Study of oxyresveratrol complexes with insoluble cyclodextrin based nanosponges: Developing a novel way to obtain their complexation constants and application in an anticancer study

Significantly improving the solubility and anti-inflammatory activity of fenofibric acid with native and methyl-substituted beta-cyclodextrins via complexation

The solubility of commonly used anti-inflammatory drugs has become a significant concern in contemporary medicine. Furthermore, inflammatory arthritis stands out as the most prevalent chronic inflammatory disease globally. The disease's pathology is characterized by heightened inflammation and oxidative stress, culminating in chronic pain and the loss of joint functionality. Fenofibric acid (FFA) exhibits notable anti-inflammatory potential. This research assesses the anti-inflammatory effects of FFA, both in its standalone form and as inclusion complexes (ICs) with β-cyclodextrin and its methyl derivatives. FFA is encapsulated within the cavities of cyclodextrins (CDs), a fact confirmed by spectral changes observed in FFA. Distinct rock and seed-like morphologies are apparent for FFA with CDs, indicating that the CDs have influenced the surface of the guest. The introduction of CDs significantly enhances the thermal stability of FFA. ICs demonstrate superior results in inflammation activity compared to FFA alone. The efficacy of FFA complexed with CDs in mitigating inflammation positions it as a promising new drug. Additionally, our findings reveal that incorporating FFA into the CD cavity as a drug release system enhances the pharmacological profile of this substance, FFA.

Advancements in cyclodextrin-based controlled drug delivery: Insights into pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles

This article discusses and summarizes some fascinating outcomes and applications of cyclodextrins (CDs) and their derivatives in drug delivery. These applications include the administration of protein, peptide medications, and gene delivery. Several innovative drug delivery systems, including NPs, microspheres, microcapsules, and liposomes, are designed with the help of CD, which is highlighted in this article. The use of these compounds as excipients in medicine formulation is reviewed, in addition to their well-known effects on drug solubility and dissolution, as well as their bioavailability, safety, and stability. Furthermore, the article focuses on many factors that influence the development of inclusion complexes, as having this information is necessary to manage these diverse materials effectively. An overview of the commercial availability, regulatory status, and patent status of CDs for pharmaceutical formulation is also presented. Due to the fact that CDs can discover new uses in drug delivery consistently, it is predicted that they will solve a wide range of issues related to the distribution of a variety of unique medications through various delivery channels.

Delivery of natural products via polysaccharide-based nanocarriers for cancer therapy: A review on recent advances and future challenges

Cancer, caused by uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal cells, has long been a global public health issue. For decades, natural products have been proven to be an essential source for novel anticancer drug discovery. But their instability, low solubility and bioavailability, poor targeting impede therapeutic efficacy. With the development of nanotechnology, nanomedicine delivery systems have emerged as promising strategies to improve bioavailability and enhance the therapeutic efficacy of drugs. However, constructing suitable nanocarrier is still a major challenge. Polysaccharides are extensively employed as carrier materials in nanomedicine delivery systems, owing to their unique physicochemical properties, biocompatibility and low immunogenicity. Polysaccharide-based nanomedicine delivery systems show high drug delivery efficiency, controlled drug release, and precise tumor targeting. This paper reviews influencing factors in the construction of polysaccharide-based nanocarriers and the application of polysaccharide-based nanocarriers for the delivery of natural products in treating various cancers. It focuses on their in vitro and in vivo anticancer efficacy and mechanisms. Furthermore, the review contrasts the capabilities and limitations of polysaccharide-based nanocarriers with traditional delivery methods, underlining their potential to enable targeted, reduced toxicity and excellent cancer treatment modalities. Finally, we discuss the current research limitations and future prospects in this emerging field.

Evaluating solubility, stability, and inclusion complexation of oxyresveratrol with various β-cyclodextrin derivatives using advanced computational techniques and experimental validation

Oxyresveratrol (OXY), a natural stilbenoid in mulberry fruits, is known for its diverse pharmacological properties. However, its clinical use is hindered by low water solubility and limited bioavailability. In the present study, the inclusion complexes of OXY with β-cyclodextrin (βCD) and its three analogs, dimethyl-β-cyclodextrin (DMβCD), hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) and sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBEβCD), were investigated using in silico and in vitro studies. Molecular docking revealed two binding orientations of OXY, namely, 4',6'-dihydroxyphenyl (A-form) and 5,7-benzenediol ring (B-form). Molecular Dynamics simulations suggested the formation of inclusion complexes with βCDs through two distinct orientations, with OXY/SBEβCD exhibiting maximum atom contacts and the lowest solvent-exposed area in the hydrophobic cavity. These results corresponded well with the highest binding affinity observed in OXY/SBEβCD when assessed using the MM/GBSA method. Beyond traditional simulation methods, Ligand-binding Parallel Cascade Selection Molecular Dynamics method was employed to investigate how the drug enters and accommodates within the hydrophobic cavity. The in silico results aligned with stability constants: SBEβCD (2060 M-1), HPβCD (1860 M-1), DMβCD (1700 M-1), and βCD (1420 M-1). All complexes exhibited a 1:1 binding mode (AL type), with SBEβCD enhancing OXY solubility (25-fold). SEM micrographs, DSC thermograms, FT-IR and 1H NMR spectra confirm the inclusion complex formation, revealing novel surface morphologies, distinctive thermal behaviors, and new peaks. Notably, the inhibitory impact on the proliferation of breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7, exhibited by inclusion complexes particularly OXY/DMβCD, OXY/HPβCD, and OXY/SBEβCD were markedly superior compared to that of OXY alone.

Theoretical Design of New Grafted Molecules d-Glucosamine-Oxyresveratrol-Essential Amino Acids: DFT Evaluation of the Structure-Antioxidant Activity

In the pursuit of innovative high-performance materials suitable for antioxidant applications, the density functional theory was employed to design a series of compounds derived from small biodegradable organic molecules. This study involved grafting the negatively charged unit d-glucosamine (GleN) and essential amino acids onto the 3 and 4' carbons of the backbone of trans-2,4,3',5'-tetrahydroxystilbene (trans-OXY), respectively. The aim was to prevent trans-OXY degradation into the cis region and enhance its electronic and antioxidant properties. Theoretical calculations using DFT/PW91/TZP in water revealed that the designed biomolecules (GleN-OXY-AA) outperformed both free OXY units and essential amino acids in terms of antioxidant efficacy, as indicated by the bond dissociation energy (BDE) findings. Notably, GleN-OXY-Ile and GleN-OXY-Trp compounds exhibited an average BDE of 66.355 kcal/mol, translating to 1.82 times the activity of t-OXY and 1.55 times the action of ascorbic acid (Vit C). AIM analysis demonstrated that the proposed biomaterials favored the formation of quasi-rings through intramolecular H···O hydrogen bonds, promoting π-electron delocalization and stabilization of radical, cationic, and anionic forms. Quantum calculations revealed the release of hydrogen atoms or electrons from sites of reduced electronegativity, visually identified by MEP maps and estimated by Hirshfeld atomic charges.

Unearthing the Potential Therapeutic Effects of Oxyresveratrol Based on Intrinsic Links between Pharmacological Effects: Implications for the Gut-Liver-Brain Axis

Oxyresveratrol is a stilbene compound with a simple chemical structure and various therapeutic potentials. This study summarized and analyzed the multiple pharmacological effects and mechanisms of oxyresveratrol, identifying its prominent performance in neuroprotection, hepatoprotection, and anti-inflammatory activities in the intestines. By integrating the pharmacological effects of oxyresveratrol with insights from the network pharmacology and molecular docking of its interactions with targets linked to gut-liver-brain axis disorders, it has been shown that oxyresveratrol may hold promise for the treatment of gut-liver-brain axis-related disorders. The synergistic effect between various mechanisms has inspired further research and the development of oxyresveratrol's application value.

Nanosponge: A promising and intriguing strategy in medical and pharmaceutical Science

The complicated chemical reactions involved in the production of the newer drug delivery systems have mainly impeded efforts to build successful targeted drug delivery systems for a prolonged duration of time. Nanosponges, a recently created colloidal system, have the potential to overcome issues with medication toxicity, decreased bioavailability, and drug release over a wide area because they can be modified to work with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic types of drugs. Nanosponges are small sized with a three-dimensional network having a porous cavity. They can be prepared easily by crosslinking cyclodextrins with different compounds. Due to Cyclodextrin's outstanding biocompatibility, stability, and safety, a number of Cyclodextrin-based drug delivery systems have been developed promptly. The nanosponge drug delivery system possesses various applications in various ailments such as cancer, autoimmune diseases, theranostic applications, enhanced bioavailability, stability, etc. This review elaborates on benefits and drawbacks, preparation techniques, factors affecting their preparation, characterization techniques, applications, and most current developments in nanosponges.

Cyclodextrin-based nanosponges as promising carriers for active pharmaceutical ingredient

Effective drug distribution at the intended or particular location is a critical issue that researchers are now dealing. Nanosponges have significantly increased in importance in medication delivery using nanotechnology in recent years. An important step toward solving these problems has been the development of nanosponges. Recently created and proposed for use in drug delivery, nanosponge is a unique type of hyper-crosslinked polymer-based colloidal structures made up of solid nanoparticles with colloidal carriers. Nanosponges are solid porous particles that may hold pharmaceuticals and other actives in their nanocavities. They can be made into dosage forms for oral, parenteral, topical, or inhalation use. The targeted distribution of drugs in a regulated manner is greatly aided by nanosponge. The utilization of nanosponges, their benefits, their production processes, the polymers they are made of, and their characterization have all been covered in this review article.

Cyclodextrin Nanosponges: A Revolutionary Drug Delivery Strategy

Nanosponges are porous solid cross-linked polymeric nanostructures. This study focuses on cyclodextrin-based nanosponges. Nanosponges based on cyclodextrin can form interactions with various lipophilic or hydrophilic compounds. The release of the entrapped molecules can be altered by altering the structure to obtain either a longer or faster release kinetics. The nanosponges might increase the aqueous solubility of weakly water-soluble compounds, develop long-lasting delivery systems, or construct novel drug carriers for nanomedicine. CD-NS (cyclodextrin-based nanosponges) are evolving as flexible and promising nanomaterials for medication administration, sensing, and environmental cleanup. CD-NS are three-dimensional porous structures of cyclodextrin molecules cross-linked by a suitable polymeric network, resulting in a large surface area. This overview covers CD-NS synthesis methods and applications.

Beneficial Effects of Resveratrol and γ-Cyclodextrin on the Hematological and Biochemical Parameters of Healthy Wistar Rats Treated with Cisplatin: A PCA Approach

It is well known that platinum-based antineoplastic agents, including cisplatin (CP), have side effects that limit their use. Nefrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and hemolytic anemia are the most common side effects. There are few studies on the reduction in these effects that involves nanoencapsulation; however, almost none involve cyclodextrins (CDs). Changes in the hematological and biochemical parameters of healthy Wistar rats treated with solutions of γ-cyclodextrin/resveratrol/cisplatin (γ-CD/Rv/CP) ternary complexes are investigated for the first time. They are intraperitoneally injected with γ-CD/Rv/CP solutions containing 5 mg CP/kg.b.w. Single shots were administered to six groups of Wistar rats (six individuals for every group) using γ-CD/Rv/CP, γ-CD/CP, γ-CD/Rv complexes, as well as positive- and negative-control groups, respectively. Thirty-two hematological and biochemical parameters were evaluated from blood samples and used as input variables for the principal component analysis (PCA) discrimination of the groups. The best protection was obtained for the γ-CD/Rv/CP ternary complex, which determined closer biochemical values to the control group. These values significantly differ from those of the γ-CD/CP treated group, especially for the IP, UA, and T-Pro kidney-related biochemical parameters. This finding proves the beneficial influence of Rv during CP administration through CD-based carriers.

Cyclodextrins for the Delivery of Bioactive Compounds from Natural Sources: Medicinal, Food and Cosmetics Applications

Cyclodextrins have gained significant and established attention as versatile carriers for the delivery of bioactive compounds derived from natural sources in various applications, including medicine, food and cosmetics. Their toroidal structure and hydrophobic cavity render them ideal candidates for encapsulating and solubilizing hydrophobic and poorly soluble compounds. Most medicinal, food and cosmetic ingredients share the challenges of hydrophobicity and degradation that can be effectively addressed by various cyclodextrin types. Though not new or novel-their first applications appeared in the market in the 1970s-their versatility has inspired numerous developments, either on the academic or industrial level. This review article provides an overview of the ever-growing applications of cyclodextrins in the delivery of bioactive compounds from natural sources and their potential application benefits.

Palladated Cyclodextrin Nanosponge-Alginate Dual Bead as an Efficient Catalyst for Hydrogenation of Nitroarenes in Aqueous Solution

In this study, we present a novel composite material consisting of β-cyclodextrin nanosponge and sodium alginate, used as a support for the immobilization of palladium (Pd) nanoparticles. The composite alginate-cyclodextrin nanosponge beads were prepared, taking advantage of the 3D polymeric network and β-cyclodextrin cavity of the nanosponge. These beads exhibited excellent encapsulation capabilities for hydrophobic substrates, allowing their transfer in aqueous media. The cyclodextrin nanosponge served as a stabilizer for Pd nanoparticles and facilitated phase transfer. Additionally, the sodium alginate bead contributed to the robustness of the structure and improved the recovery and recyclability of the composite material. Comparative studies with control catalysts confirmed the beneficial effect of incorporating cyclodextrin nanosponge within alginate beads, particularly for more hydrophobic substrates. Optimization of reaction conditions revealed that employing 0.03 g of catalyst per mmol of nitroarene at 45 °C resulted in the maximum yield within 90 min. Evaluation of the substrate scope demonstrated the hydrogenation capability of various substrates with different electronic properties under the developed protocol. Notably, the nitro group was selectively reduced in substrates featuring competing functionalities. Furthermore, the recyclability and stability of the composite catalyst were confirmed, making it a promising candidate for sustainable catalysis.

Developing New Cyclodextrin-Based Nanosponges Complexes to Improve Vitamin D Absorption in an In Vitro Study

Vitamin D plays an important role in numerous cellular functions due to the ability to bind the Vitamin D receptor (VDR), which is present in different tissues. Several human diseases depend on low vitamin D3 (human isoform) serum level, and supplementation is necessary. However, vitamin D3 has poor bioavailability, and several strategies are tested to increase its absorption. In this work, the complexation of vitamin D3 in Cyclodextrin-based nanosponge (CD-NS, in particular, βNS-CDI 1:4) was carried out to study the possible enhancement of bioactivity. The βNS-CDI 1:4 was synthesized by mechanochemistry, and the complex was confirmed using FTIR-ATR and TGA. TGA demonstrated higher thermostability of the complexed form. Subsequently, in vitro experiments were performed to evaluate the biological activity of Vitamin D3 complexed in the nanosponges on intestinal cells and assess its bioavailability without cytotoxic effect. The Vitamin D3 complexes enhance cellular activity at the intestinal level and improve its bioavailability. In conclusion, this study demonstrates for the first time the ability of CD-NS complexes to improve the chemical and biological function of Vitamin D3.

Cyclodextrin-Based Arsenal for Anti-Cancer Treatments

Anti-cancer drugs are mostly limited in their use due to poor physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties. Their lower solubility is the most common hurdle limiting their use upto their potential. In the recent years, the cyclodextrin (CD) complexation have emerged as existing approach to overcome the problem of poor solubility. CD-based nano-technological approaches are safe, stable and showed well in vivo tolerance and greater payload for encapsulation of hydrophobic drugs for the targeted delivery. They are generally chosen due to their ability to get self-assembled to form liposomes, nanoparticles, micelles and nano-sponges etc. This review paper describes a birds-eye view of the various CD-based nano-technological approaches applied for the delivery of anti-cancer moieties to the desired target such as CD based liposomes, niosomes, niosoponges, micelles, nanoparticles, monoclonal antibody, magnetic nanoparticles, small interfering RNA, nanorods, miscellaneous formulation of anti-cancer drugs containing CD. Moreover, the author also summarizes the various shortcomings of such a system and their way ahead.

Oral supplementation of solvent-free kynurenic acid/cyclodextrin nanosponges complexes increased its bioavailability

Many nutraceuticals present problems due to their poor water solubility or stability, which prevents the final bioactivity achievement. For that reason, the oral administration of KYNA complexed with HPβ-CD and βNS-CDI nanosponges was evaluated in mice. The solvent-free technology was used to prepare the complexes in a complete comparison between kneading in ball milling and classical inclusion complex preparation. The solvent-free ones showed higher strength and efficiency with ball milling, considerably reducing time. A 50 mg KYNA/kg/day dosage was orally administered in formulations showing a higher bioavailability when the nutraceutical was complexed with βNS-CDI compared to HPβ-CD and free KYNA, respectively. Several antioxidant statuses demonstrated a higher global antioxidant level perfectly related to bioavailability. Finally, the formulation of KYNA reduced the temporal oxidative stress damage in the kidney and liver, making βNS-CDI the best formulation. These results suggest an important future application of cyclodextrin-based nanosponges for the oral delivery of nutraceuticals and their stabilization.

Hyper-Branched Cationic Cyclodextrin Polymers for Improving Plasmid Transfection in 2D and 3D Spheroid Cells

In this article, we used monolayer two dimensional (2D) and 3D multicellular spheroid models to improve our understanding of the gene delivery process of a new modified cationic hyper-branched cyclodextrin-based polymer (Ppoly)-loaded plasmid encoding Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (EGFP). A comparison between the cytotoxicity effect and transfection efficiency of the plasmid DNA (pDNA)-loaded Ppoly system in 2D and 3D spheroid cells determined that the transfection efficiency and cytotoxicity of Ppoly-pDNA nanocomplexes were lower in 3D spheroids than in 2D monolayer cells. Furthermore, histopathology visualization of Ppoly-pDNA complex cellular uptake in 3D spheroids demonstrated that Ppoly penetrated into the inner layers. This study indicated that the Ppoly, as a non-viral gene delivery system in complex with pDNA, is hemocompatible, non-toxic, high in encapsulation efficiency, and has good transfection efficiency in both 2D and 3D cell cultures compared to free pDNA and lipofectamine (as the control).

β-Cyclodextrin-Based Nanosponges Inclusion Compounds Associated with Gold Nanorods for Potential NIR-II Drug Delivery

This article describes the synthesis and characterization of two nanocarriers consisting of β-cyclodextrin-based nanosponges (NSs) inclusion compounds (ICs) and gold nanorods (AuNRs) for potential near-infrared II (NIR-II) drug-delivery systems. These nanosystems sought to improve the stability of two drugs, namely melphalan (MPH) and curcumin (CUR), and to trigger their photothermal release after a laser irradiation stimulus (1064 nm). The inclusion of MPH and CUR inside each NS was confirmed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, (FT-IR) differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR). Furthermore, the association of AuNRs with both ICs was confirmed by FE-SEM, energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), TEM, dynamic light scattering (DLS), ζ-potential, and UV–Vis. Moreover, the irradiation assays demonstrated the feasibility of the controlled-photothermal drug release of both MPH and CUR in the second biological window (1000–1300 nm). Finally, MTS assays depicted that the inclusion of MPH and CUR inside the cavities of NSs reduces the effects on mitochondrial activity, as compared to that observed in the free drugs. Overall, these results suggest the use of NSs associated with AuNRs as a potential technology of controlled drug delivery in tumor therapy, since they are efficient and non-toxic materials.

Characterization, Stability, and Antibrowning Effects of Oxyresveratrol Cyclodextrin Complexes Combined Use of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose

Oxyresveratrol (Oxy) has attracted much attention by employing it as an antibrowning agent in fruits and vegetables. In this study, the formation of cyclodextrin (CD) inclusion exhibited a certain protective effect on Oxy oxidative degradation, while hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP–β-CD) inclusion complex showed stronger stabilizing effects than those of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). The combined use of CD and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) greatly improved the stability of Oxy–CD inclusion complexes, with approximately 70% of the trans-Oxy retained after 30 days of storage under light conditions at 25 °C. The results of the interaction between CD and Oxy determined by phase solubility studies and fluorescence spectroscopic analysis showed that the binding strength of CD and Oxy increased in the presence of HPMC. Moreover, Oxy combined with ascorbic acid and HPMC showed an excellent antibrowning effect on fresh-cut apple slices during the 48 h test period, indicating that adding HPMC as the third component will not influence the antibrowning activity of Oxy.

Complexation of phytochemicals with cyclodextrins and their derivatives- an update

Bioactive phytochemicals from natural source have gained tremendous interest over several decades due to their wide and diverse therapeutic activities playing key role as functional food supplements, pharmaceutical and nutraceutical products. Nevertheless, their application as therapeutically active moieties and formulation into novel drug delivery systems are hindered due to major drawbacks such as poor solubility, bioavailability and dissolution rate and instability contributing to reduction in bioactivity. These drawbacks can be effectively overcome by their complexation with different cyclodextrins. Present article discusses complexation of phytochemicals varying from flavonoids, phenolics, triterpenes, and tropolone with different natural and synthetic cyclodextrins. Moreover, the article summarizes complexation methods, complexation efficiency, stability, stability constants and enhancement in rate and extent of dissolution, bioavailability, solubility, in vivo and in vitro activities of reported complexed phytochemicals. Additionally, the article presents update of published patent details comprising of complexed phytochemicals of therapeutic significance. Thus, phytochemical cyclodextrin complexes have tremendous potential for transformation into drug delivery systems as substantiated by significant outcome of research findings.

Nutraceutical Concepts and Dextrin-Based Delivery Systems

Nutraceuticals are bioactive or chemical compounds acclaimed for their valuable biological activities and health-promoting effects. The global community is faced with many health concerns such as cancers, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, arthritis, osteoporosis, etc. The effect of nutraceuticals is similar to pharmaceuticals, even though the term nutraceutical has no regulatory definition. The usage of nutraceuticals, to prevent and treat the aforementioned diseases, is limited by several features such as poor water solubility, low bioavailability, low stability, low permeability, low efficacy, etc. These downsides can be overcome by the application of the field of nanotechnology manipulating the properties and structures of materials at the nanometer scale. In this review, the linear and cyclic dextrin, formed during the enzymatic degradation of starch, are highlighted as highly promising nanomaterials- based drug delivery systems. The modified cyclic dextrin, cyclodextrin (CD)-based nanosponges (NSs), are well-known delivery systems of several nutraceuticals such as quercetin, curcumin, resveratrol, thyme essential oil, melatonin, and appear as a more advanced drug delivery system than modified linear dextrin. CD-based NSs prolong and control the nutraceuticals release, and display higher biocompatibility, stability, and solubility of poorly water-soluble nutraceuticals than the CD-inclusion complexes, or uncomplexed nutraceuticals. In addition, the well-explored CD-based NSs pathways, as drug delivery systems, are described. Although important progress is made in drug delivery, all the findings will serve as a source for the use of CD-based nanosystems for nutraceutical delivery. To sum up, our review introduces the extensive literature about the nutraceutical concepts, synthesis, characterization, and applications of the CD-based nano delivery systems that will further contribute to the nutraceutical delivery with more potent nanosystems based on linear dextrins.

Cyclodextrin-Based Nanosponges: Overview and Opportunities

Nanosponges are solid cross-linked polymeric nano-sized porous structures. This broad concept involves, among others, metal organic frameworks and hydrogels. The focus of this manuscript is on cyclodextrin-based nanosponges. Cyclodextrins are cyclic oligomers of glucose derived from starch. The combined external hydrophilicity with the internal hydrophobic surface constitute a unique "microenvironment", that confers cyclodextrins the peculiar ability to form inclusion host‒guest complexes with many hydrophobic substances. These complexes may impart beneficial modifications of the properties of guest molecules such as solubility enhancement and stabilization of labile guests. These properties complemented with the possibility of using different crosslinkers and high polymeric surface, make these sponges highly suitable for a large range of applications. Despite that, in the last 2 decades, cyclodextrin-based nanosponges have been developed for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications, taking advantage of the nontoxicity of cyclodextrins towards humans. This paper provides a critical and timely compilation of the contributions involving cyclodextrins nanosponges for those areas, but also paves the way for other important applications, including water and soil remediation and catalysis.

Cyclodextrin-Based Nanosponges as Perse Antimicrobial Agents Increase the Activity of Natural Antimicrobial Peptide Nisin

At present, antibiotic resistance is considered a real problem. Therefore, for decades scientists have been looking for novel strategies to treat bacterial infections. Nisin Z, an antimicrobial peptide (AMP), can be considered an option, but its usage is mainly limited by the poor stability and short duration of its antimicrobial activity. In this context, cyclodextrin (CD)-based nanosponges (NSs), synthesized using carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) and pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA), were chosen for nisin Z loading. To determine the minimum inhibitory of nisin Z loaded on CD-NS formulations, agar well diffusion plates were used. Then, the bactericide concentrations of nisin Z loaded on CD-NS formulations were determined against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and -negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria, using microdilution brain heart infusion (BHI) and tetrazolium salt 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT). The minimum and bactericide inhibitory values of the nisin complex with NSs were potentially decreased against both bacteria, compared with the nisin-free sample, while the nisin complex with β-CD showed lower antibacterial activity. The antimicrobial effect was also demonstrated by free NSs. Furthermore, the total viable counts (TVCs) antibacterial experiment indicated that the combination of nisin Z in both PMDA and CDI β-CD-based NSs, especially CDI, can provide a better conservative effect on cooked chicken meat. Generally, the present study outcomes suggest that the cross-linked β-CD-based NSs can present their own antimicrobial potency or serve as promising carriers to deliver and enhance the antibacterial action of nisin Z.

Stilbenes: Characterization, bioactivity, encapsulation and structural modifications. A review of their current limitations and promising approaches

Stilbenes are phenolic compounds naturally synthesized as secondary metabolites by the shikimate pathway in plants. Research on them has increased in recent years due to their therapeutic potential as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, cardioprotective and anti-obesity agents. Amongst them, resveratrol has attracted the most attention, although there are other natural and synthesized stilbenes with enhanced properties. However, stilbenes have some physicochemical and pharmacokinetic problems that need to be overcome before considering their applications. Human clinical evidence of their bioactivity is still controversial due to this fact and hence, exhaustive basis science on stilbenes is needed before applied science. This review gathers the main physicochemical and biological properties of natural stilbenes, establishes structure-activity relationships among them, emphasizing the current problems that limit their applications and presenting some promising approaches to overcome these issues: the encapsulation in different agents and the structural modification to obtain novel stilbenes with better features. The bioactivity of stilbenes should move from promising to evident.

Stabilization and Anticancer Enhancing Activity of the Peptide Nisin by Cyclodextrin-Based Nanosponges against Colon and Breast Cancer Cells

The great variability of cancer types demands novel drugs with broad spectrum, this is the case of Nisin, a polycyclic antibacterial peptide that recently has been considered for prevention of cancer cells growth. As an accepted food additive, this drug would be very useful for intestinal cancers, but the peptide nature would make easier its degradation by digestion procedures. For that reason, the aim of present study to investigate the protective effect of two different β-cyclodextrin-based nanosponges (carbonyl diimidazole and pyromellitic dianhydride) and their anti-cancer enhancement effect of Nisin-Z encapsulated with against colon cancer cells (HT-29). To extend its possible use, a comparison with breast (MCF-7) cancer cell was carried out. The physicochemical properties, loading efficiency, and release kinetics of Nisin complex with nanosponges were studied. Then, tricin-SDS-PAGE electrophoresis was used to understand the effect of NSs on stability of Nisin-Z in the presence of gastric peptidase pepsin. In addition, the cytotoxicity and cell membrane damage of Nisin Z were evaluated by using the MTT and LDH assay, which was complemented via Annexin-V/ Propidium Iodide (PI) by using flowcytometry. CD-NS are able to complex Nisin-Z with an encapsulation efficiency around 90%. A protective effect of Nisin-Z complexed with CD-NSs was observed in presence of pepsin. An increase in the percentage of apoptotic cells was observed when the cancer cells were exposed to Nisin Z complexed with nanosponges. Interestingly, Nisin Z free and loaded on PMDA/CDI-NSs is more selectively toxic towards HT-29 cells than MCF-7 cancer cells. These results indicated that nanosponges might be good candidates to protect peptides and deliver drugs against intestinal cancers.

Advances and Classification of Cyclodextrin-Based Polymers for Food-Related Issues

Cyclodextrins (CDs) are a good alternative to reduce or enhance different biomolecule characteristics and have demonstrated great results in food science. However, CDs present intrinsic limitations that can be solved by derivative synthesis. This review represents a survey of the state of the art of CD-based materials and their uses in food science. A deep review of the structure is carried out and different groups for ordination are suggested. After that, different applications such as cholesterol complexation or its use as sensors are reviewed. The derivatives show novel and promising activities for the industry. A critical perspective of the materials suggests that they might not present toxicity, although more studies are required. These points suggest that the research in this field will be increased in the following years.

Resveratrol and cyclodextrins, an easy alliance: Applications in nanomedicine, green chemistry and biotechnology

Most drugs or the natural substances reputed to display some biological activity are hydrophobic molecules that demonstrate low bioavailability regardless of their mode of absorption. Resveratrol and its derivatives belong to the chemical group of stilbenes; while stilbenes are known to possess very interesting properties, these are limited by their poor aqueous solubility as well as low bioavailability in animals and humans. Among the substances capable of forming nanomolecular inclusion complexes which can be used for drug delivery, cyclodextrins show spectacular physicochemical and biomedical implications in stilbene chemistry for their possible application in nanomedicine. By virtue of their properties, cyclodextrins have also demonstrated their possible use in green chemistry for the synthesis of stilbene glucosylated derivatives with potential applications in dermatology and cosmetics. Compared to chemical synthesis and genetically modified microorganisms, plant cell or tissue systems provide excellent models for obtaining stilbenes in few g/L quantities, making feasible the production of these compounds at a large scale. However, the biosynthesis of stilbenes is only possible in the presence of the so-called elicitor compounds, the most commonly used of which are cyclodextrins. We also report here on the induction of resveratrol production by cyclodextrins or combinatory elicitation with methyljasmonate in plant cell systems as well as the mechanisms by which they are able to trigger a stilbene response. The present article therefore discusses the role of cyclodextrins in stilbene chemistry both at the physico-chemical level as well as the biomedical and biotechnological levels, emphasizing the notion of "easy alliance" between these compounds and stilbenes.

Cyclodextrins as Anti-inflammatory Agents: Basis, Drugs and Perspectives

Inflammation is a biological response of the immune system to harmful stimuli. Importantly, inflammation is also a hallmark of several human diseases such as cancer or diabetes. Novel drugs to treat this response are constantly researched, but the formulation is usually forgotten. Cyclodextrins (CDs) are a well-known excipient for complexing and drug delivery. Anti-inflammatory drugs and bioactive compounds with similar activities have been favored from these CD processes. CDs also illustrate anti-inflammatory activity per se. This review tried to describe the capacities of CDs in this field, and is divided into two parts: Firstly, a short description of the inflammation disease (causes, symptoms, treatment) is explained; secondly, the effects of different CDs alone or forming inclusion complexes with drugs or bioactive compounds are discussed.

A Brief Updated Review of Advances to Enhance Resveratrol's Bioavailability

Resveratrol (RES) has a low bioavailability. This limitation was addressed in an earlier review and several recommendations were offered. A literature search was conducted in order to determine the extent of the research that was conducted in line with these recommendations, along with new developments in this field. Most of the identified studies were pre-clinical and confirmed the heightened activity of RES analogues compared to their parent compound. Although this has provided additional scientific kudos for these compounds and has strengthened their potential to be developed into phytopharmaceutical products, clinical trials designed to confirm this increased activity remain lacking and are warranted.

Oxyresveratrol: Sources, Productions, Biological Activities, Pharmacokinetics, and Delivery Systems

Oxyresveratrol has recently attracted much research attention due to its simple chemical structure and diverse therapeutic potentials. Previous reviews describe the chemistry and biological activities of this phytoalexin, but additional coverage and greater accessibility are still needed. The current review provides a more comprehensive summary, covering research from 1955 to the present year. Oxyresveratrol occurs in both gymnosperms and angiosperms. However, it has never been reported in plants in the subclass Sympetalae, and this point might be of both chemotaxonomic and biosynthetic importance. Oxyresveratrol can be easily obtained from plant materials by conventional methods, and several systems for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of oxyresveratrol contents in plant materials and plant products are available. Oxyresveratrol possesses diverse biological and pharmacological activities such as the inhibition of tyrosinase and melanogenesis, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, and protective effects against neurological disorders and digestive ailments. However, the unfavorable pharmacokinetic properties of oxyresveratrol, including low water solubility and poor oral availability and stability, have posed challenges to its development as a useful therapeutic agent. Recently, several delivery systems have emerged, with promising outcomes that may improve chances for the clinical study of oxyresveratrol.

Cyclodextrin Monomers and Polymers for Drug Activity Enhancement

Cyclodextrins (CDs) and cyclodextrin (CD)-based polymers are well-known complexing agents. One of their distinctive features is to increase the quantity of a drug in a solution or improve its delivery. However, in certain instances, the activity of the solutions is increased not only due to the increase of the drug dose but also due to the drug complexation. Based on numerous studies reviewed, the drug appeared more active in a complex form. This review aims to summarize the performance of CDs and CD-based polymers as activity enhancers. Accordingly, the review is divided into two parts, i.e., the effect of CDs as active drugs and as enhancers in antimicrobials, antivirals, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, neuroprotective agents, and antioxidants.

β-Cyclodextrin-Based Nanosponges Functionalized with Drugs and Gold Nanoparticles

Drugs are widely used as therapeutic agents; however, they may present some limitations. To overcome some of the therapeutic disadvantages of drugs, the use of β-cyclodextrin-based nanosponges (βCDNS) constitutes a promising strategy. βCDNS are matrices that contain multiple hydrophobic cavities, increasing the loading capacity, association, and stability of the included drugs. On the other hand, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are also used as therapeutic and diagnostic agents due to their unique properties and high chemical reactivity. In this work, we developed a new nanomaterial based on βCDNS and two therapeutic agents, drugs and AuNPs. First, the drugs phenylethylamine (PhEA) and 2-amino-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-thiazole (AT) were loaded on βCDNS. Later, the βCDNS-drug supramolecular complexes were functionalized with AuNPs, forming the βCDNS-PhEA-AuNP and βCDNS-AT-AuNP systems. The success of the formation of βCDNS and the loading of PhEA, AT, and AuNPs was demonstrated using different characterization techniques. The loading capacities of PhEA and AT in βCDNS were 90% and 150%, respectively, which is eight times higher than that with native βCD. The functional groups SH and NH2 of the drugs remained exposed and allowed the stabilization of the AuNPs, 85% of which were immobilized. These unique systems can be versatile materials with an efficient loading capacity for potential applications in the transport of therapeutic agents.

A physicochemical, thermodynamical, structural and computational evaluation of kynurenic acid/cyclodextrin complexes

In this work, the interaction between Kynurenic acid (KYNA) and several natural and modified cyclodextrins (CDs) is carried out. Among all the CD tested, HPβ-CD showed the strongest complexation constant (K_F), with a value of 270.94 ± 29.80 M^-1. Between natural (α- and β-) CDs, the complex of KYNA with β-CD was the most efficient. The inclusion complex of KYNA with CDs showed a strong influence of pH and temperature. The K_F value decreased at high pH values, when the pK_a was passed. Moreover, an increase of the temperature caused a decrease in the K_F values. The thermodynamic parameters of the complexation (ΔH°, ΔS° and ΔG°) were studied with negative entropy, enthalpy and spontaneity of the process at 25 °C. Moreover, the inclusion complex was also characterized using FTIR and TGA. Finally, molecular docking calculations provided different interactions and their influence in the complexation constant.

Study of the fluorescence and interaction between cyclodextrins and neochlorogenic acid, in comparison with chlorogenic acid

Neochlorogenic acid, a less-studied isomer of chlorogenic acid, has been seen to posses antioxidant, antifungal, anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic effects, which makes it an interesting candidate for incorporation in functional foods. However, its poor solubility in water and susceptibility to oxidation make such a task difficult. To overcome that, its encapsulation in cyclodextrins (CDs) is proposed. The fluorescence of neochlorogenic acid in different pH conditions was analyzed, and caffeic acid was proved to be the fluorescent moiety in the molecule. An encapsulation model whereby the ligand poses two potential complexation sites (caffeic and D-(-)-quinic moieties), showed that α-CD and HP-β-CD formed the best inclusion complexes with neochlorogenic acid, followed by M-β-CD, β-CD and γ-CD. Molecular docking with the two best CDs gave better scores for α-CD, despite HP-β-CD providing stabilization through H-bonds. The encapsulation of chlorogenic acid led to a similar CD order and scores, although constants were higher for α-CD, β-CD and M-β-CD, lower for HP-β-CD, and negligible for γ-CD. The protonation state affected these results leading to a different order of CD preference. The solubility and the susceptibility to oxidation of neochlorogenic acid improved after complexation with α-CD and HP-β-CD, while the antioxidant activity of both isomers was maintained.

Cyclodextrin nanosponge for the GSH-mediated delivery of Resveratrol in human cancer cells

Smart drug delivery systems are required for the site-specific drug targeting to enhance the therapeutic efficiency of a drug. Resveratrol (RV) is a polyphenolic compound with anti-cancer activity. However, its poor aqueous solubility and non-selectivity are the major challenges for its employment in cancer therapy. In this work, we present the synthesis of RV-loaded glutathione responsive cyclodextrin nanosponges (RV-GSH-NSs) to improve the therapeutic efficiency and selective delivery of RV. The drug loading and encapsulation efficiency were 16.12% and 80.64%, respectively. The in vitro release profile confirmed that RV release was enhanced in response to external glutathione (GSH). Nude NSs were not toxic per se to human fibroblasts when administered for up to 72 h at the highest dose. Cell internalization studies confirmed that RV-GSH-NSs were preferentially up-taken by tumor cells compared to non-tumorigenic cells. Accordingly, RV showed selective toxicity to cancer cells compared to normal cells. GSH depletion by buthionine sulfoximine, a potent inhibitor of its synthesis, reflected in a significant decrease of the NSs accumulation, and consequently resulted in a drastic reduction of RV-mediated toxic effects in cancer cells. These findings demonstrate that GSH- responsive NSs represent an effective delivery system for targeting cancer cells by harnessing the differential tumor characteristics in terms of redox status in parallel with the limitation of side effects toward normal cells.

Self-Assembled Amphiphilic Starch Based Drug Delivery Platform: Synthesis, Preparation, and Interactions with Biological Barriers

Core-shell structured nanoparticles (NPs) render the simultaneous coloading capacity of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs and may eventually enhance therapeutic efficacy. In this study, we employed a facile squalenoylation technology to synthesize a new amphiphilic starch derivative from partially oxidized starch, which self-assembled into core-shell starch NPs (StNPs) only at a squalenyl degree of substitution (DoS) of ∼1%. The StNPs characteristics could be tuned as the functions of the polymer molecular weight, DoS, and NPs concentration. The biopharmaceutical features of the StNPs, including colloidal stability, carrier properties, and biocompatibility, were carefully investigated. The interaction study between StNPs and mucin glycoproteins, the main organic component of mucus, revealed a moderate mucin interacting profile. Furthermore, the StNPs also showed good penetration through Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. These results nominate StNPs as a versatile drug delivery platform with potential applications for mucosal drug delivery and the treatment of persistent infections.

Oxyresveratrol induces apoptosis and inhibits cell viability via inhibition of the STAT3 signaling pathway in Saos‑2 cells

Oxyresveratrol (ORES) is a natural phenolic compound with multiple biological functions including antioxidation, anti-inflammation and neuroprotection; however, the inhibitory effect of ORES on osteosarcoma remains largely unknown. The present study aimed to determine the effects of ORES on osteosarcoma cell Saos-2. Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was performed to detect Soas-2 cell viability. Annexin-FITC/PI staining and JC-1 staining were used to measure cell apoptosis and the change of mitochondrial membrane potential. In addition, western blotting was conducted to determine the expression levels of apoptotic proteins and the phosphorylation of STAT3. It was found that ORES inhibited cell viability and induced apoptosis of osteosarcoma Saos-2 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, ORES increased the expression levels of apoptotic proteases caspase-9 and caspase-3 and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential. In response to ORES treatment, the expression levels of pro-apoptotic proteins, Bad and Bax, were enhanced, whereas those of anti-apoptotic proteins, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, were reduced. In addition, the phosphorylation of STAT3 was attenuated in Saos-2 cells after treatment with ORES. Inhibition of cell viability and apoptosis induction by ORES were rescued by enhancement of STAT3 activation upon treatment with IL-6. Collectively, the present study indicated that ORES induced apoptosis and inhibited cell viability, which may be associated with the inhibition of STAT3 activation; thus, ORES represents a promising agent for treating osteosarcoma.

Cyclic Oligosaccharides as Active Drugs, an Updated Review

There have been many reviews of the cyclic oligosaccharide cyclodextrin (CD) and CD-based materials used for drug delivery, but the capacity of CDs to complex different agents and their own intrinsic properties suggest they might also be considered for use as active drugs, not only as carriers. The aim of this review is to summarize the direct use of CDs as drugs, without using its complexing potential with other substances. The direct application of another oligosaccharide called cyclic nigerosyl-1,6-nigerose (CNN) is also described. The review is divided into lipid-related diseases, aggregation diseases, antiviral and antiparasitic activities, anti-anesthetic agent, function in diet, removal of organic toxins, CDs and collagen, cell differentiation, and finally, their use in contact lenses in which no drug other than CDs are involved. In the case of CNN, its application as a dietary supplement and immunological modulator is explained. Finally, a critical structure-activity explanation is provided.

Lifespan extension in Caenorhabditis elegans by oxyresveratrol supplementation in hyper-branched cyclodextrin-based nanosponges

In this work, the increase of the Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) lifespan extension using hyper-branched cyclodextrin-based nanosponges (CD-NS) complexing oxyresveratrol (OXY), and the possible inhibition of C. elegans phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4) were evaluated. The titration displacement of fluorescein was used to calculate the apparent complexation constant (K_F) between CD-NS and OXY. Moreover, PDE4 was expressed in E. coli, purified and refolded in presence of cyclodextrins (CDs) to study its possible inhibition as pharmacological target of OXY. The apparent activity was characterized and the inhibitory effect of OXY on PDE4 displayed a competitive in vitro inhibition corroborated in silico. A maximum increase of the in vivo life expectancy of about 9.6% of using OXY/CD-NS complexes in comparison with the control was obtained, in contrast to the 6.5% obtained with free OXY. No effect on lifespan or toxicity with CD-NS alone was found. These results as a whole represent new opportunities to use OXY and CD-NS in lifespan products.

Polycyclodextrins: Synthesis, functionalization, and applications

Cyclodextrins (CDs) are cyclic oligosaccharides with unique conical structure enabling host-guest inclusion complexes. However, virgin CDs sufferfrom low solubility, lack of functional groups and its inability to strong complexation with the guests. One of the most efficient ways to improve the properties of cyclodextrins is the synthesis of polycyclodextrins. Generally, there are two types of polycyclodextrins: 1) polymers containing CD units as parts of the main backbone; and 2) polymers with CD units as side chains. These polycyclodextrins are produced (i) from direct copolymerization of virgin cyclodextrins or cyclodextrins derivatives with various monomers including isocyanates, epoxides, carboxylic acids, anhydrides, acrylates, acrylamides and fluorinated aromatic compounds, or (ii) by post-functionalization of other polymers with CDs or CD derivatives.. By selecting the proper derivatives of CDs and controlling the polymerization, polycyclodextrins with linear, hyperbranched, and crosslinked structures have been synthesized. Polycyclodextrins have found significant applications in numerous areas, as adsorbents for removal of organic pollutants, carriers in gene/drug delivery, and for preparation of supramolecular based hydrogels. The focus of this review paper is placed on the synthesis, characterization, and applications of CDs so as to highlight challenges as well as the promising features of the future ahead of material developments based on CDs.

Cyclodextrin as a magic switch in covalent and non-covalent anticancer drug release systems

Cancer has been a threat to human health, so its treatment is a huge challenge to the present medical field. One of commonly used methods is the controlled release of anticancer drug to reduce the dose for patients, increase the stability of drug treatment and minimize side effects. Cyclodextrin is a kind of cyclic oligosaccharide produced by amylase hydrolysis. Because cyclodextrin contains a cavity structure and active hydroxyl groups, it has a positive effect on the study of the controlled release of anticancer drugs. This article reviews the controlled release of current anticancer drugs based on cyclodextrins as a "flexible switch", and discusses the classification of different types of release systems, highlighting their role in cancer treatment. Moreover, the opportunities and challenges of cyclodextrin as a magic switch in the controlled release of anticancer drugs are discussed.