced through enzymatic conversions using chitinases, physical and chemical applications, or a combination of these strategies. COS is of significant interest for pharmacological and medical applications due to its increased water solubility and non-toxicity, with a wide range of bioactivities, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, neuroprotective, anticancer, and antioxidant effects. This review aims to outline the recent advances and potential applications of COS in various diseases and conditions based on the available literature, mainly from preclinical research. The prospects of further in vivo studies and translational research on COS in the medical field are highlighted.
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10
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Zhao B, Zhao M, Sun H, Yang Y, Sun S, Yu H, He M, Sun Y, Cheng Y. Preparation and characterization of photo-oxidative dual-crosslinked chitosan/hyaluronic acid hydrogels. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Pizzolitto C, Esposito F, Sacco P, Marsich E, Gargiulo V, Bedini E, Donati I. Sulfated lactose-modified chitosan. A novel synthetic glycosaminoglycan-like polysaccharide inducing chondrocyte aggregation. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 288:119379. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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12
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Mio L, Sacco P, Donati I. Influence of Temperature and Polymer Concentration on the Nonlinear Response of Highly Acetylated Chitosan-Genipin Hydrogels. Gels 2022; 8:194. [PMID: 35323307 PMCID: PMC8955893 DOI: 10.3390/gels8030194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Strain hardening, i.e., the nonlinear elastic response of materials under load, is a physiological response of biological tissues to mechanical stimulation. It has recently been shown to play a central role in regulating cell fate. In this paper, we investigate the effect of temperature and polymer concentrations on the strain hardening of covalent hydrogels composed of pH-neutral soluble chitosans crosslinked with genipin. A series of highly acetylated chitosans with a fraction of acetylated units, FA, in the range of 0.4-0.6 was synthesized by the homogeneous re-N-acetylation of a partially acetylated chitosan or the heterogeneous deacetylation of chitin. A chitosan sample with an FA = 0.44 was used to prepare hydrogels with genipin as a crosslinker at a neutral pH. Time and frequency sweep experiments were then performed to obtain information on the gelling kinetics and mechanical response of the resulting hydrogels under small amplitude oscillatory shear. While the shear modulus depends on the chitosan concentration and is almost independent of the gel temperature, we show that the extent of hardening can be modulated when the gelling temperature is varied and is almost independent of the experimental conditions used to build the hydrogels (ex situ or in situ gelation). The overall effect is attributed to a subtle balance between the physical (weak) entanglements and covalent (strong) crosslinks that determine the mechanical response of highly acetylated chitosan hydrogels at large deformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Mio
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy; (L.M.); (P.S.)
| | - Pasquale Sacco
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy; (L.M.); (P.S.)
- AREA Science Park, Loc. Padriciano 99, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazza dell’Ospitale 1, I-34129 Trieste, Italy
| | - Ivan Donati
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy; (L.M.); (P.S.)
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13
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Furlani F, Montanari M, Sangiorgi N, Saracino E, Campodoni E, Sanson A, Benfenati V, Tampieri A, Panseri S, Sandri M. Electroconductive and injectable hydrogels based on gelatin and PEDOT:PSS for mini-invasive approaches in nervous tissue regeneration. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:2040-2053. [DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00116k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This work describes the development of electroconductive hydrogels as injectable matrices for neural tissue regeneration by exploiting a biocompatible conductive polymer – i.e. poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) – combined with a biomimetic...
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14
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Marsili L, Dal Bo M, Berti F, Toffoli G. Chitosan-Based Biocompatible Copolymers for Thermoresponsive Drug Delivery Systems: On the Development of a Standardization System. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1876. [PMID: 34834291 PMCID: PMC8620438 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is a natural polysaccharide that is considered to be biocompatible, biodegradable and non-toxic. The polymer has been used in drug delivery applications for its positive charge, which allows for adhesion with and recognition of biological tissues via non-covalent interactions. In recent times, chitosan has been used for the preparation of graft copolymers with thermoresponsive polymers such as poly-N-vinylcaprolactam (PNVCL) and poly-N-isopropylamide (PNIPAM), allowing the combination of the biodegradability of the natural polymer with the ability to respond to changes in temperature. Due to the growing interest in the utilization of thermoresponsive polymers in the biological context, it is necessary to increase the knowledge of the key principles of thermoresponsivity in order to obtain comparable results between different studies or applications. In the present review, we provide an overview of the basic principles of thermoresponsivity, as well as a description of the main polysaccharides and thermoresponsive materials, with a special focus on chitosan and poly-N-Vinyl caprolactam (PNVCL) and their biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Marsili
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Michele Dal Bo
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, CRO National Cancer Institute IRCCS, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (M.D.B.); (G.T.)
| | - Federico Berti
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, CRO National Cancer Institute IRCCS, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (M.D.B.); (G.T.)
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15
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von Boxberg Y, Soares S, Giraudon C, David L, Viallon M, Montembault A, Nothias F. Macrophage polarization in vitro and in vivo modified by contact with fragmented chitosan hydrogel. J Biomed Mater Res A 2021; 110:773-787. [PMID: 34723433 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that implantation of a fragmented chitosan hydrogel suspension (chitosan-FPHS) into a traumatic spinal cord lesion in adult rats led to significant axon regrowth and functional recovery, which was associated to a modulation of inflammation. Using an in vitro culture system, we show here that polarization of bone marrow-derived macrophages is indeed modified by direct contact with chitosan-FPHS. Reducing the degree of acetylation (DA) and raising the concentration of chitosan (Cp, from 1.5% to 3%), favors macrophage polarization toward anti-inflammatory subtypes. These latter also migrate and adhere efficiently on low, but not high DA chitosan-FPHS, both in vitro and in vivo, while inflammatory macrophages rarely invade a chitosan-FPHS implant in vivo, no matter the DA. Our in vitro model setup should prove a valuable tool for screening diverse biomaterial formulations and combinations thereof for their inflammatory potential prior to implantation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ysander von Boxberg
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, UM 119, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine (NPS), Paris, France.,INSERM U 1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine (NPS), Paris, France
| | - Sylvia Soares
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, UM 119, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine (NPS), Paris, France.,INSERM U 1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine (NPS), Paris, France
| | - Camille Giraudon
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, UM 119, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine (NPS), Paris, France.,INSERM U 1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine (NPS), Paris, France
| | - Laurent David
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, Villeurbanne, France.,CNRS UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères (IMP), Villeurbanne, France
| | - Maud Viallon
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, Villeurbanne, France.,CNRS UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères (IMP), Villeurbanne, France
| | - Alexandra Montembault
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, Villeurbanne, France.,CNRS UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères (IMP), Villeurbanne, France
| | - Fatiha Nothias
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, UM 119, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine (NPS), Paris, France.,INSERM U 1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine (NPS), Paris, France
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16
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Carmona P, Tasici AM, Sande SA, Knudsen KD, Nyström B. Glyceraldehyde as an Efficient Chemical Crosslinker Agent for the Formation of Chitosan Hydrogels. Gels 2021; 7:186. [PMID: 34842656 PMCID: PMC8628775 DOI: 10.3390/gels7040186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The rheological changes that occur during the chemical gelation of semidilute solutions of chitosan in the presence of the low-toxicity agent glyceraldehyde (GCA) are presented and discussed in detail. The entanglement concentration for chitosan solutions was found to be approximately 0.2 wt.% and the rheological experiments were carried out on 1 wt.% chitosan solutions with various amounts of GCA at different temperatures (25 °C and 40 °C) and pH values (4.8 and 5.8). High crosslinker concentration, as well as elevated temperature and pH close to the pKa value (pH ≈ 6.3-7) of chitosan are three parameters that all accelerate the gelation process. These conditions also promote a faster solid-like response of the gel-network in the post-gel region after long curing times. The mesh size of the gel-network after a very long (18 h) curing time was found to contract with increasing level of crosslinker addition and elevated temperature. The gelation of chitosan in the presence of other chemical crosslinker agents (glutaraldehyde and genipin) is discussed and a comparison with GCA is made. Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) results reveal structural changes between chitosan solutions, incipient gels, and mature gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Carmona
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, N-0315 Oslo, Norway;
- Department of Physics, Division of Nano-and BioPhysics, Chalmers University of Technology, Fysikgränd 3, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anca M. Tasici
- Department of Pharmacy, Section for Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway; (A.M.T.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Sverre A. Sande
- Department of Pharmacy, Section for Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway; (A.M.T.); (S.A.S.)
| | | | - Bo Nyström
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, N-0315 Oslo, Norway;
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17
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Marsili L, Dal Bo M, Berti F, Toffoli G. Thermoresponsive Chitosan-Grafted-Poly( N-vinylcaprolactam) Microgels via Ionotropic Gelation for Oncological Applications. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1654. [PMID: 34683947 PMCID: PMC8539247 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microgels can be considered soft, porous and deformable particles with an internal gel structure swollen by a solvent and an average size between 100 and 1000 nm. Due to their biocompatibility, colloidal stability, their unique dynamicity and the permeability of their architecture, they are emerging as important candidates for drug delivery systems, sensing and biocatalysis. In clinical applications, the research on responsive microgels is aimed at the development of "smart" delivery systems that undergo a critical change in conformation and size in reaction to a change in environmental conditions (temperature, magnetic fields, pH, concentration gradient). Recent achievements in biodegradable polymer fabrication have resulted in new appealing strategies, including the combination of synthetic and natural-origin polymers with inorganic nanoparticles, as well as the possibility of controlling drug release remotely. In this review, we provide a literature review on the use of dual and multi-responsive chitosan-grafted-poly-(N-vinylcaprolactam) (CP) microgels in drug delivery and oncological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Marsili
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, CRO National Cancer Institute IRCCS, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (M.D.B.); (G.T.)
| | - Michele Dal Bo
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, CRO National Cancer Institute IRCCS, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (M.D.B.); (G.T.)
| | - Federico Berti
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, CRO National Cancer Institute IRCCS, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (M.D.B.); (G.T.)
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18
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Evaluation of the Thermal and Morphological Properties of γ-Irradiated Chitosan-Glycerol-Based Polymeric Films. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9101783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Industry-sponsored research has intensified to find suitable substitutes for synthetic polymers. For this purpose, biopolymers are promising materials that are extracted from renewable resources. However, there are areas of concern (biopolymers are mostly brittle in the dry state) that require further research before they are used in advanced applications. To overcome this, plasticizers are often added to biopolymers to enhance their physicochemical properties. In this study, chitosan (CH)-glycerol (GL)-based polymeric films were prepared by a simple drop-casting technique, and the influence of a plasticizer (GL) on the properties of chitosan films was analyzed. Additionally, the as-prepared samples were irradiated with γ-rays (60Co γ rays with a dose of 102 kGy) to study the effect of γ-irradiation on the properties of polymeric composites. To achieve this, different samples were prepared by varying the amount of GL. FT-IR analysis revealed the interruption of hydrogen bonding in chitosan by the incorporation of GL. This led to the chain-spreading of CH, which ultimately increased the flexibility of the composite films (CH-GL). The DSC of the CH film showed two peaks: one endothermic peak below 100 °C (due to water vapor) and a second exothermic peak that appeared between 130 and 360 °C (degradation of the amino group). Plasticization of CH films with GL was confirmed by DSC, where the exothermic degradation was converted into an endothermic peak. Depending upon the amount of GL, γ-irradiation considerably affected the chemical structure of CH by breaking the carbohydrate and pyranose rings; this led to a decrease in the crystallinity of the composite films. The changes studied in the DSC and TGA analysis complemented each other. γ-irradiation also affected the morphology of the films, which changed from smooth and homogeneous to roasted structures, with random swelling on the surface of the films. This swelling reflected the degradation of the surfaces into thin layers. Considering the changes that occurred in the films post-γ-irradiation, it can be inferred that the irradiation dose of 102 kGy is sufficient to degrade as-prepared biopolymer composites.
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19
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Furlani F, Marfoglia A, Marsich E, Donati I, Sacco P. Strain Hardening in Highly Acetylated Chitosan Gels. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:2902-2909. [PMID: 34161074 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Strain hardening has recently emerged as a near-universal response of biological tissues to mechanical stimulation as well as a powerful regulator of cell fate. Understanding the mechanistic basis for this nonlinear elasticity is crucial for developing bioinspired materials that mimic extracellular matrix mechanics. Here, we show that covalent networks built from highly acetylated chitosans exhibit strain hardening at physiological pH and osmolarity. While varying the chitosan physical-chemical composition and network connectivity, we provide evidence that temporary nodes arising from the entangling of chains between stable cross-links are at the root of nonlinear elasticity. The contour length (Lc) of the said chains revealed that the larger the chain length between the cross-links, the greater is the entanglement over disentanglement upon network stretching. To this end, we calculated that the minimum number of Khun's segments in Lc that contributes to the onset of strain hardening is 15. Furthermore, we identified a relationship between critical strain marking nonlinear elasticity and the network connectivity, being similar to that found for the cytoskeletal collagen matrix, indicating the potential use of semiflexible (neutral pH-soluble) chitosans in assembling extracellular matrix mimics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Furlani
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, Trieste I-34127, Italy
| | - Andrea Marfoglia
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, Trieste I-34127, Italy
| | - Eleonora Marsich
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazza Dell'Ospitale 1, Trieste I-34129, Italy
| | - Ivan Donati
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, Trieste I-34127, Italy
| | - Pasquale Sacco
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, Trieste I-34127, Italy
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20
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Tabassum N, Ahmed S, Ali MA. Chitooligosaccharides and their structural-functional effect on hydrogels: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 261:117882. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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21
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Pita-López ML, Fletes-Vargas G, Espinosa-Andrews H, Rodríguez-Rodríguez R. Physically cross-linked chitosan-based hydrogels for tissue engineering applications: A state-of-the-art review. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.110176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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22
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Sacco P, Pedroso-Santana S, Kumar Y, Joly N, Martin P, Bocchetta P. Ionotropic Gelation of Chitosan Flat Structures and Potential Applications. Molecules 2021; 26:660. [PMID: 33513925 PMCID: PMC7865838 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The capability of some polymers, such as chitosan, to form low cost gels under mild conditions is of great application interest. Ionotropic gelation of chitosan has been used predominantly for the preparation of gel beads for biomedical application. Only in the last few years has the use of this method been extended to the fabrication of chitosan-based flat structures. Herein, after an initial analysis of the major applications of chitosan flat membranes and films and their usual methods of synthesis, the process of ionotropic gelation of chitosan and some recently proposed novel procedures for the synthesis of flat structures are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Sacco
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Seidy Pedroso-Santana
- Pathophysiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, 4030000 Concepción, Chile;
| | - Yogesh Kumar
- Department of Physics, ARSD College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110021, India;
| | - Nicolas Joly
- Unité Transformations & Agroressources, Université d’Artois—UniLasalle, ULR7519, F-62408 Béthune, France; (N.J.); (P.M.)
| | - Patrick Martin
- Unité Transformations & Agroressources, Université d’Artois—UniLasalle, ULR7519, F-62408 Béthune, France; (N.J.); (P.M.)
| | - Patrizia Bocchetta
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Innovazione, Università del Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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23
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Pizzolitto C, Cok M, Asaro F, Scognamiglio F, Marsich E, Lopez F, Donati I, Sacco P. On the Mechanism of Genipin Binding to Primary Amines in Lactose-Modified Chitosan at Neutral pH. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6831. [PMID: 32957651 PMCID: PMC7554727 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The present manuscript deals with the elucidation of the mechanism of genipin binding by primary amines at neutral pH. UV-VIS and CD measurements both in the presence of oxygen and in oxygen-depleted conditions, combined with computational analyses, led to propose a novel mechanism for the formation of genipin derivatives. The indications collected with chiral and achiral primary amines allowed interpreting the genipin binding to a lactose-modified chitosan (CTL or Chitlac), which is soluble at all pH values. Two types of reaction and their kinetics were found in the presence of oxygen: (i) an interchain reticulation, which involves two genipin molecules and two polysaccharide chains, and (ii) a binding of one genipin molecule to the polymer chain without chain-chain reticulation. The latter evolves in additional interchain cross-links, leading to the formation of the well-known blue iridoid-derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Pizzolitto
- Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, piazza dell’Ospitale 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (C.P.); (F.S.); (E.M.)
| | - Michela Cok
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (M.C.); (I.D.)
| | - Fioretta Asaro
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Francesca Scognamiglio
- Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, piazza dell’Ospitale 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (C.P.); (F.S.); (E.M.)
| | - Eleonora Marsich
- Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, piazza dell’Ospitale 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (C.P.); (F.S.); (E.M.)
| | - Francesco Lopez
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences (DiAAA), University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, I-86100 Campobasso, Italy;
| | - Ivan Donati
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (M.C.); (I.D.)
| | - Pasquale Sacco
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (M.C.); (I.D.)
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24
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25
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Characterization of Chitosan/Hyaluronan Complex Coacervates Assembled by Varying Polymers Weight Ratio and Chitosan Physical-Chemical Composition. COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/colloids4010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we synthetized and characterized polysaccharide-based complex coacervates starting from two water-soluble biopolymers, i.e., hydrochloride chitosans and sodium hyaluronan. We used chitosans encompassing a range of molecular weights from 30,000 to 400,000 and showing different fraction of acetylated units (i.e., FA = 0.16, 0.46, and 0.63). This set of chitosans was mixed with a low molecular weight hyaluronan to promote electrostatic interactions. Resulting colloids were analyzed in terms of size, polydispersity and surface charge by Dynamic Light Scattering. The weight ratio between the two polyelectrolytes was studied as additional parameter influencing the liquid-liquid phase separation. Main results include the following: the polymers weight ratio was fundamental in dictating the colloids surface charge, whereas chitosan physical-chemical features influenced the dimension and homogeneity of colloids. This contribution presents additional understanding of the complex coacervation between these two oppositely charged polysaccharides, with the potential translation of present system in food and biomedical sectors.
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26
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On the Formation and Stability of Chitosan/Hyaluronan-Based Complex Coacervates. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 25:molecules25051071. [PMID: 32121005 PMCID: PMC7179103 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This contribution is aimed at extending our previous findings on the formation and stability of chitosan/hyaluronan-based complex coacervates. Colloids are herewith formed by harnessing electrostatic interactions between the two polyelectrolytes. The presence of tiny amounts of the multivalent anion tripolyphosphate (TPP) in the protocol synthesis serves as an adjuvant “point-like” cross-linker for chitosan. Hydrochloride chitosans at different viscosity average molar mass, Mv¯, in the range 10,000–400,000 g/mol, and fraction of acetylated units, FA, (0.16, 0.46 and 0.63) were selected to fabricate a large library of formulations. Concepts such as coacervate size, surface charge and homogeneity in relation to chitosan variables are herein disclosed. The stability of coacervates in Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) was verified by means of scattering techniques, i.e., Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS). The conclusions from this set of experiments are the following: (i) a subtle equilibrium between chitosan FA and Mv¯ does exist in ensuring colloidal stability; (ii) once diluted in PBS, osmotic swelling-driven forces trigger the enlargement of the polymeric mesh with an ensuing increase of coacervate size and porosity.
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27
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Tentor F, Siccardi G, Sacco P, Demarchi D, Marsich E, Almdal K, Bose Goswami S, Boisen A. Long lasting mucoadhesive membrane based on alginate and chitosan for intravaginal drug delivery. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2020; 31:25. [PMID: 32060634 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-020-6359-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The intravaginal route of administration can be exploited to treat local diseases and for systemic delivery. In this work, we developed an alginate/chitosan membrane sufficiently stable in a simulated vaginal fluid and able to dissolve over time at a very slow and linear rate. The membrane demonstrated good mechanical properties both in its swollen and dry form. As a study case, we evaluated the viability of this potential drug delivery system for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis, a common disease affecting women in their reproductive age. Metronidazole was effectively included in the alginate/chitosan membrane and its bactericide effect was demonstrated against Staphylococcus aureus and Gardnerella vaginalis, simultaneously showing good biocompatibility with a cervix epithelial cell line. Since this alginate/chitosan membrane is stable in a simulated vaginal environment, is easy to fabricate and can be used for the controlled release of a model drug, it represents a promising drug delivery system for local intravaginal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Tentor
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 345C, 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Giorgia Siccardi
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129, Torino, Italy
| | - Pasquale Sacco
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 5, I-34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Danilo Demarchi
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129, Torino, Italy
| | - Eleonora Marsich
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazza dell'Ospitale 1, I-34129, Trieste, Italy
| | - Kristoffer Almdal
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sanjukta Bose Goswami
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 345C, 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anja Boisen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 345C, 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
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28
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N-isopropyl chitosan. A pH- and thermo-responsive polysaccharide for gel formation. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 230:115641. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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29
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Xu H, Zhou C, Jian C, Yang S, Liu M, Huang X, Gao W, Wu H. Salt/current-triggered stabilization of β-cyclodextrins encapsulated host-guest low-molecular-weight gels. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2019.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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30
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Yan M, Jiang X, Wang G, Wang A, Wang X, Wang X, Zhao X, Xu H, An X, Li Y. Preparation of self-assembled collagen fibrillar gel from tilapia skin and its formation in presence of acidic polysaccharides. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 233:115831. [PMID: 32059884 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fibrillar gel of pepsin-solubilized collagen from tilapia skin was prepared by self-assembly in neutral phosphate buffer at 28 °C. Then effects of acidic polysaccharides, such as sodium alginate (SA), chondroitin sulfate (CS), and hyaluronic acid (HA), on the formation and properties of self-assembled fibrillar gel were investigated. SA and CS prolonged gelling time, whereas HA had no obvious effect. SA made fibril network denser, while CS and HA induced the presence of larger ordered structures. All the acidic polysaccharides broadened the D-periodicity of fibrils. SA and HA increased the maximum mechanical strength of gel to 39.64 and 34.49 kN/m2, respectively, significantly higher than that of pure collagen gel (14.53 kN/m2), while that only 17.20 kN/m2 after CS introduced. HA had no evident effect on enzymatic resistance, while SA and CS decreased. Therefore, tilapia skin collagen with HA has a higher potential as a biomaterial than that with CS or SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyan Yan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Xiujie Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Coatings, Marine Chemical Research Institute Co. Ltd., Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Gaochao Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Ailing Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Xinxin Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Xiaochen Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Hao Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Xiangsheng An
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Yinping Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China.
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31
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Chitosan hydrogel‐coated cellulosic fabric for medical end-use: Antibacterial properties, basic mechanical and comfort properties. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 227:115352. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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32
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Afonso C, Hirano R, Gaspar A, Chagas E, Carvalho R, Silva F, Leonardi G, Lopes P, Silva C, Yoshida C. Biodegradable antioxidant chitosan films useful as an anti-aging skin mask. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 132:1262-1273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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33
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Furlani F, Sacco P, Decleva E, Menegazzi R, Donati I, Paoletti S, Marsich E. Chitosan Acetylation Degree Influences the Physical Properties of Polysaccharide Nanoparticles: Implication for the Innate Immune Cells Response. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:9794-9803. [PMID: 30768897 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b21791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present contribution is twofold as it reports (i) on the role played by chitosan acetylation degree for the stability of nanoparticles (NPs) formed with hyaluronan and (ii) on the effect of the interaction of such NPs with immune cells. Chitosans with similar viscosity-average molecular weight, [Formula: see text], (i.e., 200 000) and different fractions of acetylated units ( FA) together with low-molecular-weight hyaluronan were chosen for developing a select library of formulations via electrostatic complex coacervation. The resulting NPs were analyzed in terms of size, polydispersity, surface charge, and stability in physiological-mimicked media by dynamic light scattering. Only medium acetylated chitosan ( FA = 0.16) guaranteed the stability of NPs. To explore the effect of NPs interaction with immune cells, the release of proinflammatory cytokines and the reactive oxygen species production by human macrophages and neutrophils, respectively, were evaluated. Strikingly, a structure-function relationship emerged, showing that NPs made of chitosans with FA = 0.02, 0.25, 0.46, and 0.63 manifested a proinflammatory activity, linked to the instability of the system. Conversely, NPs made of chitosan with FA = 0.16 neither modified the functional response of macrophages nor that of neutrophils. Of note, such NPs were found to possess additional properties potentially advantageous in applications such as delivery of therapeutics to target inflamed sites: (i) they are devoid of cytotoxic effects, (ii) they avoid engulfment during the early stage of interaction with macrophages, and (iii) they are muco-adhesive, thereby providing for site-specificity and long-residence effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Furlani
- Department of Life Sciences , University of Trieste , Via L. Giorgieri 5 , I-34127 Trieste , Italy
| | - Pasquale Sacco
- Department of Life Sciences , University of Trieste , Via L. Giorgieri 5 , I-34127 Trieste , Italy
| | - Eva Decleva
- Department of Life Sciences , University of Trieste , Via L. Giorgieri 5 , I-34127 Trieste , Italy
| | - Renzo Menegazzi
- Department of Life Sciences , University of Trieste , Via L. Giorgieri 5 , I-34127 Trieste , Italy
| | - Ivan Donati
- Department of Life Sciences , University of Trieste , Via L. Giorgieri 5 , I-34127 Trieste , Italy
| | - Sergio Paoletti
- Department of Life Sciences , University of Trieste , Via L. Giorgieri 5 , I-34127 Trieste , Italy
| | - Eleonora Marsich
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences , University of Trieste , Piazza dell'Ospitale 1 , I-34129 Trieste , Italy
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Abrami M, Siviello C, Grassi G, Larobina D, Grassi M. Investigation on the thermal gelation of Chitosan/β-Glycerophosphate solutions. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 214:110-116. [PMID: 30925978 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This work deals with the effect of temperature on the thermal-gelation process of water solutions containing chitosan β-glycerolphosphate disodium salt hydrate. In particular, the attention is focused on the role played by temperature on the gel final properties, a very important aspect in the frame of drug delivery systems. The study was performed by combining rheology and low field nuclear magnetic resonance, two approaches that revealed to be highly synergic as they can detect different aspects of the developing polymeric network. This study indicates that 30 °C represent a sort of threshold for both the gelation kinetics and the gel final properties. Indeed, above this temperature, gelation kinetics was rapid and yielded to a strong gel. On the contrary, a slow kinetics and a final weak gel occurred below 30 °C. Finally, rheology and low field NMR allowed, independently, evaluating the time evolution of the network mesh size upon gelation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Abrami
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, Trieste University, Trieste, Italy
| | - C Siviello
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials - National Research Council of Italy, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - G Grassi
- Department of Life Sciences, Cattinara University Hospital, Trieste University, Trieste, Italy
| | - D Larobina
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials - National Research Council of Italy, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - M Grassi
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, Trieste University, Trieste, Italy.
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Furlani F, Sacco P, Scognamiglio F, Asaro F, Travan A, Borgogna M, Marsich E, Cok M, Paoletti S, Donati I. Nucleation, reorganization and disassembly of an active network from lactose-modified chitosan mimicking biological matrices. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 208:451-456. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.12.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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36
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Sacco P, Furlani F, De Marzo G, Marsich E, Paoletti S, Donati I. Concepts for Developing Physical Gels of Chitosan and of Chitosan Derivatives. Gels 2018; 4:E67. [PMID: 30674843 PMCID: PMC6209275 DOI: 10.3390/gels4030067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan macro- and micro/nano-gels have gained increasing attention in recent years, especially in the biomedical field, given the well-documented low toxicity, degradability, and non-immunogenicity of this unique biopolymer. In this review we aim at recapitulating the recent gelling concepts for developing chitosan-based physical gels. Specifically, we describe how nowadays it is relatively simple to prepare networks endowed with different sizes and shapes simply by exploiting physical interactions, namely (i) hydrophobic effects and hydrogen bonds-mostly governed by chitosan chemical composition-and (ii) electrostatic interactions, mainly ensured by physical/chemical chitosan features, such as the degree of acetylation and molecular weight, and external parameters, such as pH and ionic strength. Particular emphasis is dedicated to potential applications of this set of materials, especially in tissue engineering and drug delivery sectors. Lastly, we report on chitosan derivatives and their ability to form gels. Additionally, we discuss the recent findings on a lactose-modified chitosan named Chitlac, which has proved to form attractive gels both at the macro- and at the nano-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Sacco
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Franco Furlani
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Gaia De Marzo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Marsich
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazza dell'Ospitale 1, I-34125 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Sergio Paoletti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Ivan Donati
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy.
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