1
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Kushwaha S, Shome P, Sehgal D. Antigen-driven Convergent Evolution of Polysaccharide-specific "DH-less" B Cells in Glycoconjugate Immunized Mice. Immunohorizons 2024; 8:511-526. [PMID: 39093310 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2400055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycoconjugate vaccines elicit robust anti-polysaccharide Ab response by recruiting T-cell help. Multiple doses of glycoconjugate vaccine are required to induce long-lasting immunity. The characteristics of anti-polysaccharide Ab response have been reported previously. However, the effect of glycoconjugate booster immunization on anti-polysaccharide and anti-carrier protein Ab repertoire remains poorly understood. In this study, we used clinically relevant pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide type 14 (PCP14) conjugated with cross-reactive material 197 (CRM197) as a model glycoconjugate Ag (PCP14-CRM197). We performed a comprehensive sequence analysis of mouse mAbs generated against PCP14 and CRM197 following immunization with one or three doses of PCP14-CRM197. Analysis of the paired Ig H and L chain transcripts revealed that anti-PCP14 Ab repertoire is extremely restricted. The reoccurrence of five replacement mutations at identical positions in anti-polysaccharide mAbs generated from different mice provided evidence for Ag-driven selection in PCP14-specific B cells. Convergent evolution was observed wherein distinct V(D)J rearrangements resulted in identical or nearly identical CDR3 in anti-PCP14 mAbs. Abs that lacked DH encoded amino acids dominated the anti-PCP14 Ab response. In contrast, anti-CRM197 Ab response was quite diverse, with fewer mutations compared with the anti-PCP14 mAbs, suggesting that conjugation of the polysaccharide to a carrier protein interferes with the development of carrier protein-specific Ab responses. Our findings provide molecular insights into the maturation of Ab responses driven by booster doses of glycoconjugate. This has fundamental implications for the design of glycoconjugate vaccines, especially where the development of Ab response against the carrier protein is also crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Kushwaha
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Pratiksha Shome
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Devinder Sehgal
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
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2
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Kohout CV, Del Bino L, Petrosilli L, D'Orazio G, Romano MR, Codée JDC, Adamo R, Lay L. Semisynthetic Glycoconjugates as Potential Vaccine Candidates Against Haemophilus influenzae Type a. Chemistry 2024:e202401695. [PMID: 38889267 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Glycoconjugate vaccines are based on chemical conjugation of pathogen-associated carbohydrates with immunogenic carrier proteins and are considered a very cost-effective way to prevent infections. Most of the licensed glycoconjugate vaccines are composed of saccharide antigens extracted from bacterial sources. However, synthetic oligosaccharide antigens have become a promising alternative to natural polysaccharides with the advantage of being well-defined structures providing homogeneous conjugates. Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) is responsible for a number of severe diseases. In recent years, an increasing rate of invasive infections caused by Hi serotype a (Hia) raised some concern, because no vaccine targeting Hia is currently available. The capsular polysaccharide (CPS) of Hia is constituted by phosphodiester-linked 4-β-d-glucose-(1→4)-d-ribitol-5-(PO4→) repeating units and is the antigen for protein-conjugated polysaccharide vaccines. To investigate the antigenic potential of the CPS from Hia, we synthesized related saccharide fragments containing up to five repeating units. Following the synthetic optimization of the needed disaccharide building blocks, they were assembled using the phosphoramidite approach for the installation of the phosphodiester linkages. The resulting CPS-based Hia oligomers were conjugated to CRM197 carrier protein and evaluated in vivo for their immunogenic potential, showing that all glycoconjugates were capable of raising antibodies recognizing Hia synthetic fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia V Kohout
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Laura Petrosilli
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe D'Orazio
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Jeroen D C Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Luigi Lay
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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3
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Chen L, Kang Z, Shen J, Zhao R, Miao Y, Zhang L, Zheng Z, Zhang Z, Liu N, Wang C, Fang H, Zhou J, Wang Y, Liu Z, Yang Y, Chen Q. An emerging antibacterial nanovaccine for enhanced chemotherapy by selectively eliminating tumor-colonizing bacteria. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024:S2095-9273(24)00427-4. [PMID: 38918142 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2024.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum), an oral anaerobe, is prevalent in colorectal cancer and is closely related to increased cancer cell growth, metastasis, and poor treatment outcomes. Bacterial vaccines capable of selectively eliminating bacteria present a promising approach to targeting intratumor F. nucleatum, thereby enhancing cancer treatment. Although adjuvants have been employed to enhance the immune response, the vaccine's effectiveness is constrained by inadequate T-cell activation necessary for eradicating intracellular pathogens. In this study, we developed a minimalistic, biomimetic nanovaccine by integrating highly immunostimulatory adjuvant cholesterol-modified CpG oligonucleotides into the autologously derived F. nucleatum membranes. Compared to the traditional vaccines consisting of inactivated bacteria and Alum adjuvant, the nanovaccine coupled with bacterial membranes and adjuvants could remarkably improve multiple antigens and adjuvant co-delivery to dendritic cells, maximizing their ability to achieve effective antigen presentation and strong downstream immune progress. Notably, the nanovaccine exhibits outstanding selective prophylactic and therapeutic effects, eliminating F. nucleatum without affecting intratumoral and gut microbiota. It significantly enhances chemotherapy efficacy and reduces cancer metastasis in F. nucleatum-infected colorectal cancer. Overall, this work represents the rational application of bacterial nanovaccine and provides a blueprint for future development in enhancing the antitumor effect against bacterial-infected cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfu Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zheyu Kang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jingjing Shen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yu Miao
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Zixuan Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhemin Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Nanhui Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Huapan Fang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yudong Wang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Zhuang Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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4
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Urbano-Munoz F, Orne CE, Burtnick MN, Brett PJ. Use of Reductive Amination to Produce Capsular Polysaccharide-Based Glycoconjugates. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2762:139-148. [PMID: 38315364 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3666-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Reductive amination is a relatively simple and convenient strategy for coupling purified polysaccharides to carrier proteins. Following their synthesis, glycoconjugates can be used to assess the protective capacity of specific microbial polysaccharides in animal models of infection and/or to produce polyclonal antiserum and monoclonal antibodies for a variety of immune assays. Here, we describe a reproducible method for chemically activating the 6-deoxyheptan capsular polysaccharide (CPS) from Burkholderia pseudomallei and covalently linking it to recombinant CRM197 diphtheria toxin mutant (CRM197) to produce the glycoconjugate, CPS-CRM197. Similar approaches can also be used to couple other types of polysaccharides to CRM197 with little to no modification of the protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Urbano-Munoz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Caitlyn E Orne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Mary N Burtnick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Paul J Brett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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5
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Dolbec D, Lehoux M, de Beauville AA, Zahn A, Di Noia JM, Segura M. Unmutated but T cell dependent IgM antibodies targeting Streptococcus suis play an essential role in bacterial clearance. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011957. [PMID: 38241393 PMCID: PMC10829992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is an important encapsulated bacterial swine pathogen and zoonotic agent for which no effective vaccine exists. The interaction with B cells and the humoral response against S. suis are poorly understood despite their likely relevance for a potential vaccine. We evaluated germinal center (GC) B cell kinetics, as well as the production and role of S. suis-specific antibodies following infections in a mouse model. We found that mice infected with S. suis developed GC that peaked 13-21 days post-infection. GC further increased and persisted upon periodic reinfection that mimics real life conditions in swine farms. Anti-S. suis IgM and several IgG subclasses were produced, but antibodies against the S. suis capsular polysaccharide (CPS) were largely IgM. Interestingly, depletion of total IgG from the wild-type mice sera had no effect on bacterial killing by opsonophagocytosis in vitro. Somatic hypermutation and isotype switching were dispensable for controlling the infection or anti-CPS IgM production. However, T cell-deficient (Tcrb-/-) mice were unable to control bacteremia, produce optimal anti-CPS IgM titers, or elicit antibodies with opsonophagocytic activity. SAP deficiency, which prevents GC formation but not extrafollicular B cell responses, ablated anti S. suis-IgG production but maintained IgM production and eliminated the infection. In contrast, B cell deficient mice were unable to control bacteremia. Collectively, our results indicate that the antibody response plays a large role in immunity against S. suis, with GC-independent but T cell-dependent germline IgM being the major effective antibody specificities. Our results further highlight the importance IgM, and potentially anti-CPS antibodies, in clearing S. suis infections and provide insight for future development of S. suis vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Dolbec
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mélanie Lehoux
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexis Asselin de Beauville
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Astrid Zahn
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Infectious Diseases, Quebec, Canada
| | - Javier Marcelo Di Noia
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Infectious Diseases, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Sciences, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mariela Segura
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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6
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Moustafa DA, DiGiandomenico A, Raghuram V, Schulman M, Scarff JM, Davis MR, Varga JJ, Dean CR, Goldberg JB. Efficacy of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa serogroup O9 vaccine. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0024723. [PMID: 37991349 PMCID: PMC10715167 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00247-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
There are currently no approved vaccines against the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Among vaccine targets, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O antigen of P. aeruginosa is the most immunodominant protective candidate. There are 20 different O antigens composed of different repeat sugar structures conferring serogroup specificity, and 10 are found most frequently in infection. Thus, one approach to combat infection by P. aeruginosa could be to generate immunity with a vaccine cocktail that includes all these serogroups. Serogroup O9 is 1 of the 10 serogroups commonly found in infection, but it has never been developed into a vaccine, due in part to the acid-labile nature of the O9 polysaccharide. Our laboratory has previously shown that intranasal administration of an attenuated Salmonella strain expressing the P. aeruginosa serogroup O11 LPS O antigen was effective in clearing bacteria and preventing mortality in mice following intranasal challenge with serogroup O11 P. aeruginosa. Consequently, we set out to develop a P. aeruginosa serogroup O9 vaccine using a similar approach. Here, we show that Salmonella expressing serogroup O9 triggered an antibody-mediated immune response following intranasal administration to mice and that it conferred protection from P. aeruginosa serogroup O9 in a murine model of acute pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina A. Moustafa
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary, Asthma, Cystic Fibrosis, and Sleep, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory+Children’s Center for Cystic Fibrosis and Airway Disease Research, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Antonio DiGiandomenico
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Vishnu Raghuram
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Marc Schulman
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Scarff
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Michael R. Davis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - John J. Varga
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary, Asthma, Cystic Fibrosis, and Sleep, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory+Children’s Center for Cystic Fibrosis and Airway Disease Research, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Charles R. Dean
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Joanna B. Goldberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary, Asthma, Cystic Fibrosis, and Sleep, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory+Children’s Center for Cystic Fibrosis and Airway Disease Research, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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7
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Edwards C, Shah SA, Gebhardt T, Jewell CM. Exploiting Unique Features of Microneedles to Modulate Immunity. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2302410. [PMID: 37380199 PMCID: PMC10753036 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Microneedle arrays (MNAs) are small patches containing hundreds of short projections that deliver signals directly to dermal layers without causing pain. These technologies are of special interest for immunotherapy and vaccine delivery because they directly target immune cells concentrated in the skin. The targeting abilities of MNAs result in efficient immune responses-often more protective or therapeutic-compared to conventional needle delivery. MNAs also offer logistical benefits, such as self-administration and transportation without refrigeration. Thus, numerous preclinical and clinical studies are exploring these technologies. Here the unique advantages of MNA, as well as critical challenges-such as manufacturing and sterility issues-the field faces to enable widespread deployment are discussed. How MNA design parameters can be exploited for controlled release of vaccines and immunotherapies, and the application to preclinical models of infection, cancer, autoimmunity, and allergies are explained. Specific strategies are also discussed to reduce off-target effects compared to conventional vaccine delivery routes, and novel chemical and manufacturing controls that enable cargo stability in MNAs across flexible intervals and temperatures. Clinical research using MNAs is then examined. Drawbacks of MNAs and the implications, and emerging opportunities to exploit MNAs for immune engineering and clinical use are concluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Edwards
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Shrey A Shah
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Thomas Gebhardt
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Christopher M Jewell
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- US Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
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8
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Mironov AA, Savin MA, Zaitseva AV, Dimov ID, Sesorova IS. Mechanisms of Formation of Antibodies against Blood Group Antigens That Do Not Exist in the Body. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15044. [PMID: 37894724 PMCID: PMC10606600 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The system of the four different human blood groups is based on the oligosaccharide antigens A or B, which are located on the surface of blood cells and other cells including endothelial cells, attached to the membrane proteins or lipids. After transfusion, the presence of these antigens on the apical surface of endothelial cells could induce an immunological reaction against the host. The final oligosaccharide sequence of AgA consists of Gal-GlcNAc-Gal (GalNAc)-Fuc. AgB contains Gal-GlcNAc-Gal (Gal)-Fuc. These antigens are synthesised in the Golgi complex (GC) using unique Golgi glycosylation enzymes (GGEs). People with AgA also synthesise antibodies against AgB (group A [II]). People with AgB synthesise antibodies against AgA (group B [III]). People expressing AgA together with AgB (group AB [IV]) do not have these antibodies, while people who do not express these antigens (group O [0; I]) synthesise antibodies against both antigens. Consequently, the antibodies are synthesised against antigens that apparently do not exist in the body. Here, we compared the prediction power of the main hypotheses explaining the formation of these antibodies, namely, the concept of natural antibodies, the gut bacteria-derived antibody hypothesis, and the antibodies formed as a result of glycosylation mistakes or de-sialylation of polysaccharide chains. We assume that when the GC is overloaded with lipids, other less specialised GGEs could make mistakes and synthesise the antigens of these blood groups. Alternatively, under these conditions, the chylomicrons formed in the enterocytes may, under this overload, linger in the post-Golgi compartment, which is temporarily connected to the endosomes. These compartments contain neuraminidases that can cleave off sialic acid, unmasking these blood antigens located below the acid and inducing the production of antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A. Mironov
- Department of Cell Biology, IFOM ETS—The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello, 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Maksim A. Savin
- The Department for Welding Production and Technology of Constructional Materials, Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Komsomolsky Prospekt, 29, 614990 Perm, Russia;
| | - Anna V. Zaitseva
- Department of Anatomy, Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, 194100 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ivan D. Dimov
- Department of Cell Biology, IFOM ETS—The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello, 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Irina S. Sesorova
- Department of Anatomy, Ivanovo State Medical Academy, 153012 Ivanovo, Russia
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9
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Richter-Dahlfors A, Kärkkäinen E, Choong FX. Fluorescent optotracers for bacterial and biofilm detection and diagnostics. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2023; 24:2246867. [PMID: 37680974 PMCID: PMC10481766 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2023.2246867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Effective treatment of bacterial infections requires methods that accurately and quickly identify which antibiotic should be prescribed. This review describes recent research on the development of optotracing methodologies for bacterial and biofilm detection and diagnostics. Optotracers are small, chemically well-defined, anionic fluorescent tracer molecules that detect peptide- and carbohydrate-based biopolymers. This class of organic molecules (luminescent conjugated oligothiophenes) show unique electronic, electrochemical and optical properties originating from the conjugated structure of the compounds. The photophysical properties are further improved as donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D)-type motifs are incorporated in the conjugated backbone. Optotracers bind their biopolymeric target molecules via electrostatic interactions. Binding alters the optical properties of these tracer molecules, shown as altered absorption and emission spectra, as well as ON-like switch of fluorescence. As the optotracer provides a defined spectral signature for each binding partner, a fingerprint is generated that can be used for identification of the target biopolymer. Alongside their use for in situ experimentation, optotracers have demonstrated excellent use in studies of a number of clinically relevant microbial pathogens. These methods will find widespread use across a variety of communities engaged in reducing the effect of antibiotic resistance. This includes basic researchers studying molecular resistance mechanisms, academia and pharma developing new antimicrobials targeting biofilm infections and tests to diagnose biofilm infections, as well as those developing antibiotic susceptibility tests for biofilm infections (biofilm-AST). By iterating between the microbial world and that of plants, development of the optotracing technology has become a prime example of successful cross-feeding across the boundaries of disciplines. As optotracers offers a capacity to redefine the way we work with polysaccharides in the microbial world as well as with plant biomass, the technology is providing novel outputs desperately needed for global impact of the threat of antimicrobial resistance as well as our strive for a circular bioeconomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agneta Richter-Dahlfors
- AIMES – Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences at Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elina Kärkkäinen
- AIMES – Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences at Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ferdinand X. Choong
- AIMES – Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences at Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Koj S, Lugowski C, Niedziela T. In-cell depolymerization of polysaccharide antigens. Exploring the processing pathways of glycans and why some glycoconjugate vaccines are less effective than expected: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 315:120969. [PMID: 37230635 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Koj
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Czeslaw Lugowski
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Niedziela
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland.
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11
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Kang HJ, Lee SH, Kim HS, Jung YW, Park HD. Rapid and sensitive detection of gram-negative bacteria using surface-immobilized polymyxin B. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290579. [PMID: 37639398 PMCID: PMC10461818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Although detection of gram-negative bacteria (GNB) in body fluids is important for clinical purpose, traditional gram staining and other recently developed methods have inherent limitations in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, and convenience. To overcome the weakness, this study proposed a method detecting GNB based on specific binding of polymyxin B (PMB) to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of GNB. Fluorescent microscopy demonstrated that surface immobilized PMB using a silane coupling agent was possible to detect fluorescent signal produced by a single Escherichia coli (a model GNB) cell. Furthermore, the signal was selective enough to differentiate between GNB and gram-positive bacteria. The proposed method could detect three cells per ml within one hour, indicating the method was very sensitive and the sensing was rapid. These results suggest that highly multifold PMB binding on each GNB cell occurred, as millions of LPS are present on cell wall of a GNB cell. Importantly, the principle used in this study was realized in a microfluidic chip for a sample containing E. coli cells suspended in porcine plasma, demonstrating its potential application to practical uses. In conclusion, the proposed method was accurate, sensitive, and convenient for detecting GNB, and could be applied clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jin Kang
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Lee
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Han-Shin Kim
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong Woo Jung
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, South Korea
| | - Hee-Deung Park
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, South Korea
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12
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Duke JA, Avci FY. Emerging vaccine strategies against the incessant pneumococcal disease. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:122. [PMID: 37591986 PMCID: PMC10435554 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00715-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) caused by infection with the pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) has been on a downward trend for decades due to worldwide vaccination programs. Despite the clinical successes observed, the Center for Disease Control (CDC) reports that the continued global burden of S. pneumoniae will be in the millions each year, with a case-fatality rate hovering around 5%. Thus, it is a top priority to continue developing new Spn vaccination strategies to harness immunological insight and increase the magnitude of protection provided. As emphasized by the World Health Organization (WHO), it is also crucial to broaden the implementation of vaccines that are already obtainable in the clinical setting. This review focuses on the immune mechanisms triggered by existing pneumococcal vaccines and provides an overview of the current and upcoming clinical strategies being employed. We highlight the associated challenges of serotype selectivity and using pneumococcal-derived proteins as alternative vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A Duke
- Sanofi, Suite 300, 2501 Discovery Drive, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA
| | - Fikri Y Avci
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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13
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Moustafa DA, DiGiandomenico A, Raghuram V, Schulman M, Scarff JM, Davis, MR, Varga JJ, Dean CR, Goldberg JB. Efficacy of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa Serogroup O9 Vaccine. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.13.548830. [PMID: 37502855 PMCID: PMC10369961 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.13.548830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
There are currently no approved vaccines against the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Among vaccine targets, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O antigen of P. aeruginosa is the most immunodominant protective candidate. There are twenty different O antigens composed of different repeat sugars structures conferring serogroup specificity, and ten are found most frequently in infection. Thus, one approach to combat infection by P. aeruginosa could be to generate immunity with a vaccine cocktail that includes all these serogroups. Serogroup O9 is one of the ten serogroups commonly found in infection, but it has never been developed into a vaccine, likely due, in part, to the acid labile nature of the O9 polysaccharide. Our laboratory has previously shown that intranasal administration of an attenuated Salmonella strain expressing the P. aeruginosa serogroup O11 LPS O antigen was effective in clearing and preventing mortality in mice following intranasal challenge with serogroup O11 P. aeruginosa. Consequently, we set out to develop a P. aeruginosa serogroup O9 vaccine using a similar approach. Here we show that Salmonella expressing serogroup O9 triggered an antibody-mediated immune response following intranasal administration to mice and that it conferred protection from P. aeruginosa serogroup O9 in a murine model of acute pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina A. Moustafa
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary, Asthma, Cystic Fibrosis, and Sleep, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory+Children’s Center for Cystic Fibrosis and Airway Disease Research, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Antonio DiGiandomenico
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Vishnu Raghuram
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Marc Schulman
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Scarff
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Michael R. Davis,
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - John J. Varga
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary, Asthma, Cystic Fibrosis, and Sleep, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory+Children’s Center for Cystic Fibrosis and Airway Disease Research, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Charles R. Dean
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Joanna B. Goldberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary, Asthma, Cystic Fibrosis, and Sleep, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory+Children’s Center for Cystic Fibrosis and Airway Disease Research, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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14
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Micoli F, Stefanetti G, MacLennan CA. Exploring the variables influencing the immune response of traditional and innovative glycoconjugate vaccines. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1201693. [PMID: 37261327 PMCID: PMC10227950 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1201693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are cost-effective tools for reducing morbidity and mortality caused by infectious diseases. The rapid evolution of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, the introduction of tetravalent meningococcal conjugate vaccines, mass vaccination campaigns in Africa with a meningococcal A conjugate vaccine, and the recent licensure and introduction of glycoconjugates against S. Typhi underlie the continued importance of research on glycoconjugate vaccines. More innovative ways to produce carbohydrate-based vaccines have been developed over the years, including bioconjugation, Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMV) and the Multiple antigen-presenting system (MAPS). Several variables in the design of these vaccines can affect the induced immune responses. We review immunogenicity studies comparing conjugate vaccines that differ in design variables, such as saccharide chain length and conjugation chemistry, as well as carrier protein and saccharide to protein ratio. We evaluate how a better understanding of the effects of these different parameters is key to designing improved glycoconjugate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuseppe Stefanetti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Calman A. MacLennan
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Global Health, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, United States
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- The Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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15
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Moeller T, Shah SB, Lai K, Lopez-Barbosa N, Desai P, Wang W, Zhong Z, Redmond D, Singh A, DeLisa MP. Profiling Germinal Center-like B Cell Responses to Conjugate Vaccines Using Synthetic Immune Organoids. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:787-804. [PMID: 37122450 PMCID: PMC10141597 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c01473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Glycoengineered bacteria have emerged as a cost-effective platform for rapid and controllable biosynthesis of designer conjugate vaccines. However, little is known about the engagement of such conjugates with naïve B cells to induce the formation of germinal centers (GC), a subanatomical microenvironment that converts naïve B cells into antibody-secreting plasma cells. Using a three-dimensional biomaterials-based B-cell follicular organoid system, we demonstrate that conjugates triggered robust expression of hallmark GC markers, B cell receptor clustering, intracellular signaling, and somatic hypermutation. These responses depended on the relative immunogenicity of the conjugate and correlated with the humoral response in vivo. The occurrence of these mechanisms was exploited for the discovery of high-affinity antibodies against components of the conjugate on a time scale that was significantly shorter than for typical animal immunization-based workflows. Collectively, these findings highlight the potential of synthetic organoids for rapidly predicting conjugate vaccine efficacy as well as expediting antigen-specific antibody discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler
D. Moeller
- Robert
F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Shivem B. Shah
- Nancy
E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Kristine Lai
- George
W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Natalia Lopez-Barbosa
- Robert
F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Primit Desai
- Biochemistry,
Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Weiyao Wang
- Robert
F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Zhe Zhong
- George
W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - David Redmond
- Institute
for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, United States
- Department
of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Ankur Singh
- George
W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Wallace
H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Matthew P. DeLisa
- Robert
F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Nancy
E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Biochemistry,
Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Cornell
Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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16
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Burns K, Dorfmueller HC, Wren BW, Mawas F, Shaw HA. Progress towards a glycoconjugate vaccine against Group A Streptococcus. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:48. [PMID: 36977677 PMCID: PMC10043865 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00639-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Group A Carbohydrate (GAC) is a defining feature of Group A Streptococcus (Strep A) or Streptococcus pyogenes. It is a conserved and simple polysaccharide, comprising a rhamnose backbone and GlcNAc side chains, further decorated with glycerol phosphate on approximately 40% GlcNAc residues. Its conservation, surface exposure and antigenicity have made it an interesting focus on Strep A vaccine design. Glycoconjugates containing this conserved carbohydrate should be a key approach towards the successful mission to build a universal Strep A vaccine candidate. In this review, a brief introduction to GAC, the main carbohydrate component of Strep A bacteria, and a variety of published carrier proteins and conjugation technologies are discussed. Components and technologies should be chosen carefully for building affordable Strep A vaccine candidates, particularly for low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Towards this, novel technologies are discussed, such as the prospective use of bioconjugation with PglB for rhamnose polymer conjugation and generalised modules for membrane antigens (GMMA), particularly as low-cost solutions to vaccine production. Rational design of "double-hit" conjugates encompassing species specific glycan and protein components would be beneficial and production of a conserved vaccine to target Strep A colonisation without invoking an autoimmune response would be ideal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keira Burns
- Vaccine Division, Scientific Research & Innovation Group, MHRA, Potters Bar, UK
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Helge C Dorfmueller
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Dow Street, Dundee, UK
| | - Brendan W Wren
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Fatme Mawas
- Vaccine Division, Scientific Research & Innovation Group, MHRA, Potters Bar, UK
| | - Helen A Shaw
- Vaccine Division, Scientific Research & Innovation Group, MHRA, Potters Bar, UK.
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17
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Ghosh S, Gulhane A, Sharma P, Kale S, Kangralkar V, Pawar R, Goel SK, Mallya AD, Dhere RM. Quantitation of free cyanide using ion exchange chromatography in Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, C, W, Y and X conjugates used in vaccine manufacture. Biologicals 2023; 81:101664. [PMID: 36791627 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2023.101664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharide vaccines essentially used in the prevention of bacterial infections are known to be good immunogens when conjugated to an immunogenic protein using various cyanylating agents. Analysis of residual cyanide in polysaccharide conjugate vaccines is an ardent task due to the complexity of the sample matrices and the lack of suitable methods. We report a selective ion chromatography method with electrochemical detection using IonPac AS7 column for estimation of residual cyanide in meningococcal serogroups A, C, W, Y and X bulk conjugates in presence of other interfering ions. Gold electrode and Ag/AgCl reference electrode ensures sensitivity and reproducibility of cyanide quantitation. The calibration curve of the method is linear having r2 ≥0.990 over the concentration range 1.45 ng/mL to 93.10 ng/mL. The recovery of cyanide in bulk conjugates ranged between 96.0% and 108.9%. The limits of detection and quantitation were 0.50 ng/mL and 1.45 ng/mL which corresponds to 0.31 ng/μg and 0.91 ng/μg of polysaccharide respectively. The method validation and feasibility study were performed using Men W and Men X bulk conjugates respectively with in house residual cyanide specification due to unavailability of pharmacopeia guidelines. The method is reproducible and can accurately quantify residual cyanide in purified meningococcal bulk conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurav Ghosh
- Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd, Serum, Biopharma Park, 212/2, Hadapsar, Pune, 411 028, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ashishkumar Gulhane
- Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd, Serum, Biopharma Park, 212/2, Hadapsar, Pune, 411 028, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pankaj Sharma
- Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd, Serum, Biopharma Park, 212/2, Hadapsar, Pune, 411 028, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sameer Kale
- Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd, Serum, Biopharma Park, 212/2, Hadapsar, Pune, 411 028, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vivek Kangralkar
- Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd, Serum, Biopharma Park, 212/2, Hadapsar, Pune, 411 028, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rakesh Pawar
- Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd, Serum, Biopharma Park, 212/2, Hadapsar, Pune, 411 028, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Goel
- Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd, Serum, Biopharma Park, 212/2, Hadapsar, Pune, 411 028, Maharashtra, India
| | - Asha D Mallya
- Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd, Serum, Biopharma Park, 212/2, Hadapsar, Pune, 411 028, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Rajeev M Dhere
- Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd, Serum, Biopharma Park, 212/2, Hadapsar, Pune, 411 028, Maharashtra, India
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18
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Escobar V, Scaramozzino N, Vidic J, Buhot A, Mathey R, Chaix C, Hou Y. Recent Advances on Peptide-Based Biosensors and Electronic Noses for Foodborne Pathogen Detection. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13020258. [PMID: 36832024 PMCID: PMC9954637 DOI: 10.3390/bios13020258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne pathogens present a serious issue around the world due to the remarkably high number of illnesses they cause every year. In an effort to narrow the gap between monitoring needs and currently implemented classical detection methodologies, the last decades have seen an increased development of highly accurate and reliable biosensors. Peptides as recognition biomolecules have been explored to develop biosensors that combine simple sample preparation and enhanced detection of bacterial pathogens in food. This review first focuses on the selection strategies for the design and screening of sensitive peptide bioreceptors, such as the isolation of natural antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) from living organisms, the screening of peptides by phage display and the use of in silico tools. Subsequently, an overview on the state-of-the-art techniques in the development of peptide-based biosensors for foodborne pathogen detection based on various transduction systems was given. Additionally, limitations in classical detection strategies have led to the development of innovative approaches for food monitoring, such as electronic noses, as promising alternatives. The use of peptide receptors in electronic noses is a growing field and the recent advances of such systems for foodborne pathogen detection are presented. All these biosensors and electronic noses are promising alternatives for the pathogen detection with high sensitivity, low cost and rapid response, and some of them are potential portable devices for on-site analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Escobar
- Grenoble Alpes University, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-SyMMES, 17 Rue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Grenoble Alpes University, CNRS, LIPhy, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Jasmina Vidic
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Arnaud Buhot
- Grenoble Alpes University, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-SyMMES, 17 Rue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Raphaël Mathey
- Grenoble Alpes University, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-SyMMES, 17 Rue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Carole Chaix
- Institute of Analytical Sciences, University of Lyon, CNRS, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, UMR 5280, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Yanxia Hou
- Grenoble Alpes University, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-SyMMES, 17 Rue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
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19
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Zhang X, Wu X, He Q, Wang J, Mao Q, Liang Z, Xu M. Research progress on substitution of in vivo method(s) by in vitro method(s) for human vaccine potency assays. Expert Rev Vaccines 2023; 22:270-277. [PMID: 36779650 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2178421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Potency is a critical quality attribute for controlling quality consistency and relevant biological properties of vaccines. Owing to the high demand for animals, lengthy operations and high variability of in vivo methods, in vitro alternatives for human vaccine potency assays are extensively developed. AREAS COVERED Herein, in vivo and in vitro methods for potency assays of previously licensed human vaccines were sorted, followed by a brief description of the background for substituting in vivo methods with in vitro alternatives. Based on the analysis of current research on the substitution of vaccine potency assays, barriers and suggestions for substituting were proposed. EXPERT OPINION Owing to the variability of in vivo methods, the correlation between in vivo and in vitro methods may be low. One or more in vitro method(s) that determine the vaccine antigen content and functions, should be established. Since the substitution involves with the change of critical quality attributes and specifications, the specifications of in vitro methods should be appropriately set to maintain the efficacy of vaccines. For novel vaccines in research and development, in vitro methods for monitoring the consistency and relevant biological properties, should be established based on reflecting the immunogenicity of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanxuan Zhang
- Institute of Biological Products, Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Wu
- Institute of Biological Products, Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Qian He
- Institute of Biological Products, Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Junzhi Wang
- Institute of Biological Products, Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Qunying Mao
- Institute of Biological Products, Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenglun Liang
- Institute of Biological Products, Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Xu
- Institute of Biological Products, Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
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20
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Naidu A, Lulu S S. Mucosal and systemic immune responses to Vibrio cholerae infection and oral cholera vaccines (OCVs) in humans: a systematic review. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2022; 18:1307-1318. [PMID: 36255170 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2022.2136650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cholera is an enteric disease caused by Vibrio cholerae, a water-borne pathogen, and characterized by severe diarrhea. Vaccines have been recommended for use by the WHO in resource-limited settings. Efficacies of the currently licensed cholera vaccines are not optimal in endemic settings and low in children below the age of five, a section of the population most susceptible to the disease. Development of next generation of cholera vaccines would require a detailed understanding of the required protective immune responses. AREA COVERED In this review, we revisit clinical trials which are focused on the early transcriptional mucosal responses elicited during Vibrio cholerae infection and upon vaccination along with summarizing various components of the effector immune response against Vibrio cholerae. EXPERT OPINION The inability of currently licensed killed/inactivated vaccines to elicit key inflammatory pathways locally may explain their restricted efficacy in endemic settings. More studies are required to understand the immunogenicity of the live attenuated cholera vaccine in these regions. Various extrinsic and intrinsic factors influence anti-cholera immunity and need to be considered to develop region-specific next generation vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshayata Naidu
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Sajitha Lulu S
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
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21
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Stefanetti G, MacLennan CA, Micoli F. Impact and Control of Sugar Size in Glycoconjugate Vaccines. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196432. [PMID: 36234967 PMCID: PMC9572008 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoconjugate vaccines have contributed enormously to reducing and controlling encapsulated bacterial infections for over thirty years. Glycoconjugate vaccines are based on a carbohydrate antigen that is covalently linked to a carrier protein; this is necessary to cause T cell responses for optimal immunogenicity, and to protect young children. Many interdependent parameters affect the immunogenicity of glycoconjugate vaccines, including the size of the saccharide antigen. Here, we examine and discuss the impact of glycan chain length on the efficacy of glycoconjugate vaccines and report the methods employed to size polysaccharide antigens, while highlighting the underlying reaction mechanisms. A better understanding of the impact of key parameters on the immunogenicity of glycoconjugates is critical to developing a new generation of highly effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Stefanetti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Calman Alexander MacLennan
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Global Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 500 5th Ave. N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- The Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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22
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Sztein MB, Booth JS. Controlled human infectious models, a path forward in uncovering immunological correlates of protection: Lessons from enteric fevers studies. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:983403. [PMID: 36204615 PMCID: PMC9530043 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.983403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric infectious diseases account for more than a billion disease episodes yearly worldwide resulting in approximately 2 million deaths, with children under 5 years old and the elderly being disproportionally affected. Enteric pathogens comprise viruses, parasites, and bacteria; the latter including pathogens such as Salmonella [typhoidal (TS) and non-typhoidal (nTS)], cholera, Shigella and multiple pathotypes of Escherichia coli (E. coli). In addition, multi-drug resistant and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains (e.g., S. Typhi H58 strain) of enteric bacteria are emerging; thus, renewed efforts to tackle enteric diseases are required. Many of these entero-pathogens could be controlled by oral or parenteral vaccines; however, development of new, effective vaccines has been hampered by lack of known immunological correlates of protection (CoP) and limited knowledge of the factors contributing to protective responses. To fully comprehend the human response to enteric infections, an invaluable tool that has recently re-emerged is the use of controlled human infection models (CHIMs) in which participants are challenged with virulent wild-type (wt) organisms. CHIMs have the potential to uncover immune mechanisms and identify CoP to enteric pathogens, as well as to evaluate the efficacy of therapeutics and vaccines in humans. CHIMs have been used to provide invaluable insights in the pathogenesis, host-pathogen interaction and evaluation of vaccines. Recently, several Oxford typhoid CHIM studies have been performed to assess the role of multiple cell types (B cells, CD8+ T, Tregs, MAIT, Monocytes and DC) during S. Typhi infection. One of the key messages that emerged from these studies is that baseline antigen-specific responses are important in that they can correlate with clinical outcomes. Additionally, volunteers who develop typhoid disease (TD) exhibit higher levels and more activated cell types (e.g., DC and monocytes) which are nevertheless defective in discrete signaling pathways. Future critical aspects of this research will involve the study of immune responses to enteric infections at the site of entry, i.e., the intestinal mucosa. This review will describe our current knowledge of immunity to enteric fevers caused byS. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A, with emphasis on the contributions of CHIMs to uncover the complex immunological responses to these organisms and provide insights into the determinants of protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo B. Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Marcelo B. Sztein,
| | - Jayaum S. Booth
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Jayaum S. Booth,
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Riu F, Ruda A, Ibba R, Sestito S, Lupinu I, Piras S, Widmalm G, Carta A. Antibiotics and Carbohydrate-Containing Drugs Targeting Bacterial Cell Envelopes: An Overview. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:942. [PMID: 36015090 PMCID: PMC9414505 DOI: 10.3390/ph15080942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Certain bacteria constitute a threat to humans due to their ability to escape host defenses as they easily develop drug resistance. Bacteria are classified into gram-positive and gram-negative according to the composition of the cell membrane structure. Gram-negative bacteria have an additional outer membrane (OM) that is not present in their gram-positive counterpart; the latter instead hold a thicker peptidoglycan (PG) layer. This review covers the main structural and functional properties of cell wall polysaccharides (CWPs) and PG. Drugs targeting CWPs are discussed, both noncarbohydrate-related (β-lactams, fosfomycin, and lipopeptides) and carbohydrate-related (glycopeptides and lipoglycopeptides). Bacterial resistance to these drugs continues to evolve, which calls for novel antibacterial approaches to be developed. The use of carbohydrate-based vaccines as a valid strategy to prevent bacterial infections is also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Riu
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23/A, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (F.R.); (I.L.); (S.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Alessandro Ruda
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.R.); (G.W.)
| | - Roberta Ibba
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23/A, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (F.R.); (I.L.); (S.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Simona Sestito
- Department of Chemical, Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Ilenia Lupinu
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23/A, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (F.R.); (I.L.); (S.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Sandra Piras
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23/A, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (F.R.); (I.L.); (S.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Göran Widmalm
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.R.); (G.W.)
| | - Antonio Carta
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23/A, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (F.R.); (I.L.); (S.P.); (A.C.)
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24
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Bahy R, Fatyan E, Saafan AE, El-Gebaly EAEA. Preparation and evaluation of a new combined conjugated vaccine against Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:1543-1554. [PMID: 35652238 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) have been identified by the WHO as the most deadly infectious diseases and a pervasive public health problem, causing increased hospital admissions, mortality, and antibiotic use. This study aims to determine the most common and resistant bacteria that cause LRTIs and prepare an appropriate vaccine to reduce and prevent potential future infections. METHODS AND RESULTS Our survey was conducted by collecting respiratory exudate specimens. The most predominant and resistant types were Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were extracted using a modified hot phenol method to prepare the vaccine. The LPS were then activated and conjugated. The immunogenicity of the prepared singles and combined vaccines was determined through an in- vivo assay using BALB/c mice. The prepared vaccine provided high protection against the lethal dose of both bacteria in mice. The combined vaccine shows a significant value in achieving high immunization. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate the potential of the bacterial LPS molecules to be used as effective vaccines. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY developing an effective single and combined vaccine against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumonia can protect and reduce LRTI incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehab Bahy
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Microbiology and Immunology Department, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Eman Fatyan
- National Organization of Drug Control and Research, Microbiology and Immunology Department, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amal E Saafan
- Faculty of pharmacy, Microbiology and Immunology Department, Menoufia University, Shibin Elkoum, Egypt
| | - Eman Abd El Aziz El-Gebaly
- Faculty of pharmacy, Microbiology and Immunology Department, Beni- Suef University, Beni- Suef, Egypt.,Microbiology and Immunology Department, faculty of pharmacy, 6 Oct University, Giza, Egypt
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25
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Deng Y, Li J, Sun C, Chi H, Luo D, Wang R, Qiu H, Zhang Y, Wu M, Zhang X, Huang X, Xie L, Qin C. Rational Development of a Polysaccharide-Protein-Conjugated Nanoparticle Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Streptococcus pneumoniae. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2200443. [PMID: 35332581 PMCID: PMC9073961 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202200443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has led to millions of deaths worldwide. Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) remains a major cause of mortality in underdeveloped countries. A vaccine that prevents both SARS-CoV-2 and S. pneumoniae infection represents a long-sought "magic bullet". Herein, a nanoparticle vaccine, termed SCTV01B, is rationally developed by using the capsular polysaccharide of S. pneumoniae serotype 14 (PPS14) as the backbone to conjugate with the recombinant receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. The final formulation of conjugated nanoparticles in the network structure exhibits high thermal stability. Immunization with SCTV01B induces potent humoral and Type 1/Type 2 T helper cell (Th1/Th2) cellular immune responses in mice, rats, and rhesus macaques. In particular, SCTV01B-immunized serum not only broadly cross-neutralizes all SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs), including the most recent Omicron variant, but also shows high opsonophagocytic activity (OPA) against S. pneumoniae serotype 14. Finally, SCTV01B vaccination confers protection against challenges with the SARS-CoV-2 mouse-adapted strain and the original strain in established murine models. Collectively, these promising preclinical results support further clinical evaluation of SCTV01B, highlighting the potency of polysaccharide-RBD-conjugated nanoparticle vaccine platforms for the development of vaccines for COVID-19 and other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Deng
- Department of VirologyState Key Laboratory of Pathogen and BiosecurityBeijing Institute of Microbiology and EpidemiologyAMMSBeijing100071P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- Beijing Protein and Antibody R&D Engineering CenterSinocelltech Ltd.Beijing100176P. R. China
| | - Chunyun Sun
- Beijing Protein and Antibody R&D Engineering CenterSinocelltech Ltd.Beijing100176P. R. China
| | - Hang Chi
- Department of VirologyState Key Laboratory of Pathogen and BiosecurityBeijing Institute of Microbiology and EpidemiologyAMMSBeijing100071P. R. China
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of VirologyState Key Laboratory of Pathogen and BiosecurityBeijing Institute of Microbiology and EpidemiologyAMMSBeijing100071P. R. China
| | - Rui Wang
- Beijing Protein and Antibody R&D Engineering CenterSinocelltech Ltd.Beijing100176P. R. China
| | - Hongying Qiu
- Department of VirologyState Key Laboratory of Pathogen and BiosecurityBeijing Institute of Microbiology and EpidemiologyAMMSBeijing100071P. R. China
| | - Yanjing Zhang
- Beijing Protein and Antibody R&D Engineering CenterSinocelltech Ltd.Beijing100176P. R. China
| | - Mei Wu
- Department of VirologyState Key Laboratory of Pathogen and BiosecurityBeijing Institute of Microbiology and EpidemiologyAMMSBeijing100071P. R. China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Beijing Protein and Antibody R&D Engineering CenterSinocelltech Ltd.Beijing100176P. R. China
| | - Xun Huang
- Department of VirologyState Key Laboratory of Pathogen and BiosecurityBeijing Institute of Microbiology and EpidemiologyAMMSBeijing100071P. R. China
| | - Liangzhi Xie
- Beijing Protein and Antibody R&D Engineering CenterSinocelltech Ltd.Beijing100176P. R. China
| | - Chengfeng Qin
- Department of VirologyState Key Laboratory of Pathogen and BiosecurityBeijing Institute of Microbiology and EpidemiologyAMMSBeijing100071P. R. China
- Research Unit of Discovery and Tracing of Natural Focus DiseasesChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijing100071P. R. China
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26
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Pharyngeal Colonization by Kingella kingae, Transmission, and Pathogenesis of Invasive Infections: A Narrative Review. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10030637. [PMID: 35336211 PMCID: PMC8950971 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
With the appreciation of Kingella kingae as a prime etiology of osteoarticular infections in young children, there is an increasing interest in the pathogenesis of these diseases. The medical literature on K. kingae’s colonization and carriage was thoroughly reviewed. Kingella kingae colonizes the oropharynx after the second life semester, and its prevalence reaches 10% between the ages of 12 and 24 months, declining thereafter as children reach immunological maturity. Kingella kingae colonization is characterized by the periodic substitution of carried organisms by new strains. Whereas some strains frequently colonize asymptomatic children but are rarely isolated from diseased individuals, others are responsible for most invasive infections worldwide, indicating enhanced virulence. The colonized oropharyngeal mucosa is the source of child-to-child transmission, and daycare attendance is associated with a high carriage rate and increased risk of invasive disease. Kingella kingae elaborates a potent repeat-in-toxin (RTXA) that lyses epithelial, phagocytic, and synovial cells. This toxin breaches the epithelial barrier, facilitating bloodstream invasion and survival and the colonization of deep body tissues. Kingella kingae colonization and carriage play a crucial role in the person-to-person transmission of the bacterium, its dissemination in the community, and the pathogenesis of invasive infections.
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27
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Arunachalam AB, Vile S, Rosas A. A Mouse Immunogenicity Model for the Evaluation of Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccines. Front Immunol 2022; 13:814088. [PMID: 35126397 PMCID: PMC8812382 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.814088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of an appropriate animal model for use in the development of meningococcal vaccines has been a challenge as humans are the only natural host for Neisseria meningitidis. Small animal models have been developed and are widely used to study the efficacy or immunogenicity of vaccine formulations generated against various diseases. Here, we describe the development and optimization of a mouse model for assessing the immunogenicity of candidate tetravalent meningococcal polysaccharide (MenACYW-TT) protein conjugate vaccines. Three inbred (BALB/c [H-2d], C3H/HeN [H-2k], or C57BL/6 [H-2b]) and one outbred (ICR [H-2g7]) mouse strains were assessed using serial two-fold dose dilutions (from 2 µg to 0.03125 µg per dose of polysaccharide for each serogroup) of candidate meningococcal conjugate vaccines. Groups of 10 mice received two doses of the candidate vaccine 14 days apart with serum samples obtained 14 days after the last dose for the evaluation of serogroup-specific anti-polysaccharide IgG by ELISA and bactericidal antibody by serum bactericidal assay (SBA). C3H/HeN and ICR mice had a more dose-dependent antibody response to all four serogroups than BALB/c and C57Bl/6 mice. In general, ICR mice had the greatest antibody dose-response range (both anti-polysaccharide IgG and bactericidal antibodies) to all four serogroups and were chosen as the model of choice. The 0.25 µg per serogroup dose was chosen as optimal since this was in the dynamic range of the serogroup-specific dose-response curves in most of the mouse strains evaluated. We demonstrate that the optimized mouse immunogenicity model is sufficiently sensitive to differentiate between conjugated polysaccharides, against unconjugated free polysaccharides and, to degradation of the vaccine formulations. Following optimization, this optimized mouse immunogenicity model has been used to assess the impact of different conjugation chemistries on immunogenicity, and to screen and stratify various candidate meningococcal conjugate vaccines to identify those with the most desirable profile to progress to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun B. Arunachalam
- Analytical Sciences, R&D Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Arun B. Arunachalam,
| | - Stacey Vile
- Analytical Sciences, R&D Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, PA, United States
| | - Angel Rosas
- Sanofi Medical Affairs, Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, PA, United States
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28
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Comparison of Enzyme-Linked Lectin Sorbent Assay and Flow Cytometry for Profiling Microbial Glycans. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:2047-2060. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03772-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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Onyango SO, Juma J, De Paepe K, Van de Wiele T. Oral and Gut Microbial Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes Landscape in Health and Disease. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:653448. [PMID: 34956106 PMCID: PMC8702856 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.653448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inter-individual variability in the microbial gene complement encoding for carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) can profoundly regulate how the host interacts with diverse carbohydrate sources thereby influencing host health. CAZy-typing, characterizing the microbiota-associated CAZyme-coding genes within a host individual, can be a useful tool to predict carbohydrate pools that the host can metabolize, or identify which CAZyme families are underrepresented requiring supplementation via microbiota transplantation or probiotics. CAZy-typing, moreover, provides a novel framework to search for disease biomarkers. As a proof of concept, we used publicly available metagenomes (935) representing 310 type strain bacterial genomes to establish the link between disease status and CAZymes in the oral and gut microbial ecosystem. The abundance and distribution of 220 recovered CAZyme families in saliva and stool samples from patients with colorectal cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and type 1 diabetes were compared with healthy subjects. Based on the multivariate discriminant analysis, the disease phenotype did not alter the CAZyme profile suggesting a functional conservation in carbohydrate metabolism in a disease state. When disease and healthy CAZyme profiles were contrasted in differential analysis, CAZyme markers that were underrepresented in type 1 diabetes (15), colorectal cancer (12), and rheumatoid arthritis (5) were identified. Of interest, are the glycosyltransferase which can catalyze the synthesis of glycoconjugates including lipopolysaccharides with the potential to trigger inflammation, a common feature in many diseases. Our analysis has also confirmed the expansive carbohydrate metabolism in the gut as evidenced by the overrepresentation of CAZyme families in the gut compared to the oral site. Nevertheless, each site exhibited specific CAZyme markers. Taken together, our analysis provides an insight into the CAZyme landscape in health and disease and has demonstrated the diversity in carbohydrate metabolism in host-microbiota which can be a sound basis for optimizing the selection of pre, pro, and syn-biotic candidate products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley O Onyango
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - John Juma
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kim De Paepe
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Van de Wiele
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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30
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Li K, Liu X, Zhang X, Liu Z, Yu Y, Zhao J, Wang L, Kong Y, Chen M. Identification microbial glycans substructure associate with disease and species. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 273:118595. [PMID: 34560996 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The microbial glycans mediate many significant biological acts, such as pathogen survival, host-microbe interactions, and immune evasion. The systematic study of microbial glycans structure remains challenging because of its high complexity and variability. In this study, we screened all the microbial glycans structures in the CSDB (Carbohydrate Structure Database), disassembled them into substructures, and calculated all the substructures' numbers. The results showed that a large number of glycan substructures are shared among different microorganisms. Further analysis showed that the glycan substructures appeared in specific bacterial groups may be related to the species and pathogenicity of microorganisms. Broadly, these findings provided an alternative approach or clue to discover the hidden information and the biological functions of glycans. The results can be used to detect broad-scope pathogen or prepare broad-spectrum vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Xunlian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Zhaoxi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Yue Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China; School of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250,000, China
| | - Jiayu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Lushan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Yun Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Min Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
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31
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Luzuriaga MA, Herbert FC, Brohlin OR, Gadhvi J, Howlett T, Shahrivarkevishahi A, Wijesundara YH, Venkitapathi S, Veera K, Ehrman R, Benjamin CE, Popal S, Burton MD, Ingersoll MA, De Nisco NJ, Gassensmith JJ. Metal-Organic Framework Encapsulated Whole-Cell Vaccines Enhance Humoral Immunity against Bacterial Infection. ACS NANO 2021; 15:17426-17438. [PMID: 34546723 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c03092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The increasing rate of resistance of bacterial infection against antibiotics requires next generation approaches to fight potential pandemic spread. The development of vaccines against pathogenic bacteria has been difficult owing, in part, to the genetic diversity of bacteria. Hence, there are many potential target antigens and little a priori knowledge of which antigen/s will elicit protective immunity. The painstaking process of selecting appropriate antigens could be avoided with whole-cell bacteria; however, whole-cell formulations typically fail to produce long-term and durable immune responses. These complications are one reason why no vaccine against any type of pathogenic E. coli has been successfully clinically translated. As a proof of principle, we demonstrate a method to enhance the immunogenicity of a model pathogenic E. coli strain by forming a slow releasing depot. The E. coli strain CFT073 was biomimetically mineralized within a metal-organic framework (MOF). This process encapsulates the bacteria within 30 min in water and at ambient temperatures. Vaccination with this formulation substantially enhances antibody production and results in significantly enhanced survival in a mouse model of bacteremia compared to standard inactivated formulations.
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32
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Advances in aggregation induced emission (AIE) materials in biosensing and imaging of bacteria. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2021. [PMID: 34749976 PMCID: PMC8292011 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
With their ubiquitous nature, bacteria have had a significant impact on human health and evolution. Though as commensals residing in/on our bodies several bacterial communities support our health in many ways, bacteria remain one of the major causes of infectious diseases that plague the human world. Adding to this, emergence of antibiotic resistant strains limited the use of available antibiotics. The current available techniques to prevent and control such infections remain insufficient. This has been proven during one of greatest pandemic of our generation, COVID-19. It has been observed that bacterial coinfections were predominantly observed in COVID-19 patients, despite antibiotic treatment. Such higher rates of coinfections in critical patients even after antibiotic treatment is a matter of concern. Owing to many reasons across the world drug resistance in bacteria is posing a major problem i. According to Center for Disease control (CDC) antibiotic report threats (AR), 2019 more than 2.8 million antibiotic resistant cases were reported, and more than 35,000 were dead among them in USA alone. In both normal and pandemic conditions, failure of identifying infectious agent has played a major role. This strongly prompts the need to improve upon the existing techniques to not just effective identification of an unknown bacterium, but also to discriminate normal Vs drug resistant strains. New techniques based on Aggregation Induced Emission (AIE) are not only simple and rapid but also have high accuracy to visualize infection and differentiate many strains of bacteria based on biomolecular variations which has been discussed in this chapter.
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33
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Dahora LC, Verheul MK, Williams KL, Jin C, Stockdale L, Cavet G, Giladi E, Hill J, Kim D, Leung Y, Bobay BG, Spicer LD, Sawant S, Rijpkema S, Dennison SM, Alam SM, Pollard AJ, Tomaras GD. Salmonella Typhi Vi capsule prime-boost vaccination induces convergent and functional antibody responses. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:eabj1181. [PMID: 34714686 PMCID: PMC9960181 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abj1181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Vaccine development to prevent Salmonella Typhi infections has accelerated over the past decade, resulting in licensure of new vaccines, which use the Vi polysaccharide (Vi PS) of the bacterium conjugated to an unrelated carrier protein as the active component. Antibodies elicited by these vaccines are important for mediating protection against typhoid fever. However, the characteristics of protective and functional Vi antibodies are unknown. In this study, we investigated the human antibody repertoire, avidity maturation, epitope specificity, and function after immunization with a single dose of Vi-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (Vi-TT) and after a booster with plain Vi PS (Vi-PS). The Vi-TT prime induced an IgG1-dominant response, whereas the Vi-TT prime followed by the Vi-PS boost induced IgG1 and IgG2 antibody production. B cells from recipients who received both prime and boost showed evidence of convergence, with shared V gene usage and CDR3 characteristics. The detected Vi antibodies showed heterogeneous avidity ranging from 10 μM to 500 pM, with no evidence of affinity maturation after the boost. Vi-specific antibodies mediated Fc effector functions, which correlated with antibody dissociation kinetics but not with association kinetics. We identified antibodies induced by prime and boost vaccines that recognized subdominant epitopes, indicated by binding to the de–O-acetylated Vi backbone. These antibodies also mediated Fc-dependent functions, such as complement deposition and monocyte phagocytosis. Defining strategies on how to broaden epitope targeting for S. Typhi Vi and enriching for antibody Fc functions that protect against typhoid fever will advance the design of high-efficacy Vi vaccines for protection across diverse populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay C. Dahora
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Corresponding author. (L.C.D.); (G.D.T.)
| | - Marije K. Verheul
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oxford and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Center, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Celina Jin
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oxford and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Center, Oxford, UK
| | - Lisa Stockdale
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oxford and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Center, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Jennifer Hill
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oxford and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Center, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Benjamin G. Bobay
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Radiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke University NMR Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Leonard D. Spicer
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Radiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke University NMR Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sheetal Sawant
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sjoerd Rijpkema
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, UK
| | - S. Moses Dennison
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - S. Munir Alam
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andrew J. Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oxford and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Center, Oxford, UK
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Corresponding author. (L.C.D.); (G.D.T.)
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Opoku-Temeng C, Malachowa N, Kobayashi SD, DeLeo FR. Innate Host Defense against Klebsiella pneumoniae and the Outlook for Development of Immunotherapies. J Innate Immun 2021; 14:167-181. [PMID: 34628410 DOI: 10.1159/000518679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) is a Gram-negative commensal bacterium and opportunistic pathogen. In healthy individuals, the innate immune system is adept at protecting against K. pneumoniae infection. Notably, the serum complement system and phagocytic leukocytes (e.g., neutrophils) are highly effective at eliminating K. pneumoniae and thereby preventing severe disease. On the other hand, the microbe is a major cause of healthcare-associated infections, especially in individuals with underlying susceptibility factors, such as pre-existing severe illness or immune suppression. The burden of K. pneumoniae infections in hospitals is compounded by antibiotic resistance. Treatment of these infections is often difficult largely because the microbes are usually resistant to multiple antibiotics (multidrug resistant [MDR]). There are a limited number of treatment options for these infections and new therapies, and preventative measures are needed. Here, we review host defense against K. pneumoniae and discuss recent therapeutic measures and vaccine approaches directed to treat and prevent severe disease caused by MDR K. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Opoku-Temeng
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Natalia Malachowa
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Scott D Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Frank R DeLeo
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
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35
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Basu N, Ghosh R. Recent chemical syntheses of bacteria related oligosaccharides using modern expeditious approaches. Carbohydr Res 2021; 507:108295. [PMID: 34271477 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Apart from some essential and crucial roles in life processes carbohydrates also are involved in a few detrimental courses of action related to human health, like infections by pathogenic microbes, cancer metastasis, transplanted tissue rejection, etc. Regarding management of pathogenesis by microbes, keeping in mind of multi drug-resistant bacteria and epidemic or endemic incidents, preventive measure by vaccination is the best pathway as also recommended by the WHO; by vaccination, eradication of bacterial diseases is also possible. Although some valid vaccines based on attenuated bacterial cells or isolated pure polysaccharide-antigens or the corresponding conjugates thereof are available in the market for prevention of several bacterial diseases, but these are not devoid of some disadvantages also. In order to develop improved conjugate T-cell dependent vaccines oligosaccharides related to bacterial antigens are synthesized and converted to the corresponding carrier protein conjugates. Marketed Cuban Quimi-Hib is such a vaccine being used since 2004 to resist Haemophilus influenza b infections. During nearly the past two decades research is going on worldwide for improved synthesis of bacteria related oligosaccharides or polysaccharides towards development of such semisynthetic or synthetic glycoconjugate vaccines. The present dissertation is an endeavour to encompass the recent syntheses of several pathogenic bacterial oligosaccharides or polysaccharides, made during the past ten-eleven years with special reference to modern expeditious syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabamita Basu
- Department of Chemistry, Nabagram Hiralal Paul College, Konnagar, Hoogly, West Bengal, 712246, India
| | - Rina Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700 032, India.
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36
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Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles as a Versatile Tool in Vaccine Research and the Fight against Antimicrobial Resistance. mBio 2021; 12:e0170721. [PMID: 34372691 PMCID: PMC8406158 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01707-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria include a number of pathogens that cause disease in humans and animals. Although antibiotics are still effective in treating a considerable range of infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria, the alarming increase of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) induced by excessive use of antibiotics has raised global concerns. Therefore, alternative strategies must be developed to prevent and treat bacterial infections and prevent the advent of a postantibiotic era. Vaccines, one of the greatest achievements in the history of medical science, hold extraordinary potential to prevent bacterial infections and thereby reduce the need for antibiotics. Novel bacterial vaccines are urgently needed, however, and outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), naturally produced by Gram-negative bacteria, represent a promising and versatile tool that can be employed as adjuvants, antigens, and delivery platforms in the development of vaccines against Gram-negative bacteria. Here, we provide an overview of the many roles OMVs can play in vaccine development and the mechanisms behind these applications. Methods to improve OMV yields and a comparison of different strategies for OMV isolation aiming at cost-effective production of OMV-based vaccines are also reviewed.
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37
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Xu Y, Li Y, Wang S, Li M, Xu M, Ye Q. Meningococcal vaccines in China. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:2197-2204. [PMID: 33566720 PMCID: PMC8189055 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1857201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Meningococcal meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis is a reportable infectious disease in China, due to the high incidence of meningitis in the era before the availability of vaccines. The disease incidence was markedly reduced after meningococcal vaccination was introduced in the 1980s. Currently, there are polysaccharide, conjugate, and combined vaccine formulations against meningococcal meningitis in the Chinese market, almost all of which are produced by domestic manufacturers. It is necessary to further enhance national meningococcal surveillance to improve the level of prevention and control of meningococcus. However, the immune efficacy and persistence of immunity of vaccines should be monitored. More importantly, additional investments should be made to develop serogroup B meningococcal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Xu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes of Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanan Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes of Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes of Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Maoguang Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes of Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Miao Xu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes of Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Ye
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes of Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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38
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Yagupsky P. Review highlights the latest research in Kingella kingae and stresses that molecular tests are required for diagnosis. Acta Paediatr 2021; 110:1750-1758. [PMID: 33486790 DOI: 10.1111/apa.15773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to provide an update on paediatric Kingella kingae infections. METHODS We used the PubMed database to identify studies published in English, French and Spanish up to 15 November 2020. RESULTS Kingella kingae colonised the oropharynx after the age of 6 months, and the mucosal surface was the portal of entry of the organism to the bloodstream and the source of child-to-child spread. Attending day care centres was associated with increased carriage rate and transmission and disease outbreaks were detected in day care facilities. Skeletal system infections were usually characterised by mild symptoms and moderately elevated inflammation markers, requiring a high clinical suspicion index. The organism was difficult to recover in cultures and molecular tests significantly improve its detection. Kingella kingae was generally susceptible to beta-lactam antibiotics, and skeletal diseases and bacteraemia responded to antimicrobial, leaving no long-term sequelae. However, patients with endocarditis frequently experienced life-threatening complications and the case fatality rate exceeded 10%. CONCLUSION Kingella kingae was the prime aetiology of skeletal system infections in children aged 6-48 months. Paediatricians should be aware of the peculiar features of this infection and the need to use molecular tests for diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Yagupsky
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory Soroka University Medical Center Ben‐Gurion University of the Negev Beer‐Sheva Israel
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39
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Jha V, Nicholson LK, Gardner EM, Rahkola JT, Pratap H, Scott J, Borgeson M, Jacobelli J, Janoff EN. Impact of HIV-1 Infection and Antigen Class on T Follicular Helper Cell Responses to Pneumococcal Polysaccharide-Protein Conjugate Vaccine-13. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:2402-2411. [PMID: 33931485 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pneumococcal infections are common and serious complications of HIV-1 disease. Prevention has been compromised by the limited magnitude and quality of Ab responses to T cell-independent type 2 pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides (PPS). The pneumococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine-13 (PCV-13) contains PPS conjugated to the T cell-dependent protein (diphtheria toxoid [DT] [CRM197]). We investigated the differential response to PPS and DT by human Ab-secreting B cells (ASC) after immunization with PCV-13 in newly diagnosed healthy HIV+ and control adults. The numbers of PPS-specific IgG ASC increased significantly and similarly in HIV+ and controls. However, DT-specific IgG ASC increased in controls but not HIV+ subjects. To determine the cellular basis of these disparate responses to DT and PPS, we characterized the frequency and activation of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, the predominant T cell subset providing B cell help. Expression of inducible T cell costimulator (ICOS), which sustains Tfh function and phenotype, increased significantly among controls, when compared with the HIV+ group. Increases in ICOS+ Tfh correlated with changes in T-dependent, DT-specific IgG ASC in controls but not in HIV+ In contrast, ICOS expression did not correlate with T cell-independent type 2 PPS-specific ASC in either group. Of note, upon optimized ex vivo stimulation, CD4 T cells from HIV+ subjects differentiated into Tfh cells and formed synapses with Raji B cells at frequencies similar to that of controls. In summary, PCV-13-induced increase in ICOS expression on Tfh was associated with responses to DT, which was compromised in recently diagnosed healthy HIV+ adults and can be restored ex vivo by providing effective Tfh-differentiating signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibha Jha
- Mucosal and Vaccine Research Program Colorado, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO.,Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO
| | - Lindsay K Nicholson
- Mucosal and Vaccine Research Program Colorado, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO.,Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO
| | | | - Jeremy T Rahkola
- Mucosal and Vaccine Research Program Colorado, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO.,Barbara Davis Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Harsh Pratap
- Mucosal and Vaccine Research Program Colorado, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO.,Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO
| | | | - Mandy Borgeson
- Mucosal and Vaccine Research Program Colorado, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO.,Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO
| | - Jordan Jacobelli
- Barbara Davis Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Edward N Janoff
- Mucosal and Vaccine Research Program Colorado, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO .,Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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40
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Stark JC, Jaroentomeechai T, Moeller TD, Hershewe JM, Warfel KF, Moricz BS, Martini AM, Dubner RS, Hsu KJ, Stevenson TC, Jones BD, DeLisa MP, Jewett MC. On-demand biomanufacturing of protective conjugate vaccines. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabe9444. [PMID: 33536221 PMCID: PMC7857678 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe9444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Conjugate vaccines are among the most effective methods for preventing bacterial infections. However, existing manufacturing approaches limit access to conjugate vaccines due to centralized production and cold chain distribution requirements. To address these limitations, we developed a modular technology for in vitro conjugate vaccine expression (iVAX) in portable, freeze-dried lysates from detoxified, nonpathogenic Escherichia coli. Upon rehydration, iVAX reactions synthesize clinically relevant doses of conjugate vaccines against diverse bacterial pathogens in 1 hour. We show that iVAX-synthesized vaccines against Francisella tularensis subsp. tularensis (type A) strain Schu S4 protected mice from lethal intranasal F. tularensis challenge. The iVAX platform promises to accelerate development of new conjugate vaccines with increased access through refrigeration-independent distribution and portable production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Stark
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd Technological Institute E136, Evanston, IL 60208-3120, USA
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd Technological Institute E136, Evanston, IL 60208-3120, USA
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2170 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208-3120, USA
| | - Thapakorn Jaroentomeechai
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, 120 Olin Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Tyler D Moeller
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, 120 Olin Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jasmine M Hershewe
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd Technological Institute E136, Evanston, IL 60208-3120, USA
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd Technological Institute E136, Evanston, IL 60208-3120, USA
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2170 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208-3120, USA
| | - Katherine F Warfel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd Technological Institute E136, Evanston, IL 60208-3120, USA
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd Technological Institute E136, Evanston, IL 60208-3120, USA
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2170 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208-3120, USA
| | - Bridget S Moricz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Rd 3-403 Bowen Science Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Anthony M Martini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Rd 3-403 Bowen Science Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Rachel S Dubner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive Hogan Hall 2144, Evanston, IL 60208-3500, USA
| | - Karen J Hsu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd Technological Institute B224, Evanston, IL 60208-3120, USA
| | - Taylor C Stevenson
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Weill Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Bradley D Jones
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Rd 3-403 Bowen Science Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Graduate Program in Genetics, 431 Newton Rd, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Matthew P DeLisa
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, 120 Olin Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Weill Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Michael C Jewett
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd Technological Institute E136, Evanston, IL 60208-3120, USA.
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd Technological Institute E136, Evanston, IL 60208-3120, USA
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2170 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208-3120, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, 676 N. St Clair St, Suite 1200, Chicago, IL 60611-3068, USA
- Simpson-Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior St, Suite 11-131 Chicago, IL 60611-2875, USA
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Abstract
The first proof-of-concept studies about the feasibility of genetic vaccines were published over three decades ago, opening the way for future development. The idea of nonviral antigen delivery had multiple advantages over the traditional live or inactivated pathogen-based vaccines, but a great deal of effort had to be invested to turn the idea of genetic vaccination into reality. Although early proof-of-concept studies were groundbreaking, they also showed that numerous aspects of genetic vaccines needed to be improved. Until the early 2000s, the vast majority of effort was invested into the development of DNA vaccines due to the potential issues of instability and low in vivo translatability of messenger RNA (mRNA). In recent years, numerous studies have demonstrated the outstanding abilities of mRNA to elicit potent immune responses against infectious pathogens and different types of cancer, making it a viable platform for vaccine development. Multiple mRNA vaccine platforms have been developed and evaluated in small and large animals and humans and the results seem to be promising. RNA-based vaccines have important advantages over other vaccine approaches including outstanding efficacy, safety, and the potential for rapid, inexpensive, and scalable production. There is a substantial investment by new mRNA companies into the development of mRNA therapeutics, particularly vaccines, increasing the number of basic and translational research publications and human clinical trials underway. This review gives a broad overview about genetic vaccines and mainly focuses on the past and present of mRNA vaccines along with the future directions to bring this potent vaccine platform closer to therapeutic use.
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Abstract
In this opening chapter, we outline the basics of vaccine delivery and subsequent immune reactivity. Vaccine delivery is an augmentation to immunization more generally in that a delivery reagent is harnessed to improve administration of the key ingredient (i.e., the antigen) needed to provoke an immune response. In this chapter, we discuss the evolution of vaccine design and how such efforts evolved into targeted administration/delivery of key antigens. We then provide overview descriptions of vaccine immune responses and methods for assessment. More generally, the chapter sets the tone for the remainder of this book, which will focus upon each step of the vaccine process with a special emphasis on how vaccine delivery contributes to overall health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Hill
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Marie Beitelshees
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Blaine A Pfeifer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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43
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Whang YH, Kim SK, Yoon H, Choi SK, Baik YO, Lee C, Lee I. Reduction of free polysaccharide contamination in the production of a 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243909. [PMID: 33301525 PMCID: PMC7728214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoconjugate vaccines are vaccines in which a bacterial polysaccharide antigen is conjugated to a carrier protein to enhance immunogenicity by promoting T cell-dependent immune response. However, the free (unreacted) polysaccharides remaining after the conjugation process can inhibit the immunogenicity of a conjugate vaccine. Thus, we aimed to reduce the unbound free polysaccharides in the polysaccharide-protein conjugation process for the development of a new 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV15) by varying some factors that may affect the conjugation results such as polysaccharide/protein ratio, polysaccharide size, and concentration of a coupling agent in a conjugation reaction mixture. Concentrations of a coupling agent, carbodiimide (EDAC), and a carrier protein (CRM197) used in PCV15 production, during the conjugation process, had little effect on the content of free polysaccharides. However, the size of the polysaccharide was identified as the critical factor to control the free polysaccharide content, with an inverse relationship observed between the molecular weight of the polysaccharide and the residual free polysaccharide content after conjugation. Based on these results, a new PCV15 with low free polysaccharide contamination was produced and tested for immunogenicity using a rabbit model to show that it induces similar level of immune responses in rabbits compared to a comparator vaccine Prevnar13®.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Hee Whang
- R&D Center, EuBiologics Co., Ltd., Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Kyung Kim
- R&D Center, EuBiologics Co., Ltd., Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeseon Yoon
- R&D Center, EuBiologics Co., Ltd., Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seuk Keun Choi
- R&D Center, EuBiologics Co., Ltd., Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Ok Baik
- R&D Center, EuBiologics Co., Ltd., Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chankyu Lee
- R&D Center, EuBiologics Co., Ltd., Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (CL); (IL)
| | - Inhwan Lee
- R&D Center, EuBiologics Co., Ltd., Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (CL); (IL)
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Ahmadi K, Hasaniazad M, Kalani M, Faezi S, Ahmadi N, Enayatkhani M, Mahdavi M, Pouladfar G. Comparative study of the immune responses to the HMS-based fusion protein and capsule-based conjugated molecules as vaccine candidates in a mouse model of Staphylococcus aureus systemic infection. Microb Pathog 2020; 150:104656. [PMID: 33253858 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a powerful pathogen that causes a wide range of infectious diseases and results in a high mortality rate in humans. Treating S. aureus-related infections is extremely difficult because of its ability to resist many antibiotics; therefore, developing an effective vaccine against this infection can be an alternative and promising approach. In this study, we evaluated the protective effects of a Hla-MntC-SACOL0723 multi-epitope protein (HMS) compared with HMS conjugated to polysaccharides 5 and 8 (CP5 and CP8) of S. aureus and CP5 and CP8 in a mouse sepsis model. To evaluate the type of induced immune response, specific IgG, and antibody isotypes (IgG1 and IgG2a) were determined using the ELISA method. The functional activity of these vaccine candidates was assessed by opsonophagocytosis. Mice were infected with S. aureus COL strain and evaluated for bacterial load in the kidney and spleen homogenates. Th1, Th2, and Th17-related cytokines in the spleen cell supernatants were assessed by flow cytometry. The therapeutic effect of specific anti-HMS protein IgG antibodies against S. aureus COL strain infection was evaluated by passive immunization. HMS recombinant protein induced a higher level of Th1, Th2, and Th17-related cytokines compared with conjugated molecules. Also, mice immunized with the HMS protein reduced the bacterial load in the kidney and spleen more than the one that received the conjugated molecules. Our study suggests that the HMS fusion protein and conjugate molecule vaccine candidates could be suitable candidates for the removal of S. aureus in the mouse sepsis model but HMS protein can be a more effective candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Ahmadi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Hasaniazad
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Kalani
- Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sobhan Faezi
- Medical Biotechnology Research Center, School of Paramedicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Nahid Ahmadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Enayatkhani
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Centre, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mahdavi
- Recombinant Vaccine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Immunotherapy Group, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Pouladfar
- Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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45
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Nguyen HTT, Nguyen TH, Otto M. The staphylococcal exopolysaccharide PIA - Biosynthesis and role in biofilm formation, colonization, and infection. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:3324-3334. [PMID: 33240473 PMCID: PMC7674160 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PIA is a key extracellular matrix component in staphylococci and other bacteria. PIA is a cationic, partially deacetylated N-acetylglucosamine polymer. PIA has a major role in bacterial biofilms and biofilm-associated infection.
Exopolysaccharide is a key part of the extracellular matrix that contributes to important mechanisms of bacterial pathogenicity, most notably biofilm formation and immune evasion. In the human pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis, as well as in many other staphylococcal species, the only exopolysaccharide is polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA), a cationic, partially deacetylated homopolymer of N-acetylglucosamine, whose biosynthetic machinery is encoded in the ica locus. PIA production is strongly dependent on environmental conditions and controlled by many regulatory systems. PIA contributes significantly to staphylococcal biofilm formation and immune evasion mechanisms, such as resistance to antimicrobial peptides and ingestion and killing by phagocytes, and presence of the ica genes is associated with infectivity. Due to its role in pathogenesis, PIA has raised considerable interest as a potential vaccine component or target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoai T T Nguyen
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda 20814, MD, USA.,School of Biotechnology, International University, Vietnam National University of Ho Chi Minh City, Khu Pho 6, Thu Duc, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Thuan H Nguyen
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda 20814, MD, USA
| | - Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda 20814, MD, USA
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Bartish M, Del Rincón SV, Rudd CE, Saragovi HU. Aiming for the Sweet Spot: Glyco-Immune Checkpoints and γδ T Cells in Targeted Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:564499. [PMID: 33133075 PMCID: PMC7550643 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.564499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Though a healthy immune system is capable of recognizing and eliminating emergent cancerous cells, an established tumor is adept at escaping immune surveillance. Altered and tumor-specific expression of immunosuppressive cell surface carbohydrates, also termed the “tumor glycocode,” is a prominent mechanism by which tumors can escape anti-tumor immunity. Given their persistent and homogeneous expression, tumor-associated glycans are promising targets to be exploited as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. However, the exploitation of these glycans has been a challenge due to their low immunogenicity, immunosuppressive properties, and the inefficient presentation of glycolipids in a conventional major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted manner. Despite this, a subset of T-cells expressing the gamma and delta chains of the T-cell receptor (γδ T cells) exist with a capacity for MHC-unrestricted antigen recognition and potent inherent anti-tumor properties. In this review, we discuss the role of tumor-associated glycans in anti-tumor immunity, with an emphasis on the potential of γδ T cells to target the tumor glycocode. Understanding the many facets of this interaction holds the potential to unlock new ways to use both tumor-associated glycans and γδ T cells in novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Bartish
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Translational Center for Research in Cancer, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sonia V Del Rincón
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Translational Center for Research in Cancer, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Oncology and Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Christopher E Rudd
- Division of Immuno-Oncology, Research Center Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - H Uri Saragovi
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Translational Center for Research in Cancer, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Oncology and Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Pharmacology and Therapeutics, and Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Virulence Genetics of an Erwinia amylovora Putative Polysaccharide Transporter Family Member. J Bacteriol 2020; 202:JB.00390-20. [PMID: 32839177 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00390-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative enterobacterium Erwinia amylovora causes fire blight disease in apple and pear trees. Lipopolysaccharides and the exopolysaccharide amylovoran are essential E. amylovora virulence factors. We found that mutations in rfbX disrupted amylovoran production and virulence in apple fruits and tree shoots and that the deletion of yibD suppressed the rfbX mutant phenotype. The level of expression of yibD was about 10-fold higher in the ΔrfbX mutant than the wild type. A forward genetic suppressor screen in the ΔrfbX mutant uncovered multiple mutations in yibD and supported the conclusion that the virulence defect of rfbX mutants is due to reduced amylovoran production. The yibD and rfbX genes are expressed as a two-gene operon, yibD rfbX The rfbX gene encodes a previously uncharacterized putative polysaccharide subunit transporter, while yibD encodes a predicted glycosyltransferase. Mutation of rfbX did not have a detectable effect on lipopolysaccharide patterns; however, the overexpression of yibD in both the wild-type and ΔyibD ΔrfbX genetic backgrounds disrupted both amylovoran and lipopolysaccharide production. Additionally, the overexpression of yibD in the ΔyibD ΔrfbX mutant inhibited bacterial growth in amylovoran-inducing medium. This growth inhibition phenotype was used in a forward genetic suppressor screen and reverse-genetics tests to identify several genes involved in lipopolysaccharide production, which, when mutated, restored the ability of the ΔyibD ΔrfbX mutant overexpressing yibD to grow in amylovoran-inducing medium. Remarkably, all the lipopolysaccharide gene mutants tested were defective in lipopolysaccharide and amylovoran production. These results reveal a genetic connection between amylovoran and lipopolysaccharide production in E. amylovora IMPORTANCE This study discovered previously unknown genetic connections between exopolysaccharide and lipopolysaccharide production in the fire blight pathogen Erwinia amylovora This represents a step forward in our understanding of the biology underlying the production of these two macromolecules. Fire blight is an economically important disease that impacts the production of apples and pears worldwide. Few fire blight control measures are available, and growers rely heavily on antibiotic applications at bloom time. Both exopolysaccharide and lipopolysaccharide are E. amylovora virulence factors. Our results indicate that the overexpression of the yibD gene in E. amylovora disrupts both lipopolysaccharide production and exopolysaccharide production. This effect could potentially be used as the basis for the development of an antivirulence treatment for the prevention of fire blight disease.
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Hodžić A, Mateos-Hernández L, de la Fuente J, Cabezas-Cruz A. α-Gal-Based Vaccines: Advances, Opportunities, and Perspectives. Trends Parasitol 2020; 36:992-1001. [PMID: 32948455 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Humans and crown catarrhines evolved with the inability to synthesize the oligosaccharide galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-Gal). In turn, they naturally produce high quantities of the glycan-specific antibodies that can be protective against infectious agents exhibiting the same carbohydrate modification on their surface coat. The protective immunity induced by α-Gal is ensured through an antibody-mediated adaptive and cell-mediated innate immune response. Therefore, the α-Gal antigen represents an attractive and feasible target for developing glycan-based vaccines against multiple diseases. In this review article we provide an insight into our current understanding of the mechanisms involved in the protective immunity to α-Gal and discuss the possibilities and challenges in developing a single-antigen pan-vaccine for prevention and control of parasitic diseases of medical and veterinary concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Hodžić
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Lourdes Mateos-Hernández
- UMR BIPAR, INRAE, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz
- UMR BIPAR, INRAE, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France.
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Li Z, Zheng C, Terreni M, Tanzi L, Sollogoub M, Zhang Y. Novel Vaccine Candidates against Tuberculosis. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:5095-5118. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666181126112124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ranking above AIDS, Tuberculosis (TB) is the ninth leading cause of death affecting and
killing many individuals every year. Drugs’ efficacy is limited by a series of problems such as Multi-
Drug Resistance (MDR) and Extensively-Drug Resistance (XDR). Meanwhile, the only licensed vaccine
BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) existing for over 90 years is not effective enough. Consequently,
it is essential to develop novel vaccines for TB prevention and immunotherapy. This paper
provides an overall review of the TB prevalence, immune system response against TB and recent
progress of TB vaccine research and development. Several vaccines in clinical trials are described as
well as LAM-based candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Li
- Sorbonne Universite, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moleculaire (UMR 8232), 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Changping Zheng
- Sorbonne Universite, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moleculaire (UMR 8232), 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marco Terreni
- Drug Sciences Department, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Lisa Tanzi
- Drug Sciences Department, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Matthieu Sollogoub
- Sorbonne Universite, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moleculaire (UMR 8232), 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Yongmin Zhang
- Sorbonne Universite, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moleculaire (UMR 8232), 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
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50
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Meena J, Kumar R, Singh M, Ahmed A, Panda AK. Modulation of immune response and enhanced clearance of Salmonella typhi by delivery of Vi polysaccharide conjugate using PLA nanoparticles. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 152:270-281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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