1
|
Liu F, Sun X, Zhou J, Li J, Chen J, Du G, Zhao X. Efficient biosynthesis of active hemoglobins through enhancing the import of heme in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS J 2024; 291:3737-3748. [PMID: 38865576 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Hemoglobins, with heme as a cofactor, are functional proteins that have extensive applications in the fields of artificial oxygen carriers and foods. Although Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an ideal host for hemoglobin synthesis, it lacks a suitable transport system to utilize additional heme for active expression of hemoglobins, resulting in the cellular aggregation and degradation of the latter. Here, an effective heme importer, heme-responsive gene 4 (Hrg-4), was selected from six candidates through the comparison of effects on the growth rates of Δhem1 S. cerevisiae strain and the activities of various hemoglobins when supplemented with 5 mg·L-1 exogenous heme. Additionally, to counter the instability of plasmid-based expression and the metabolic burden introduced from overexpressing Hrg-4, a series of hrg-4 integrated strains were constructed and the best engineered strain with five copies of hrg-4 was chosen. We found that this engineered strain was associated with an increased binding rate of heme in monomeric leghemoglobin and multimeric human hemoglobin (76.3% and 16.5%, respectively), as well as an enhanced expression of both hemoglobins (52.8% and 17.0%, respectively). Thus, the engineered strain with improved heme uptake can be used to efficiently synthesize other heme-binding proteins and enzymes in S. cerevisiae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Liu
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jianghua Li
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Guocheng Du
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xinrui Zhao
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yoo SK, Cheong DE, Yoo HS, Choi HJ, Nguyen NA, Yun CH, Kim GJ. Promising properties of cytochrome P450 BM3 reconstituted from separate domains by split intein. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 273:132793. [PMID: 38830492 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Recombinant cytochrome P450 monooxygenases possess significant potential as biocatalysts, and efforts to improve heme content, electron coupling efficiency, and catalytic activity and stability are ongoing. Domain swapping between heme and reductase domains, whether natural or engineered, has thus received increasing attention. Here, we successfully achieved split intein-mediated reconstitution (IMR) of the heme and reductase domains of P450 BM3 both in vitro and in vivo. Intriguingly, the reconstituted enzymes displayed promising properties for practical use. IMR BM3 exhibited a higher heme content (>50 %) and a greater tendency for oligomerization compared to the wild-type enzyme. Moreover, these reconstituted enzymes exhibited a distinct increase in activity ranging from 165 % to 430 % even under the same heme concentrations. The reproducibility of our results strongly suggests that the proposed reconstitution approach could pave a new path for enhancing the catalytic efficiency of related enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su-Kyoung Yoo
- Department of Biological Sciences and Research Center of Ecomimetics, College of Natural Sciences, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Eun Cheong
- Department of Biological Sciences and Research Center of Ecomimetics, College of Natural Sciences, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Seok Yoo
- Department of Biological Sciences and Research Center of Ecomimetics, College of Natural Sciences, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ji Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Research Center of Ecomimetics, College of Natural Sciences, Republic of Korea
| | - Ngoc Anh Nguyen
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Yun
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
| | - Geun-Joong Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Research Center of Ecomimetics, College of Natural Sciences, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bertelmann C, Mock M, Schmid A, Bühler B. Efficiency aspects of regioselective testosterone hydroxylation with highly active CYP450-based whole-cell biocatalysts. Microb Biotechnol 2024; 17:e14378. [PMID: 38018939 PMCID: PMC10832557 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroid hydroxylations belong to the industrially most relevant reactions catalysed by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP450s) due to the pharmacological relevance of hydroxylated derivatives. The implementation of respective bioprocesses at an industrial scale still suffers from several limitations commonly found in CYP450 catalysis, that is low turnover rates, enzyme instability, inhibition and toxicity related to the substrate(s) and/or product(s). Recently, we achieved a new level of steroid hydroxylation rates by introducing highly active testosterone-hydroxylating CYP450 BM3 variants together with the hydrophobic outer membrane protein AlkL into Escherichia coli-based whole-cell biocatalysts. However, the activity tended to decrease, which possibly impedes overall productivities and final product titres. In this study, a considerable instability was confirmed and subject to a systematic investigation regarding possible causes. In-depth evaluation of whole-cell biocatalyst kinetics and stability revealed a limitation in substrate availability due to poor testosterone solubility as well as inhibition by the main product 15β-hydroxytestosterone. Instability of CYP450 BM3 variants was disclosed as another critical factor, which is of general significance for CYP450-based biocatalysis. Presented results reveal biocatalyst, reaction and process engineering strategies auguring well for industrial implementation of the developed steroid hydroxylation platform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdalena Mock
- Department of Solar MaterialsLeipzigGermany
- Present address:
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material SciencesGeorg Agricola University of Applied SciencesBochumGermany
| | | | - Bruno Bühler
- Department of Solar MaterialsLeipzigGermany
- Department of Microbial BiotechnologyHelmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH–UFZLeipzigGermany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Poshekhontseva VY, Strizhov NI, Karpov MV, Nikolaeva VM, Kazantsev AV, Sazonova OI, Shutov AA, Donova MV. Expression of Synthetic cyp102A1-LG23 Gene and Functional Analysis of Recombinant Cytochrome P450 BM3-LG23 in the Actinobacterium Mycolicibacterium smegmatis. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:1347-1355. [PMID: 37770401 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923090146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome CYP102A1 (P450 BM3) of Priestia megaterium (bas. Bacillus megaterium) has several unique functional features and thus provides an ideal object for directed evolution and other synthetic applications. Previously, the CYP102A1-LG23 mutant with 14 mutations in the heme part was obtained that hydroxylates several androstanes at C7β with the formation of products with the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities. In this study, synthetic cyp102A1-LG23 gene encoding the P450 BM3 mutant was expressed as a component of either monocistronic operon or bicistronic operon containing the gdh (glucose dehydrogenase, GDH) or zwf2 (glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, G6PD) gene in Mycolicibacterium smegmatis BD cells. The recombinant bacteria were able hydroxylate androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (AD) into 7β-OH-AD. Their biocatalytic activity was increased twice by increasing the solubility of CYP102A1-LG23 protein in the cells and supplementing the cells with the additional cofactor regeneration system by introducing GDH and G6PD. The maximum 7β-OH-AD yield (37.68 mol%) was achieved by co-expression of cyp102A1-LG23 and gdh genes in M. smegmatis. These results demonstrate the possibility of using synthetic genes to obtain recombinant enzymes and expand our understanding of the processes involved in steroid hydroxylation by bacterial cytochromes. The data obtained can be used to develop new approaches for microbiological production of 7β-hydroxylated steroids in genetically modified Mycolicibacterium species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Y Poshekhontseva
- Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Pushchino Center for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
| | - Nikolai I Strizhov
- Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Pushchino Center for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
| | - Mikhail V Karpov
- Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Pushchino Center for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
| | - Vera M Nikolaeva
- Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Pushchino Center for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
| | - Alexey V Kazantsev
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Olesya I Sazonova
- Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Pushchino Center for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
| | - Andrey A Shutov
- Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Pushchino Center for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
| | - Marina V Donova
- Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Pushchino Center for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Morales-Urrea D, López-Córdoba A, Contreras EM. Inactivation kinetics of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) by hydrogen peroxide. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13363. [PMID: 37591893 PMCID: PMC10435507 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39687-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the peroxidase enzymes have generated wide interest in several industrial processes, such as wastewater treatments, food processing, pharmaceuticals, and the production of fine chemicals. However, the low stability of the peroxidases in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has limited its commercial use. In the present work, the effect of H2O2 on the inactivation of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was evaluated. Three states of HRP (E0, E2, and E3) were identified. While in the absence of H2O2, the resting state E0 was observed, in the presence of low and high concentrations of H2O2, E2, and E3 were found, respectively. The results showed that HRP catalyzed the H2O2 decomposition, forming the species Ex, which was catalytically inactive. Results suggest that this loss of enzymatic activity is an intrinsic characteristic of the studied HRP. A model from a modified version of the Dunford mechanism of peroxidases was developed, which was validated against experimental data and findings reported by the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Morales-Urrea
- Grupo de Investigación en Bioeconomía y Sostenibilidad Agroalimentaria, Escuela de Administración de Empresas Agropecuarias, Facultad Seccional Duitama, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Duitama, Colombia
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales (INTEMA), CCT - Mar del Plata. CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Alex López-Córdoba
- Grupo de Investigación en Bioeconomía y Sostenibilidad Agroalimentaria, Escuela de Administración de Empresas Agropecuarias, Facultad Seccional Duitama, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Duitama, Colombia
| | - Edgardo M Contreras
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales (INTEMA), CCT - Mar del Plata. CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hu B, Yu H, Zhou J, Li J, Chen J, Du G, Lee SY, Zhao X. Whole-Cell P450 Biocatalysis Using Engineered Escherichia coli with Fine-Tuned Heme Biosynthesis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205580. [PMID: 36526588 PMCID: PMC9951570 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
By exploiting versatile P450 enzymes, whole-cell biocatalysis can be performed to synthesize valuable compounds in Escherichia coli. However, the insufficient supply of heme limits the whole-cell P450 biocatalytic activity. Here a strategy for improving intracellular heme biosynthesis to enhance the catalytic efficiencies of P450s is reported. After comparing the effects of improving heme transport and biosynthesis on P450 activities, intracellular heme biosynthesis is optimized through the integrated expression of necessary synthetic genes at proper ratios and the assembly of rate-limiting enzymes using DNA-guided scaffolds. The intracellular heme level is fine-tuned by the combined use of mutated heme-sensitive biosensors and small regulatory RNA systems. The catalytic efficiencies of three different P450s, BM3, sca-2, and CYP105D7, are enhanced through fine-tuning heme biosynthesis for the synthesis of hydroquinone, pravastatin, and 7,3',4'-trihydroxyisoflavone as example products of chemical intermediate, drug, and natural product, respectively. This strategy of fine-tuned heme biosynthesis will be generally useful for developing whole-cell biocatalysts involving hemoproteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baodong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationSchool of BiotechnologyJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
- Science Center for Future FoodsJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic BiotechnologyJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic BiotechnologyJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
| | - Haibo Yu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationSchool of BiotechnologyJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
- Science Center for Future FoodsJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic BiotechnologyJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic BiotechnologyJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationSchool of BiotechnologyJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
- Science Center for Future FoodsJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic BiotechnologyJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic BiotechnologyJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
| | - Jianghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationSchool of BiotechnologyJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
- Science Center for Future FoodsJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic BiotechnologyJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic BiotechnologyJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationSchool of BiotechnologyJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
- Science Center for Future FoodsJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic BiotechnologyJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic BiotechnologyJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
| | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Industrial BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationSchool of BiotechnologyJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
- Science Center for Future FoodsJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic BiotechnologyJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic BiotechnologyJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
| | - Sang Yup Lee
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research LaboratoryDepartment of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program)BioProcess Engineering Research CenterBioinformatics Research Center, and Institute for the BioCenturyKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)DaejeonYuseong‐gu34141Republic of Korea
| | - Xinrui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationSchool of BiotechnologyJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
- Science Center for Future FoodsJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic BiotechnologyJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic BiotechnologyJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang H, Xu P, Wang T, Wang S, Li W, Mao J, Wang J, Zhang F, Cheng M. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of highly potent and selective CYP1B1 inhibitors. NEW J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj05691g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
A series of highly potent and selective CYP1B1 inhibitors based on N-phenyl-[2,4′-bithiazol]-2′-amine were obtained and their structure–activity-relationships were analyzed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Drug Design and New Drug Discovery of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Drug Design and New Drug Discovery of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Shiyu Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Weixia Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Drug Design and New Drug Discovery of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jianping Mao
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Drug Design and New Drug Discovery of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Fengjiao Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Maosheng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Drug Design and New Drug Discovery of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Meng S, Ji Y, Zhu L, Dhoke GV, Davari MD, Schwaneberg U. The molecular basis and enzyme engineering strategies for improvement of coupling efficiency in cytochrome P450s. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 61:108051. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
9
|
Vincent T, Gaillet B, Garnier A. Optimization of operation conditions for improved cytochrome
P450BM3
enzymatic reaction yield. CAN J CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.24232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Vincent
- Department of Chemical Engineering Université Laval Québec City Québec Canada
| | - Bruno Gaillet
- Department of Chemical Engineering Université Laval Québec City Québec Canada
| | - Alain Garnier
- Department of Chemical Engineering Université Laval Québec City Québec Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Charlton SN, Hayes MA. Oxygenating Biocatalysts for Hydroxyl Functionalisation in Drug Discovery and Development. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200115. [PMID: 35385205 PMCID: PMC9323455 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
C-H oxyfunctionalisation remains a distinct challenge for synthetic organic chemists. Oxygenases and peroxygenases (grouped here as "oxygenating biocatalysts") catalyse the oxidation of a substrate with molecular oxygen or hydrogen peroxide as oxidant. The application of oxygenating biocatalysts in organic synthesis has dramatically increased over the last decade, producing complex compounds with potential uses in the pharmaceutical industry. This review will focus on hydroxyl functionalisation using oxygenating biocatalysts as a tool for drug discovery and development. Established oxygenating biocatalysts, such as cytochrome P450s and flavin-dependent monooxygenases, have widely been adopted for this purpose, but can suffer from low activity, instability or limited substrate scope. Therefore, emerging oxygenating biocatalysts which offer an alternative will also be covered, as well as considering the ways in which these hydroxylation biotransformations can be applied in drug discovery and development, such as late-stage functionalisation (LSF) and in biocatalytic cascades.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sacha N. Charlton
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol, Cantock's CloseBristolBS8 1TSUK
| | - Martin A. Hayes
- Compound Synthesis and ManagementDiscovery SciencesBiopharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cannazza P, Rabuffetti M, Donzella S, De Vitis V, Contente ML, de Oliveira MDCF, de Mattos MC, Barbosa FG, de Souza Oliveira RP, Pinto A, Molinari F, Romano D. Whole cells of recombinant CYP153A6-E. coli as biocatalyst for regioselective hydroxylation of monoterpenes. AMB Express 2022; 12:48. [PMID: 35478304 PMCID: PMC9046528 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-022-01389-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimized recombinant whole cells of E. coli bearing CYP153A6 were employed for catalyzing the hydroxylation of different monoterpene derivatives. In most cases, high selectivity was observed with exclusive hydroxylation of the allylic methyl group bound to the aliphatic ring. In the case of (R)- and (S)-carvone, hydroxylation occurred also on the other allylic methyl group, although to a lesser extent. Biotransformations carried out in fed-batch mode on (S)-limonene and α-terpineol showed that recombinant whole cells retained activity for at least 24 h, allowing for the recovery of 3.25 mg mL−1 of (S)-perillyl alcohol and 5.45 mg mL−1 of 7-hydroxy-α-terpineol, respectively. Different monoterpenes can be regioselectively hydroxylated by CYP153A6 monooxygenase The biotransformation with whole cells is complementary to chemical oxyfunctionalization Fed-batch biotransformations have been applied for preparative purposes
Collapse
|
12
|
Prem S, Helmer CPO, Dimos N, Himpich S, Brück T, Garbe D, Loll B. Towards an understanding of oleate hydratases and their application in industrial processes. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:58. [PMID: 35397585 PMCID: PMC8994360 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01777-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid hydratases are unique to microorganisms. Their native function is the oxidation of unsaturated C–C bonds to enable detoxification of environmental toxins. Within this enzyme family, the oleate hydratases (Ohys), which catalyze the hydroxylation of oleic acid to 10-(R)-hydroxy stearic acid (10-HSA) have recently gained particular industrial interest. 10-HSA is considered to be a replacement for 12-(R)-hydroxy stearic acid (12-HSA), which has a broad application in the chemical and pharmaceutical industry. As 12-HSA is obtained through an energy consuming synthesis process, the biotechnological route for sustainable 10-HSA production is of significant industrial interest. All Ohys identified to date have a non-redox active FAD bound in their active site. Ohys can be divided in several subfamilies, that differ in their oligomerization state and the decoration with amino acids in their active sites. The latter observation indicates a different reaction mechanism across those subfamilies. Despite intensive biotechnological, biochemical and structural investigations, surprising little is known about substrate binding and the reaction mechanism of this enzyme family. This review, summarizes our current understanding of Ohys with a focus on sustainable biotransformation.
Collapse
|
13
|
Bretschneider L, Heuschkel I, Bühler K, Karande R, Bühler B. Rational orthologous pathway and biochemical process engineering for adipic acid production using Pseudomonas taiwanensis VLB120. Metab Eng 2022; 70:206-217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2022.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
14
|
Abstract
Biocatalysis has an enormous impact on chemical synthesis. The waves in which biocatalysis has developed, and in doing so changed our perception of what organic chemistry is, were reviewed 20 and 10 years ago. Here we review the consequences of these waves of development. Nowadays, hydrolases are widely used on an industrial scale for the benign synthesis of commodity and bulk chemicals and are fully developed. In addition, further enzyme classes are gaining ever increasing interest. Particularly, enzymes catalysing selective C-C-bond formation reactions and enzymes catalysing selective oxidation and reduction reactions are solving long-standing synthetic challenges in organic chemistry. Combined efforts from molecular biology, systems biology, organic chemistry and chemical engineering will establish a whole new toolbox for chemistry. Recent developments are critically reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Hanefeld
- Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, The Netherlands.
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, The Netherlands.
| | - Caroline E Paul
- Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Simić S, Zukić E, Schmermund L, Faber K, Winkler CK, Kroutil W. Shortening Synthetic Routes to Small Molecule Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Employing Biocatalytic Methods. Chem Rev 2021; 122:1052-1126. [PMID: 34846124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalysis, using enzymes for organic synthesis, has emerged as powerful tool for the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The first industrial biocatalytic processes launched in the first half of the last century exploited whole-cell microorganisms where the specific enzyme at work was not known. In the meantime, novel molecular biology methods, such as efficient gene sequencing and synthesis, triggered breakthroughs in directed evolution for the rapid development of process-stable enzymes with broad substrate scope and good selectivities tailored for specific substrates. To date, enzymes are employed to enable shorter, more efficient, and more sustainable alternative routes toward (established) small molecule APIs, and are additionally used to perform standard reactions in API synthesis more efficiently. Herein, large-scale synthetic routes containing biocatalytic key steps toward >130 APIs of approved drugs and drug candidates are compared with the corresponding chemical protocols (if available) regarding the steps, reaction conditions, and scale. The review is structured according to the functional group formed in the reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Simić
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Erna Zukić
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Luca Schmermund
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Kurt Faber
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph K Winkler
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Field of Excellence BioHealth─University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Schmitz LM, Hageneier F, Rosenthal K, Busche T, Brandt D, Kalinowski J, Lütz S. Recombinant expression and characterization of novel P450s from Actinosynnema mirum. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 42:116241. [PMID: 34139548 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) are the major contributor in the metabolism of xenobiotics, including therapeutic agents. Thus, P450s find broad application in the pharmaceutical industry to synthesize metabolites of new active pharmaceutical ingredients in order to evaluate toxicity and pharmacokinetics. As an alternative to human hepatic P450s, microbial P450s offer several advantages, such as an easier and more efficient heterologous expression as well as higher stability under process conditions. Recently, the wild-type strain Actinosynnema mirum has been reported to catalyze hydroxylation reactions with high activity on a broad range of substrates. In this study, one of these substrates, ritonavir, was used to analyze the transcriptional response of the wild-type strain. Analysis of the differential gene expression pattern allowed the assignment of genes potentially responsible for ritonavir conversion. Heterologous expression of these candidates and activity testing led to the identification of a novel P450 that efficiently converts ritonavir resembling the activity of the human CYP3A4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Marie Schmitz
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Straße 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Felix Hageneier
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Straße 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Katrin Rosenthal
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Straße 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Tobias Busche
- Microbial Genomic and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 27, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - David Brandt
- Microbial Genomic and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 27, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Microbial Genomic and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 27, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Stephan Lütz
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Straße 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kwon YJ, Shin S, Chun YJ. Biological roles of cytochrome P450 1A1, 1A2, and 1B1 enzymes. Arch Pharm Res 2021; 44:63-83. [PMID: 33484438 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-021-01306-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) play a critical role in various biological processes and human diseases. CYP1 family members, including CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1, are induced by aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhRs). The binding of ligands such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons activates the AhRs, which are involved in the metabolism (including oxidation) of various endogenous or exogenous substrates. The ligands that induce CYP1 expression are reported to be carcinogenic xenobiotics. Hence, CYP1 enzymes are correlated with the pathogenesis of cancers. Various endogenous substrates are involved in the metabolism of steroid hormones, eicosanoids, and other biological molecules that mediate the pathogenesis of several human diseases. Additionally, CYP1s metabolize and activate/inactivate therapeutic drugs, especially, anti-cancer agents. As the metabolism of drugs determines their therapeutic efficacy, CYP1s can determine the susceptibility of patients to some drugs. Thus, understanding the role of CYP1s in diseases and establishing novel and efficient therapeutic strategies based on CYP1s have piqued the interest of the scientific community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeo-Jung Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyun Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jin Chun
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Rhododendrol (RD) is a naturally occurring phenolic compound found in many plants. Tyrosinase (Ty) converts RD to RD-catechol and subsequently RD-quinone via two-step oxidation reactions, after which RD-melanin forms spontaneously from RD-quinone. RD is cytotoxic in melanocytes and lung cancer cells, but not in keratinocytes and fibroblasts. However, the function of RD metabolites has not been possible to investigate due to the lack of available high purity metabolites. In this study, an enzymatic strategy for RD-catechol production was devised using engineered cytochrome P450 102A1 (CYP102A1) and Ty, and the product was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), LC-MS, and NMR spectroscopy. Engineered CYP102A1 regioselectively produced RD-catechol via hydroxylation at the ortho position of RD. Although RD-quinone was subsequently formed by two step oxidation in Ty catalyzed reactions, L-ascorbic acid (LAA) inhibited RD-quinone formation and contributed to regioselective production of RD-catechol. When LAA was present, the productivity of RD-catechol by Ty was 5.3-fold higher than that by engineered CYP102A1. These results indicate that engineered CYP102A1 and Ty can be used as effective biocatalysts to produce hydroxylated products, and Ty is a more cost-effective biocatalyst for industrial applications than engineered CYP102A1.
Collapse
|
19
|
Regioselective Hydroxylation of Naringin Dihydrochalcone to Produce Neoeriocitrin Dihydrochalcone by CYP102A1 (BM3) Mutants. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10080823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Naringin dihydrochalcone (DC) is originally derived from the flavonoid naringin, which occurs naturally in citrus fruits, especially in grapefruit. It is used as an artificial sweetener with a strong antioxidant activity with potential applications in food and pharmaceutical fields. At present, enzymatic and chemical methods to make products of naringin DC by hydroxylation reactions have not been developed. Here, an enzymatic strategy for the efficient synthesis of potentially valuable products from naringin DC, a glycoside of phloretin, was developed using Bacillus megaterium CYP102A1 monooxygenase. The major product was identified to be neoeriocitrin DC by NMR and LC-MS analyses. Sixty-seven mutants of CYP102A1 were tested for hydroxylation of naringin DC to produce neoeriocitrin DC. Six mutants with high activity were selected to determine the kinetic parameters and total turnover numbers (TTNs). The kcat value of the most active mutant was 11 min−1 and its TTN was 315. The productivity of neoeriocitrin DC production increased up to 1.1 mM h−1, which corresponds to 0.65 g L−1 h−1. In this study, we achieved a regioselective hydroxylation of naringin DC to produce neoeriocitrin DC.
Collapse
|
20
|
Buergler MB, Dennig A, Nidetzky B. Process intensification for cytochrome P450 BM3-catalyzed oxy-functionalization of dodecanoic acid. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:2377-2388. [PMID: 32369187 PMCID: PMC7384007 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Selective oxy‐functionalization of nonactivated C‐H bonds is a long‐standing “dream reaction” of organic synthesis for which chemical methodology is not well developed. Mono‐oxygenase enzymes are promising catalysts for such oxy‐functionalization to establish. Limitation on their applicability arises from low reaction output. Here, we showed an integrated approach of process engineering to the intensification of the cytochrome P450 BM3‐catalyzed hydroxylation of dodecanoic acid (C12:0). Using P450 BM3 together with glucose dehydrogenase for regeneration of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), we compared soluble and co‐immobilized enzymes in O2‐gassed and pH‐controlled conversions at high final substrate concentrations (≥40mM). We identified the main engineering parameters of process output (i.e., O2 supply; mixing correlated with immobilized enzyme stability; foam control correlated with product isolation; substrate solubilization) and succeeded in disentangling their complex interrelationship for systematic process optimization. Running the reaction at O2‐limited conditions at up to 500‐ml scale (10% dimethyl sulfoxide; silicone antifoam), we developed a substrate feeding strategy based on O2 feedback control. Thus, we achieved high reaction rates of 1.86g·L−1·hr−1 and near complete conversion (≥90%) of 80mM (16g/L) C12:0 with good selectivity (≤5% overoxidation). We showed that “uncoupled reaction” of the P450 BM3 (~95% utilization of NADPH and O2 not leading to hydroxylation) with the C12:0 hydroxylated product limited the process efficiency at high product concentration. Hydroxylated product (~7g; ≥92% purity) was recovered from 500ml reaction in 82% yield using ethyl‐acetate extraction. Collectively, these results demonstrate key engineering parameters for the biocatalytic oxy‐functionalization and show their integration into a coherent strategy for process intensification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz B Buergler
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Alexander Dennig
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
König L, Szczesny S, Brixius-Anderko S, Bernhardt R, Hannemann F. Mixed-culture fermentation for enhanced C21-hydroxylation of glucocorticoids. J Biotechnol 2020; 314-315:14-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
22
|
Schäfer L, Karande R, Bühler B. Maximizing Biocatalytic Cyclohexane Hydroxylation by Modulating Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase Expression in P. taiwanensis VLB120. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:140. [PMID: 32175317 PMCID: PMC7056670 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (Cyps) effectively catalyze the regiospecific oxyfunctionalization of inert C-H bonds under mild conditions. Due to their cofactor dependency and instability in isolated form, oxygenases are preferably applied in living microbial cells with Pseudomonas strains constituting potent host organisms for Cyps. This study presents a holistic genetic engineering approach, considering gene dosage, transcriptional, and translational levels, to engineer an effective Cyp-based whole-cell biocatalyst, building on recombinant Pseudomonas taiwanensis VLB120 for cyclohexane hydroxylation. A lac-based regulation system turned out to be favorable in terms of orthogonality to the host regulatory network and enabled a remarkable specific whole-cell activity of 34 U gCDW -1. The evaluation of different ribosomal binding sites (RBSs) revealed that a moderate translation rate was favorable in terms of the specific activity. An increase in gene dosage did only slightly elevate the hydroxylation activity, but severely impaired growth and resulted in a large fraction of inactive Cyp. Finally, the introduction of a terminator reduced leakiness. The optimized strain P. taiwanensis VLB120 pSEVA_Cyp allowed for a hydroxylation activity of 55 U gCDW -1. Applying 5 mM cyclohexane, molar conversion and biomass-specific yields of 82.5% and 2.46 mmolcyclohexanol gbiomass -1 were achieved, respectively. The strain now serves as a platform to design in vivo cascades and bioprocesses for the production of polymer building blocks such as ε-caprolactone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Schäfer
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rohan Karande
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bruno Bühler
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Regioselective hydroxylation pathway of tenatoprazole to produce human metabolites by Bacillus megaterium CYP102A1. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
24
|
Schmitz LM, Rosenthal K, Lütz S. Recent advances in heme biocatalysis engineering. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:3469-3475. [PMID: 31483477 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Heme enzymes have the potential to be widely used as biocatalysts due to their capability to perform a vast variety of oxidation reactions. In spite of their versatility, the application of heme enzymes was long time-limited for the industry due to their low activity and stability in large scale processes. The identification of novel natural biocatalysts and recent advances in protein engineering have led to new reactions with a high application potential. The latest creation of a serine-ligated mutant of BM3 showed an efficient transfer of reactive carbenes into C═C bonds of olefins reaching total turnover numbers of more than 60,000 and product titers of up to 27 g/L-1 . This prominent example shows that heme enzymes are becoming competitive to chemical syntheses while being already advantageous in terms of high yield, regioselectivity, stereoselectivity and environmentally friendly reaction conditions. Advances in reactor concepts and the influencing parameters on reaction performance are also under investigation resulting in improved productivities and increased stability of the heme biocatalytic systems. In this mini review, we briefly present the latest advancements in the field of heme enzymes towards increased reaction scope and applicability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Marie Schmitz
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Katrin Rosenthal
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stephan Lütz
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Santos GDA, Dhoke GV, Davari MD, Ruff AJ, Schwaneberg U. Directed Evolution of P450 BM3 towards Functionalization of Aromatic O-Heterocycles. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3353. [PMID: 31288417 PMCID: PMC6651506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The O-heterocycles, benzo-1,4-dioxane, phthalan, isochroman, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran, benzofuran, and dibenzofuran are important building blocks with considerable medical application for the production of pharmaceuticals. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) Bacillus megaterium 3 (BM3) wild type (WT) from Bacillus megaterium has low to no conversion of the six O-heterocycles. Screening of in-house libraries for active variants yielded P450 BM3 CM1 (R255P/P329H), which was subjected to directed evolution and site saturation mutagenesis of four positions. The latter led to the identification of position R255, which when introduced in the P450 BM3 WT, outperformed all other variants. The initial oxidation rate of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) consumption increased ≈140-fold (WT: 8.3 ± 1.3 min-1; R255L: 1168 ± 163 min-1), total turnover number (TTN) increased ≈21-fold (WT: 40 ± 3; R255L: 860 ± 15), and coupling efficiency, ≈2.9-fold (WT: 8.8 ± 0.1%; R255L: 25.7 ± 1.0%). Computational analysis showed that substitution R255L (distant from the heme-cofactor) does not have the salt bridge formed with D217 in WT, which introduces flexibility into the I-helix and leads to a heme rearrangement allowing for efficient hydroxylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaurao V Dhoke
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mehdi D Davari
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Anna Joëlle Ruff
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
- DWI-Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien e.V., Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Recent preparative applications of redox enzymes. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2019; 49:105-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
27
|
Cinelli MA, Yang J, Scharmen A, Woodman J, Karchalla LM, Lee KSS. Enzymatic synthesis and chemical inversion provide both enantiomers of bioactive epoxydocosapentaenoic acids. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:2237-2252. [PMID: 30209076 PMCID: PMC6210906 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d089136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epoxy PUFAs are endogenous cytochrome P450 (P450) metabolites of dietary PUFAs. Although these metabolites exert numerous biological effects, attempts to study their complex biology have been hampered by difficulty in obtaining the epoxides as pure regioisomers and enantiomers. To remedy this, we synthesized 19,20- and 16,17-epoxydocosapentaenoic acids (EDPs) (the two most abundant EDPs in vivo) by epoxidation of DHA with WT and the mutant (F87V) P450 enzyme BM3 from Bacillus megaterium WT epoxidation yielded a 4:1 mixture of 19,20:16,17-EDP exclusively as (S,R) enantiomers. Epoxidation with the mutant (F87V) yielded a 1.6:1 mixture of 19,20:16,17-EDP; the 19,20-EDP fraction was ∼9:1 (S,R):(R,S), but the 16,17-EDP was exclusively the (S,R) enantiomer. To access the (R,S) enantiomers of these EDPs, we used a short (four-step) chemical inversion sequence, which utilizes 2-(phenylthio)ethanol as the epoxide-opening nucleophile, followed by mesylation of the resulting alcohol, oxidation of the thioether moiety, and base-catalyzed elimination. This short synthesis cleanly converts the (S,R)-epoxide to the (R,S)-epoxide without loss of enantiopurity. This method, also applicable to eicosapentaenoic acid and arachidonic acid, provides a simple, cost-effective procedure for accessing larger amounts of these metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maris A Cinelli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616
- UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Amy Scharmen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Joey Woodman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Lalitha M Karchalla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Kin Sing Stephen Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Honda Y, Nanasawa K, Fujii H. Coexpression of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Synthase Gene Facilitates Heterologous Production of Thermostable Cytochrome P450, CYP119, in Holo Form in Escherichia coli. Chembiochem 2018; 19:2156-2159. [PMID: 30101489 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes are heme-containing monooxygenases that exhibit potential as biocatalysts for practical applications. The Escherichia coli expression system is frequently used for biocatalyst production; however, heterologous production of hemeproteins in their holo form is difficult due to insufficient heme synthesis by the host. In this study, 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase (ALAS) from Rhodobacter capsulatus is used to accelerate intracellular heme biosynthesis in E. coli; this demonstrates that coexpression of the ALAS gene (ALAS) improves the heterologous production of cytochrome P450, CYP119, from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. Coexpression of ALAS increased the amount of heterologous CYP119 isolated and the ratio of its holo form. The ratio of holo-CYP119 resulting from the coexpression of ALAS in E. coli was 99 %, whereas that from cells expressing CYP119 exclusively was 66 %. Coexpression of ALAS is a promising alternative for the efficient heterologous production of hemeproteins by using E. coli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Honda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Nara Women's University, Kitauoyanishi-machi, Nara, 630-8506, Japan
| | - Kii Nanasawa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Nara Women's University, Kitauoyanishi-machi, Nara, 630-8506, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fujii
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Nara Women's University, Kitauoyanishi-machi, Nara, 630-8506, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ang SS, Salleh AB, Chor LT, Normi YM, Tejo BA, Rahman MBA, Fatima MA. Biochemical Characterization of the Cytochrome P450 CYP107CB2 from Bacillus lehensis G1. Protein J 2018; 37:180-193. [PMID: 29508210 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-018-9764-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The bioconversion of vitamin D3 catalyzed by cytochrome P450 (CYP) requires 25-hydroxylation and subsequent 1α-hydroxylation to produce the hormonal activated 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Vitamin D3 25-hydroxylase catalyses the first step in the vitamin D3 biosynthetic pathway, essential in the de novo activation of vitamin D3. A CYP known as CYP107CB2 has been identified as a novel vitamin D hydroxylase in Bacillus lehensis G1. In order to deepen the understanding of this bacterial origin CYP107CB2, its detailed biological functions as well as biochemical characteristics were defined. CYP107CB2 was characterized through the absorption spectral analysis and accordingly, the enzyme was assayed for vitamin D3 hydroxylation activity. CYP-ligand characterization and catalysis optimization were conducted to increase the turnover of hydroxylated products in an NADPH-regenerating system. Results revealed that the over-expressed CYP107CB2 protein was dominantly cytosolic and the purified fraction showed a protein band at approximately 62 kDa on SDS-PAGE, indicative of CYP107CB2. Spectral analysis indicated that CYP107CB2 protein was properly folded and it was in the active form to catalyze vitamin D3 reaction at C25. HPLC and MS analysis from a reconstituted enzymatic reaction confirmed the hydroxylated products were 25-hydroxyitamin D3 and 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 when the substrates vitamin D3 and 1α-hydroxyvitamin D3 were used. Biochemical characterization shows that CYP107CB2 performed hydroxylation activity at 25 °C in pH 8 and successfully increased the production of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 up to four fold. These findings show that CYP107CB2 has a biologically relevant vitamin D3 25-hydroxylase activity and further suggest the contribution of CYP family to the metabolism of vitamin D3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swi See Ang
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abu Bakar Salleh
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Leow Thean Chor
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yahaya M Normi
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Bimo Ario Tejo
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Basyaruddin Abdul Rahman
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mariam-Aisha Fatima
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Management and Science University, 40100, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Morlock LK, Grobe S, Balke K, Mauersberger S, Böttcher D, Bornscheuer UT. Protein Engineering of the Progesterone Hydroxylating P450-Monooxygenase CYP17A1 Alters Its Regioselectivity. Chembiochem 2018; 19:1954-1958. [PMID: 29981252 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The CYP171 enzyme is known to catalyse a key step in the steroidogenesis of mammals. The substrates progesterone and pregnenolone are first hydroxylated at the C17 position, and this is followed by cleavage of the C17-C20 bond to yield important precursors for glucosteroids and androgens. In this study, we focused on the reaction of the bovine CYP17A1 enzyme with progesterone as a substrate. On the basis of a created homology model, active-site residues were identified and systematically mutated to alanine. In whole-cell biotransformations, the importance of the N202, R239, G297 and E305 residues for substrate conversion was confirmed. Additionally, mutation of the L206, V366 and V483 residues enhanced the formation of the 16α-hydroxyprogesterone side product up to 40 % of the total product formation. Furthermore, residue L105 was found not to be involved in this side activity, which contradicts a previous study with the human enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Morlock
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, Greifswald University, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sascha Grobe
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, Greifswald University, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kathleen Balke
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, Greifswald University, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stephan Mauersberger
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Dresden University of Technology, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dominique Böttcher
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, Greifswald University, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe T Bornscheuer
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, Greifswald University, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Beyer N, Kulig JK, Fraaije MW, Hayes MA, Janssen DB. Exploring PTDH-P450BM3 Variants for the Synthesis of Drug Metabolites. Chembiochem 2018; 19:326-337. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Beyer
- Biotransformation and Biocatalysis; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Justyna K. Kulig
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases; DMPK; Innovative Medicines and Early Development; AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg; Pepparedsleden 1 43150 Mölndal Sweden
- Crop Science Division; Bayer AG; Alfred-Nobel-Strasse 50 40789 Monheim am Rhein Germany
| | - Marco W. Fraaije
- Biotransformation and Biocatalysis; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Martin A. Hayes
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases; DMPK; Innovative Medicines and Early Development; AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg; Pepparedsleden 1 43150 Mölndal Sweden
| | - Dick B. Janssen
- Biotransformation and Biocatalysis; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747AG Groningen The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Simultaneous detection of NADPH consumption and H 2O 2 production using the Ampliflu™ Red assay for screening of P450 activities and uncoupling. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 102:985-994. [PMID: 29150709 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8636-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s belong to a large and diverse group of heme-containing enzymes. These monooxygenases catalyze the incorporation of a single atom of molecular oxygen into their substrate. In contrast to most other enzymes, the activity of P450 enzymes is not only dependent on substrate and cofactor availability and reaction conditions, but also depends on the coupling efficiency of the catalytic cycle itself. Through the electron transfer from NAD(P)H to the heme-center of the P450, the enzyme becomes activated and binds oxygen. The thereby generated iron-oxygen complex undergoes multiple reductive steps forming different activated oxygen species. These intermediates can decay easily, releasing the reactive oxygen species superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which can also be further reduced to water. This so-called uncoupling of the reaction cycle drains electrons from the system, which consequently does not lead to the desired product, but merely H2O2 formation with stoichiometric consumption of NAD(P)H. Hence, measuring NAD(P)H consumption only can lead to an overestimation of substrate conversion. To measure this uncoupling, we herein report a microtiter plate-based assay for the simultaneous quantification of hydrogen peroxide formation and NAD(P)H consumption using Ampliflu™ Red as reporter. This was exemplified for the P450 monooxygenase from Bacillus megaterium (P450 BM3) and five mutants, using different substrates. We demonstrate the applicability of the assay, which provides a versatile basis for a high-throughput preliminary screening of P450 enzyme libraries without the need for GC or HPLC analysis and clear indication of the extent of hydrogen peroxide uncoupling.
Collapse
|
33
|
White BE, Fenner CJ, Smit MS, Harrison STL. Effect of cell permeability and dehydrogenase expression on octane activation by CYP153A6-based whole cell Escherichia coli catalysts. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:156. [PMID: 28931395 PMCID: PMC5607502 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0763-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The regeneration of cofactors and the supply of alkane substrate are key considerations for the biocatalytic activation of hydrocarbons by cytochrome P450s. This study focused on the biotransformation of n-octane to 1-octanol using resting Escherichia coli cells expressing the CYP153A6 operon, which includes the electron transport proteins ferredoxin and ferredoxin reductase. Glycerol dehydrogenase was co-expressed with the CYP153A6 operon to investigate the effects of boosting cofactor regeneration. In order to overcome the alkane supply bottleneck, various chemical and physical approaches to membrane permeabilisation were tested in strains with or without additional dehydrogenase expression. RESULTS Dehydrogenase co-expression in whole cells did not improve product formation and reduced the stability of the system at high cell densities. Chemical permeabilisation resulted in initial hydroxylation rates that were up to two times higher than the whole cell system, but severely impacted biocatalyst stability. Mechanical cell breakage led to improved enzyme stability, but additional dehydrogenase expression was necessary to improve product formation. The best-performing system (in terms of final titres) consisted of mechanically ruptured cells expressing additional dehydrogenase. This system had an initial activity of 1.67 ± 0.12 U/gDCW (32% improvement on whole cells) and attained a product concentration of 34.8 ± 1.6 mM after 24 h (22% improvement on whole cells). Furthermore, the system was able to maintain activity when biotransformation was extended to 72 h, resulting in a final product titre of 60.9 ± 1.1 mM. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that CYP153A6 in whole cells is limited by coupling efficiencies rather than cofactor supply. However, the most significant limitation in the current system is hydrocarbon transport, with substrate import being the main determinant of hydroxylation rates, and product export playing a key role in system stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn E White
- Centre for Bioprocess Engineering Research (CeBER), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa.,South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Catalysis, c*change, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
| | - Caryn J Fenner
- Centre for Bioprocess Engineering Research (CeBER), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa.,South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Catalysis, c*change, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
| | - Martha S Smit
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.,South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Catalysis, c*change, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
| | - Susan T L Harrison
- Centre for Bioprocess Engineering Research (CeBER), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa. .,South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Catalysis, c*change, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lock M, Nichol T, Murrell JC, Smith TJ. Mutagenesis and expression of methane monooxygenase to alter regioselectivity with aromatic substrates. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2017; 364:3906680. [PMID: 28854685 PMCID: PMC5812538 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnx137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble methane monooxygenase (sMMO) from methane-oxidising bacteria can oxygenate more than 100 hydrocarbons and is one of the most catalytically versatile biological oxidation catalysts. Expression of recombinant sMMO has to date not been achieved in Escherichia coli and so an alternative expression system must be used to manipulate it genetically. Here we report substantial improvements to the previously described system for mutagenesis of sMMO and expression of recombinant enzymes in a methanotroph (Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b) expression system. This system has been utilised to make a number of new mutants and to engineer sMMO to increase its catalytic precision with a specific substrate whilst increasing activity by up to 6-fold. These results are the first 'proof-of-principle' experiments illustrating the feasibility of developing sMMO-derived catalysts for diverse applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Lock
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK
| | - Tim Nichol
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK
| | - J. Colin Murrell
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Thomas J. Smith
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Jo HY, Park SH, Le TK, Ma SH, Kim D, Ahn T, Joung YH, Yun CH. Peroxide-dependent oxidation reactions catalyzed by CYP191A1 from Mycobacterium smegmatis. Biotechnol Lett 2017; 39:1245-1252. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-017-2358-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
36
|
Yan C, Parmeggiani F, Jones EA, Claude E, Hussain SA, Turner NJ, Flitsch SL, Barran PE. Real-Time Screening of Biocatalysts in Live Bacterial Colonies. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:1408-1411. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b12165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cunyu Yan
- Manchester
Synthetic Biology Research Centre for Fine and Speciality Chemicals
(SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, M1 7DN, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Fabio Parmeggiani
- Manchester
Synthetic Biology Research Centre for Fine and Speciality Chemicals
(SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, M1 7DN, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Emrys A. Jones
- Waters Corp., Stamford
Avenue, Altrincham Road, SK9 4AX, Wilmslow, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanuelle Claude
- Waters Corp., Stamford
Avenue, Altrincham Road, SK9 4AX, Wilmslow, United Kingdom
| | - Shaneela A. Hussain
- Manchester
Synthetic Biology Research Centre for Fine and Speciality Chemicals
(SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, M1 7DN, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- Manchester
Synthetic Biology Research Centre for Fine and Speciality Chemicals
(SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, M1 7DN, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sabine L. Flitsch
- Manchester
Synthetic Biology Research Centre for Fine and Speciality Chemicals
(SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, M1 7DN, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Perdita E. Barran
- Manchester
Synthetic Biology Research Centre for Fine and Speciality Chemicals
(SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, M1 7DN, Manchester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Characterization of cytochrome P450 CYP109E1 from Bacillus megaterium as a novel vitamin D 3 hydroxylase. J Biotechnol 2016; 243:38-47. [PMID: 28043840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this study the ability of CYP109E1 from Bacillus megaterium to metabolize vitamin D3 (VD3) was investigated. In an in vitro system using bovine adrenodoxin reductase (AdR) and adrenodoxin (Adx4-108), VD3 was converted by CYP109E1 into several products. Furthermore, a whole-cell system in B. megaterium MS941 was established. The new system showed a conversion of 95% after 24h. By NMR analysis it was found that CYP109E1 catalyzes hydroxylation of VD3 at carbons C-24 and C-25, resulting in the formation of 24(S)-hydroxyvitamin D3 (24S(OH)VD3), 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)VD3) and 24S,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (24S,25(OH)2VD3). Through time dependent whole-cell conversion of VD3, we identified that the formation of 24S,25(OH)2VD3 by CYP109E1 is derived from VD3 via the intermediate 24S(OH)VD3. Moreover, using docking analysis and site-directed mutagenesis, we identified important active site residues capable of determining substrate specificity and regio-selectivity. HPLC analysis of the whole-cell conversion with the I85A-mutant revealed an increased selectivity towards 25-hydroxylation of VD3 compared with the wild type activity, resulting in an approximately 2-fold increase of 25(OH)VD3 production (45mgl-1day-1) compared to wild type (24.5mgl-1day-1).
Collapse
|
38
|
Berepiki A, Hitchcock A, Moore CM, Bibby TS. Tapping the Unused Potential of Photosynthesis with a Heterologous Electron Sink. ACS Synth Biol 2016; 5:1369-1375. [PMID: 27437951 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.6b00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Increasing the efficiency of the conversion of light energy to products by photosynthesis represents a grand challenge in biotechnology. Photosynthesis is limited by the carbon-fixing enzyme Rubisco resulting in much of the absorbed energy being wasted as heat or fluorescence or lost as excess reductant via alternative electron dissipation pathways. To harness this wasted reductant, we engineered the model cyanobacterium Synechococcus PCC 7002 to express the mammalian cytochrome P450 CYP1A1 to serve as an artificial electron sink for excess electrons derived from light-catalyzed water-splitting. This improved photosynthetic efficiency by increasing the maximum rate of photosynthetic electron flow by 31.3%. A simple fluorescent assay for CYP1A1 activity demonstrated that the P450 was functional in the absence of its native reductase, that activity was light-dependent and scaled with irradiance. We show for the first time in live cells that photosynthetic reductant can be redirected to power a heterologous cytochrome P450. Furthermore, Synechococcus PCC 7002 expressing CYP1A1 degraded the herbicide atrazine, which is a widespread environmental pollutant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adokiye Berepiki
- Ocean
and Earth Sciences, National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Hitchcock
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - C. Mark Moore
- Ocean
and Earth Sciences, National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas S. Bibby
- Ocean
and Earth Sciences, National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Jeon EY, Seo JH, Kang WR, Kim MJ, Lee JH, Oh DK, Park JB. Simultaneous Enzyme/Whole-Cell Biotransformation of Plant Oils into C9 Carboxylic Acids. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b01884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Yeong Jeon
- Department
of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Hyun Seo
- Department
of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Ri Kang
- Department
of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ji Kim
- Department
of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hoo Lee
- Department
of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department
of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Byung Park
- Department
of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ebert MCCJC, Dürr SL, A. Houle A, Lamoureux G, Pelletier JN. Evolution of P450 Monooxygenases toward Formation of Transient Channels and Exclusion of Nonproductive Gases. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b02154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian C. C. J. C. Ebert
- Département
de biochimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal H3T 1J4, Canada
- PROTEO, The Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
- CGCC, the Center for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montréal H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Simon L. Dürr
- PROTEO, The Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
- CGCC, the Center for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montréal H3T 1J4, Canada
- Département
de chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Armande A. Houle
- Département
de biochimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal H3T 1J4, Canada
- PROTEO, The Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
- CGCC, the Center for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montréal H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Guillaume Lamoureux
- PROTEO, The Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Centre for Research in Molecular
Modeling (CERMM), Concordia University, Montreal H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Joelle N. Pelletier
- Département
de biochimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal H3T 1J4, Canada
- PROTEO, The Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
- CGCC, the Center for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montréal H3T 1J4, Canada
- Département
de chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal H3T 1J4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Holtmann D, Hollmann F. The Oxygen Dilemma: A Severe Challenge for the Application of Monooxygenases? Chembiochem 2016; 17:1391-8. [PMID: 27194219 PMCID: PMC5096067 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Monooxygenases are promising catalysts because they in principle enable the organic chemist to perform highly selective oxyfunctionalisation reactions that are otherwise difficult to achieve. For this, monooxygenases require reducing equivalents, to allow reductive activation of molecular oxygen at the enzymes' active sites. However, these reducing equivalents are often delivered to O2 either directly or via a reduced intermediate (uncoupling), yielding hazardous reactive oxygen species and wasting valuable reducing equivalents. The oxygen dilemma arises from monooxygenases' dependency on O2 and the undesired uncoupling reaction. With this contribution we hope to generate a general awareness of the oxygen dilemma and to discuss its nature and some promising solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Holtmann
- DECHEMA Research Institute, Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628BL, Delft, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Durairaj P, Hur JS, Yun H. Versatile biocatalysis of fungal cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:125. [PMID: 27431996 PMCID: PMC4950769 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0523-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) monooxygenases, the nature’s most versatile biological catalysts have unique ability to catalyse regio-, chemo-, and stereospecific oxidation of a wide range of substrates under mild reaction conditions, thereby addressing a significant challenge in chemocatalysis. Though CYP enzymes are ubiquitous in all biological kingdoms, the divergence of CYPs in fungal kingdom is manifold. The CYP enzymes play pivotal roles in various fungal metabolisms starting from housekeeping biochemical reactions, detoxification of chemicals, and adaptation to hostile surroundings. Considering the versatile catalytic potentials, fungal CYPs has gained wide range of attraction among researchers and various remarkable strategies have been accomplished to enhance their biocatalytic properties. Numerous fungal CYPs with multispecialty features have been identified and the number of characterized fungal CYPs is constantly increasing. Literature reveals ample reviews on mammalian, plant and bacterial CYPs, however, modest reports on fungal CYPs urges a comprehensive review highlighting their novel catalytic potentials and functional significances. In this review, we focus on the diversification and functional diversity of fungal CYPs and recapitulate their unique and versatile biocatalytic properties. As such, this review emphasizes the crucial issues of fungal CYP systems, and the factors influencing efficient biocatalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pradeepraj Durairaj
- Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, South Korea
| | - Jae-Seoun Hur
- Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, South Korea
| | - Hyungdon Yun
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Brummund J, Müller M, Schmitges T, Kaluzna I, Mink D, Hilterhaus L, Liese A. Process development for oxidations of hydrophobic compounds applying cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in-vitro. J Biotechnol 2016; 233:143-50. [PMID: 27396939 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases are a unique family of enzymes that are able to catalyze regio- and stereospecific oxidations for a broad substrate range. However, due to limited enzyme activities and stabilities, hydrophobicity of substrates, as well as the necessity of a continuous electron and oxygen supply the implementation of P450s for industrial processes remains challenging. Aim of this study was to point out key aspects for the development of an efficient synthesis concept for cytochrome P450 catalyzed oxidations. In order to regenerate the natural cofactor NADPH, a glucose dehydrogenase was applied. The low water soluble terpene α-ionone was used as substrate for the model reaction system. The studies reveal that an addition of surfactants in combination with low volumetric amounts of co-solvent can significantly increase substrate availability and reaction rates. Furthermore, these additives facilitated a reliable sampling procedure during the process. Another key factor for the process design was the oxygen supply. Based on various investigations, a bubble-aerated stirred tank reactor in batch mode represents a promising reactor concept for P450 oxidations. Main restriction of the investigated reaction system was the low process stability of the P450 monooxygenase, characterized by maximum total turnover numbers of ∼4100molα-ionone/molP450.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Brummund
- Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Technical Biocatalysis, Denickestr. 15, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Monika Müller
- DSM Chemical Technology R&D B.V., Urmonderbaan 22, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Schmitges
- DSM Chemical Technology R&D B.V., Urmonderbaan 22, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Iwona Kaluzna
- DSM Chemical Technology R&D B.V., Urmonderbaan 22, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Mink
- DSM Chemical Technology R&D B.V., Urmonderbaan 22, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Lutz Hilterhaus
- Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Technical Biocatalysis, Denickestr. 15, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Liese
- Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Technical Biocatalysis, Denickestr. 15, 21073 Hamburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Schulz S, Schumacher D, Raszkowski D, Girhard M, Urlacher VB. Fusion to Hydrophobin HFBI Improves the Catalytic Performance of a Cytochrome P450 System. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2016; 4:57. [PMID: 27458582 PMCID: PMC4930934 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2016.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450) are heme-containing enzymes that oxidize a broad range of substrates in the presence of molecular oxygen and NAD(P)H. For their activity, most P450s rely on one or two redox proteins responsible for the transfer of electrons from the cofactor NAD(P)H to the heme. One of the challenges when using P450s in vitro, especially when non-physiological redox proteins are applied, is the inefficient transfer of electrons between the individual proteins resulting in non-productive consumption of NAD(P)H - referred to as uncoupling. Herein, we describe the improvement of the coupling efficiency between a P450 and its redox partner - diflavin reductase - by fusing both enzymes individually to the hydrophobin HFBI - a small self-assembling protein of the fungus Trichoderma reesei. The separated monooxygenase (BMO) and reductase (BMR) domains of P450 BM3 from Bacillus megaterium were chosen as a P450-reductase model system and individually fused to HFBI. The fusion proteins could be expressed in soluble form in Escherichia coli. When HFBI-fused BMO and BMR were mixed in vitro, substantially higher coupling efficiencies were measured as compared with the respective non-fused enzymes. Consequently, myristic acid conversion increased up to 20-fold (after 6 h) and 5-fold (after 24 h). Size exclusion chromatography demonstrated that in vitro the hydrophobin-fused enzymes build multimeric protein assemblies. Thus, the higher activity is hypothesized to be due to HFBI-mediated self-assembly arranging BMO and BMR in close spatial proximity in aqueous solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schulz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Dominik Schumacher
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Daniel Raszkowski
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Marco Girhard
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Vlada B Urlacher
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kern F, Khatri Y, Litzenburger M, Bernhardt R. CYP267A1 and CYP267B1 from Sorangium cellulosum So ce56 are Highly Versatile Drug Metabolizers. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:495-504. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.068486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
46
|
Schiffer L, Brixius-Anderko S, Hannemann F, Zapp J, Neunzig J, Thevis M, Bernhardt R. Metabolism of Oral Turinabol by Human Steroid Hormone-Synthesizing Cytochrome P450 Enzymes. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 44:227-37. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.066829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
|
47
|
Reinen J, Vredenburg G, Klaering K, Vermeulen NP, Commandeur JN, Honing M, Vos JC. Selective whole-cell biosynthesis of the designer drug metabolites 15- or 16-betahydroxynorethisterone by engineered Cytochrome P450 BM3 mutants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
48
|
Vandemeulebroucke A, Aldag C, Stiebritz MT, Reiher M, Hilvert D. Kinetic Consequences of Introducing a Proximal Selenocysteine Ligand into Cytochrome P450cam. Biochemistry 2015; 54:6692-703. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- An Vandemeulebroucke
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and ‡Laboratory of
Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Aldag
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and ‡Laboratory of
Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin T. Stiebritz
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and ‡Laboratory of
Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Reiher
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and ‡Laboratory of
Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Donald Hilvert
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and ‡Laboratory of
Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Burkhardt T, Letzel T, Drewes JE, Grassmann J. Comprehensive assessment of Cytochrome P450 reactions: A multiplex approach using real-time ESI-MS. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:2573-81. [PMID: 26409144 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The detailed analysis of Cytochrome P450 (CYP) catalyzed reactions is of great interest, since those are of importance for biotechnical applications, drug interaction studies and environmental research. Often cocktail approaches are carried out in order to monitor several CYP activities in a single experiment. Commonly in these approaches product formation is detected and IC50 values are determined. METHODS In the present work, the reactions of two different CYP isoforms were monitored using real-time electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Multiplex experiments using the highly specific CYP2A6 with its corresponding substrate coumarin as well as the highly promiscuous CYP3A4 with testosterone were conducted. Product formation and substrate depletion were simultaneously monitored and compared to the single CYP experiments. The diffusion-controlled rate of reaction and conversion rates that are used as parameters to assess the enzymatic activity were calculated for all measurements conducted. RESULTS Differences in conversion rates and the theoretical rate of reaction that were observed for single CYP and multiplex experiments, respectively, reveal the complexity of the underlying mechanisms. Findings of this study imply that there might be distinct deviations between product formation and substrate degradation when mixtures are used. CONCLUSIONS Detailed results indicate that for a comprehensive assessment of these enzymatic reactions both product and substrate should be considered. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The direct hyphenation of enzymatic reactions to mass spectrometry allows for a comprehensive assessment of enzymatic behavior. Due to the benefits of this technique, the entire system which includes substrate, product and intermediates can be investigated. Thus, besides IC50 values further information regarding the enzymatic behavior offers the opportunity for a more detailed insight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Therese Burkhardt
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Thomas Letzel
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Jörg E Drewes
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Johanna Grassmann
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Holtmann D, Fraaije MW, Arends IWCE, Opperman DJ, Hollmann F. The taming of oxygen: biocatalytic oxyfunctionalisations. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:13180-200. [PMID: 24902635 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc49747j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The scope and limitations of oxygenases as catalysts for preparative organic synthesis is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Holtmann
- DECHEMA Research Institute, Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|