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Lin MM, Yang SS, Huang QY, Cui GH, Jia XF, Yang Y, Shi ZM, Ye H, Zhang XZ. Effect and mechanism of Qingre Huashi decoction on drug-resistant Helicobacter pylori. World J Gastroenterol 2024; 30:3086-3105. [PMID: 38983958 PMCID: PMC11230061 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i24.3086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori (HP), the most common pathogenic microorganism in the stomach, can induce inflammatory reactions in the gastric mucosa, causing chronic gastritis and even gastric cancer. HP infection affects over 4.4 billion people globally, with a worldwide infection rate of up to 50%. The multidrug resistance of HP poses a serious challenge to eradication. It has been de-monstrated that compared to bismuth quadruple therapy, Qingre Huashi decoction (QHD) combined with triple therapy exhibits comparable eradication rates but with a lower incidence of adverse reactions; in addition, QHD can directly inhibit and kill HP in vitro. AIM To explore the effect and mechanism of QHD on clinically multidrug-resistant and strong biofilm-forming HP. METHODS In this study, 12 HP strains were isolated in vitro after biopsy during gastroscopy of HP-infected patients. In vitro, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for clinical HP strains and biofilm quantification were determined through the E-test method and crystal violet staining, respectively. The most robust biofilm-forming strain of HP was selected, and QHD was evaluated for its inhibitory and bactericidal effects on the strain with strong biofilm formation. This assessment was performed using agar dilution, E-test, killing dynamics, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The study also explored the impact of QHD on antibiotic resistance in these HP strains with strong biofilm formation. Crystalline violet method, scanning electron microscopy, laser confocal scanning microscopy, and (p)ppGpp chromatographic identification were employed to evaluate the effect of QHD on biofilm in strong biofilm-forming HP strains. The effect of QHD on biofilm and efflux pump-related gene expression was evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Non-targeted metabolomics with UHPLC-MS/MS was used to identify potential metabolic pathways and biomarkers which were different between the NC and QHD groups. RESULTS HP could form biofilms of different degrees in vitro, and the intensity of formation was associated with the drug resistance of the strain. QHD had strong bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects on HP, with MICs of 32-64 mg/mL. QHD could inhibit the biofilm formation of the strong biofilm-forming HP strains, disrupt the biofilm structure, lower the accumulation of (p)ppGpp, decrease the expression of biofilm-related genes including LuxS, Spot, glup (HP1174), NapA, and CagE, and reduce the expression of efflux pump-related genes such as HP0605, HP0971, HP1327, and HP1489. Based on metabolomic analysis, QHD induced oxidative stress in HP, enhanced metabolism, and potentially inhibited relevant signaling pathways by upregulating adenosine monophosphate (AMP), thereby affecting HP growth, metabolism, and protein synthesis. CONCLUSION QHD exerts bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects on HP, and reduces HP drug resistance by inhibiting HP biofilm formation, destroying its biofilm structure, inhibiting the expression of biofilm-related genes and efflux pump-related genes, enhancing HP metabolism, and activating AMP in HP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Miao Lin
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Shan-Shan Yang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Qiu-Yue Huang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Guang-Hui Cui
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Xiao-Fen Jia
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Yao Yang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Zong-Ming Shi
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Hui Ye
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Xue-Zhi Zhang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China
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Kou Y, Zhao H, Cui D, Han H, Tong Z. Formaldehyde toxicity in age-related neurological dementia. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 73:101512. [PMID: 34798299 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The primordial small gaseous molecules, such as: NO, CO, H2S and formaldehyde (FA) are present in the brains. Whether FA as well as the other molecules participates in brain functions is unclear. Recently, its pathophysiological functions have been investigated. Notably, under physiological conditions, learning activity induces a transient generation of hippocampal FA, which promotes memory formation by enhancing N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-currents. However, ageing leads to FA accumulation in brain for the dysregulation of FA metabolism; and excessive FA directly impairs memory by inhibiting NMDA-receptor. Especially, in Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyloid-beta (Aβ) accelerates FA accumulation by inactivating alcohol dehydrogenase-5; in turn, FA promotes Aβ oligomerization, fibrillation and tau hyperphosphorylation. Hence, there is a vicious circle encompassing Aβ assembly and FA generation. Even worse, FA induces Aβ deposition in the extracellular space (ECS), which blocks the medicines (dissolved in the interstitial fluid) flowing into the damaged neurons in the deep cortex. However, phototherapy destroys Aβ deposits in the ECS and restores ISF flow. Coenzyme Q10, which scavenges FA, was shown to ameliorate Aβ-induced AD pathological phenotypes, thus suggesting a causative relation between FA toxicity and AD. These findings suggest that the combination of these two methods is a promising strategy for treating AD.
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3
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Quan T, Liang Z, Pang H, Zeng G, Chen T. A ratiometric ESIPT probe based on 2-aza-Cope rearrangement for rapid and selective detection of formaldehyde in living cells. Analyst 2021; 147:252-261. [PMID: 34931639 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01722e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA) is a crucial reactive signaling molecule participating in epigenetic and metabolic pathways. However, abnormally elevated levels of FA are implicated in various diseases spanning from tumors to neurodegenerative disorders. Despite being highly selective for FA, current 2-aza-Cope-based fluorescent probes leave room for improvement because their relatively slow reaction kinetics (1-9 hours response time) hinder their capability to track transient biological FA. Herein, we present a ratiometric fluorescent probe, FormAFP, based on excited state intramolecular photon transfer (ESIPT) for rapid (within 10 min), selective (above 70-fold over other RCS) and sensitive (240-times fluorescence enhancement with 66 nM detection limit) detection of FA via 2-aza-Cope rearrangement. The probe also displayed a fast response (<20 min) to both exogenous and endogenous FA in living cells. Besides, FormAFP was capable of monitoring FA released by folate degradation in living MCF7 cells. More importantly, FormAFP successfully detected fluctuations of endogenous FA levels in oxidative stress stimulation, demonstrating its potential as an ideal tool to explore FA biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Quan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Zhenhao Liang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Huaiting Pang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Guanling Zeng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Tongsheng Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.,SCNU Qingyuan Institute of Science and Technology Innovation Co., Ltd, Qingyuan 511517, China
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4
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Kinoshita S, Ando M, Ando J, Ishii M, Furukawa Y, Tomita O, Azusawa Y, Shirane S, Kishita Y, Yatsuka Y, Eguchi H, Okazaki Y, Komatsu N. Trigenic ADH5/ ALDH2/ ADGRV1 mutations in myelodysplasia with Usher syndrome. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07804. [PMID: 34458631 PMCID: PMC8379464 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Trio-next generation sequencing is useful to identify undiagnosed inherited diseases. We have attended a patient with trigenic ADH5/ALDH2/ADGRV1 pathogenic variants, which caused two distinct diseases, myelodysplastic syndrome and Usher syndrome. Whole genome sequencing of peripheral blood from the patient and his parents were applied to identify disease-causing genes. Sanger sequencing was performed to validate the identified ADH5/ALDH2/ADGRV1 variants. Our results identified disease-associated variants in ADGRV1 (disease inheritance autosomal recessive) and in ADH5 (disease inheritance also autosomal recessive) and a variant in ALDH2 (disease inheritance autosomal dominant). Although the variants identified in ADH5 and ALDH2 have been reported, their co-existence in association with disease-causing variation in a third gene has not. They broaden the spectrum of ADGRV1 in Usher syndrome. Findings on next generation sequencing guided rapid and accurate diagnosis, resulting in patient-tailored therapeutic intervention. Trigenic ADH5 / ALDH2 / ADGRV1 variants in myelodysplastic syndrome with Usher syndrome were identified. Two novel pathogenic frameshift variants in ADGRV1 in compound heterozygous state with Usher syndrome type II were described. Findings on next generation sequencing guided rapid and accurate diagnosis, resulting in patient-tailored therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Kinoshita
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miki Ando
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Ando
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Transfusion Medicine and Stem Cell Regulation, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Midori Ishii
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Furukawa
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Tomita
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Azusawa
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Stem Cell Regulation, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuichi Shirane
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Kishita
- Diagnostic and Therapeutics of Intractable Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine and Intractable Disease Research Center, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Yatsuka
- Diagnostic and Therapeutics of Intractable Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine and Intractable Disease Research Center, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Eguchi
- Diagnostic and Therapeutics of Intractable Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine and Intractable Disease Research Center, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okazaki
- Diagnostic and Therapeutics of Intractable Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine and Intractable Disease Research Center, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norio Komatsu
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Khan M, Qiao F, Islam SMT, Dhammu TS, Kumar P, Won J, Singh AK, Singh I. GSNOR and ALDH2 alleviate traumatic spinal cord injury. Brain Res 2021; 1758:147335. [PMID: 33545099 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) enhances the activity of S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) and inhibits the mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) activity, resulting in prolonged and sustained pain and functional deficits. This study's objective was to test the hypotheses that GSNOR's specific inhibitor N6022 mitigates pain and improves functional recovery in a mouse model of SCI. Furthermore, the degree of recovery is enhanced and the rate of recovery is accelerated by an ALDH2 activator Alda-1. Using both wild-type and GSNOR-/- mice, the SCI model deployed for groups was contusion at the T9-T10 vertebral level. The enzymatic activity of GSNOR and ALDH2 was measured, and the expression of GSNOR and ALDH2 was determined by western blot analysis. Functional improvements in experimental animals were assessed with locomotor, sensorimotor, and pain-like behavior tests. Wild-type SCI animals had enhanced GSNOR activity and decreased ALDH2 activity, leading to neurovascular dysfunction, edema, and worsened functional outcomes, including locomotor deficits and pain. Compared to wild-type SCI mice, GSNOR-/- mice had better functional outcomes. Monotherapy with either GSNOR inhibition by N6022 or enhanced ALDH2 activity by Alda-1 correlated well with functional recovery and lessened pain. However, combination therapy provided synergistic pain-relieving effects and more significant functional recovery compared with monotherapy. Conclusively, dysregulations in GSNOR and ALDH2 are among the causative mechanisms of SCI injury. Either inhibiting GSNOR or activating ALDH2 ameliorates SCI. Combining the specific inhibitor of GSNOR (N6022) with the selective activator of ALDH2 (Alda-1) provides greater protection to the neurovascular unit and confers greater functional recovery. The study is novel, and the combination therapy (N6022 + Alda-1) possesses translational potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mushfiquddin Khan
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
| | - Fei Qiao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
| | - S M Touhidul Islam
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
| | - Tajinder S Dhammu
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
| | - Pavan Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
| | - Jeseong Won
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
| | - Avtar K Singh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Ralph H Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States.
| | - Inderjit Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Ralph H Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States.
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6
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Nakamura J. Potential Doxorubicin-Mediated Dual-Targeting Chemotherapy in FANC/BRCA-Deficient Tumors via Modulation of Cellular Formaldehyde Concentration. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:2659-2667. [PMID: 32876438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is a widely used classical broad-spectrum anticancer drug. The major mechanism of DOX-mediated anticancer activity at clinically relevant concentrations is believed to be via DNA double-strand breaks due to topoisomerase IIα. However, other mechanisms by which DOX causes cytotoxicity have been proposed, including formaldehyde-dependent virtual interstrand cross-linking (ICL) formation. In this study, a method was established whereby cytotoxicity caused by virtual ICL derived from DOX is turned on and off using a cell culture system. Using this strategy, DOX-mediated cytotoxicity in Fanconi anemia group gene (FANC)/breast cancer susceptibility gene (BRCA)-deficient cells increased up to 70-fold compared to that in cells proficient in DNA repair pathways by increasing intracellular formaldehyde (FA) concentration. This approach also demonstrated that cytotoxicity introduced by DOX-mediated FA-dependent virtual ICL is completely independent of the toxicity induced by topoisomerase II inhibition at the cellular level. The potential of dual-targeting by DOX treatment was verified using an acid-specific FA donor. Overall, anticancer therapy targeting tumors deficient in the FANC/BRCA pathway may be possible by minimizing DOX-induced toxicity in normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Nakamura
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Biosciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan.,Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516, United States
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7
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Nakamura J, Holley DW, Kawamoto T, Bultman SJ. The failure of two major formaldehyde catabolism enzymes (ADH5 and ALDH2) leads to partial synthetic lethality in C57BL/6 mice. Genes Environ 2020; 42:21. [PMID: 32514323 PMCID: PMC7268536 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-020-00160-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exogenous formaldehyde is classified by the IARC as a Category 1 known human carcinogen. Meanwhile, a significant amount of endogenous formaldehyde is produced in the human body; as such, formaldehyde-derived DNA and protein adducts have been detected in animals and humans in the absence of major exogenous formaldehyde exposure. However, the toxicological effects of endogenous formaldehyde on individuals with normal DNA damage repair functions are not well understood. In this study, we attempted to generate C57BL/6 mice deficient in both Adh5 and Aldh2, which encode two major enzymes that metabolize endogenous formaldehyde, in order to understand the effects of endogenous formaldehyde on mice with normal DNA repair function. Results Due to deficiencies in both ADH5 and ALDH2, few mice survived past post-natal day 21. In fact, the survival of pups within the first few days after birth was significantly decreased. Remarkably, two Aldh2 -/- /Adh5 -/- mice survived for 25 days after birth, and we measured their total body weight and organ weights. The body weight of Aldh2 -/- /Adh5 -/- mice decreased significantly by almost 37% compared to the Aldh2 -/- /Adh5 +/- and Aldh2 -/- /Adh5 +/+ mice of the same litter. In addition, the absolute weight of each organ was also significantly reduced. Conclusion Mice deficient in both formaldehyde-metabolizing enzymes ADH5 and ALDH2 were found to develop partial synthetic lethality and mortality shortly after birth. This phenotype may be due to the accumulation of endogenous formaldehyde. No serious phenotype has been reported in people with dysfunctional, dominant-negative ALDH2*2 alleles, but it has been reported that they may be highly susceptible to osteoporosis and neurodegenerative diseases. It is important to further investigate these diseases in individuals with ALDH2*2 alleles, including an association with decreased metabolism, and thus accumulation, of formaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Nakamura
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA.,Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Biosciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Darcy W Holley
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Toshihiro Kawamoto
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Scott J Bultman
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
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8
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Casin KM, Fallica J, Mackowski N, Veenema RJ, Chan A, St Paul A, Zhu G, Bedja D, Biswal S, Kohr MJ. S-Nitrosoglutathione Reductase Is Essential for Protecting the Female Heart From Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Circ Res 2019; 123:1232-1243. [PMID: 30571462 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.118.313956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Protein S-nitros(yl)ation (SNO) has been implicated as an essential mediator of nitric oxide-dependent cardioprotection. Compared with males, female hearts exhibit higher baseline levels of protein SNO and associated with this, reduced susceptibility to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Female hearts also exhibit enhanced S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNO-R) activity, which would typically favor decreased SNO levels as GSNO-R mediates SNO catabolism. OBJECTIVE Because female hearts exhibit higher SNO levels, we hypothesized that GSNO-R is an essential component of sex-dependent cardioprotection in females. METHODS AND RESULTS Male and female wild-type mouse hearts were subjected to ex vivo ischemia-reperfusion injury with or without GSNO-R inhibition (N6022). Control female hearts exhibited enhanced functional recovery and decreased infarct size versus control males. Interestingly, GSNO-R inhibition reversed this sex disparity, significantly reducing injury in male hearts, and exacerbating injury in females. Similar results were obtained with male and female GSNO-R-/- hearts using ex vivo and in vivo models of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Assessment of SNO levels using SNO-resin assisted capture revealed an increase in total SNO levels with GSNO-R inhibition in males, whereas total SNO levels remained unchanged in females. However, we found that although GSNO-R inhibition significantly increased SNO at the cardioprotective Cys39 residue of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) dehydrogenase subunit 3 in males, SNO-NADH dehydrogenase subunit 3 levels were surprisingly reduced in N6022-treated female hearts. Because GSNO-R also acts as a formaldehyde dehydrogenase, we examined postischemic formaldehyde levels and found that they were nearly 2-fold higher in N6022-treated female hearts compared with nontreated hearts. Importantly, the mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 activator, Alda-1, rescued the phenotype in GSNO-R-/- female hearts, significantly reducing infarct size. CONCLUSIONS These striking findings point to GSNO-R as a critical sex-dependent mediator of myocardial protein SNO and formaldehyde levels and further suggest that different therapeutic strategies may be required to combat ischemic heart disease in males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Casin
- From the Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (K.M.C., J.F., N.M., R.J.V., A.C., A.S.P., S.B., M.J.K.)
| | - Jonathan Fallica
- From the Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (K.M.C., J.F., N.M., R.J.V., A.C., A.S.P., S.B., M.J.K.)
| | - Nathan Mackowski
- From the Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (K.M.C., J.F., N.M., R.J.V., A.C., A.S.P., S.B., M.J.K.)
| | - Ryne J Veenema
- From the Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (K.M.C., J.F., N.M., R.J.V., A.C., A.S.P., S.B., M.J.K.)
| | - Ashley Chan
- From the Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (K.M.C., J.F., N.M., R.J.V., A.C., A.S.P., S.B., M.J.K.)
| | - Amanda St Paul
- From the Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (K.M.C., J.F., N.M., R.J.V., A.C., A.S.P., S.B., M.J.K.)
| | - Guangshuo Zhu
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (G.Z., D.B.)
| | - Djahida Bedja
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (G.Z., D.B.)
| | - Shyam Biswal
- From the Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (K.M.C., J.F., N.M., R.J.V., A.C., A.S.P., S.B., M.J.K.)
| | - Mark J Kohr
- From the Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (K.M.C., J.F., N.M., R.J.V., A.C., A.S.P., S.B., M.J.K.)
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9
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Horenberg AL, Houghton AM, Pandey S, Seshadri V, Guilford WH. S-nitrosylation of cytoskeletal proteins. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2019; 76:243-253. [PMID: 30969482 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide has pronounced effects on cellular functions normally associated with the cytoskeleton, including cell motility, shape, contraction, and mitosis. Protein S-nitrosylation, the covalent addition of a NO group to a cysteine sulfur, is a signaling pathway for nitric oxide that acts in parallel to cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), but is poorly studied compared to the latter. There is growing evidence that S-nitrosylation of cytoskeletal proteins selectively alters their function. We review that evidence, and find that S-nitrosylation of cytoskeletal targets has complementary but distinct effects to cyclic-GMP in motile and contractile cells-promoting cell migration, and biasing muscle contraction toward relaxation. However, the effects of S-nitrosylation on a host of cytoskeletal proteins and functions remains to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L Horenberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Alisa M Houghton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Saurav Pandey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Vikram Seshadri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - William H Guilford
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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10
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Jahnová J, Luhová L, Petřivalský M. S-Nitrosoglutathione Reductase-The Master Regulator of Protein S-Nitrosation in Plant NO Signaling. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019. [PMID: 30795534 DOI: 10.3390/plants80200482019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
S-nitrosation has been recognized as an important mechanism of protein posttranslational regulations, based on the attachment of a nitroso group to cysteine thiols. Reversible S-nitrosation, similarly to other redox-base modifications of protein thiols, has a profound effect on protein structure and activity and is considered as a convergence of signaling pathways of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species. In plant, S-nitrosation is involved in a wide array of cellular processes during normal development and stress responses. This review summarizes current knowledge on S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR), a key enzyme which regulates intracellular levels of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) and indirectly also of protein S-nitrosothiols. GSNOR functions are mediated by its enzymatic activity, which catalyzes irreversible GSNO conversion to oxidized glutathione within the cellular catabolism of nitric oxide. GSNOR is involved in the maintenance of balanced levels of reactive nitrogen species and in the control of cellular redox state. Multiple functions of GSNOR in plant development via NO-dependent and -independent signaling mechanisms and in plant defense responses to abiotic and biotic stress conditions have been uncovered. Extensive studies of plants with down- and upregulated GSNOR, together with application of transcriptomics and proteomics approaches, seem promising for new insights into plant S-nitrosothiol metabolism and its regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Jahnová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 11, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Lenka Luhová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 11, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Marek Petřivalský
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 11, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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11
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S-Nitrosoglutathione Reductase-The Master Regulator of Protein S-Nitrosation in Plant NO Signaling. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8020048. [PMID: 30795534 PMCID: PMC6409631 DOI: 10.3390/plants8020048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
S-nitrosation has been recognized as an important mechanism of protein posttranslational regulations, based on the attachment of a nitroso group to cysteine thiols. Reversible S-nitrosation, similarly to other redox-base modifications of protein thiols, has a profound effect on protein structure and activity and is considered as a convergence of signaling pathways of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species. In plant, S-nitrosation is involved in a wide array of cellular processes during normal development and stress responses. This review summarizes current knowledge on S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR), a key enzyme which regulates intracellular levels of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) and indirectly also of protein S-nitrosothiols. GSNOR functions are mediated by its enzymatic activity, which catalyzes irreversible GSNO conversion to oxidized glutathione within the cellular catabolism of nitric oxide. GSNOR is involved in the maintenance of balanced levels of reactive nitrogen species and in the control of cellular redox state. Multiple functions of GSNOR in plant development via NO-dependent and -independent signaling mechanisms and in plant defense responses to abiotic and biotic stress conditions have been uncovered. Extensive studies of plants with down- and upregulated GSNOR, together with application of transcriptomics and proteomics approaches, seem promising for new insights into plant S-nitrosothiol metabolism and its regulation.
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12
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Reingruber H, Pontel LB. Formaldehyde metabolism and its impact on human health. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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13
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Redox regulation of plant S-nitrosoglutathione reductase activity through post-translational modifications of cysteine residues. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 494:27-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.10.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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14
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Wolhuter K, Eaton P. How widespread is stable protein S-nitrosylation as an end-effector of protein regulation? Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 109:156-166. [PMID: 28189849 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 25 years protein S-nitrosylation, also known more correctly as S-nitrosation, has been progressively implicated in virtually every nitric oxide-regulated process within the cardiovascular system. The current, widely-held paradigm is that S-nitrosylation plays an equivalent role as phosphorylation, providing a stable and controllable post-translational modification that directly regulates end-effector target proteins to elicit biological responses. However, this concept largely ignores the intrinsic instability of the nitrosothiol bond, which rapidly reacts with typically abundant thiol-containing molecules to generate more stable disulfide bonds. These protein disulfides, formed via a nitrosothiol intermediate redox state, are rationally anticipated to be the predominant end-effector modification that mediates functional alterations when cells encounter nitrosative stimuli. In this review we present evidence and explain our reasoning for arriving at this conclusion that may be controversial to some researchers in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Wolhuter
- King's College London, Cardiovascular Division, The British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Philip Eaton
- King's College London, Cardiovascular Division, The British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK.
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15
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Tichá T, Činčalová L, Kopečný D, Sedlářová M, Kopečná M, Luhová L, Petřivalský M. Characterization of S-nitrosoglutathione reductase from Brassica and Lactuca spp. and its modulation during plant development. Nitric Oxide 2017; 68:68-76. [PMID: 27940345 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cellular homeostasis of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), a major cache of nitric oxide bioactivity in plants, is controlled by the NADH-dependent S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) belonging to the family of class III alcohol dehydrogenases (EC 1.1.1.1). GSNOR is a key regulator of S-nitrosothiol metabolism and is involved in plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. This study was focused on GSNOR from two important crop plants, cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis, BoGSNOR) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa, LsGSNOR). Both purified recombinant GSNORs were characterized in vitro and found to exists as dimers, exhibit high thermal stability and substrate preference towards GSNO, although both enzymes have dehydrogenase activity with a broad range of long-chain alcohols and ω-hydroxy fatty acids in presence of NAD+. Data on enzyme affinities to their cofactors NADH and NAD+ obtained by isothermal titration calorimetry suggest the high affinity to NADH might underline the GSNOR capacity to function in the intracellular environment. GSNOR activity and gene expression peak during early developmental stages of lettuce and cauliflower at 20 and 30 days after germination, respectively. GSNOR activity was also measured in four other Lactuca spp. genotypes with different degree of resistance to biotrophic pathogen Bremia lactucae. Higher GSNOR activities were found in non-infected plants of susceptible genotypes L. sativa UCDM2 and L. serriola as compared to resistant genotypes. GSNOR and GSNO were localized by confocal laser scanning microscopy in vascular bundles and in epidermal and parenchymal cells of leaf cross-sections. The presented results bring new insight in the role of GSNOR in the regulation of S-nitrosothiol levels in plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Tichá
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Činčalová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - David Kopečný
- Department of Protein Biochemistry and Proteomics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Sedlářová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Kopečná
- Department of Protein Biochemistry and Proteomics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Luhová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Petřivalský
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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16
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Barnett SD, Buxton ILO. The role of S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) in human disease and therapy. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 52:340-354. [PMID: 28393572 PMCID: PMC5597050 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2017.1304353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR), or ADH5, is an enzyme in the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) family. It is unique when compared to other ADH enzymes in that primary short-chain alcohols are not its principle substrate. GSNOR metabolizes S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), S-hydroxymethylglutathione (the spontaneous adduct of formaldehyde and glutathione), and some alcohols. GSNOR modulates reactive nitric oxide (•NO) availability in the cell by catalyzing the breakdown of GSNO, and indirectly regulates S-nitrosothiols (RSNOs) through GSNO-mediated protein S-nitrosation. The dysregulation of GSNOR can significantly alter cellular homeostasis, leading to disease. GSNOR plays an important regulatory role in smooth muscle relaxation, immune function, inflammation, neuronal development and cancer progression, among many other processes. In recent years, the therapeutic inhibition of GSNOR has been investigated to treat asthma, cystic fibrosis and interstitial lung disease (ILD). The direct action of •NO on cellular pathways, as well as the important regulatory role of protein S-nitrosation, is closely tied to GSNOR regulation and defines this enzyme as an important therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Barnett
- a Department of Pharmacology , University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine , Reno , NV , USA
| | - Iain L O Buxton
- a Department of Pharmacology , University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine , Reno , NV , USA
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17
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Tichá T, Luhová L, Petřivalský M. Functions and Metabolism of S-Nitrosothiols and S-Nitrosylation of Proteins in Plants: The Role of GSNOR. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-40713-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Chen NH, Djoko KY, Veyrier FJ, McEwan AG. Formaldehyde Stress Responses in Bacterial Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:257. [PMID: 26973631 PMCID: PMC4776306 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Formaldehyde is the simplest of all aldehydes and is highly cytotoxic. Its use and associated dangers from environmental exposure have been well documented. Detoxification systems for formaldehyde are found throughout the biological world and they are especially important in methylotrophic bacteria, which generate this compound as part of their metabolism of methanol. Formaldehyde metabolizing systems can be divided into those dependent upon pterin cofactors, sugar phosphates and those dependent upon glutathione. The more prevalent thiol-dependent formaldehyde detoxification system is found in many bacterial pathogens, almost all of which do not metabolize methane or methanol. This review describes the endogenous and exogenous sources of formaldehyde, its toxic effects and mechanisms of detoxification. The methods of formaldehyde sensing are also described with a focus on the formaldehyde responsive transcription factors HxlR, FrmR, and NmlR. Finally, the physiological relevance of detoxification systems for formaldehyde in bacterial pathogens is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan H Chen
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD, Australia
| | - Karrera Y Djoko
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD, Australia
| | - Frédéric J Veyrier
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université du Québec, Laval QC, Canada
| | - Alastair G McEwan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD, Australia
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19
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Nakamura T, Lipton SA. Protein S-Nitrosylation as a Therapeutic Target for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 37:73-84. [PMID: 26707925 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
At physiological levels, nitric oxide (NO) contributes to the maintenance of normal neuronal activity and survival, thus serving as an important regulatory mechanism in the central nervous system. By contrast, accumulating evidence suggests that exposure to environmental toxins or the normal aging process can trigger excessive production of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (such as NO), contributing to the etiology of several neurodegenerative diseases. We highlight here protein S-nitrosylation, resulting from covalent attachment of an NO group to a cysteine thiol of the target protein, as a ubiquitous effector of NO signaling in both health and disease. We review our current understanding of this redox-dependent post-translational modification under neurodegenerative conditions, and evaluate how targeting dysregulated protein S-nitrosylation can lead to novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stuart A Lipton
- Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA.
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20
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Pontel LB, Rosado IV, Burgos-Barragan G, Garaycoechea JI, Yu R, Arends MJ, Chandrasekaran G, Broecker V, Wei W, Liu L, Swenberg JA, Crossan GP, Patel KJ. Endogenous Formaldehyde Is a Hematopoietic Stem Cell Genotoxin and Metabolic Carcinogen. Mol Cell 2015; 60:177-88. [PMID: 26412304 PMCID: PMC4595711 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous formaldehyde is produced by numerous biochemical pathways fundamental to life, and it can crosslink both DNA and proteins. However, the consequences of its accumulation are unclear. Here we show that endogenous formaldehyde is removed by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase 5 (ADH5/GSNOR), and Adh5(-/-) mice therefore accumulate formaldehyde adducts in DNA. The repair of this damage is mediated by FANCD2, a DNA crosslink repair protein. Adh5(-/-)Fancd2(-/-) mice reveal an essential requirement for these protection mechanisms in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), leading to their depletion and precipitating bone marrow failure. More widespread formaldehyde-induced DNA damage also causes karyomegaly and dysfunction of hepatocytes and nephrons. Bone marrow transplantation not only rescued hematopoiesis but, surprisingly, also preserved nephron function. Nevertheless, all of these animals eventually developed fatal malignancies. Formaldehyde is therefore an important source of endogenous DNA damage that is counteracted in mammals by a conserved protection mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas B Pontel
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Ivan V Rosado
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK; Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS) Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | | | - Juan I Garaycoechea
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Rui Yu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mark J Arends
- University of Edinburgh Division of Pathology, Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | | | - Verena Broecker
- Department of Histopathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Limin Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - James A Swenberg
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Gerry P Crossan
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Ketan J Patel
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK; Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.
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21
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Lemire BD. Glutathione metabolism links FOXRED1 to NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) deficiency: A hypothesis. Mitochondrion 2015; 24:105-12. [PMID: 26235939 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
FOXRED1 mutations result in complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) deficiencies and Leigh syndrome (subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy). FOXRED1 is a mitochondrial flavoprotein related to N-methyl amino acid dehydrogenases. How is FOXRED1 required for the biogenesis of complex I? I present a hypothesis that suggests FOXRED1 catalytic activity as a sarcosine oxidase protects the developing fetus from oxidative stress during pregnancy. Loss of FOXRED1, coupled with protein, choline and/or folate-deficient diets results in the depletion of glutathione, the dysregulation of nitric oxide metabolism and the peroxynitrite-mediated inactivation of complex I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard D Lemire
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G2H7, Canada.
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22
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Dorokhov YL, Shindyapina AV, Sheshukova EV, Komarova TV. Metabolic methanol: molecular pathways and physiological roles. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:603-44. [PMID: 25834233 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00034.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Methanol has been historically considered an exogenous product that leads only to pathological changes in the human body when consumed. However, in normal, healthy individuals, methanol and its short-lived oxidized product, formaldehyde, are naturally occurring compounds whose functions and origins have received limited attention. There are several sources of human physiological methanol. Fruits, vegetables, and alcoholic beverages are likely the main sources of exogenous methanol in the healthy human body. Metabolic methanol may occur as a result of fermentation by gut bacteria and metabolic processes involving S-adenosyl methionine. Regardless of its source, low levels of methanol in the body are maintained by physiological and metabolic clearance mechanisms. Although human blood contains small amounts of methanol and formaldehyde, the content of these molecules increases sharply after receiving even methanol-free ethanol, indicating an endogenous source of the metabolic methanol present at low levels in the blood regulated by a cluster of genes. Recent studies of the pathogenesis of neurological disorders indicate metabolic formaldehyde as a putative causative agent. The detection of increased formaldehyde content in the blood of both neurological patients and the elderly indicates the important role of genetic and biochemical mechanisms of maintaining low levels of methanol and formaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri L Dorokhov
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; and N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia V Shindyapina
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; and N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V Sheshukova
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; and N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Komarova
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; and N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
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23
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Doctor A, Stamler JS. Nitric oxide transport in blood: a third gas in the respiratory cycle. Compr Physiol 2013; 1:541-68. [PMID: 23737185 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c090009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The trapping, processing, and delivery of nitric oxide (NO) bioactivity by red blood cells (RBCs) have emerged as a conserved mechanism through which regional blood flow is linked to biochemical cues of perfusion sufficiency. We present here an expanded paradigm for the human respiratory cycle based on the coordinated transport of three gases: NO, O₂, and CO₂. By linking O₂ and NO flux, RBCs couple vessel caliber (and thus blood flow) to O₂ availability in the lung and to O₂ need in the periphery. The elements required for regulated O₂-based signal transduction via controlled NO processing within RBCs are presented herein, including S-nitrosothiol (SNO) synthesis by hemoglobin and O₂-regulated delivery of NO bioactivity (capture, activation, and delivery of NO groups at sites remote from NO synthesis by NO synthase). The role of NO transport in the respiratory cycle at molecular, microcirculatory, and system levels is reviewed. We elucidate the mechanism through which regulated NO transport in blood supports O₂ homeostasis, not only through adaptive regulation of regional systemic blood flow but also by optimizing ventilation-perfusion matching in the lung. Furthermore, we discuss the role of NO transport in the central control of breathing and in baroreceptor control of blood pressure, which subserve O₂ supply to tissue. Additionally, malfunctions of this transport and signaling system that are implicated in a wide array of human pathophysiologies are described. Understanding the (dys)function of NO processing in blood is a prerequisite for the development of novel therapies that target the vasoactive capacities of RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Doctor
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, St. Louis, MO, USA
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24
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Tulpule K, Dringen R. Formaldehyde in brain: an overlooked player in neurodegeneration? J Neurochem 2013; 127:7-21. [PMID: 23800365 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde is an environmental pollutant that is also generated in substantial amounts in the human body during normal metabolism. This aldehyde is a well-established neurotoxin that affects memory, learning, and behavior. In addition, in several pathological conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, an increase in the expression of formaldehyde-generating enzymes and elevated levels of formaldehyde in brain have been reported. This article gives an overview on the current knowledge on the generation and metabolism of formaldehyde in brain cells as well as on formaldehyde-induced alterations in metabolic processes. Brain cells have the potential to generate and to dispose formaldehyde. In culture, both astrocytes and neurons efficiently oxidize formaldehyde to formate which can be exported or further oxidized. Although moderate concentrations of formaldehyde are not acutely toxic for brain cells, exposure to formaldehyde severely affects their metabolism as demonstrated by the formaldehyde-induced acceleration of glycolytic flux and by the rapid multidrug resistance protein 1-mediated export of glutathione from both astrocytes and neurons. These formaldehyde-induced alterations in the metabolism of brain cells may contribute to the impaired cognitive performance observed after formaldehyde exposure and to the neurodegeneration in diseases that are associated with increased formaldehyde levels in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketki Tulpule
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pashan, Pune, India
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25
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Tulpule K, Hohnholt MC, Dringen R. Formaldehyde metabolism and formaldehyde-induced stimulation of lactate production and glutathione export in cultured neurons. J Neurochem 2013; 125:260-72. [PMID: 23356791 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Formaldehyde is endogenously produced in the human body and brain levels of this compound are elevated in neurodegenerative conditions. Although the toxic potential of an excess of formaldehyde has been studied, little is known on the molecular mechanisms underlying its neurotoxicity as well as on the ability of neurons to metabolize formaldehyde. To address these topics, we have used cerebellar granule neuron cultures as model system. These cultures express mRNAs of various enzymes that are involved in formaldehyde metabolism and were remarkably resistant toward acute formaldehyde toxicity. Cerebellar granule neurons metabolized formaldehyde with a rate of around 200 nmol/(h × mg) which was accompanied by significant increases in the cellular and extracellular concentrations of formate. In addition, formaldehyde application significantly increased glucose consumption, almost doubled the rate of lactate release from viable neurons and strongly accelerated the export of the antioxidant glutathione. The latter process was completely prevented by inhibition of the known glutathione exporter multidrug resistance protein 1. These data indicate that cerebellar granule neurons are capable of metabolizing formaldehyde and that the neuronal glycolysis and glutathione export are severely affected by the presence of formaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketki Tulpule
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.,Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, Leobener Strasse, Bremen, Germany
| | - Michaela C Hohnholt
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.,Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, Leobener Strasse, Bremen, Germany
| | - Ralf Dringen
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.,Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, Leobener Strasse, Bremen, Germany
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26
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Fitzpatrick AM, Jones DP, Brown LAS. Glutathione redox control of asthma: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 17:375-408. [PMID: 22304503 PMCID: PMC3353819 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 01/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways associated with airway hyper-responsiveness and airflow limitation in response to specific triggers. Whereas inflammation is important for tissue regeneration and wound healing, the profound and sustained inflammatory response associated with asthma may result in airway remodeling that involves smooth muscle hypertrophy, epithelial goblet-cell hyperplasia, and permanent deposition of airway extracellular matrix proteins. Although the specific mechanisms responsible for asthma are still being unraveled, free radicals such as reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species are important mediators of airway tissue damage that are increased in subjects with asthma. There is also a growing body of literature implicating disturbances in oxidation/reduction (redox) reactions and impaired antioxidant defenses as a risk factor for asthma development and asthma severity. Ultimately, these redox-related perturbations result in a vicious cycle of airway inflammation and injury that is not always amenable to current asthma therapy, particularly in cases of severe asthma. This review will discuss disruptions of redox signaling and control in asthma with a focus on the thiol, glutathione, and reduced (thiol) form (GSH). First, GSH synthesis, GSH distribution, and GSH function and homeostasis are discussed. We then review the literature related to GSH redox balance in health and asthma, with an emphasis on human studies. Finally, therapeutic opportunities to restore the GSH redox balance in subjects with asthma are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Fitzpatrick
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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27
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Green LS, Chun LE, Patton AK, Sun X, Rosenthal GJ, Richards JP. Mechanism of inhibition for N6022, a first-in-class drug targeting S-nitrosoglutathione reductase. Biochemistry 2012; 51:2157-68. [PMID: 22335564 DOI: 10.1021/bi201785u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
N6022 is a novel, first-in-class drug with potent inhibitory activity against S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR), an enzyme important in the metabolism of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) and in the maintenance of nitric oxide (NO) homeostasis. Inhibition of GSNOR by N6022 and related compounds has shown safety and efficacy in animal models of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and inflammatory bowel disease [Sun, X., et al. (2011) ACS Med. Chem. Lett. 2, 402-406]. N6022 is currently in early phase clinical studies in humans. We show here that N6022 is a tight-binding, specific, and fully reversible inhibitor of GSNOR with an IC(50) of 8 nM and a K(i) of 2.5 nM. We accounted for the fact that the NAD(+)- and NADH-dependent oxidation and reduction reactions, catalyzed by GSNOR are bisubstrate in nature in our calculations. N6022 binds in the GSNO substrate binding pocket like a competitive inhibitor, although in kinetic assays it behaves with a mixed uncompetitive mode of inhibition (MOI) toward the GSNO substrate and a mixed competitive MOI toward the formaldehyde adduct, S-hydroxymethylglutathione (HMGSH). N6022 is uncompetitive with cofactors NAD(+) and NADH. The potency, specificity, and MOI of related GSNOR inhibitor compounds are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis S Green
- N30 Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
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Sun X, Qiu J, Strong SA, Green LS, Wasley JWF, Blonder JP, Colagiovanni DB, Stout AM, Mutka SC, Richards JP, Rosenthal GJ. Structure-activity relationship of pyrrole based S-nitrosoglutathione reductase inhibitors: carboxamide modification. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:2338-42. [PMID: 22342142 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) is a member of the alcohol dehydrogenase family (ADH) that regulates the levels of S-nitrosothiols (SNOs) through catabolism of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO). GSNO and SNOs are implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases including those in respiratory, gastrointestinal, and cardiovascular systems. The pyrrole based N6022 was recently identified as a potent, selective, reversible, and efficacious GSNOR inhibitor which is currently in clinical development for acute asthma. We describe here the synthesis and structure-activity relationships (SAR) of novel pyrrole based analogs of N6022 focusing on carboxamide modifications on the pendant N-phenyl moiety. We have identified potent and novel GSNOR inhibitors that demonstrate efficacy in an ovalbumin (OVA) induced asthma model in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xicheng Sun
- N30 Pharmaceuticals LLC, 3122 Sterling Circle, Boulder, CO 80301, USA.
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29
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Tulpule K, Dringen R. Formate generated by cellular oxidation of formaldehyde accelerates the glycolytic flux in cultured astrocytes. Glia 2012; 60:582-93. [PMID: 22258934 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde is a neurotoxic compound that can be endogenously generated in the brain. Because astrocytes play a key role in metabolism and detoxification processes in brain, we have investigated the capacity of these cells to metabolize formaldehyde using primary astrocyte-rich cultures as a model system. Application of formaldehyde to these cultures resulted in the appearance of formate in cells and in a time-, concentration- and temperature-dependent disappearance of formaldehyde from the medium that was accompanied by a matching extracellular accumulation of formate. This formaldehyde-oxidizing capacity of astrocyte cultures is likely to be catalyzed by alcohol dehydrogenase 3 and aldehyde dehydrogenase 2, because the cells of the cultures contain the mRNAs of these formaldehyde-oxidizing enzymes. In addition, exposure to formaldehyde increased both glucose consumption and lactate production by the cells. Both the strong increase in the cellular formate content and the increase in glycolytic flux were only observed after application of formaldehyde to the cells, but not after treatment with exogenous methanol or formate. The accelerated lactate production was not additive to that obtained for azide, a known inhibitor of complex IV of the respiratory chain, and persisted after removal of formaldehyde after a formaldehyde exposure for 1.5 h. These data demonstrate that cultured astrocytes efficiently oxidize formaldehyde to formate, which subsequently enhances glycolytic flux, most likely by inhibition of mitochondrial respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketki Tulpule
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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Šírová J, Sedlářová M, Piterková J, Luhová L, Petřivalský M. The role of nitric oxide in the germination of plant seeds and pollen. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 181:560-72. [PMID: 21893253 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Two complex physiological processes, with opposite positions in the plant's life-cycle, seed and pollen germination, are vital to the accomplishment of successful plant growth and reproduction. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of the intersection of NO signalling with the signalling pathways of ABA, GA, and ethylene; plant hormones that control the release of plant seeds from dormancy and germination. The cross-talk of NO and ROS is involved in the light- and hormone-specific regulation of seeds' developmental processes during the initiation of plant ontogenesis. Similarly to seed germination, the mechanisms of plant pollen hydration, germination, tube growth, as well as pollen-stigma recognition are tightly linked to the proper adjustment of NO and ROS levels. The interaction of NO with ROS and secondary messengers such as Ca(2+), cAMP and cGMP discovered in pollen represent a common mechanism of NO signalling. The involvement of NO in both breakpoints of plant physiology, as well as in the germination of spores within fungi and oomycetes, points toward NO as a component of an evolutionary conserved signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Šírová
- Department of Biochemistry, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 11, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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31
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McEwan AG, Djoko KY, Chen NH, Couñago RLM, Kidd SP, Potter AJ, Jennings MP. Novel bacterial MerR-like regulators their role in the response to carbonyl and nitrosative stress. Adv Microb Physiol 2011; 58:1-22. [PMID: 21722790 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381043-4.00001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Recognition of the diversity of transcriptional regulators of the MerR family has increased considerably over the last decade and it has been established that not all MerR-like regulators are involved in metal ion recognition. A new type of MerR-like regulator was identified in Neisseria gonorrhoeae that is distinct from metal-binding MerR proteins. This novel transcription factor, the Neisseria merR-like regulator (NmlR) is related to a large and diverse group of MerR-like regulators. A common feature of the majority of the genes encoding the nmlR-related genes is that they predicted to control the expression of adhC, which encodes a glutathione-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase. The function of the NmlR regulon appears to be to defend the bacterial cell against carbonyl stress and in some cases nitrosative stress. A potential role for NmlR in bacterial pathogenesis has been identified in Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Although it is not known how NmlR is activated it is suggested that conserved cysteine residues may be involved in thiol-based signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair G McEwan
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
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Golden R. Identifying an indoor air exposure limit for formaldehyde considering both irritation and cancer hazards. Crit Rev Toxicol 2011; 41:672-721. [PMID: 21635194 PMCID: PMC3175005 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2011.573467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde is a well-studied chemical and effects from inhalation exposures have been extensively characterized in numerous controlled studies with human volunteers, including asthmatics and other sensitive individuals, which provide a rich database on exposure concentrations that can reliably produce the symptoms of sensory irritation. Although individuals can differ in their sensitivity to odor and eye irritation, the majority of authoritative reviews of the formaldehyde literature have concluded that an air concentration of 0.3 ppm will provide protection from eye irritation for virtually everyone. A weight of evidence-based formaldehyde exposure limit of 0.1 ppm (100 ppb) is recommended as an indoor air level for all individuals for odor detection and sensory irritation. It has recently been suggested by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), the National Toxicology Program (NTP), and the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) that formaldehyde is causally associated with nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) and leukemia. This has led US EPA to conclude that irritation is not the most sensitive toxic endpoint and that carcinogenicity should dictate how to establish exposure limits for formaldehyde. In this review, a number of lines of reasoning and substantial scientific evidence are described and discussed, which leads to a conclusion that neither point of contact nor systemic effects of any type, including NPC or leukemia, are causally associated with exposure to formaldehyde. This conclusion supports the view that the equivocal epidemiology studies that suggest otherwise are almost certainly flawed by identified or yet to be unidentified confounding variables. Thus, this assessment concludes that a formaldehyde indoor air limit of 0.1 ppm should protect even particularly susceptible individuals from both irritation effects and any potential cancer hazard.
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Gordge MP, Xiao F. S-nitrosothiols as selective antithrombotic agents - possible mechanisms. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 159:1572-80. [PMID: 20233220 PMCID: PMC2925480 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00670.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Revised: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
S-nitrosothiols have a number of potential clinical applications, among which their use as antithrombotic agents has been emphasized. This is largely because of their well-documented platelet inhibitory effects, which show a degree of platelet selectivity, although the mechanism of this remains undefined. Recent progress in understanding how nitric oxide (NO)-related signalling is delivered into cells from stable S-nitrosothiol compounds has revealed a variety of pathways, in particular denitrosation by enzymes located at the cell surface, and transport of intact S-nitrosocysteine via the amino acid transporter system-L (L-AT). Differences in the role of these pathways in platelets and vascular cells may in part explain the reported platelet-selective action. In addition, emerging evidence that S-nitrosothiols regulate key targets on the exofacial surfaces of cells involved in the thrombotic process (for example, protein disulphide isomerase, integrins and tissue factor) suggests novel antithrombotic actions, which may not even require transmembrane delivery of NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Gordge
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Westminster, London, UK.
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Thompson CM, Ceder R, Grafström RC. Formaldehyde dehydrogenase: beyond phase I metabolism. Toxicol Lett 2009; 193:1-3. [PMID: 19963048 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2009] [Revised: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 11/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde dehydrogenase, formally Class III alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH3), has recently been discovered to partially regulate nitrosothiol homeostasis by catalyzing the reduction of the endogenous nitrosylating agent S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO). Several studies have implicated this enzyme, and in particular GSNO reduction, as playing an important role in conditions such as asthma, cardiovascular disease, and immune function. While ADH3 has received considerable attention in the biomedical literature where it is often referred to as GSNO reductase (GSNOR), ADH3-mediated GSNO reduction has received comparatively less attention in the environmental toxicology community. Herein, evidences for a role of ADH3 in cell signaling through thiol homeostasis is highlighted, underscoring that the enzyme functions more broadly than to metabolize formaldehyde.
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Thompson CM, Grafström RC. Commentary: mechanistic considerations for associations between formaldehyde exposure and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Environ Health 2009; 8:53. [PMID: 19939253 PMCID: PMC2788541 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-8-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Occupational exposure to formaldehyde has been linked to nasopharyngeal carcinoma. To date, mechanistic explanations for this association have primarily focused on formaldehyde-induced cytotoxicity, regenerative hyperplasia and DNA damage. However, recent studies broaden the potential mechanisms as it is now well established that formaldehyde dehydrogenase, identical to S-nitrosoglutathione reductase, is an important mediator of cGMP-independent nitric oxide signaling pathways. We have previously described mechanisms by which formaldehyde can influence nitrosothiol homeostasis thereby leading to changes in pulmonary physiology. Considering evidences that nitrosothiols govern the Epstein-Barr virus infection cycle, and that the virus is strongly implicated in the etiology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, studies are needed to examine the potential for formaldehyde to reactivate the Epstein-Barr virus as well as additively or synergistically interact with the virus to potentiate epithelial cell transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad M Thompson
- ToxStrategies, Inc, 23501 Cinco Ranch Blvd, Suite G265, Katy, TX 77494, USA
| | - Roland C Grafström
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Medical Biotechnology, PO Box 106, FI-20521 Turku, Finland
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