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Boretti A. Selectively addressing total risk avoidance for certain chemicals while overlooking others: The case of per-and-poly-fluoroalkyls. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 149:105602. [PMID: 38499056 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2024.105602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Boretti
- Melbourne Institute of Technology, 288 Latrobe Street, Melbourne, 3000, VIC, Australia.
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Erofeeva EA. Environmental hormesis in living systems: The role of hormetic trade-offs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 901:166022. [PMID: 37541518 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Hormesis (low-dose stimulation and high-dose inhibition) can be accompanied by hormetic trade-offs, that is, stimulation of some traits and inhibition (trade-off 1) or invariability (trade-off 2) of others. Currently, trade-off options and their biological significance are insufficiently studied. Therefore, the review analyses trade-off types, their relationship with asynchronous stress responses of indicators, the importance of trade-offs for preconditioning, hormesis transgenerational effects, fitness, and evolution. The analysis has shown that hormetic trade-offs 1 and 2 can be observed in evolutionarily distant groups of organisms and at different biological levels (cells, individuals, populations, and communities) with abiotic and biotic stressors, as well as various pollutants. Trade-offs 1 and 2 are found both between different functional traits (e.g., self-maintenance and reproduction in animals, growth and defense in plants), and between the endpoints of the same functional trait (e.g., seed weight and seed number in plants). Asynchronous responses of indicators to a low-dose stressor can lead to hormetic trade-offs in two cases: 1) these indicators have different responses (hormesis, inhibition or zero reaction) in the same dose range; 2) these indicators have hormetic responses with different hormetic zones. Trade-offs can have a positive, negative or zero effect on preconditioning, offspring, and fitness of the population. Trade-offs can potentially affect evolution in two ways: 1) the creation of trends in genotype selection; 2) participation in the assimilation of phenotypic adaptations in the genotype through the Baldwin effect (selection of mutations copying adaptive phenotypes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Erofeeva
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, 23 Gagarina Pr, Nizhni Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation.
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Kartsonakis IA, Vardakas P, Goulis P, Perkas N, Kyriazis ID, Skaperda Z, Tekos F, Charitidis CA, Kouretas D. Toxicity assessment of core-shell and superabsorbent polymers in cell-based systems. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 228:115772. [PMID: 36967000 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The identification of health risks arising from occupational exposure to submicron/nanoscale materials is of particular interest and toxicological investigations designed to assess their hazardous properties can provide valuable insights. The core-shell polymers poly (methyl methacrylate)@poly (methacrylic acid-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) [PMMA@P (MAA-co-EGDMA)] and poly (n-butyl methacrylate-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate)@poly (methyl methacrylate) [P (nBMA-co-EGDMA)@PMMA] could be utilized for the debonding of coatings and for the encapsulation and targeted delivery of various compounds. The hybrid superabsorbent core-shell polymers poly (methacrylic acid-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate)@silicon dioxide [P (MAA-co-EGDMA)@SiO2] could be utilized as internal curing agents in cementitious materials. Therefore, the characterization of their toxicological profile is essential to ensure their safety throughout manufacturing and the life cycle of the final products. Based on the above, the purpose of the present study was to assess the acute toxic effects of the above mentioned polymers on cell viability and on cellular redox state in EA. hy926 human endothelial cells and in RAW264.7 mouse macrophages. According to our results, the examined polymers did not cause any acute toxic effects on cell viability after any administration. However, the thorough evaluation of a panel of redox biomarkers revealed that they affected cellular redox state in a cell-specific manner. As regards EA. hy926 cells, the polymers disrupted redox homeostasis and promoted protein carbonylation. Concerning RAW264.7 cells, P (nBMA-co-EGDMA)@PMMA caused disturbances in redox equilibrium and special emphasis was placed on the triphasic dose-response effect detected in lipid peroxidation. Finally, P (MAA-co-EGDMA)@SiO2 activated cellular adaptive mechanisms in order to prevent from oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis A Kartsonakis
- Research Lab of Advanced, Composite, Nano-Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Heroon Polytechniou St. Zografos, 15780, Athens, Greece
| | - Periklis Vardakas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, Mezourlo, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Goulis
- Research Lab of Advanced, Composite, Nano-Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Heroon Polytechniou St. Zografos, 15780, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Perkas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, Mezourlo, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Ioannis D Kyriazis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, Mezourlo, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Zoi Skaperda
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, Mezourlo, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Fotios Tekos
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, Mezourlo, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Constantinos A Charitidis
- Research Lab of Advanced, Composite, Nano-Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Heroon Polytechniou St. Zografos, 15780, Athens, Greece.
| | - Demetrios Kouretas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, Mezourlo, 41500, Larissa, Greece.
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Boretti A. There is no reason to persist in the linear no-threshold (LNT) assumption. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2023; 266-267:107239. [PMID: 37393723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2023.107239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Boretti
- Johnsonville Road, Johnsonville, Wellington, 6037, New Zealand.
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Woźniak A, Kęsy J, Glazińska P, Glinkowski W, Narożna D, Bocianowski J, Rucińska-Sobkowiak R, Mai VC, Krzesiński W, Samardakiewicz S, Borowiak-Sobkowiak B, Labudda M, Jeandet P, Morkunas I. The Influence of Lead and Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) on Generation of Pisum sativum Defense Signaling Molecules and Expression of Genes Involved in Their Biosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10671. [PMID: 37445848 PMCID: PMC10341517 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The main aim of this study was to understand the regulation of the biosynthesis of phytohormones as signaling molecules in the defense mechanisms of pea seedlings during the application of abiotic and biotic stress factors. It was important to identify this regulation at the molecular level in Pisum sativum L. seedlings under the influence of various concentrations of lead-i.e., a low concentration increasing plant metabolism, causing a hormetic effect, and a high dose causing a sublethal effect-and during feeding of a phytophagous insect with a piercing-sucking mouthpart-i.e., pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)). The aim of the study was to determine the expression level of genes encoding enzymes of the biosynthesis of signaling molecules such as phytohormones-i.e., jasmonates (JA/MeJA), ethylene (ET) and abscisic acid (ABA). Real-time qPCR was applied to analyze the expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in the regulation of the biosynthesis of JA/MeJA (lipoxygenase 1 (LOX1), lipoxygenase 2 (LOX2), 12-oxophytodienoate reductase 1 (OPR1) and jasmonic acid-amido synthetase (JAR1)), ET (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase 3 (ACS3)) and ABA (9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED) and aldehyde oxidase 1 (AO1)). In response to the abovementioned stress factors-i.e., abiotic and biotic stressors acting independently or simultaneously-the expression of the LOX1, LOX2, OPR1, JAR1, ACS3, NCED and AO1 genes at both sublethal and hormetic doses increased. Particularly high levels of the relative expression of the tested genes in pea seedlings growing at sublethal doses of lead and colonized by A. pisum compared to the control were noticeable. A hormetic dose of lead induced high expression levels of the JAR1, OPR1 and ACS3 genes, especially in leaves. Moreover, an increase in the concentration of phytohormones such as jasmonates (JA and MeJA) and aminococyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC)-ethylene (ET) precursor was observed. The results of this study indicate that the response of pea seedlings to lead and A. pisum aphid infestation differed greatly at both the gene expression and metabolic levels. The intensity of these defense responses depended on the organ, the metal dose and direct contact of the stress factor with the organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Woźniak
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Horticulture and Bioengineering, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Jacek Kęsy
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (J.K.); (P.G.); (W.G.)
| | - Paulina Glazińska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (J.K.); (P.G.); (W.G.)
| | - Wojciech Glinkowski
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (J.K.); (P.G.); (W.G.)
| | - Dorota Narożna
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Horticulture and Bioengineering, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Jan Bocianowski
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Faculty of Agriculture, Horticulture and Bioengineering, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Renata Rucińska-Sobkowiak
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Van Chung Mai
- Department of Biology and Application, Faculty of Biology, Vinh University, Le Duan 182, 43108 Vinh, Nghe An Province, Vietnam;
| | - Włodzimierz Krzesiński
- Department of Vegetable Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Horticulture and Bioengineering, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dąbrowskiego 159, 60-594 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Sławomir Samardakiewicz
- Laboratory of Electron and Confocal Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Beata Borowiak-Sobkowiak
- Department of Entomology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Horticulture and Bioengineering, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dąbrowskiego 159, 60-594 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Mateusz Labudda
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Philippe Jeandet
- Research Unit “Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection”, RIBP USC-INRAe 1488, University of Reims, 51100 Reims, France;
| | - Iwona Morkunas
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Horticulture and Bioengineering, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland;
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Kiefer AW, Martin DT. Phenomics in sport: Can emerging methodology drive advanced insights? FRONTIERS IN NETWORK PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 2:1060858. [PMID: 36926080 PMCID: PMC10012997 DOI: 10.3389/fnetp.2022.1060858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Methodologies in applied sport science have predominantly driven a reductionist grounding to component-specific mechanisms to drive athlete training and care. While linear mechanistic approaches provide useful insights, they have impeded progress in the development of more complex network physiology models that consider the temporal and spatial interactions of multiple factors within and across systems and subsystems. For this, a more sophisticated approach is needed and the development of such a methodological framework can be considered a Sport Grand Challenge. Specifically, a transdisciplinary phenomics-based scientific and modeling framework has merit. Phenomics is a relatively new area in human precision medicine, but it is also a developed area of research in the plant and evolutionary biology sciences. The convergence of innovative precision medicine, portable non-destructive measurement technologies, and advancements in modeling complex human behavior are central for the integration of phenomics into sport science. The approach enables application of concepts such as phenotypic fitness, plasticity, dose-response dynamics, critical windows, and multi-dimensional network models of behavior. In addition, profiles are grounded in indices of change, and models consider the athlete's performance or recovery trajectory as a function of their dynamic environment. This new framework is introduced across several example sport science domains for potential integration. Specific factors of emphasis are provided as potential candidate fitness variables and example profiles provide a generalizable modeling approach for precision training and care. Finally, considerations for the future are discussed, including scaling from individual athletes to teams and additional factors necessary for the successful implementation of phenomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam W. Kiefer
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - David T. Martin
- Apeiron Life, Menlo Park, CA, United States
- School of Behavioral and Health Sciences, Australia Catholic University, Melbourne, NSW, Australia
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Paustenbach DJ, Gibbons RD. Radiological risk assessment of the Hunters Point Naval Shipyard (HPNS). Crit Rev Toxicol 2022; 52:499-545. [PMID: 36281736 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2022.2118107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Hunters Point Naval Shipyard in San Francisco, California was deemed a Superfund site by the USEPA in 1989 due to chemical and radiological contamination resulting from U.S. Navy operations from 1939 to 1974. During characterization and remediation efforts, over 50,000 radiological soil samples and 19,000 air samples were collected. This risk assessment, conducted in accordance with federal guidelines, represents the first comprehensive evaluation of past, present, and future health risks associated with radionuclides present at the site. The assessment indicated that before site remediation, most radionuclide soil concentrations were at or near local background concentrations. Had such low remedial goals not been established, significant remediation of surface soils would not have been necessary to protect human health. The pre-remediation lifetime incremental cancer morbidity risks for on-site workers and theoretical on-site residents due to radionuclide contamination were found to be 1.3 × 10-6 and 3.2 × 10-6, respectively. The post-remediation risks to future on-site residents were found to be 6.3 × 10-8 (without durable cover) and 3.7 × 10-8 (with durable cover), while post-remediation risks to on-site workers were found to be 2.6 × 10-8 (without durable cover) and 1.6 × 10-8 (with durable cover). Risk estimates for all scenarios were found to be significantly below the acceptable risk of 3 × 10-4 approved by regulatory agencies. Upwind and downwind air samples collected during remediation indicate that remediation activities never posed a measurable risk to off-site residents. This risk assessment emphasizes the importance of establishing clear and scientifically rigorous soil remedial goals at sites as well as understanding local radionuclide background concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert D Gibbons
- Center for Health Statistics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Agathokleous E, Barceló D, Rinklebe J, Sonne C, Calabrese EJ, Koike T. Hormesis induced by silver iodide, hydrocarbons, microplastics, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals: Implications for agroforestry ecosystems health. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 820:153116. [PMID: 35063521 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Increasing amounts of silver iodide (AgI) in the environment are expected because of the recent massive expansion of weather modification programs. Concurrently, pharmaceuticals, microplastics, hydrocarbons, and pesticides in terrestrial ecosystems continue contaminating forests and agroforests. Our review supports that AgI induces hormesis, a biphasic dose response characterized by often beneficial low-dose responses and toxic high-dose effects, which adds to the evidence for pharmaceuticals, microplastics, hydrocarbons, and pesticides induced hormesis in numerous species. Doses smaller than the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) positively affect defense physiology, growth, biomass, yields, survival, lifespan, and reproduction. They also lead to negative or undesirable outcomes, including stimulation of pathogenic microbes, pest insects, and weeds with enhanced resistance to drugs and potential negative multi- or trans-generational effects. Such sub-NOAEL effects perplex terrestrial ecosystems managements and may compromise combating outbreaks of disease vectors that can threaten not only forest and agroforestry health but also sensitive human subpopulations living in remote forested areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenios Agathokleous
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Ningliu Rd. 219, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, China.
| | - Damià Barceló
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research, ICRA-CERCA, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste-Management, Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Wuppertal, Germany; Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinformatics, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Christian Sonne
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Arctic Research Center (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Edward J Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Morrill I, N344, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Takayoshi Koike
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Hokkaido, Japan
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Jeyasugiththan J, Kumarihami AMC, Satharasinghe D, Mahakumara P, Senanayaka G, Jayakody I. Evaluation of thyroid radiation dose during abdominal Computed Tomography procedures and dose reduction effectiveness of thyroid shielding. Radiography (Lond) 2022; 28:704-710. [PMID: 35461784 DOI: 10.1016/j.radi.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During abdominal Computed Tomography (CT) studies, vicinity organs receive a dose from scatter radiation. The thyroid is considered an organ at greater risk due to high radiosensitivity. METHODS The primary objective of this study was to determine the entrances surface dose (ESD) to the thyroid during abdominal CT studies and to evaluate the efficiency of dose reduction by lead shielding. The calibrated thermoluminescence dosimeter (TLD) chips were used to measure the ESD during 180 contrast-enhanced (CE) and non-contrast-enhanced (NC) abdominal CT studies in the presence and absence of lead shielding. RESULTS Thyroid shielding reduces the ESD by 72.3% (0.55 mGy), 86.5% (2.95 mGy) and 64.0% (2.24 mGy) during NC, 3-phase and 4-phase abdominal CT scans. Also, the patient height was identified as a parameter that inversely influenced the thyroid dose, proving that the taller patients receive less dose to the thyroid. Regardless, the scan parameters such as time and display field of view (DFOV) positively impact the thyroid dose. CONCLUSION Lead shielding can prevent the external scatter reaching the thyroid region by 64%-87% during the non-vicinity scans such as abdomen CT. However, the actual dose saving lies between 0.2% and 0.4%, compared to the total effective dose of the whole CT procedure. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE The thyroid shield can effectively reduce external scatter radiation during abdominal CT procedures. However, the dose saving is insignificant compared to the total effective dose from the whole examination. Therefore, the use of thyroid shielding should be carefully evaluated during CT abdomen procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jeyasugiththan
- Department of Nuclear Science, University of Colombo, Colombo, 00300, Sri Lanka.
| | - A M C Kumarihami
- Department of Nuclear Science, University of Colombo, Colombo, 00300, Sri Lanka; Department of Radiology, University Hospital of General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Werahera, 10290, Sri Lanka
| | - D Satharasinghe
- Department of Nuclear Science, University of Colombo, Colombo, 00300, Sri Lanka
| | - P Mahakumara
- Radiation Protection and Technical Services Division, Sri Lanka Atomic Energy Board, Baseline Road, Orugodawatta, Wellampitiya, Sri Lanka
| | - G Senanayaka
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital of General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Werahera, 10290, Sri Lanka; Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Ratmalana, 10390, Sri Lanka
| | - I Jayakody
- Department of Nuclear Science, University of Colombo, Colombo, 00300, Sri Lanka
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Li P, Zhang J, Sun X, Agathokleous E, Zheng G. Atmospheric Pb induced hormesis in the accumulator plant Tillandsia usneoides. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 811:152384. [PMID: 34923012 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
While numerous studies reported hormesis in plants exposed to heavy metals, metals were commonly added in the growth substrate (e.g. soil or solution). The potential of heavy metals in the atmosphere to induce hormesis in plants, however, remains unknown. In this study, we exposed the widely-used accumulator plant Tillandsia usneoides to 10 atmospheric Pb concentrations (0-25.6 μg·m-3) for 6 or 12 h. Three types of dose-response relationships between different response endpoints (biomarkers) and Pb concentrations were found for T. usneoides. The first was a monophasic dose response, in which the response increased linearly with increasing Pb concentrations, as seen for metallothionein (MT) content after a 6-h exposure. The second and dominating type was a biphasic-hormetic dose response, exhibited by malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide anion radical (O2-), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) after 6 or 12 h of exposure and by glutathione (GSH) and MT content after 12 h of treatment. The third type was a triphasic dose response, as seen for leaf electric conductivity after 6 or 12 h of exposure and GSH after 6 h of exposure. This finding suggests that Pb inhibited the response of T. usneoides at very low concentrations, stimulated it at low-to-moderate concentrations, and inhibited it at higher concentrations. Our results demonstrate diverse adaptation mechanisms of plants to stress, in the framework of which alternating between up- and down-regulation of biomarkers is at play when responding to different levels of toxicants. The emergence of the triphasic dose response will further enhance the understanding of time-dependent hormesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- School of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- School of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Xingyue Sun
- School of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- Department of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing, Jiangsu 21044, China
| | - Guiling Zheng
- School of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China.
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11
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Auditore L, Pistone D, Amato E, Italiano A. Monte Carlo methods in nuclear medicine. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822960-6.00136-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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12
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Sun T, Zhan J, Li F, Ji C, Wu H. Effect of microplastics on aquatic biota: A hormetic perspective. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 285:117206. [PMID: 33971425 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
As emerging pollutants, microplastics (MPs) have been found globally in various freshwater and marine matrices. This study recompiled 270 endpoints of 3765 individuals from 43 publications, reporting the onset of enhanced biological performance and reduced oxidative stress biomarkers induced by MPs in aquatic organisms at environmentally relevant concentrations (≤1 mg/L, median = 0.1 mg/L). The stimulatory responses of consumption, growth, reproduction and survival ranged from 131% to 144% of the control, with a combined response of 136%. The overall inhibitory response of 9 oxidative stress biomarkers was 71% of the control, and commonly below 75%. The random-effects meta-regression indicated that the extents of MPs-induced responses were independent of habitat, MP composition, morphology, particle size and exposure duration. The results implied that the exposure to MPs at low and high concentrations might induce opposite/non-monotonic responses in aquatic biota. Correspondingly, the hormetic dose response relationships were found at various endpoints, such as reproduction, genotoxicity, immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity and behavioral alteration. Hormesis offers a novel perspective for understanding the dose response mode of aquatic organisms exposed to low and high concentrations of MPs, highlighting the necessity to incorporate the hormetic dose response model into the ecological/environmental risk assessment of MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Junfei Zhan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Fei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, PR China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Qingdao, 266071, PR China
| | - Chenglong Ji
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, PR China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Qingdao, 266071, PR China
| | - Huifeng Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, PR China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Qingdao, 266071, PR China.
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13
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Zarubin M, Gangapshev A, Gavriljuk Y, Kazalov V, Kravchenko E. First transcriptome profiling of D. melanogaster after development in a deep underground low radiation background laboratory. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255066. [PMID: 34351964 PMCID: PMC8341612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural background radiation is a permanent multicomponent factor. It has an influence on biological organisms, but effects of its deprivation still remain unclear. The aim of our work was to study for the first time responses of D. melanogaster to conditions of the Deep Underground Low-Background Laboratory DULB-4900 (BNO, INR, RAS, Russia) at the transcriptome level by RNA-seq profiling. Overall 77 transcripts demonstrated differential abundance between flies exposed to low and natural background radiation. Enriched biological process functional categories were established for all genes with differential expression. The results showed down-regulation of primary metabolic processes and up-regulation of both the immune system process and the response to stimuli. The comparative analysis of our data and publicly available transcriptome data on D. melanogaster exposed to low and high doses of ionizing radiation did not reveal common DEGs in them. We hypothesize that the observed changes in gene expression can be explained by the influence of the underground conditions in DULB-4900, in particular, by the lack of stimuli. Thus, our study challenges the validity of the LNT model for the region of background radiation doses below a certain level (~16.4 nGy h-1) and the presence of a dose threshold for D. melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Albert Gangapshev
- Institute for Nuclear Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri Gavriljuk
- Institute for Nuclear Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Kazalov
- Institute for Nuclear Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Kravchenko
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, DLNP, Dubna, Russia
- * E-mail:
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14
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Khan AUH, Blimkie M, Yang DS, Serran M, Pack T, Wu J, Kang JY, Laakso H, Lee SH, Le Y. Effects of Chronic Low-Dose Internal Radiation on Immune-Stimulatory Responses in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7303. [PMID: 34298925 PMCID: PMC8306076 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Linear-No-Threshold (LNT) model predicts a dose-dependent linear increase in cancer risk. This has been supported by biological and epidemiological studies at high-dose exposures. However, at low-doses (LDR ≤ 0.1 Gy), the effects are more elusive and demonstrate a deviation from linearity. In this study, the effects of LDR on the development and progression of mammary cancer in FVB/N-Tg(MMTVneu)202Mul/J mice were investigated. Animals were chronically exposed to total doses of 10, 100, and 2000 mGy via tritiated drinking water, and were assessed at 3.5, 6, and 8 months of age. Results indicated an increased proportion of NK cells in various organs of LDR exposed mice. LDR significantly influenced NK and T cell function and activation, despite diminishing cell proliferation. Notably, the expression of NKG2D receptor on NK cells was dramatically reduced at 3.5 months but was upregulated at later time-points, while the expression of NKG2D ligand followed the opposite trend, with an increase at 3.5 months and a decrease thereafter. No noticeable impact was observed on mammary cancer development, as measured by tumor load. Our results demonstrated that LDR significantly influenced the proportion, proliferation, activation, and function of immune cells. Importantly, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating that LDR modulates the cross-talk between the NKG2D receptor and its ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abrar Ul Haq Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (A.U.H.K.); (D.S.Y.); (J.-Y.K.)
| | - Melinda Blimkie
- Radiobiology and Health Branch, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories Ltd., Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada; (M.B.); (M.S.); (T.P.); (J.W.); (H.L.)
| | - Doo Seok Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (A.U.H.K.); (D.S.Y.); (J.-Y.K.)
| | - Mandy Serran
- Radiobiology and Health Branch, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories Ltd., Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada; (M.B.); (M.S.); (T.P.); (J.W.); (H.L.)
| | - Tyler Pack
- Radiobiology and Health Branch, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories Ltd., Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada; (M.B.); (M.S.); (T.P.); (J.W.); (H.L.)
| | - Jin Wu
- Radiobiology and Health Branch, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories Ltd., Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada; (M.B.); (M.S.); (T.P.); (J.W.); (H.L.)
| | - Ji-Young Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (A.U.H.K.); (D.S.Y.); (J.-Y.K.)
| | - Holly Laakso
- Radiobiology and Health Branch, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories Ltd., Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada; (M.B.); (M.S.); (T.P.); (J.W.); (H.L.)
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (A.U.H.K.); (D.S.Y.); (J.-Y.K.)
- Centre for Infection, The University of Ottawa, Immunity and Inflammation, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Yevgeniya Le
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (A.U.H.K.); (D.S.Y.); (J.-Y.K.)
- CANDU Owners Group Inc., Toronto, ON M5G 2K4, Canada
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Moreau J, Monceau K, Crépin M, Tochon FD, Mondet C, Fraikin M, Teixeira M, Bretagnolle V. Feeding partridges with organic or conventional grain triggers cascading effects in life-history traits. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 278:116851. [PMID: 33711629 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Farmland birds are declining across Europe and North America and the research of factors behind is the subject of extensive researches. Agricultural intensification is now recognized as a major factor governing the loss of biodiversity with strong evidence that pesticides induced direct bird mortality at a high dose. However, less attention has been given to the long-term effects of chronic exposure to low dose of pesticides. Here, we used an experimental procedure in which grey partridges were fed with untreated grains obtained from either organic (no pesticide) or conventional agriculture (with pesticide) for 26 weeks, thus strictly mimicking wild birds foraging on fields. We then examined a suite of life-history traits (ecophysiological and behavioural) that may ultimately, influence population dynamics. We show for the first time that ingesting low pesticide doses over a long period has long-term consequences on several major physiological pathways without inducing differential mortality. Compared to control partridges, birds exposed to chronic doses i) had less developed carotenoid-based ornaments due to lower concentrations of plasmatic carotenoids, ii) had higher activated immune system, iii) showed signs of physiological stress inducing a higher intestinal parasitic load, iv) had higher behavioural activity and body condition and v) showed lower breeding investment. Our results are consistent with a hormetic effect, in which exposure to a low dose of a chemical agent may induce a positive response, but our results also indicate that breeding adults may show impaired fitness traits bearing population consequences through reduced breeding investment or productivity. Given the current scale of use of pesticides in agrosystems, we suggest that such shifts in life-history traits may have a negative long-term impact on wild bird populations across agrosystems. We stress that long-term effects should no longer be ignored in pesticide risk assessment, where currently, only short-term effects are taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Moreau
- UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000, Dijon, France; Centre D'Études Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372, CNRS & La Rochelle Université, 79360, Villiers-en-bois, France.
| | - Karine Monceau
- Centre D'Études Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372, CNRS & La Rochelle Université, 79360, Villiers-en-bois, France
| | - Malaury Crépin
- Centre D'Études Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372, CNRS & La Rochelle Université, 79360, Villiers-en-bois, France
| | - Flavie Derouin Tochon
- Centre D'Études Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372, CNRS & La Rochelle Université, 79360, Villiers-en-bois, France
| | - Cécilia Mondet
- Centre D'Études Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372, CNRS & La Rochelle Université, 79360, Villiers-en-bois, France
| | - Marie Fraikin
- Centre D'Études Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372, CNRS & La Rochelle Université, 79360, Villiers-en-bois, France
| | - Maria Teixeira
- UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Vincent Bretagnolle
- Centre D'Études Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372, CNRS & La Rochelle Université, 79360, Villiers-en-bois, France; LTSER "Zone Atelier Plaine & Val de Sèvre", Villiers-en-Bois, 79360, France
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Demeter SJ. Economic Considerations for Radiation Protection in Medical Settings-Is It Time for a New Paradigm? HEALTH PHYSICS 2021; 120:217-223. [PMID: 32740141 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The full ALARA principle includes "as low as reasonably achievable" taking social and economic factors into consideration. The International Commission on Radiological Protection advises a conventional cost benefit approach (e.g., cost per monetized averted stochastic effects or years of life saved) to consider economic factors. Given small incremental radiation dose reductions to patients, workers, or the public that may be realized in medical settings and the correspondingly small changes to theoretical stochastic effects, a conventional cost benefit approach is less than ideal. This is illustrated in the case studies presented in this paper. Alternate approaches, such as cost per unit of radiation dose averted (e.g., $/μSv averted), cancer induction/fatality probabilistic thresholds, or thresholds relative to natural background radiation may be alternate options. However, the decision regarding what is a "safe" level of radiation and what are reasonable costs to make it "safer" are driven by societal values and may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandor J Demeter
- Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba
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17
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Vaiserman A, Cuttler JM, Socol Y. Low-dose ionizing radiation as a hormetin: experimental observations and therapeutic perspective for age-related disorders. Biogerontology 2021; 22:145-164. [PMID: 33420860 PMCID: PMC7794644 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-020-09908-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Hormesis is any kind of biphasic dose-response when low doses of some agents are beneficial while higher doses are detrimental. Radiation hormesis is the most thoroughly investigated among all hormesis-like phenomena, in particular in biogerontology. In this review, we aimed to summarize research evidence supporting hormesis through exposure to low-dose ionizing radiation (LDIR). Radiation-induced longevity hormesis has been repeatedly reported in invertebrate models such as C. elegans, Drosophila and flour beetles and in vertebrate models including guinea pigs, mice and rabbits. On the contrary, suppressing natural background radiation was repeatedly found to cause detrimental effects in protozoa, bacteria and flies. We also discussed here the possibility of clinical use of LDIR, predominantly for age-related disorders, e.g., Alzheimer's disease, for which no remedies are available. There is accumulating evidence that LDIR, such as those commonly used in X-ray imaging including computer tomography, might act as a hormetin. Of course, caution should be exercised when introducing new medical practices, and LDIR therapy is no exception. However, due to the low average residual life expectancy in old patients, the short-term benefits of such interventions (e.g., potential therapeutic effect against dementia) may outweigh their hypothetical delayed risks (e.g., cancer). We argue here that assessment and clinical trials of LDIR treatments should be given priority bearing in mind the enormous economic, social and ethical implications of potentially-treatable, age-related disorders.
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19
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Suárez Fernández JP. The downfall of the linear non-threshold model. Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol 2020; 39:303-315. [PMID: 32693978 DOI: 10.1016/j.remn.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The linear non-threshold model (LNTM) is a theoretical dose-response function as a result of extrapolating the late effects of high-dose exposure to ionizing radiation to the low-dose range, but there is great uncertainty about its validity. The acceptance of LNTM as the dominant probabilistic model have survived to the present day and it is actually the cornerstone of current radiation protection policies. In the last decades, advances in molecular and evolutive biology, cancer immunology, and many epidemiological and animal studies have cast serious doubts about the reliability of the NLTM, as well as suggesting alternative models, like the hormetic theory. Considering the given evidences, a discussion between the involved scientific societies and the regulatory commissions is promtly required in order to to reach a redefiniton of theradiation protection basis, as it would be specially crucial in the medical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Suárez Fernández
- Servicio de Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Asturias, España.
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20
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Calabrese EJ, Agathokleous E. Theodosius Dobzhansky's view on biology and evolution v.2.0: "Nothing in biology makes sense except in light of evolution and evolution's dependence on hormesis-mediated acquired resilience that optimizes biological performance and numerous diverse short and longer term protective strategies". ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 186:109559. [PMID: 32344211 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The hormetic, biphasic dose response, is highly generalizable, being independent of biological model, level of biological organization, endpoint, inducing agent, and mechanisms. It plays a significant role in mediating both constitutive and adaptable responses in essentially all cells and organisms. The present paper provides both a historical overview of the origin of the hormetic concept in the biological and biomedical sciences, and its potential role in ecology, evolution, and development. These integrative findings provide a broad scientific framework to better understand complex evolutionary-based selection strategies, affecting survival, lifespan, fecundity, learning/memory, tissue repair, reproduction and cooperation, and developmental processes, and offering resilience in the presence of numerous challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Calabrese
- Environmental Health Sciences, Morrill I, N344, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- Institute of Ecology, Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Jiangsu, China.
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21
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Hartwig A, Arand M, Epe B, Guth S, Jahnke G, Lampen A, Martus HJ, Monien B, Rietjens IMCM, Schmitz-Spanke S, Schriever-Schwemmer G, Steinberg P, Eisenbrand G. Mode of action-based risk assessment of genotoxic carcinogens. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:1787-1877. [PMID: 32542409 PMCID: PMC7303094 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02733-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The risk assessment of chemical carcinogens is one major task in toxicology. Even though exposure has been mitigated effectively during the last decades, low levels of carcinogenic substances in food and at the workplace are still present and often not completely avoidable. The distinction between genotoxic and non-genotoxic carcinogens has traditionally been regarded as particularly relevant for risk assessment, with the assumption of the existence of no-effect concentrations (threshold levels) in case of the latter group. In contrast, genotoxic carcinogens, their metabolic precursors and DNA reactive metabolites are considered to represent risk factors at all concentrations since even one or a few DNA lesions may in principle result in mutations and, thus, increase tumour risk. Within the current document, an updated risk evaluation for genotoxic carcinogens is proposed, based on mechanistic knowledge regarding the substance (group) under investigation, and taking into account recent improvements in analytical techniques used to quantify DNA lesions and mutations as well as "omics" approaches. Furthermore, wherever possible and appropriate, special attention is given to the integration of background levels of the same or comparable DNA lesions. Within part A, fundamental considerations highlight the terms hazard and risk with respect to DNA reactivity of genotoxic agents, as compared to non-genotoxic agents. Also, current methodologies used in genetic toxicology as well as in dosimetry of exposure are described. Special focus is given on the elucidation of modes of action (MOA) and on the relation between DNA damage and cancer risk. Part B addresses specific examples of genotoxic carcinogens, including those humans are exposed to exogenously and endogenously, such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and the corresponding alcohols as well as some alkylating agents, ethylene oxide, and acrylamide, but also examples resulting from exogenous sources like aflatoxin B1, allylalkoxybenzenes, 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f] quinoxaline (MeIQx), benzo[a]pyrene and pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Additionally, special attention is given to some carcinogenic metal compounds, which are considered indirect genotoxins, by accelerating mutagenicity via interactions with the cellular response to DNA damage even at low exposure conditions. Part C finally encompasses conclusions and perspectives, suggesting a refined strategy for the assessment of the carcinogenic risk associated with an exposure to genotoxic compounds and addressing research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hartwig
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Biosciences (IAB), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Michael Arand
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Epe
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sabine Guth
- Department of Toxicology, IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, TU Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Gunnar Jahnke
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Biosciences (IAB), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Jörg Martus
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Monien
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Simone Schmitz-Spanke
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestr. 9-11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gerlinde Schriever-Schwemmer
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute of Applied Biosciences (IAB), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Pablo Steinberg
- Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gerhard Eisenbrand
- Retired Senior Professor for Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Kühler Grund 48/1, 69126, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Agathokleous E, Calabrese EJ. A global environmental health perspective and optimisation of stress. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 704:135263. [PMID: 31836236 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The phrase "what doesn't kill us makes us stronger" suggests the possibility that living systems have evolved a spectrum of adaptive mechanisms resulting in a biological stress response strategy that enhances resilience in a targeted quantifiable manner for amplitude and duration. If so, what are its evolutionary foundations and impact on biological diversity? Substantial research demonstrates that numerous agents enhance biological performance and resilience at low doses in a manner described by the hormetic dose response, being inhibitory and/or harmful at higher doses. This Review assesses how environmental changes impact the spectrum and intensity of biological stresses, how they affect health, and how such knowledge may improve strategies in confronting global environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenios Agathokleous
- Institute of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Ningliu Rd. 219, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, China.
| | - Edward J Calabrese
- Professor of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Morrill I, N344; University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 USA
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23
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Saitanis CJ, Agathokleous E. Stress response and population dynamics: Is Allee effect hormesis? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 682:623-628. [PMID: 31128374 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hormesis is a fundamental notion in ecotoxicology while competition between organisms is an essential notion in population ecology and species adaptation and evolution. Both sub-disciplines of ecology deal with the response of organisms to abiotic and biotic stresses. In ecotoxicology, the Linear-non-Threshold (LNT), Threshold and Hormetic models are used to describe the dominant responses of a plethora of endpoints to abiotic stress. In population ecology, the logistic, theta-logistic and the Allee effect models are used to describe the growth of populations under different responses to (biotic) stress induced by population density. The per capita rate of population increase (r) measures species fitness. When it is used as endpoint, the responses to population density seem to perfectly correspond to LNT, Threshold and Hormetic responses to abiotic stress, respectively. Our analysis suggests the Allee effect is a hormetic-like response of r to population density, an ultimate biotic stress. This biphasic dose-response model appears across different systems and situations (from molecules to tumor growth to population dynamics), is highly supported by ecological and evolutionary theory, and has important implications in most sub-disciplines of biology as well as in environmental and earth sciences. Joined multi-disciplinary efforts would facilitate the development and application of advanced research approaches for better understanding potential planetary-scale implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costas J Saitanis
- Lab of Ecology and Environmental Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens, Votanikos, 11855, Greece
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- Institute of Ecology, Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
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24
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Agathokleous E, Calabrese EJ. Hormesis: The dose response for the 21st century: The future has arrived. Toxicology 2019; 425:152249. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.152249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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25
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Costantini D. Hormesis Promotes Evolutionary Change. Dose Response 2019; 17:1559325819843376. [PMID: 31040761 PMCID: PMC6484245 DOI: 10.1177/1559325819843376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to moderate environmental stress is one important source of evolutionary change. This evidence would support the hypothesis that hormesis is an evolutionary expectation. In this short review, I discuss relevant examples of genetic and phenotypic responses to moderate stress exposure that are compatible with hormesis and with paradigms of evolutionary theory such as evolutionary rescue or phenotypic plasticity. Genetic recombination, nonlethal mutations, activity of transposable elements, or gene expression are some of the molecular mechanisms through which hormesis might enable organisms to maintain or even increase evolutionary fitness in stressful environments. These mechanisms span the tree of life from plants to vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Costantini
- UMR 7221 CNRS/MNHN, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
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The LNT model for cancer induction is not supported by radiobiological data. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 301:34-53. [PMID: 30763552 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The hallmarks of cancer have been the focus of much research and have influenced the development of risk models for radiation-induced cancer. However, natural defenses against cancer, which constitute the hallmarks of cancer prevention, have largely been neglected in developing cancer risk models. These natural defenses are enhanced by low doses and dose rates of ionizing radiation, which has aided in the continuation of human life over many generations. Our natural defenses operate at the molecular, cellular, tissue, and whole-body levels and include epigenetically regulated (epiregulated) DNA damage repair and antioxidant production, selective p53-independent apoptosis of aberrant cells (e.g. neoplastically transformed and tumor cells), suppression of cancer-promoting inflammation, and anticancer immunity (both innate and adaptive components). This publication reviews the scientific bases for the indicated cancer-preventing natural defenses and evaluates their implication for assessing cancer risk after exposure to low radiation doses and dose rates. Based on the extensive radiobiological evidence reviewed, it is concluded that the linear-no-threshold (LNT) model (which ignores natural defenses against cancer), as it relates to cancer risk from ionizing radiation, is highly implausible. Plausible models include dose-threshold and hormetic models. More research is needed to establish when a given model (threshold, hormetic, or other) applies to a given low-dose-radiation exposure scenario.
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