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Liu J, Zheng Y, Yang S, Zhang L, Liu B, Zhang J, Yu X, Wei X, Li S, Wang J, Lv H. Targeting antioxidant factor Nrf2 by raffinose ameliorates lipid dysmetabolism-induced pyroptosis, inflammation and fibrosis in NAFLD. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 130:155756. [PMID: 38833791 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a persistent liver condition that affects both human health and animal productive efficiency on a global scale. A number of naturally occurring compounds activate nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) as a transcription factor with important protective effects against many liver diseases, including NAFLD. Raffinose (Ra), an oligosaccharide extracted from several plants, exhibits diverse biological functions. However, the uncertainty lies in determining whether the activation of Nrf2 by Ra can provide a preventive effect on liver lipotoxicity. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to shed light on the molecular pathways by which Ra possesses its protective benefits against NAFLD. METHODS Experimental protocols were established using WT and Nrf2-null (Nrf2-/-) mice. Liver samples from each group were collected for Western blot, RT-qPCR, H & E, Sirius red and Oil red O staining. Additionally, serums were processed for ELISA. ALM12 cells were gathered for Western blot and immunofluorescence. Moreover, to elucidate the molecular mechanism of Ra, molecular docking was performed. RESULTS Our results indicated that Ra remarkably alleviated liver lipotoxic in vivo and in vitro. Ra treatment effectively corrected hepatic steatosis, the release of AST, ALT, TG, and TC, as well as the depletion of HDL and LDL. Meanwhile, Ra efficiently prevented inflammation by inhibiting the TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB pathway and pyroptosis. Additionally, these findings implied that Ra reduced the production of fibrosis-related proteins, which enhanced collagen deposition. Molecular docking revealed that Ra possessed the ability to bind specific regions of Nrf2, resulting in the enhancement of Nrf2 activation and nuclear translocation. Ra treatment restored serum redox factors and antioxidant enzymes to normal levels; however, these alterations were clearly reversed in Nrf2-/- mice. CONCLUSION This study reveals novel information on Ra's protective benefits against liver injury caused by abnormal lipid metabolism; these effects are mostly mediated by Nrf2 activation, suggesting a potential new medicine or treatment strategy for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahe Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, PR China
| | - Yuwei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, PR China
| | - Songya Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, PR China
| | - Lihan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, PR China
| | - Bingxue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, PR China
| | - Jiexing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, PR China
| | - Xiaoqing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, PR China
| | - Xiangjian Wei
- Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, PR China
| | - Shize Li
- Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, PR China
| | - Jianfa Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, PR China.
| | - Hongming Lv
- Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, PR China.
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Chen S, Fu Y, Wang T, Chen Z, Zhao P, Huang X, Qiao M, Li T, Song L. Effect of 2'-Fucosyllactose on Beige Adipocyte Formation in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes and C3H10T1/2 Cells. Foods 2023; 12:4137. [PMID: 38002194 PMCID: PMC10670332 DOI: 10.3390/foods12224137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
2'-Fucosyllactose (2'-FL), the functional oligosaccharide naturally present in milk, has been shown to exert health benefits. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL) on the browning of white adipose tissue in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and C3H10T1/2 cells. The results revealed that 2'-FL decreased lipid accumulations with reduced intracellular triglyceride contents in vitro. 2'-FL intervention increased the mitochondria density and the proportion of UCP1-positive cells. The mRNA expressions of the mitochondrial biogenesis-related and browning markers (Cox7a, Cyto C, Tfam, Ucp1, Pgc1α, Prdm16, Cidea, Elovl3, Pparα, CD137, and Tmem26) were increased after 2'-FL intervention to some extent. Similarly, the protein expression of the browning markers, including UCP1, PGC1α, and PRDM16, was up-regulated in the 2'-FL group. Additionally, an adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibitor, compound C (1 μM), significantly decreased the induction of thermogenic proteins expressions mediated by 2'-FL, indicating that the 2'-FL-enhanced beige cell formation was partially dependent on the AMPK pathway. In conclusion, 2'-FL effectively promoted the browning of white adipose in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siru Chen
- Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Food Processing and Circulation Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.C.); (Z.C.)
| | - Yankun Fu
- Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Food Processing and Circulation Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.C.); (Z.C.)
| | - Tianlin Wang
- Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Food Processing and Circulation Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.C.); (Z.C.)
| | - Zhenglin Chen
- Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Food Processing and Circulation Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.C.); (Z.C.)
| | - Peijun Zhao
- Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Food Processing and Circulation Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.C.); (Z.C.)
| | - Xianqing Huang
- Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Food Processing and Circulation Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.C.); (Z.C.)
- Henan Technology Innovation Center of Meat Processing and Research, College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Mingwu Qiao
- Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Food Processing and Circulation Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.C.); (Z.C.)
- Henan Technology Innovation Center of Meat Processing and Research, College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Tiange Li
- Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Food Processing and Circulation Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.C.); (Z.C.)
| | - Lianjun Song
- Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Food Processing and Circulation Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.C.); (Z.C.)
- Henan Technology Innovation Center of Meat Processing and Research, College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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3
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Lijina P, Manjunatha JR, Gnanesh Kumar BS. Characterization of free oligosaccharides from garden cress seed aqueous exudate using PGC LC-MS/MS and NMR spectroscopy. Carbohydr Res 2023; 532:108914. [PMID: 37541111 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.108914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Garden cress seeds produces mucilage that has found various food applications, however, there is little information on the free oligosaccharides (FOS) contents in these seeds. Herein, we explored the presence of FOS in cress seed aqueous exudate. PGC-LC MS/MS analysis indicated the presence of mainly hexose containing oligosaccharides such as raffinose, stachyose and verbascose belonging to raffinose family of oligosaccharides (RFOs). In addition, minor fraction of planteose, isomeric tri- and tetrasaccharides were also observed. Further, the structural confirmation of the abundant tri- and tetrasaccharide were obtained through 1D and 2D NMR analysis. Thus, the RFOs presence in cress seeds would enhance its bio-functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lijina
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysuru, 570020, Karnataka, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - J R Manjunatha
- Central Instrumentation Facility and Service, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysuru, 570020, Karnataka, India
| | - B S Gnanesh Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysuru, 570020, Karnataka, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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4
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Wang W, Yang W, Dai Y, Liu J, Chen ZY. Production of Food-Derived Bioactive Peptides with Potential Application in the Management of Diabetes and Obesity: A Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37027889 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes mellitus and obesity is increasing worldwide. Bioactive peptides are naturally present in foods or in food-derived proteins. Recent research has shown that these bioactive peptides have an array of possible health benefits in the management of diabetes and obesity. First, this review will summarize the top-down and bottom-up production methods of the bioactive peptides from different protein sources. Second, the digestibility, bioavailability, and metabolic fate of the bioactive peptides are discussed. Last, the present review will discuss and explore the mechanisms by which these bioactive peptides help against obesity and diabetes based on in vitro and in vivo studies. Although several clinical studies have demonstrated that bioactive peptides are beneficial in alleviating diabetes and obesity, more double-blind randomized controlled trials are needed in the future. This review has provided novel insights into the potential of food-derived bioactive peptides as functional foods or nutraceuticals to manage obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wenjian Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yi Dai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jianhui Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Chen
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
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5
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Ramasubbu K, Devi Rajeswari V. Impairment of insulin signaling pathway PI3K/Akt/mTOR and insulin resistance induced AGEs on diabetes mellitus and neurodegenerative diseases: a perspective review. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 478:1307-1324. [PMID: 36308670 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04587-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is common in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, kidney diseases, and polycystic ovary syndrome. Impairment in insulin signaling pathways, such as the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, would lead to insulin resistance. It might induce the synthesis and deposition of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), reactive oxygen species, and reactive nitrogen species, resulting in stress, protein misfolding, protein accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, reticulum function, and metabolic syndrome dysregulation, inflammation, and apoptosis. It plays a huge role in various neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and Amyloid lateral sclerosis. In this review, we intend to focus on the possible effect of insulin resistance in the progression of neurodegeneration via the impaired P13K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, AGEs, and receptors for AGEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanagavalli Ramasubbu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, Vellore, 632014, India
| | - V Devi Rajeswari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, Vellore, 632014, India.
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6
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Li X, Wu J, Xu F, Chu C, Li X, Shi X, Zheng W, Wang Z, Jia Y, Xiao W. Use of Ferulic Acid in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27186010. [PMID: 36144745 PMCID: PMC9503003 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27186010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disease mainly characterized by hyperglycemia, is becoming a serious social health problem worldwide with growing prevalence. Many natural compounds have been found to be effective in the prevention and treatment of diabetes, with negligible toxic effects. Ferulic acid (FA), a phenolic compound commonly found in medicinal herbs and the daily diet, was proved to have several pharmacological effects such as antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant actions, which are beneficial to the management of diabetes and its complications. Data from PubMed, EM-BASE, Web of Science and CNKI were searched with the keywords ferulic acid and diabetes mellitus. Finally, 28 articles were identified after literature screening, and the research progress of FA for the management of DM and its complications was summarized in the review, in order to provide references for further research and medical applications of FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Li
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang 222001, China
| | - Jingxian Wu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Fanxing Xu
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang 222001, China
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Chun Chu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xinyi Shi
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Wen Zheng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhenzhong Wang
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang 222001, China
| | - Ying Jia
- Faculty of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- Correspondence: (Y.J.); (W.X.)
| | - Wei Xiao
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang 222001, China
- Correspondence: (Y.J.); (W.X.)
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Xiao M, Jia X, Wang N, Kang J, Hu X, Goff HD, Cui SW, Ding H, Guo Q. Therapeutic potential of non-starch polysaccharides on type 2 diabetes: from hypoglycemic mechanism to clinical trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:1177-1210. [PMID: 36036965 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2113366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) have been reported to exert therapeutic potential on managing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Various mechanisms have been proposed; however, several studies have not considered the correlations between the anti-T2DM activity of NSPs and their molecular structure. Moreover, the current understanding of the role of NSPs in T2DM treatment is mainly based on in vitro and in vivo data, and more human clinical trials are required to verify the actual efficacy in treating T2DM. The related anti-T2DM mechanisms of NSPs, including regulating insulin action, promoting glucose metabolism and regulating postprandial blood glucose level, anti-inflammatory and regulating gut microbiota (GM), are reviewed. The structure-function relationships are summarized, and the relationships between NSPs structure and anti-T2DM activity from clinical trials are highlighted. The development of anti-T2DM medication or dietary supplements of NSPs could be promoted with an in-depth understanding of the multiple regulatory effects in the treatment/intervention of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xing Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Nifei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Ji Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinzhong Hu
- College of Food Engineering & Nutrition Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Shaanxi, China
| | | | - Steve W Cui
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, AAFC, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Qingbin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
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8
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The Effects of Persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.f.) Oligosaccharides on Features of the Metabolic Syndrome in Zebrafish. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14163249. [PMID: 36014755 PMCID: PMC9416355 DOI: 10.3390/nu14163249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome has become a global health care problem since it is rapidly increasing worldwide. The search for alternative natural supplements may have potential benefits for obesity and diabetes patients. Diospyros kaki fruit extract and its oligosaccharides, including gentiobiose, melibiose, and raffinose, were examined for their anti-insulin resistance and obesity-preventing effect in zebrafish larvae. The results show that D. kaki oligosaccharides improved insulin resistance and high-fat-diet-induced obesity in zebrafish larvae, evidenced by enhanced β-cell recovery, decreased abdominal size, and reduced the lipid accumulation. The mechanism of the oligosaccharides, molecular docking, and enzyme activities of PTP1B were investigated. Three of the oligosaccharides had a binding interaction with the catalytic active sites of PTP1B, but did not show inhibitory effects in an enzyme assay. The catalytic residues of PTP1B were typically conserved and the cellular penetration of the cell membrane was necessary for the inhibitors. The results of the mechanism of action study indicate that D. kaki fruit extract and its oligosaccharides affected gene expression changes in inflammation- (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β), lipogenesis- (SREBF1 and FASN), and lipid-lowering (CPT1A)-related genes. Therefore, D. kaki fruit extract and its oligosaccharides may have a great potential for applications in metabolic syndrome drug development and dietary supplements.
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Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacometabolomic Approach in Early-Phase Clinical Trials: A Way Forward for Targeted Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061268. [PMID: 35745841 PMCID: PMC9231303 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacometabolomics in early phase clinical trials demonstrate the metabolic profiles of a subject responding to a drug treatment in a controlled environment, whereas pharmacokinetics measure the drug plasma concentration in human circulation. Application of the personalized peak plasma concentration from pharmacokinetics in pharmacometabolomic studies provides insights into drugs’ pharmacological effects through dysregulation of metabolic pathways or pharmacodynamic biomarkers. This proof-of-concept study integrates personalized pharmacokinetic and pharmacometabolomic approaches to determine the predictive pharmacodynamic response of human metabolic pathways for type 2 diabetes. In this study, we use metformin as a model drug. Metformin is a first-line glucose-lowering agent; however, the variation of metabolites that potentially affect the efficacy and safety profile remains inconclusive. Seventeen healthy subjects were given a single dose of 1000 mg of metformin under fasting conditions. Fifteen sampling time-points were collected and analyzed using the validated bioanalytical LCMS method for metformin quantification in plasma. The individualized peak-concentration plasma samples determined from the pharmacokinetic parameters calculated using Matlab Simbiology were further analyzed with pre-dose plasma samples using an untargeted metabolomic approach. Pharmacometabolomic data processing and statistical analysis were performed using MetaboAnalyst with a functional meta-analysis peaks-to-pathway approach to identify dysregulated human metabolic pathways. The validated metformin calibration ranged from 80.4 to 2010 ng/mL for accuracy, precision, stability and others. The median and IQR for Cmax was 1248 (849–1391) ng/mL; AUC0-infinity was 9510 (7314–10,411) ng·h/mL, and Tmax was 2.5 (2.5–3.0) h. The individualized Cmax pharmacokinetics guided the untargeted pharmacometabolomics of metformin, suggesting a series of provisional predictive human metabolic pathways, which include arginine and proline metabolism, branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism, glutathione metabolism and others that are associated with metformin’s pharmacological effects of increasing insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism. Integration of pharmacokinetic and pharmacometabolomic approaches in early-phase clinical trials may pave a pathway for developing targeted therapy. This could further reduce variability in a controlled trial environment and aid in identifying surrogates for drug response pathways, increasing the prediction of responders for dose selection in phase II clinical trials.
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Hu M, Chen Y, Deng F, Chang B, Luo J, Dong L, Lu X, Zhang Y, Chen Z, Zhou J. D-Mannose Regulates Hepatocyte Lipid Metabolism via PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway and Ameliorates Hepatic Steatosis in Alcoholic Liver Disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:877650. [PMID: 35464439 PMCID: PMC9021718 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.877650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the protective properties and mechanisms of D-mannose against hepatic steatosis in experimental alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Drinking-water supplementation of D-mannose significantly attenuated hepatic steatosis in a standard mouse ALD model established by chronic-binge ethanol feeding, especially hepatocyte lipid deposition. This function of D-mannose on lipid accumulation in hepatocytes was also confirmed using ethanol-treated primary mouse hepatocytes (PMHs) with a D-mannose supplement. Meanwhile, D-mannose regulated lipid metabolism by rescuing ethanol-mediated reduction of fatty acid oxidation genes (PPARα, ACOX1, CPT1) and elevation of lipogenic genes (SREBP1c, ACC1, FASN). PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway was involved in this effect of D-mannose on lipid metabolism since PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway inhibitors or agonists could abolish this effect in PMHs. Overall, our findings suggest that D-mannose exhibits its anti-steatosis effect in ALD by regulating hepatocyte lipid metabolism via PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Hu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Deng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Chang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jialiang Luo
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijun Dong
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Lu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengliang Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Li T, Gong H, Zhan B, Mao X. Chitosan oligosaccharide attenuates hepatic steatosis in HepG2 cells via the activation of AMP‐activated protein kinase. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14045. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiange Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China Beijing China
| | - Han Gong
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China Beijing China
| | - Biyuan Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China Beijing China
| | - Xueying Mao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China Beijing China
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Elango D, Rajendran K, Van der Laan L, Sebastiar S, Raigne J, Thaiparambil NA, El Haddad N, Raja B, Wang W, Ferela A, Chiteri KO, Thudi M, Varshney RK, Chopra S, Singh A, Singh AK. Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides: Friend or Foe for Human and Plant Health? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:829118. [PMID: 35251100 PMCID: PMC8891438 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.829118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) are widespread across the plant kingdom, and their concentrations are related to the environment, genotype, and harvest time. RFOs are known to carry out many functions in plants and humans. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of RFOs, including their beneficial and anti-nutritional properties. RFOs are considered anti-nutritional factors since they cause flatulence in humans and animals. Flatulence is the single most important factor that deters consumption and utilization of legumes in human and animal diets. In plants, RFOs have been reported to impart tolerance to heat, drought, cold, salinity, and disease resistance besides regulating seed germination, vigor, and longevity. In humans, RFOs have beneficial effects in the large intestine and have shown prebiotic potential by promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria reducing pathogens and putrefactive bacteria present in the colon. In addition to their prebiotic potential, RFOs have many other biological functions in humans and animals, such as anti-allergic, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, prevention of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and cryoprotection. The wide-ranging applications of RFOs make them useful in food, feed, cosmetics, health, pharmaceuticals, and plant stress tolerance; therefore, we review the composition and diversity of RFOs, describe the metabolism and genetics of RFOs, evaluate their role in plant and human health, with a primary focus in grain legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinakaran Elango
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Karthika Rajendran
- VIT School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Liza Van der Laan
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Sheelamary Sebastiar
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore, India
| | - Joscif Raigne
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | | | - Noureddine El Haddad
- International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, Rabat, Morocco
- Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University of Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Bharath Raja
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Wanyan Wang
- Ecosystem Science and Management, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Antonella Ferela
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Kevin O. Chiteri
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Mahendar Thudi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, India
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
| | - Rajeev K. Varshney
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, India
- State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Crop Research Innovation Centre, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Surinder Chopra
- Department of Plant Science, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Arti Singh
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Asheesh K. Singh
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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13
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Miao M, Dai Y, Rui C, Fan Y, Wang X, Fan C, Mu J, Hou W, Dong Z, Li P, Sun G, Zeng X. Dietary supplementation of inulin alleviates metabolism disorders in gestational diabetes mellitus mice via RENT/AKT/IRS/GLUT4 pathway. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2021; 13:150. [PMID: 34952629 PMCID: PMC8709963 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-021-00768-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has significant short and long-term health consequences for both the mother and child. There is limited but suggestive evidence that inulin could improve glucose tolerance during pregnancy. This study assessed the effect of inulin on glucose homeostasis and elucidated the molecular mechanisms underlying the inulin-induced antidiabetic effects during pregnancy. METHOD Female C57BL/6 mice were randomized to receive either no treatment, high-dose inulin and low-dose inulin for 7 weeks with measurement of biochemical profiles. A real-time2 (RT2) profiler polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array involved in glycolipid metabolism was measured. RESULTS Inulin treatment facilitated glucose homeostasis in a dose-dependent manner by decreasing fasting blood glucose, advanced glycation end products and total cholesterol, and improving glucose tolerance. Suppressing resistin (RETN) expression was observed in the inulin treatment group and the expression was significantly correlated with fasting blood glucose levels. The ratios of p-IRS to IRS and p-Akt to Akt in liver tissue and the ratio of p-Akt to Akt in adipose tissue as well as the expression level of GLUT4 increased significantly after inulin treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicated improvement of glucose and lipid metabolism by inulin was to activate glucose transport through the translocation of GLUT4 which was mediated by insulin signaling pathway repairment due to decreased expression of RETN and enhanced phosphorylation of IRS and Akt in GDM mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Miao
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210004, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yongmei Dai
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210004, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Can Rui
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210004, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yuru Fan
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210004, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xinyan Wang
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210004, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Chong Fan
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210004, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Juan Mu
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210004, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Wenwen Hou
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210004, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Dong
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210004, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Ping Li
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210004, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
| | - Guiju Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, 210004, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
| | - Xin Zeng
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210004, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
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Liu H, Chen X, Chen H, Lu J, Chen D, Luo C, Cheng X, Jia Y, Huang C. Transcriptome and Metabolome Analyses of the Flowers and Leaves of Chrysanthemum dichrum. Front Genet 2021; 12:716163. [PMID: 34531898 PMCID: PMC8438430 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.716163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chrysanthemum dichrum is an important wild species in the family Asteraceae. However, because of a lack of genetic information, there has been relatively little research conducted on the molecular mechanisms in C. dichrum. There is no report describing the transcriptome and metabolome of C. dichrum flowers and leaves at different developmental stages. In this study, high-throughput sequencing and RNA-seq analyses were used to investigate the transcriptome of C. dichrum leaves, flower buds, and blooming flowers. Additionally, these three tissues also underwent a metabolomics analysis. A total of 447,313,764 clean reads were assembled into 77,683 unigenes, with an average length of 839 bp. Of the 44,204 annotated unigenes, 42,189, 28,531, 23,420, and 17,599 were annotated using the Nr, Swiss-Prot, KOG, and KEGG databases, respectively. Furthermore, 31,848 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected between the leaves and flower buds, whereas 23,197 DEGs were detected between the leaves and blooming flowers, and 11,240 DEGs were detected between the flower buds and blooming flowers. Finally, a quantitative real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) assay was conducted to validate the identified DEGs. The metabolome data revealed several abundant metabolites in C. dichrum leaves, flower buds, and blooming flowers, including raffinose, 1-kestose, asparagine, glutamine, and other medicinal compounds. The expression patterns of significant DEGs revealed by the transcriptome analysis as well as the data for the differentially abundant metabolites in three C. dichrum tissues provide important genetic and metabolic information relevant for future investigations of the molecular mechanisms in C. dichrum. Moreover, the results of this study may be useful for the molecular breeding, development, and application of C. dichrum resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Functional Floriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxi Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Functional Floriculture, Beijing, China.,Sichuan Agricultural University, College of Landscape Architecture, Chengdu, China
| | - Hạixia Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Functional Floriculture, Beijing, China.,Beijing University of Agriculture, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Lu
- Shandong Forestry Protection and Development Service Center, Jinan, China
| | - Dongliang Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Functional Floriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Chang Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Functional Floriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Functional Floriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yin Jia
- Sichuan Agricultural University, College of Landscape Architecture, Chengdu, China
| | - Conglin Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Functional Floriculture, Beijing, China
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Jiang MJ, Li L, Huang WF, Su J, Li YH, Qu XS, Fan LL. Rubus chingii var. suavissimus alleviates high-fat diet-induced lipid metabolism disorder via modulation of the PPARs/SREBP pathway in Syrian golden hamsters. J Nat Med 2021; 75:884-892. [PMID: 34120311 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-021-01536-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
While the underlying mechanism remains unknown, Rubus chingii var. suavissimus (S. K. Lee) L. T. Lu or Rubus suavissimus S. Lee (RS), a sweet plant distributed in southwest of China, has been used as beverage and folk medicine. Pharmacological studies indicated the potential of RS improving the obesity phenotype and hyperlipidemia. The mechanism is still not yet to be put forward. To verify the substantial effects of RS on lipid metabolism, a Syrian golden hamster model was adopted. The physiological and pathological evaluation of experimental animals demonstrated that RS can relieve the lipid metabolism disorder induced by high-fat diet and alleviated liver injury. RS upregulation the expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), PPARγ and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα), as well as adipocyte-specific genes, glucose transporter 4 (Glut4), lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and fatty acid binding protein 4 (aP2). On the other side, RS suppressed the sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1) and downstream acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1), stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1) and fatty acid synthase (FAS). In conclusion, RS alleviated lipid metabolism disorder symptoms caused by high-fat diet accompanied with 8 weeks of treatment, involving enhanced β-oxidation, increased adipogenesis and decreased the metabolism of fatty acids, via modulation of the PPARs/SREBP pathway in Syrian golden hamsters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Jing Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, No. 13, Wuhe Avenue, Qingxiu District, Nanning, 530200, Guangxi, China
| | - Li Li
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, No. 13, Wuhe Avenue, Qingxiu District, Nanning, 530200, Guangxi, China
| | - Wan-Fang Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, No. 13, Wuhe Avenue, Qingxiu District, Nanning, 530200, Guangxi, China
| | - Jian Su
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, No. 13, Wuhe Avenue, Qingxiu District, Nanning, 530200, Guangxi, China
| | - Yao-Hua Li
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, No. 13, Wuhe Avenue, Qingxiu District, Nanning, 530200, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiao-Sheng Qu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Southwest Endangered Medicinal Resources Development, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants,, No. 189, Changgang Road, Xingning District, Nanning, 530023, Guangxi, China.
| | - Lan-Lan Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, No. 13, Wuhe Avenue, Qingxiu District, Nanning, 530200, Guangxi, China.
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16
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Rawat P, Kumar M, Srivastava A, Kumar B, Misra A, Pratap Singh S, Srivastava S. Influence of Soil Variation on Diosgenin Content Profile in Costus speciosus from Indo-Gangetic Plains. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2000977. [PMID: 33837994 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Costus speciosus is a rich source of commercially important compound Diosgenin, distributed in different regions of India. The present investigation was aimed to quantify diosgenin through High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography in 34 germplasms of Costus speciosus and also to identify the superior sources and to correlate the macronutrients of rhizospheric soil. The starch content varied in microscopic examination and correlated inversely (r=-0.266) with diosgenin content. Findings revealed that the extraction process with acid hydrolysis yielded higher diosgenin content (0.15-1.88 %) as compared to non-hydrolysis (0.009-0.368 %) procedure. Germplasms from Uttar Pradesh (NBCS-4), Jharkhand (NBCS-39) and Bihar (NBCS-2) were identified as elite chemotypes based on hierarchical clustering analysis. The phosphorous content of respective rhizospheric soil correlated positively (r=0.742) with diosgenin content. Findings of present study are useful to identify the new agrotechniques. The elite germplasms can also be used as quality planting material for large scale cultivation in order to assure a sustained supply to the herbal drug industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Rawat
- Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, U.P., India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, U.P., India
| | - Akanksha Srivastava
- Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, U.P., India
| | - Bhanu Kumar
- Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, U.P., India
| | - Ankita Misra
- Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, U.P., India
| | - Satyendra Pratap Singh
- Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, U.P., India
| | - Sharad Srivastava
- Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, U.P., India
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Novel and emerging prebiotics: Advances and opportunities. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2021; 95:41-95. [PMID: 33745516 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Consumers are conscientiously changing their eating preferences toward healthier options, such as functional foods enriched with pre- and probiotics. Prebiotics are attractive bioactive compounds with multidimensional beneficial action on both human and animal health, namely on the gastrointestinal tract, cardiometabolism, bones or mental health. Conventionally, prebiotics are non-digestible carbohydrates which generally present favorable organoleptic properties, temperature and acidic stability, and are considered interesting food ingredients. However, according to the current definition of prebiotics, application categories other than food are accepted, as well as non-carbohydrate substrates and bioactivity at extra-intestinal sites. Regulatory issues are considered a major concern for prebiotics since a clear understanding and application of these compounds among the consumers, regulators, scientists, suppliers or manufacturers, health-care providers and standards or recommendation-setting organizations are of utmost importance. Prebiotics can be divided in several categories according to their development and regulatory status. Inulin, galactooligosaccharides, fructooligosaccharides and lactulose are generally classified as well established prebiotics. Xylooligosaccharides, isomaltooligosaccharides, chitooligosaccharides and lactosucrose are classified as "emerging" prebiotics, while raffinose, neoagaro-oligosaccharides and epilactose are "under development." Other substances, such as human milk oligosaccharides, polyphenols, polyunsaturated fatty acids, proteins, protein hydrolysates and peptides are considered "new candidates." This chapter will encompass actual information about the non-established prebiotics, mainly their physicochemical properties, market, legislation, biological activity and possible applications. Generally, there is a lack of clear demonstrations about the effective health benefits associated with all the non-established prebiotics. Overcoming this limitation will undoubtedly increase the demand for these compounds and their market size will follow the consumer's trend.
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18
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Wang J, Zhou M, Wu T, Fang L, Liu C, Min W. Novel anti-obesity peptide (RLLPH) derived from hazelnut (Corylus heterophylla Fisch) protein hydrolysates inhibits adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by regulating adipogenic transcription factors and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation. J Biosci Bioeng 2020; 129:259-268. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2019.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Zhang B, Zhang C, Zhang X, Li N, Dong Z, Sun G, Sun X. Atorvastatin promotes AMPK signaling to protect against high fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver in golden hamsters. Exp Ther Med 2020; 19:2133-2142. [PMID: 32104276 PMCID: PMC7027324 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by diffuse fatty acid degeneration and excess fat accumulation in the liver. Notably, the currently available medications used to treat NAFLD remain limited. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective role of atorvastatin (Ato) against NAFLD in golden hamsters fed a high fat diet (HFD) and in HepG2 cells treated with palmitate, and identify the underlying molecular mechanism. Ato (3 mg/kg) was administered orally every day for 8 weeks to the hamsters during HFD administration. Hamsters in the model group developed hepatic steatosis with high serum levels of triglyceride, cholesterol, insulin and C-reactive protein, which were effectively reduced by treatment with Ato. Additionally, the relative liver weight of hamsters treated with Ato was markedly lower compared with that of the model group. Hematoxylin and eosin, and oil red O staining indicated that the livers of the animals in the model group exhibited large and numerous lipid droplets, which were markedly decreased after Ato treatment. Western blot analysis indicated that Ato inhibited fat accumulation in the liver through the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent activation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1 α and their target genes. Furthermore, in vitro, Ato inhibited PA-induced lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells. This inhibitory effect was attenuated following Compound C treatment, indicating that AMPK may be a potential target of Ato. In conclusion, the increase in AMPK-mediated PPARα and its target genes may represent a novel molecular mechanism by which Ato prevents NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, P.R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing 100193, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolism Disorder Disease, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Chenyang Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, P.R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing 100193, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolism Disorder Disease, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Xuelian Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, P.R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing 100193, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolism Disorder Disease, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Nannan Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Zhengqi Dong
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Guibo Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, P.R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing 100193, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolism Disorder Disease, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, P.R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing 100193, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolism Disorder Disease, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
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20
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Liu Y, Chen J, Tan Q, Deng X, Tsai PJ, Chen PH, Ye M, Guo J, Su Z. Nondigestible Oligosaccharides with Anti-Obesity Effects. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:4-16. [PMID: 31829005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Obesity has an important influence on health conditions, causing a multitude of complications and comorbidities, and drug therapy is considered to be one of the treatment strategies. Nowadays, there is increasing interest in the study of intestinal microbiota regulation of obesity; also, an increasing number of agricultural and sideline products have been found to have anti-obesity potential. In the present review, we summarize an overview of current known and potential anti-obesity oligosaccharides and their molecular structures. We describe their anti-obesity potential activity and the molecular structure associated with this activity, the regulation of intestinal microbiota composition and its mechanism of action, including regulation of the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) pathway and altering bile acid (BA) pathway. This review will provide new ideas for us to develop new anti-obesity functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjian Liu
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Jiajia Chen
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Qiuhua Tan
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Xiaoyi Deng
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Ping-Ju Tsai
- King-Prebiotics Biotechnology (TW) CO., LTD. , Linkou District, New Taipei City 24446 , Taiwan China
| | - Pei-Hsuan Chen
- King-Prebiotics Biotechnology (TW) CO., LTD. , Linkou District, New Taipei City 24446 , Taiwan China
| | - Manxiang Ye
- New Francisco (Yunfu City) Biotechnology CO., LTD. , Swan-kan-chiau Industrial District, Kaofong Village Yunfu City 527343 , Guangdong , China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Zhengquan Su
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
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21
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Wang Y, Han W, Song L, Zhao X. Compositional analysis and structural characterization of raffinose family oligosaccharides from Eupatorium. J Food Compost Anal 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2019.103298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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22
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23
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Zhu D, Yan Q, Liu J, Wu X, Jiang Z. Can functional oligosaccharides reduce the risk of diabetes mellitus? FASEB J 2019; 33:11655-11667. [PMID: 31415188 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802802rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes significantly affects the life quality and length of patients with diabetes, and almost half of the 4 million people who die from diabetes are under the age of 60. Because of the increasing number of patients with diabetes and the side effects of antidiabetic drugs, the search for new dietary supplementation from natural resources, especially functional oligosaccharides, has attracted much attention among scientific researchers. Functional oligosaccharides are potential antidiabetic treatments because of their nondigestible, low-calorie, and probiotic features. The antidiabetic activity of multiple functional oligosaccharides such as fructo-oligosaccharides, galacto-oligosaccharides, and xylo-oligosaccharides has been reviewed in this paper. Molecular mechanisms involved in the antidiabetic activity of oligosaccharides have been systematically discussed from multiple perspectives, including the improvement of pancreas function, α-glucosidase inhibition, the relief of insulin and leptin resistance, anti-inflammatory effects, regulation of gut microbiota and hormones, and the intervention of diabetic risk factors. In addition, the antidiabetic effects of functional oligosaccharides through the complex gut-brain-liver axis are summarized. The concepts addressed in this review have important clinical implications, although more works are needed to confirm the antidiabetic mechanisms of functional oligosaccharides, standardize safe dose levels, and clarify their metabolism in the human body.-Zhu, D., Yan, Q., Liu, J., Wu, X., Jiang, Z. Can functional oligosaccharides reduce the risk of diabetes mellitus?
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaojuan Yan
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Wu
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengqiang Jiang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Wang M, Xiao FL, Mao YJ, Ying LL, Zhou B, Li Y. Quercetin decreases the triglyceride content through the PPAR signalling pathway in primary hepatocytes of broiler chickens. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2019.1635528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mi Wang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China
- Department of Technology, Shenyang BOIN Feed Ltd., Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Feng Lin Xiao
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Yan Jun Mao
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Lin Lin Ying
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Bo Zhou
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Yao Li
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China
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25
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Yang S, Zhang Y, Shen F, Ma X, Zhang M, Hou Y, Bai G. The flavonoid baicalin improves glucose metabolism by targeting the PH domain of AKT and activating AKT/GSK3β phosphorylation. FEBS Lett 2018; 593:175-186. [PMID: 30489635 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Baicalin is one of the main flavonoids of the dried root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi and is reported to exert beneficial effects on the regulation of glucose/lipid metabolism. However, understanding its specific target and unique mechanism for improving glucose utilization is a challenge. In this paper, target fishing with a baicalin probe reveals that baicalin interacts with AKT. An immunofluorescence assay further demonstrates the colocalization of baicalin with AKT in the cytoplasm. A competitive test and virtual docking show that baicalin might bind to the pleckstrin homology domain of AKT. This specific binding hampers AKT membrane translocation, activates the phosphorylation of AKT on Ser473, induces the downstream glycogen synthase kinase 3β activation, and affects glycogen synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fukui Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoyao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Man Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuanyuan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Gang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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26
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Zhang Q, Shao M, Zhang X, Wang Q, Guo D, Yang X, Li C, Wang Y. The Effect of Chinese Medicine on Lipid and Glucose Metabolism in Acute Myocardial Infarction Through PPARγ Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1209. [PMID: 30405421 PMCID: PMC6207917 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Danqi Pill (DQP), a Chinese medicine frequently prescribed in China, has been approved to improve cardiac function by regulating cardiac energy metabolism in heart failure (HF) after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients. The aim of this study was to explore whether the mechanism of DQP is associated to the lipid and glucose metabolism mediated via PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma) pathway both in vivo and in vitro. Materials and Methods: Model of HF after AMI was established with ligation of left anterior descending artery on Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Twenty-eight days after treatment, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was applied to visualize cardiomyocyte morphological changes. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed to assess the contents of adenosine phosphates in heart. Positron emission tomography and computed tomography (PET-CT) was conducted to evaluate the cardiac glucose metabolism. Expressions of key molecules such as PPARγ, sterol carrier protein 2 (SCP2) and long chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase (ACADL) were measured by Western blotting (WB) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Oxygen-glucose deprivation-reperfusion (OGD/R)-induced H9C2 injury cardiomyocyte model was adopted for potential mechanism research in vitro. Results: Treatment with DQP rescued hearts from structural and functional damages as well as inflammatory infiltration. Levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and energy charge (EC) in DQP group were also up-regulated compared to model group. Further results demonstrated that critical enzymes both in lipid metabolism and glucose metabolism compromised in model group compared to sham group. Intriguingly, DQP could up-regulate critical enzymes including ACADL and SCP2 in lipid metabolism accompanying with promoting effect on molecules in glycolysis simultaneously. Results on upstreaming signaling pathway demonstrated that DQP could dramatically increase the expressions of PPARγ. In vitro study suggested the efficacy of DQP could be blocked by T0070907, a selective PPARγ inhibitor. Conclusion: DQP has cardioprotective effect in improving cardiac function and energy metabolism through regulating lipid and glucose metabolism. The effects may be mediated by PPARγ pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyan Shao
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefeng Zhang
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qiyan Wang
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Dongqing Guo
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomin Yang
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chun Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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