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Fu Y, Zhou J, Schroyen M, Zhang H, Wu S, Qi G, Wang J. Decreased eggshell strength caused by impairment of uterine calcium transport coincide with higher bone minerals and quality in aged laying hens. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2024; 15:37. [PMID: 38439110 PMCID: PMC10910863 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00986-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deteriorations in eggshell and bone quality are major challenges in aged laying hens. This study compared the differences of eggshell quality, bone parameters and their correlations as well as uterine physiological characteristics and the bone remodeling processes of hens laying eggs of different eggshell breaking strength to explore the mechanism of eggshell and bone quality reduction and their interaction. A total of 240 74-week-old Hy-line Brown laying hens were selected and allocated to a high (HBS, 44.83 ± 1.31 N) or low (LBS, 24.43 ± 0.57 N) eggshell breaking strength group. RESULTS A decreased thickness, weight and weight ratio of eggshells were observed in the LBS, accompanied with ultrastructural deterioration and total Ca reduction. Bone quality was negatively correlated with eggshell quality, marked with enhanced structures and increased components in the LBS. In the LBS, the mammillary knobs and effective layer grew slowly. At the initiation stage of eggshell calcification, a total of 130 differentially expressed genes (DEGs, 122 upregulated and 8 downregulated) were identified in the uterus of hens in the LBS relative to those in the HBS. These DEGs were relevant to apoptosis due to the cellular Ca overload. Higher values of p62 protein level, caspase-8 activity, Bax protein expression and lower values of Bcl protein expression and Bcl/Bax ratio were seen in the LBS. TUNEL assay and hematoxylin-eosin staining showed a significant increase in TUNEL-positive cells and tissue damages in the uterus of the LBS. Although few DEGs were identified at the growth stage, similar uterine tissue damages were also observed in the LBS. The expressions of runt-related transcription factor 2 and osteocalcin were upregulated in humeri of the LBS. Enlarged diameter and more structural damages of endocortical bones and decreased ash were observed in femurs of the HBS. CONCLUSION The lower eggshell breaking strength may be attributed to a declined Ca transport due to uterine tissue damages, which could affect eggshell calcification and lead to a weak ultrastructure. Impaired uterine Ca transport may result in reduced femoral bone resorption and increased humeral bone formation to maintain a higher mineral and bone quality in the LBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fu
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, University of Liège, Gembloux, B-5030, Belgium
| | - Jianmin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Martine Schroyen
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, University of Liège, Gembloux, B-5030, Belgium
| | - Haijun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shugeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Guanghai Qi
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Mahato PL, Weatherby T, Ewell K, Jha R, Mishra B. Scanning electron microscope-based evaluation of eggshell quality. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103428. [PMID: 38301498 PMCID: PMC10847681 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The eggshell is the outermost covering of an egg that provides physical and chemical protection. It is a major source of calcium and minerals for the growing embryo during incubation. The egg industry suffers from a considerable economic loss due to poor eggshell quality. Therefore, developing an accurate and precise method of determining eggshell quality is crucial in improving eggshells in subsequent generations of breeding stock. Hence, this study aimed to develop a method to accurately and precisely determine 1) eggshell thickness using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and 2) eggshell mineral components using an SEM-Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS) system. Four types of table eggs (N = 48; 12 eggs/group): Cage-Free Organic from the US Mainland (CFO-M) and Hawaii (CFO-H), Caged Non-Organic from the US Mainland (CNO-M), and Hawaii (CNO-H) were sourced from the grocery store. Approximately 0.5 mm2 pieces of eggshells from the equator region of the egg were taken and processed for visualization under the SEM. Three distinct layers of eggshell were identified under SEM: the outermost cuticle, the middle palisade, and the innermost mammillary region. The results showed that CFO-H eggs have a greater eggshell thickness (380.43 ± 2.69 µm) and effective thickness (306.28 ± 4.15 µm). Similarly, the mammillary knob count was denser in CNO-H eggs (186 ± 23.02 knobs/0.5 mm2). Calcium (97.36 ± 0.17%) was the highest among minerals in lower palisades (LP). The magnesium concentration was lowest in the LP region, whereas the phosphorus concentration was highest in the upper palisades. Our study established a scientific method to assess the eggshell quality and biochemical characteristics of eggs through SEM and EDS. This method can be used as a marker for selecting superior parent stock to improve eggshell quality in subsequent generations of breeding stock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prem Lal Mahato
- Department of Human Nutrition Food and Animal Sciences, College of Tropical, Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Tina Weatherby
- Biological Electron Microscope Facility, Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Kristen Ewell
- Biological Electron Microscope Facility, Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Rajesh Jha
- Department of Human Nutrition Food and Animal Sciences, College of Tropical, Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Birendra Mishra
- Department of Human Nutrition Food and Animal Sciences, College of Tropical, Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA.
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Kuwata N, Mukohda H, Uchida H, Takamatsu R, Binici MM, Yamada T, Sugiyama T. Renal Endocytic Regulation of Vitamin D Metabolism during Maturation and Aging in Laying Hens. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:502. [PMID: 38338146 PMCID: PMC10854989 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Egg-laying hens undergo a specific and dramatic calcium metabolism to lay eggs with eggshells composed of calcium carbonate. Calcium metabolism is mainly regulated by vitamin D3. Although vitamin D3 metabolism is closely related to the deterioration of eggshell quality associated with aging and heat stress, the details of the mechanisms regulating vitamin D3 metabolism are not clear. In mammals, the vitamin D3 metabolite (25(OH)D3) produced in the liver binds to the vitamin binding protein (DBP), is subsequently taken up by renal proximal tubular cells via the endocytic receptors megalin (Meg) and cubilin (CUB), and is metabolized to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3). Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the expression and localization of Meg and CUB in the kidneys of immature chicks and mature and aged laying hens to prevent eggshell quality deterioration. As a result, we showed that as circulating 1,25(OH)2D3 concentrations increased from 156.0 ± 13.5 pg/mL to 815.5 ± 61.4 pg/mL with maturation in immature chicks, relative expression levels (arbitrary units; AU) of Meg and CUB mRNA in the kidneys of mature hens significantly increased 1.92- and 2.75-fold, respectively, compared to those in immature chicks. On the other hand, the Meg mRNA expression levels of mature hens did not change with age, while CUB mRNA expression levels (1.03 ± 0.11 AU) were significantly decreased compared to mature hens (2.75 ± 0.24 AU). Immunohistochemical observations showed that Meg and CUB proteins were localized to the apical membrane of renal proximal tubular epithelial cells in immature chicks, mature hens, and aged hens, and that DBP protein was observed as granular endosomes in the cytoplasm of proximal tubular cells from the apical membrane to the cell nucleus. Especially in mature hens, the endosomes were larger and more numerous than those in immature chicks. In contrast, in aged hens, DBP-containing endosomes were smaller and limited to the apical cytoplasm. These results indicate that with maturation, the expression of Meg and CUB is promoted in the renal proximal tubules of laying hens, facilitating the uptake of the 25(OH)D3-DBP complex and its conversion to 1,25(OH)2D3, and regulating calcium metabolism in eggshell formation. On the other hand, it is suggested that the age-related decrease in CUB expression suppresses the uptake of the 25(OH)D3-DBP complex in the kidney, resulting in a deterioration of eggshell quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nami Kuwata
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata 9502181, Japan
| | - Hatsune Mukohda
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata 9502181, Japan
| | - Hiroto Uchida
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata 9502181, Japan
| | - Ryo Takamatsu
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata 9502181, Japan
| | - Muhammet Mustafa Binici
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata 9502181, Japan
| | - Takahisa Yamada
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata 9502181, Japan;
| | - Toshie Sugiyama
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata 9502181, Japan;
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Poorhemati H, Ghaly M, Sadvakassova G, Komarova SV. FGF23 level in poultry chicken, a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1279204. [PMID: 37908340 PMCID: PMC10614003 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1279204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: In vertebrates fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a phosphate regulating hormone closely linked to calcium regulation by vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH). Although phosphorus, calcium and vitamin D are important for poultry well-being, relatively little is known about their levels of FGF23. Our objective was to quantitatively estimate the blood FGF23 level in birds, and to examine its relationship to diet and blood levels of other components of phosphate and calcium homeostasis. Methods: A systematic search of Agricola, Embase and Medline identified 86 studies focused on FGF23 in birds, from which 12 manuscripts reporting data for 60 independent groups of chickens were included in the analysis. Results: FGF23 levels were 256 pg/ml (Confidence interval (CI): 215, 297) in broilers (39 datasets containing 435 birds), and 256 pg/ml (CI: 178, 339) in egg-laying hens (21 datasets containing 208 birds). FGF23 levels did not correlate with dietary phosphorus, calcium or vitamin D, or with plasma calcium or PTH. FGF23 levels demonstrated a trend to positively correlate with plasma phosphate and a strongly and positive correlation with plasma vitamin D. Discussion: This study provides normative estimates of FGF23 levels in poultry birds and new insights into the regulation of calcium and phosphate homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Poorhemati
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Shriners Hospitals for Children–Canada, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Melody Ghaly
- Shriners Hospitals for Children–Canada, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gulzhakhan Sadvakassova
- Shriners Hospitals for Children–Canada, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Svetlana V. Komarova
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Shriners Hospitals for Children–Canada, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Wood MN, Soltis J, Sullivan KE, Probst T. UV irradiance effects on komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis) vitamin D3, egg production, and behavior: A case study. Zoo Biol 2023; 42:683-692. [PMID: 37584298 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Modifications to UV irradiance for indoor housed herpetofauna can affect behavior and physiology. Low ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiance can result in vitamin D3 deficiency resulting in calcium metabolism disorders including metabolic bone disease and immune suppression. High UVB can result in skin and eye issues, which can be severe enough to cause shock and death. Using tools available for the assessment of UV light, including Ferguson zones and the UV working tool designed by the British and Irish Association of Zoos and Aquaria, we redesigned lighting in our indoor komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis) habitat to better suit the UV requirements of this species, while studying changes in behavior and physiology. We measured serum vitamin 25-hydroxy D3 values in one male and one female komodo dragon before and after they were housed in indoor and outdoor habitats. We also measured behavior changes in our male komodo as he moved from an outdoor habitat, to an indoor habitat with changing UV irradiance. Our female komodo showed a 98% increase in vitamin D3 values after being moved outdoors, and laid her first clutch of eggs. Our male dragon's vitamin D3 remained consistent 200 days after moving inside. He did show increased activity when higher UV irradiance was available. Importantly, we found the UV lamps we used stopped producing desired UV irradiance within 3.5 months of regular use. We suggest all animal care facilities develop UV monitoring programs to research output and longevity of UVB lamps used in indoor herpetofauna habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph Soltis
- Disney's Animal Kingdom®, Lake Buena Vista, Florida, USA
| | | | - Tom Probst
- Disney's Animal Kingdom®, Lake Buena Vista, Florida, USA
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Kalia S, Magnuson AD, Sun T, Liu G, Kim WK, Johnson Z, Lei XG. Supranutrition of microalgal docosahexaenoic acid and calcidiol improved growth performance, tissue lipid profiles, and tibia characteristics of broiler chickens. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:27. [PMID: 36922887 PMCID: PMC10018906 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00842-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and calcidiol could be enriched in chicken for improving public nutrition and health. It remains unclear if supranutritional levels of DHA and calcidiol impair growth performance or metabolism of broiler chickens. This study was to determine singular and combined effects of high levels of supplemental DHA-rich microalgal biomass or oil and calcidiol on growth performance, concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol, and nonesterfied fatty acids in plasma, liver, breast, and thigh, and biophysical properties of tibia. METHODS In Exp. 1, 144 day-old Cornish chicks were divided into 4 groups (6 cages/treatment, 6 birds/cage), and were fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet (BD), BD + 10,000 IU calcidiol/kg (BD + Cal), BD + 1% DHA-rich Aurantiochytrium (1.2 g DHA/kg; BD + DHA), and BD + Cal + DHA for 6 weeks. In Exp. 2, 180 day-old chicks were divided into 5 groups, and were fed: BD, BD + DHA (0.33% to 0.66% oil, 1.5 to 3.0 g DHA/kg), BD + DHA + EPA (1.9% to 3.8% eicosapentaenoic acid-rich Nannochloropsis sp. CO18, 0.3 to 0.6 g EPA/kg), BD + DHA + calcidiol (6000 to 12,000 IU/kg diet), and BD + DHA + EPA + Cal for 6 weeks. RESULTS Birds fed BD + Cal diet in Exp. 1 and BD + DHA + EPA diet in Exp. 2 had higher (P < 0.05) body weight gain (10%-11%) and gain:feed ratio (7%), and lower (P < 0.05) total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in plasma (18%-54%), liver (8%-26%), breast (19%-26%), and thigh (10%-19%), respectively, over the controls. The two diets also improved (P < 0.05) tibial breaking strength (8%-24%), total bone volume (2%-13%), and (or) bone mineral density (3%-19%) of chickens. CONCLUSION Supranutrition of dietary calcidiol and DHA alone or together did not produce adverse effects, but led to moderate improvements of growth performance, lipid profiles of plasma and muscle, and bone properties of broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahil Kalia
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, 252 Morrison Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Andrew D Magnuson
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, 252 Morrison Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, 252 Morrison Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Guanchen Liu
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Woo Kyun Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Zackary Johnson
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC, USA
| | - Xin Gen Lei
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, 252 Morrison Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA.
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Sinclair-Black M, Garcia RA, Ellestad LE. Physiological regulation of calcium and phosphorus utilization in laying hens. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1112499. [PMID: 36824471 PMCID: PMC9942826 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1112499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Commercial laying hens can produce one egg approximately every 24 h. During this process, regulatory systems that control vitamin D3 metabolism, calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, and intestinal uptake of these minerals work in concert to deliver components required for eggshell calcification and bone mineralization. Commercial production cycles have been extended in recent years to last through 100 weeks of age, and older hens often exhibit an increased prevalence of skeletal fractures and poor eggshell quality. Issues such as these arise, in part, through imbalances that occur in calcium and phosphorus utilization as hens age. As a result, an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms that drive calcium and phosphorus uptake and utilization is required to develop solutions to these welfare and economic challenges. This paper reviews factors that influence calcium and phosphorus homeostasis in laying hens, including eggshell formation and development and roles of cortical and medullary bone. Metabolism and actions of vitamin D3 and physiological regulation of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis in key tissues are also discussed. Areas that require further research in avian species, such as the role of fibroblast growth factor 23 in these processes and the metabolism and action of bioactive vitamin D3, are highlighted and the importance of using emerging technologies and establishing in vitro systems to perform functional and mechanistic studies is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Alejandra Garcia
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Hervo F, Letourneau-Montminy M, Même N, Méda B, Duclos M, Narcy A. Effect of phytase and limestone particle size on mineral digestibility, performance, eggshell quality and bone mineralization in laying hens. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102613. [PMID: 37001319 PMCID: PMC10074239 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of microbial phytase and limestone particle size (LmPS) was assessed in Lohmann Tradition laying hens from 31 to 35 wk of age. Seventy-two hens were used in a completely randomized trial according to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with 2 levels of phytase/basal available P (aP); 0 FTU/kg with 0.30% aP or 300 FTU/kg with 0.15% aP, and 2 limestone particle sizes; fine particles (FL, <0.5 mm) or a mix (MIX) of 75% coarse limestone (CL, 2-4 mm) and 25% FL. Diets contained equivalent levels of Ca (3.5%), phytic P (PP; 0.18%), and aP (0.30%) considering the P equivalency of phytase. Thus, dietary treatments were FL0 and MIX0 without phytase, and FL300 and MIX300 with 300 FTU/kg phytase. Performance were recorded daily and eggshell quality (eggshell weight proportion, weight, thickness, and breaking strength) was measured weekly. At the end of the trial, bone parameters (tibia breaking strength, elasticity, and ash) and the apparent precaecal digestibility (APCD) of P and Ca were determined. No differences were observed between treatments in feed intake, FCR and bone parameters. Addition of MIX increased the eggshell proportion, weight and thickness in groups receiving no phytase (+6.5, +6.9, and +4.5%, respectively) while no effect was observed in groups receiving phytase (Phytase × LmPS, P < 0.05). In hens receiving FL, the APCD of P was lower in diets supplemented with phytase (-14 percentage points; Phytase × LmPS, P < 0.001). A higher phytate disappearance was observed in hens fed diets with phytase in combination with MIX (Phytase × LmPS, P = 0.005). Phytase and MIX together increased the APCD of Ca by 7.3 percentage points (Phytase × LmPS, P < 0.001). In conclusion, addition of CL could limit the formation of Ca-phytate complex thus improving the response of the birds to phytase compared to FL.
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Andrade KG, Cruz FK, Kaneko IN, Nascimento MC, Iwaki LCV, Santos TC. Daily Egg-Cycle in Japanese Quail: Serum Biochemistry, Bones, and Oviduct Changes. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2021-1599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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10
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Ecay TW, Stewart JR, Khambaty M. Functional complexity in the chorioallantoic membrane of an oviparous snake: Specializations for calcium uptake from the eggshell. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART B, MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2022; 338:331-341. [PMID: 35652464 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The chorioallantoic membrane of oviparous reptiles forms a vascular interface with the eggshell. The eggshell contains calcium, primarily as calcium carbonate. Extraction and mobilization of this calcium by the chorioallantoic membrane contributes importantly to embryonic nutrition. Development of the chorioallantoic membrane is primarily known from studies of squamates and birds. Although there are pronounced differences in eggshell structure, squamate and bird embryos each mobilize calcium from eggshells. Specialized cells in the chicken chorionic epithelium transport calcium from the eggshell aided by a second population of cells that secrete protons generated by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. Calcium transporting cells also are present in the chorioallantoic membrane of corn snakes, although these cells function differently than those of chickens. We used histology and immunohistology to characterize the morphology and functional attributes of the chorioallantoic membrane of corn snakes. We identified two populations of cells in the outer layer of the chorionic epithelium. Calbindin-D28K , a cellular marker for calcium transport expressed in squamate chorioallantoic membranes, is localized in large, flattened cells that predominate in the chorionic epithelium. Smaller cells, interspersed among the large cells, express carbonic anhydrase 2, an enzyme not previously localized in the chorionic epithelium of an oviparous squamate. These findings indicate that differentiation of chorionic epithelial cells contributes to extraction and transport of calcium from the eggshell. The presence of specializations of chorioallantoic membranes for calcium uptake from eggshells in chickens and corn snakes suggests that eggshell calcium was a source of embryonic nutrition early in the evolution of Sauropsida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom W Ecay
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson, Tennessee, USA
| | - James R Stewart
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Maleka Khambaty
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson, Tennessee, USA
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Hanlon C, Ziezold CJ, Bédécarrats GY. The Diverse Roles of 17β-Estradiol in Non-Gonadal Tissues and Its Consequential Impact on Reproduction in Laying and Broiler Breeder Hens. Front Physiol 2022; 13:942790. [PMID: 35846017 PMCID: PMC9283702 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.942790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Estradiol-17β (E2) has long been studied as the primary estrogen involved in sexual maturation of hens. Due to the oviparous nature of avian species, ovarian production of E2 has been indicated as the key steroid responsible for activating the formation of the eggshell and internal egg components in hens. This involves the integration and coordination between ovarian follicular development, liver metabolism and bone physiology to produce the follicle, yolk and albumen, and shell, respectively. However, the ability of E2 to be synthesized by non-gonadal tissues such as the skin, heart, muscle, liver, brain, adipose tissue, pancreas, and adrenal glands demonstrates the capability of this hormone to influence a variety of physiological processes. Thus, in this review, we intend to re-establish the role of E2 within these tissues and identify direct and indirect integration between the control of reproduction, metabolism, and bone physiology. Specifically, the sources of E2 and its activity in these tissues via the estrogen receptors (ERα, ERβ, GPR30) is described. This is followed by an update on the role of E2 during sexual differentiation of the embryo and maturation of the hen. We then also consider the implications of the recent discovery of additional E2 elevations during an extended laying cycle. Next, the specific roles of E2 in yolk formation and skeletal development are outlined. Finally, the consequences of altered E2 production in mature hens and the associated disorders are discussed. While these areas of study have been previously independently considered, this comprehensive review intends to highlight the critical roles played by E2 to alter and coordinate physiological processes in preparation for the laying cycle.
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Hervo F, Narcy A, Nys Y, Létourneau-Montminy MP. Effect of limestone particle size on performance, eggshell quality, bone strength, and in vitro/in vivo solubility in laying hens: a meta-analysis approach. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101686. [PMID: 35124443 PMCID: PMC8819118 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous publications over the past 5 decades have investigated the effect of limestone particle size (LmPS) on production performance, bone mineralization, and limestone solubilization in laying hens. Coarse limestone particles have been shown to improve eggshell quality and bone mineralization. However, there is a large variability of responses in birds to this factor, indicating the need to better quantify the effect of modulating factors related to coarse particles that could explain this variability. The objective of this meta-analysis was to study the impact of LmPS on the digestive and metabolic fate of Ca to optimize its utilization by laying hens. Fifty-eight papers published between 1971 and 2019, including 71 experiments were included in this study. Four categories of dependent variables were identified: Ca solubility, production performance, eggshell quality, and bone strength. Independent variables tested were LmPS and age. Results showed that the in vitro solubilization of limestone linearly decreased (P < 0.001; R² = 0.91) while in vivo solubilization linearly increased with LmPS (P < 0.001; R² = 0.91). Coarse limestone particles were retained longer in the gizzard (P < 0.001; R² = 0.60), inducing higher solubilization by gastric juices than fine limestone. LmPS showed no effect on production performance while all eggshell quality parameters increased with LmPS (P < 0.001; R² > 0.91): increasing specific gravity by 0.8%, eggshell thickness by 1.1%, and eggshell breaking strength by 3% when increasing from 0.15 mm to 1.5 mm. LmPS had an effect on tibia breaking strength dependently of age (Age × LmPS, P < 0.001; R² = 0.89): coarse limestone particles increased tibia breaking strength with aging compared to fine limestone particles. The current study renders it possible to quantify the effects of age and LmPS on eggshell quality and tibia breaking strength. This work showed an interaction between eggshell quality and bone strength and showed that LmPS increases bone strength in older laying hens.
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Zhang Y, Deng Y, Jin Y, Zhuang Z, Huang X, Li K, Wang S, Xia W, Ruan D, Wang S, Zheng C, Chen W. Dietary zinc supplementation affects eggshell quality and ultrastructure in commercial laying ducks by influencing calcium metabolism. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101539. [PMID: 34823167 PMCID: PMC8628011 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated dietary Zn supplementation on productive performance, eggshell quality and ultrastructure, and calcium metabolism during eggshell formation in laying ducks. A total of 360 Longyan laying ducks (45-wk) were randomly divided into 5 treatment groups with 6 replicates of 12 birds each and fed for 20 wk. The 6 treatments fed the basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 20, 40, 80, or 160 mg Zn/kg (ZnSO4·H2O). Dietary supplemental level at 80 mg/kg increased egg production (4.3%) and mass (5.7%), and decreased FCR (2.9%) compared to the basal diet, and these indices increased quadratically with increasing Zn supplemental levels (P < 0.05). The shell breaking strength (15.8%) and fracture toughness (10.6%) were higher with the supplementation of Zn at 80 mg/kg than the basal diet, and increased quadratically with Zn supplementation (P < 0.05). Dietary supplementation of Zn at 80 mg/kg improved shell ultrastructure by increasing total (9.0%) and effective thickness (14.2%) and decreasing mammillary thickness (12.0%), and their responses were quadratic with increasing Zn levels (P < 0.05). The supplementation of Zn affected the calcium contents in plasma, tibias and ulna, ulna phosphorus content, and linear and quadratic effects were observed, and higher values were observed with 160 mg/kg Zn supplementation than control (P < 0.05). The supplemental Zn level at 80 mg/kg increased shell effective thickness in growth stage (P < 0.05), and shell calcium and phosphorus content in initial and growth stages (P < 0.05). Dietary Zn supplementation did not affect the gene expression of Ca2+ transporters in the eggshell gland, but affected the expression of HCO3- exchanger in initial and growth stage (P < 0.05). Overall, dietary Zn supplementation could improve productive performance and shell quality in laying ducks at late phase of production, and calcium metabolism and deposition were modulated by Zn influencing HCO3- secretion and thus affecting shell ultrastructure and quality. A supplemental level of 80 mg/kg Zn in the diet with a basal content of 34.0 mg/kg was optimal, and higher level (160 mg/kg) decreased shell calcium deposition by depressing its metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yuanzhong Deng
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yongyan Jin
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhuang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xuebing Huang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Kaichao Li
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Weiguang Xia
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Dong Ruan
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Shenglin Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Chuntian Zheng
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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Wang X, Li P, Zhao J, Jiao H, Lin H. The temporal gene expression profiles of calcium and phosphorus transporters in Hy-Line Brown layers. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101736. [PMID: 35202896 PMCID: PMC8866894 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium and phosphorus homeostasis is crucial for the performance and bone health of laying hens. The calcium and phosphorus transporters play an important role in calcium and phosphorus absorption, reabsorption, and excretion. In the present study, Hy-Line Brown layers were sampled at brooding period (1, 4, 6 wk), growing and developing period (12, 18 wk) and laying period (20, 28, 80 wk) respectively, and the calcium transporters CaBP-D28k and PMCA1b and phosphorus transporters NPt2a and NPt2b were respectively measured in duodenum, jejunum, ileum and kidney. The result showed that serum calcium increased (P < 0.0001) and phosphorus level fluctuated (P = 0.0019), while alkaline phosphatase activity decreased with age (P < 0.0001). The mRNA and protein expressions of CaBP-D28k in small intestine elevated after maturity (P ≤ 0.0001). In contrast, the PMCA1b mRNA showed a trend to increase with age in jejunum (P = 0.0059) and ileum (P = 0.0825) whereas there was a decrease for PMCA1b protein in 12-18 wk (P ≤ 0.0009). The peak of NPt2b mRNA were observed at 28 wk in duodenum (P = 0.0001) and jejunum (P = 0.0622) and 1 wk in ileum (P < 0.0001). The NPt2b protein expression reached the top point at 4 or 6 wk and 20 wk and decreased to the lowest point around 12 wk (P ≤ 0.0850). In kidney, CaBP-D28k mRNA was not influenced by age (P = 0.4999), while PMCA1b highly expressed in 6-12 wk (P = 0.0003). The protein expressions of CaBP-D28k (P = 0.0148) and PMCA1b (P = 0.0003) decreased with age and lowly expressed in 12-18 wk and increased thereafter. In contrast, NPt2a expression increased steadily with age and decreased at 80 wk (P < 0.0001). In conclusion, the expressions of intestinal calcium and phosphorus transporters were changed by age, intestinal CaBP-D28k and renal NPt2a showed a dramatic increase after maturity, which coincide with the increased calcium and phosphorus requirement for egg production.
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Dos Santos EO, Freitas ER, Nepomuceno RC, Watanabe PH, Souza DH, Fernandes DR, de Abreu Freitas C, do Nascimento GAJ, Aguiar GC, de Melo MCA. Organic zinc and manganese and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol improves eggshell thickness in late-phase laying hens. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:529. [PMID: 34727238 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02959-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of organic micromineral zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol supplementation in late-phase laying hens' diets on performance, egg quality, lipid stability of fresh and stored eggs, and bone quality. The treatments were a basal diet and diets supplemented with 32 mg Zn-Met/kg diet; 26 mg Mn-Met/kg diet; 32 mg Zn-Met/kg diet and 26 mg Mn-Met/kg diet; 1500 IU 25-hydroxycholecalciferol/kg diet; 32 mg Zn-Met/kg diet; 26 mg Mn-Met/kg diet; and 1500 IU 25-hydroxycholecalciferol/kg diet. On performance, the birds supplemented with organic manganese had the lowest feed intake. Regarding egg quality, the birds supplemented with Zn-Met and Mn-Met, with 25-hydroxycholecalciferol alone, and with Zn-Met, Mn-Met and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol presented a greater eggshell thickness than those receiving the basal diet. Lipid stability of the yolk varied only according to storage time. No effect of supplementation was observed on bone quality. Supplementation with Zn-Met and Mn-Met, or associated with 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, or 25-hydroxycholecalciferol alone, improved eggshell thickness in aged white layers. However, the associated or isolated supplementation with these nutrients did not influence performance, lipid stability of fresh and stored egg yolk or bone quality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Davyd Herik Souza
- Animal Science Department, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, 60356-001, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Germana Costa Aguiar
- Animal Science Department, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, 60356-001, Brazil
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Zhang Y, Deng Y, Jin Y, Wang S, Huang X, Li K, Xia W, Ruan D, Wang S, Chen W, Zheng C. Age-related changes in eggshell physical properties, ultrastructure, calcium metabolism-related serum indices, and gene expression in eggshell gland during eggshell formation in commercial laying ducks. Poult Sci 2021; 101:101573. [PMID: 34847529 PMCID: PMC8637142 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the changes in eggshell mechanical properties, ultrastructure, calcium metabolism-related serum indices, and gene expression in eggshell gland during eggshell formation between laying ducks in the peak (young duck) and late phase (aged duck) of production. A total of 84 healthy young (31 wk of age) and 84 healthy aged (65 wk of age) Longyan laying ducks were each divided into 6 replicates of 14 birds, and caged individually. All the ducks were fed in one house with the same corn-soybean meal-based diet for 5 wk. The eggshell mechanical properties (shell proportion, thickness, breaking strength, and fracture toughness) and chemical components (matrix proteins, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium) decreased in aged laying ducks (P < 0.05). Shell structural indices: total thickness, effective thickness and its proportion decreased, whereas mammillary knob width and its proportion increased (P < 0.05). The regulation values of early fusion, cuffing, caps, and total score of mammillary knobs were higher in aged laying ducks relative to the young ducks (P < 0.05). During the initial, growth and terminal stages of eggshell formation, shell thickness and breaking strength (terminal), shell weight, and its proportion (terminal) decreased in aged laying ducks (P < 0.05). Ultrastructural changes during shell formation indicated that the mammillary-knob density and effective thickness decreased (P < 0.05). Decreases occurred in serum content of phosphorus (growth), and estradiol and calcium contents (terminal) (P < 0.05). Relative expression of Ca2+ transporter and HCO3− exchanger, and matrix proteins genes decreased in aged laying ducks (P < 0.05) at all stages of eggshell formation. Collectively, the decreased incidence of early fusion and caps, increased thickness and width of mammillary knobs, and decreased effective thickness are the crucial differences leading to the compromised mechanical properties of eggshell in the late laying period. A disturbed regulation of calcium metabolism and uterine expression of ion transporters, especially for HCO3− exchange of aged laying ducks likely contribute to age-induced ultrastructural deterioration of the eggshell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yuanzhong Deng
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yongyan Jin
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xuebing Huang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Kaichao Li
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Weiguang Xia
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Dong Ruan
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Shenglin Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Chuntian Zheng
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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van Emous RA, Mens AJW. Effects of twice a day feeding and split feeding during lay on broiler breeder production performance, eggshell quality, incubation traits, and behavior. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101419. [PMID: 34607151 PMCID: PMC8493586 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Eggshell quality of broiler breeders' eggs decreases at the end of the laying period. Feeding a limited daily allowance of feed in the morning does not supply the necessary nutrients, particularly calcium for eggshell formation, at the right time of the day. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to study the effects of providing a standard diet twice a day or split feeding (special morning and afternoon diet) in broiler breeders on production performance, eggshell quality, incubation traits, and behavior. At 50 wk of age (WOA) 576 females and 48 males were randomly allotted to 24 floor pens and assigned to one of three treatments: 1) Standard breeder diet fed once a day (100% at 0730 h) (CON1x), 2) Standard breeder diet fed twice a day (50% at 0730 h and 50% at 1400 h) (CON2x), and 3) Split feeding fed twice a day, with a special morning (0730 h) and afternoon (1400 h) diet composition (SP2x). The morning diet was energetically comparable with the control diet, but it contained more protein and phosphorus (P) and less calcium (Ca). The afternoon diet had a lower energy, protein and P and a higher Ca content than the control and morning diet. The SP2x birds tended to have a higher egg production between 51 and 55 WOA (27.0 vs. 25.9 eggs; P = 0.088) compared to the CON1x birds, while the CON2x birds (26.6 eggs) did not differ from the other treatments. No differences were found on egg production for the total period (51-60 WOA) and on other production parameters. The different feeding strategies did not affect eggshell quality and incubation traits. However, the feeding strategies affected the behavioral patterns considerably. Twice a day feeding (CON2x and SP2x) resulted in more time spent on eating and sitting, and in less time spent on foraging and object pecking (P ≤ 0.05) compared to feeding once a day (CON1x). In conclusion, twice a day feeding improves behavior and split feeding improves both egg production and behavior in broiler breeders, however, no effects were observed on eggshell quality and incubation traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A van Emous
- Wageningen Livestock Research, De Elst 1, NL-6708 WD, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - A J W Mens
- Wageningen Livestock Research, De Elst 1, NL-6708 WD, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Espín S, Sánchez-Virosta P. A review of metal-induced effects on vitamins A, E and D3 in birds. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 30:1-16. [PMID: 33151447 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-020-02296-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Birds have been historically affected by metals and are considered powerful sentinels of environmental pollution. Some toxic elements (Pb, Cd, Hg, As) have been broadly studied in avian species and are well known for their accumulation capacity and deleterious effects, including alterations in vitamin levels. Vitamins A, E and D3 are fat-soluble nutrients involved in multiple physiological functions (e.g., immune function, vision, reproduction, growth and development). Publications reporting metal-induced effects on vitamins in birds are growing and, in some cases, results seem contradictory, making them difficult to interpret. Therefore, a clear view of the overall picture is needed. This mini-review article aims to compile relevant data and describe current knowledge on the effects of the most toxic elements (i.e., Pb, Cd, Hg, As) on vitamins A, E and D3 in birds. Although vitamins are diet dependent, they are strongly regulated and transformed in the organism, and metal-related disruption in their homeostasis may provoke alterations in different directions. Moreover, vitamin status and form in vivo is the result of complex interacting processes in the organism and metal exposure may produce cascade effects. Different factors that may contribute to the variable response of vitamins to metals in birds are discussed. Some final remarks and recommendations are provided for future studies. This mini-review shows an overview of the current knowledge in metal-induced alterations in vitamins of special concern for avian ecotoxicology, a research discipline facing important challenges in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Espín
- Area of Toxicology, Department of Socio-Sanitary Sciences, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Pablo Sánchez-Virosta
- Area of Toxicology, Department of Socio-Sanitary Sciences, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
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1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol Improved the Growth Performance and Upregulated the Calcium Transporter Gene Expression Levels in the Small Intestine of Broiler Chickens. J Poult Sci 2021; 59:129-136. [PMID: 35528382 PMCID: PMC9039146 DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0210019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2-D3) is the final active product of vitamin D. This study aimed to investigate the effects of 1,25-(OH)2-D3 on growth performance, bone development, and calcium (Ca) transporter gene expression levels in the small intestine of broiler chickens. On the day of hatching, 140 female Ross 308 broilers were randomly allotted into two treatments with five replicates (14 birds per replicate). Two levels of 1,25-(OH)2-D3 (0 and 1.25 µg/kg) were added to the basal diet without vitamin D. Results showed that the addition of 1.25 µg/kg 1,25-(OH)2-D3 increased the average daily feed intake and the average daily gain and decreased the feed conversion ratio and mortality in 1- to 19-day-old broiler chickens compared with the basal diet without vitamin D (P<0.05). 1,25-(OH)2-D3 also enhanced the length, weight, ash weight, and the percentage contents of ash, Ca, and P in the tibia and femur of broilers (P<0.05). The mRNA expression levels of the Ca-binding protein (CaBP-D28k) in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of 19-day-old broilers increased to 88.1-, 109.1-, and 2.7-fold, respectively, after adding 1,25-(OH)2-D3 (P<0.05). The mRNA expression levels of the plasma membrane Ca ATPase 1b (PMCAlb) in the duodenum and the sodium (Na)/ Ca exchanger 1 (NCX1) in the duodenum and the jejunum were also enhanced to 1.57-2.86 times with the addition of 1,25-(OH)2-D3 (P<0.05). In contrast, the mRNA expression levels of PMCA1b and NCX1 in the ileum and that of vitamin D receptor (VDR) in the small intestine were not affected by 1,25-(OH)2-D3 (P>0.05). These data indicate that 1,25-(OH)2-D3 upregulated Ca transporter gene transcription and promoted Ca2+ absorption in the small intestine, especially in the proximal intestine (duodenum and jejunum), thereby improving growth performance and bone mineralization in broiler chickens.
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Gloux A, Le Roy N, Même N, Piketty ML, Prié D, Benzoni G, Gautron J, Nys Y, Narcy A, Duclos MJ. Increased expression of fibroblast growth factor 23 is the signature of a deteriorated Ca/P balance in ageing laying hens. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21124. [PMID: 33273568 PMCID: PMC7713066 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78106-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study concerned the effect of ageing in laying hens, from 23 to 90 weeks of age, on the regulation of Ca metabolism related to the requirement for eggshell mineralization. Samples were collected from parathyroid gland (PG), liver, jejunum, medullary bone (MB) and kidney for a quantitative study of candidate gene expression. Although parathyroid hormone (PTH) gene expression in the PG did not vary with age, a stronger challenge to Ca homeostasis was suggested in aged hens. Indeed gene expression of Ca transporters , Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) in the jejunum, and that of transient receptor potential channel subfamily V member 5 (TRPV5) in the kidney decreased. This could exacerbate bone resorption and impair bone accretion, as attested by a higher expression of the Carbonic Anhydrase 2 (CA2) gene and a lower expression of collagen type I alpha 1 chain (COL1A1) in the MB. The increased expression of Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 (FGF23) in the MB likely contributed to the decreased plasma levels of 1.25(OH)2D3 and the altered expression of target genes under its regulation. Our data highlights the molecular mechanisms underlying the osteoporotic syndrome previously documented in aged laying hens, thus providing new perspectives for future interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gloux
- INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR BOA, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - N Le Roy
- INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR BOA, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - N Même
- INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR BOA, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - M L Piketty
- Service des Explorations Fonctionnelles, G.H. Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U11513, 75743, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - D Prié
- Service des Explorations Fonctionnelles, G.H. Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U11513, 75743, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - G Benzoni
- ADM Animal Nutrition, Talhouët, 56250, Saint-Nolff, France
| | - J Gautron
- INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR BOA, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Y Nys
- INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR BOA, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - A Narcy
- INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR BOA, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - M J Duclos
- INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR BOA, 37380, Nouzilly, France.
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Role of long-term supplementation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 on laying hen bone 3-dimensional structural development. Poult Sci 2020; 99:5771-5782. [PMID: 33142495 PMCID: PMC7647792 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Egg-laying hens have a unique bone development pattern due to the medullary bone formation and high bone turnover rate. The role of long-term supplementation of an intermediate form of vitamin D3, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD), on skeletal development of pullets and laying hens is not well established. Exploring its effects on layer bone development will help develop a strategy for preventing laying hen osteoporosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of long-term supplementation of 25OHD in layer diets on bone 3-dimensional structural development. A total of 390 1-day-old Hy-Line W36 pullets were randomly allocated to 3 treatments with 10 replicate cages and 13 birds/cage. Dietary treatments were 1) vitamin D3 at 2,760 IU/kg, 2) vitamin D3 at 5,520 IU/kg, and 3) vitamin D3 at 2,760 IU/kg plus 25OHD at 2,760 IU (69 μg)/kg. The level of 25OHD in the serum was tested throughout the whole experimental period (0–95 wk). Bone growth rate (BGR) was measured at 10 wk using a calcein injection technique. Femurs were scanned using Micro-CT for 3D structural analysis, and the whole-body composition analysis was performed using a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry method at 17, 60, and 95 wk. Dietary supplementation of 25OHD significantly increased 25OHD level in the serum from 0 to 95 wk. During the rearing period (0–17 wk), 25OHD increased BGR, cortical tissue volume, and bone marrow area at 17 wk, simultaneously. 25OHD created more pores in cortical bone, which resulted in a lower cortical bone mineral density (BMD) but without alerting bone mineral content (BMC). This effect allowed more space for mineral deposition in bones during the later egg-laying period. At 60 wk, the 25OHD group had significantly greater BMD, which led to the highest total BMC, cortical volume, and trabecular bone connectivity. At 95 wk, the birds fed 25OHD had significantly higher cortical bone volume and lower porosity. The 25OHD group also had higher total BMD and medullary bone volume but a lower BMC and volume of trabecular bone than vitamin D3 or double dosage vitamin D3 treatment. This indicated that the bone resorption rate was lower in cortical bone than that in trabecular bone in the late laying period. In conclusion, supplementation with dietary 25OHD could stimulate bone growth and increase bone volume in pullets to provide more space for mineral deposition during the laying period with positive effects on laying hen bone quality.
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Chen C, Turner B, Applegate TJ, Litta G, Kim WK. Role of long-term supplementation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 on egg production and egg quality of laying hen. Poult Sci 2020; 99:6899-6906. [PMID: 33248605 PMCID: PMC7704968 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD) on pullet and egg-laying hen growth performance, egg production, and egg quality. Three hundred and ninety 1-day-old Hy-Line W36 pullets were randomly allocated to 3 treatments with 10 replicated cages and 13 birds per cage. Dietary treatments were vitamin D3 at 2,760 IU/kg (D); vitamin D3 at 5,520 IU/kg (DD), and vitamin D3 at 2,760 IU/kg plus 25OHD at 2,760 IU (69 μg)/kg (25D). Body weight and feed intake were recorded at the end of each stage: starter 1 (0–3 wk), starter 2 (4–6 wk), grower (7–12 wk), developer (13–15 wk), prelay (15–17 wk), peaking (18–38 wk), layer 2 (39–48 wk), layer 3 (49–60 wk), layer 4 (61–75 wk), and layer 5 (76–95 wk). Egg production was recorded daily. Egg quality was evaluated every 8 wk starting from 25 wk. There was no difference in growth performance during the rearing period (0–17 wk). In the laying period (18–95 wk), DD showed lower feed intake at layer 2, but higher intake at layer 3 along with lower hen day production (HDP) from 22 to 48 wk compared to the other treatments. During the same period, the DD group laid smaller eggs with higher specific gravity and shell thickness compared with the other treatments or D alone at 40 wk, which may be partly due to the lower body weight. In contrast, 25D had better feed conversion ratio (feed intake per dozen of eggs) at layer 2, and higher overall (22–60 wk) HDP compared with DD. For the egg quality analysis, at 25 and 33 wk, both DD and 25D had higher Haugh unit compared with D. However, 25OHD has no effects on eggshell quality during the entire production period and no beneficial effects on egg production during the later laying period (after 60 wk). In summary, long-term and early supplementation of 25OHD has positive effects on egg production and egg quality, and the beneficial effects were mainly observed during the early laying stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chen
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - B Turner
- DSM Nutritional Products, North America, Animal Nutrition and Health, Parsippany, NJ 07054, USA
| | - T J Applegate
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Gilberto Litta
- DSM Nutritional Products, Animal Nutrition and Health, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - W K Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Gloux A, Le Roy N, Ezagal J, Même N, Hennequet-Antier C, Piketty ML, Prié D, Benzoni G, Gautron J, Nys Y, Narcy A, Duclos MJ. Possible roles of parathyroid hormone, 1.25(OH) 2D 3, and fibroblast growth factor 23 on genes controlling calcium metabolism across different tissues of the laying hen. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2020; 72:106407. [PMID: 32006872 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2019.106407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study provides an integrative description of candidate gene expression across tissues involved in calcium (Ca) metabolism during the egg laying cycle, using the well-defined model of Ca supply as fine or coarse particles of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Plasma and tissue samples were collected from hens at the peak of laying at 0 to 1, 9 to 10, and 18 to 19 h postovulation (PO). After mRNA preparation from the parathyroid gland, medullary bone, liver, kidney, duodenum, and jejunum, gene expressions were quantified using RT-qPCR. The highest levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) mRNA in the parathyroid gland (P < 0.05), and of the active form of vitamin D3 1.25(OH)2D3 in the plasma (P < 0.01) were observed at 18 to 19 h PO. During this active phase of eggshell formation, bone resorption was attested to high levels of plasma inorganic phosphorus (iP) and the receptor activation of nuclear factor-κB expression in the bone (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively). At this stage, 5 genes of the transcellular and the paracellular Ca absorption pathways in the intestine (P < 0.05) and the Ca channel transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 5 (P < 0.05), involved in its reabsorption in the kidney, were overexpressed. At 0 to 1 h PO during the subsequent daylight period, 2 candidates of the transcellular and the paracellular Ca pathways (P < 0.05) remained at high levels in the intestine, while calbindin D 28K expression was the highest in the kidney (P < 0.05). As PTH mRNA and 1.25(OH)2D3 were low, bone accretion was likely active at this stage. The phosphaturic hormone fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) was overexpressed at 18 to 19 h PO (P < 0.05) in the bone when plasma iP was high, which suggested a role in the subsequent reduction of P reabsorption in the kidney, as attested to the decreased expression of P cotransporters, leading to iP clearance from the plasma at 0 to 1 h PO (P < 0.05). The low levels of 1.25(OH)2D3 at this stage coincided with increased expression of the 24-hydroxylase gene in the kidney (P < 0.05). In hens fed fine particles of CaCO3, higher plasma levels of 1,25(OH)2D3 and higher expression of several genes involved in bone turnover reflected a stronger challenge to Ca homeostasis. Altogether, these data support the hypothesis that FGF23 could drive vitamin D metabolism in the laying hen, as previously documented in other species and explain the tight link between P and Ca metabolisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gloux
- BOA, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | - N Le Roy
- BOA, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - J Ezagal
- BOA, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - N Même
- BOA, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | | | - M L Piketty
- Service des Explorations Fonctionnelles, G.H. Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U11513, 75743 Paris cedex 15, France
| | - D Prié
- Service des Explorations Fonctionnelles, G.H. Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U11513, 75743 Paris cedex 15, France
| | - G Benzoni
- Neovia, Route de Talhouët, 56250 Saint-Nolff, France
| | - J Gautron
- BOA, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Y Nys
- BOA, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - A Narcy
- BOA, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - M J Duclos
- BOA, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
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24
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Espín S, Sánchez-Virosta P, Ruiz S, Eeva T. Female oxidative status in relation to calcium availability, metal pollution and offspring development in a wild passerine. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 260:113921. [PMID: 31991347 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.113921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Both Ca deficiency and metal exposure may affect physiological and nutritional condition of breeding females altering their ability to deposit essential resources (e.g. Ca, antioxidants) into the eggs. This effect of the maternal investment into egg quality is not strictly limited to the embryonic period, but may persist after hatching, since nutrient levels in yolks can compromise nestling antioxidant status, growth and fledging success. The goal of this study was to investigate how metal pollution and Ca availability during the breeding season affect oxidative stress biomarkers and plasma biochemistry in adult female pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca). In addition, we aim to evaluate how maternal antioxidant status and body condition relate to breeding parameters and offspring oxidative balance. Females breeding in a metal-polluted area in SW Finland showed higher metal concentrations compared to the control area, although current levels were below the toxic level able to affect female physiology. In addition, Ca availability was not constraining female oxidative status and general health in the study area. Interestingly, our results suggested that antioxidant response to metals was better when Ca concentrations were high enough to cover the physiological Ca requirements in breeding females. There seems to be a subtle balance between the concentrations of Ca in the organism and the tolerance to metal-related effects that requires further research. This study supports that offspring oxidative balance and nestling development are affected by maternal body condition and antioxidant status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Espín
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland; Area of Toxicology, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Pablo Sánchez-Virosta
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland; Area of Toxicology, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Sandra Ruiz
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland.
| | - Tapio Eeva
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland.
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Félix DO, Silva AS, Fialho ATS, Oliveira CJP, Brito CO, Tavernari FC, Ribeiro Jr V, Rostagno HS, Albino LFT. Fat-Soluble Vitamin Supplementation Levels in Diets for Laying Hens from 28 to 44 Weeks of Age. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2019-1239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- DO Félix
- Federal University of Viçosa, Brazil
| | - AS Silva
- Federal University of Sergipe, Brazil
| | | | | | - CO Brito
- Federal University of Sergipe, Brazil
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26
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Gloux A, Duclos MJ, Brionne A, Bourin M, Nys Y, Réhault-Godbert S. Integrative analysis of transcriptomic data related to the liver of laying hens: from physiological basics to newly identified functions. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:821. [PMID: 31699050 PMCID: PMC6839265 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background At sexual maturity, the liver of laying hens undergoes many metabolic changes to support vitellogenesis. In published transcriptomic approaches, hundreds of genes were reported to be overexpressed in laying hens and functional gene annotation using gene ontology tools have essentially revealed an enrichment in lipid and protein metabolisms. We reanalyzed some data from a previously published article comparing 38-week old versus 10-week old hens to give a more integrative view of the functions stimulated in the liver at sexual maturity and to move beyond current physiological knowledge. Functions were defined based on information available in Uniprot database and published literature. Results Of the 516 genes previously shown to be overexpressed in the liver of laying hens, 475 were intracellular (1.23–50.72 fold changes), while only 36 were predicted to be secreted (1.35–66.93 fold changes) and 5 had no related information on their cellular location. Besides lipogenesis and protein metabolism, we demonstrated that the liver of laying hens overexpresses several clock genes (which supports the circadian control of liver metabolic functions) and was likely to be involved in a liver/brain/liver circuit (neurotransmitter transport), in thyroid and steroid hormones metabolisms. Many genes were associated with anatomical structure development, organ homeostasis but also regulation of blood pressure. As expected, several secreted proteins are incorporated in yolky follicles but we also evidenced that some proteins are likely participating in fertilization (ZP1, MFGE8, LINC00954, OVOCH1) and in thyroid hormone maturation (CPQ). We also proposed that secreted proteins (PHOSPHO1, FGF23, BMP7 but also vitamin-binding proteins) may contribute to the development of peripheral organs including the formation of medullar bones to provide labile calcium for eggshell formation. Thirteen genes are uniquely found in chicken/bird but not in human species, which strengthens that some of these genes may be specifically related to avian reproduction. Conclusions This study gives additional hypotheses on some molecular actors and mechanisms that are involved in basic physiological function of the liver at sexual maturity of hen. It also revealed some additional functions that accompany reproductive capacities of laying hens, and that are usually underestimated when using classical gene ontology approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Gloux
- BOA, INRA, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France.
| | | | | | - Marie Bourin
- Institut Technique de l'Aviculture (ITAVI), Centre INRA Val de Loire, F-37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Yves Nys
- BOA, INRA, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
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27
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Li L, Gong Y, Zhan H, Zheng Y, Zou X. Effects of dietary Zn-methionine supplementation on the laying performance, egg quality, antioxidant capacity, and serum parameters of laying hens. Poult Sci 2019; 98:923-931. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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28
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Park JA, Sohn SH. The Influence of Hen Aging on Eggshell Ultrastructure and Shell Mineral Components. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2018; 38:1080-1091. [PMID: 30479513 PMCID: PMC6238045 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2018.e41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The eggshell, which is a complex and highly ordered structure, is very important factor for food safety and egg marketing. This study investigated the changes in eggshell structure and shell components in relationship to hen age. For this study, we examined the histological change of the endometrium of the 30-, 60-, and 72-wk-old commercial layers, and analyzed the ultrastructure and ionic composition of their eggshells. The results showed that histological deformation, fibrosis, atrophy and elimination of micro-villi in the uterus endometrium were found through microscopic observation that was associated with increasing hen age. Concentration of blood-ion components such as Ca2+, Na+, K+, and Cl- ions did not change with age. Along with the results from the ultrastructure analysis of the eggshell, the palisade layer ratio and the density of mammillary knobs were significantly decreased in older hens. In addition, the type B mammillary knobs were frequently observed with increasing hen age. In the mineral element assay from the eggshell, Ca2+, S2-, and Co2+ significantly decreased with increasing hen age, whereas Na+, K+, and V2+ significantly increased. Therefore, the damages of endometrial tissue inhibit the processes of ion transmission and the crystallization of eggshell formation, resulting in a large and non-uniform mammillary knob formation. This means the conditions of endometrial cells affect the formation of the eggshell structure. In conclusion, hen aging causes the weakness of the eggshell and degrades the eggshell quality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sea-Hwan Sohn
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Gyeongnam National
University of Science and Technology, Jinju 52725,
Korea
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29
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Li LL, Zhang NN, Gong YJ, Zhou MY, Zhan HQ, Zou XT. Effects of dietary Mn-methionine supplementation on the egg quality of laying hens. Poult Sci 2018; 97:247-254. [PMID: 29077932 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary manganese-methionine (Mn-Met) supplementation on the egg quality of laying hens. A total of 480 Jinghong-1 strain layers aged 53 wk were divided into 5 groups with 6 replicates of 16 layers. Birds in the control group were fed a diet supplemented with 60 mg Mn/kg in the form of MnSO4; the birds in other 4 experimental groups were fed a diet supplemented with 20, 40, 60, and 80 mg Mn/kg as Mn-Met, respectively. Dietary Mn-Met treatments significantly affected (P < 0.05) the albumen height, yolk color, and Haugh unit compared to those of the control diet. The Mn contents in the eggshell increased (P < 0.01) significantly by increasing the Mn-Met supplementation, whereas Mn content in eggshell was triple that in the yolk or albumen. Compared with the 60 mg/kg Mn-Met group, the transverse surface in the control group had (P < 0.01) a greater width of mammillary cones, and there were obvious cracks on the outer surface in the control. There was no difference (P > 0.05) in the eggshell gland (ESG) in the expression of calbindin-D28k (CaBP-D28k) mRNA in response to any diet treatment. In conclusion, dietary Mn-Met supplementation increased internal egg quality and the ultrastructure of the eggshell. Compared to the control, 60 mg/kg Mn-Met treatment resulted in improving egg quality, and 20 mg/kg Mn-Met treatment had similar effects the control treatment had on the egg quality. This indicates that the inorganic Mn can be replaced by the lower concentration of Mn-Met.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Li
- Feed Science Institute, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, 310058
| | - N N Zhang
- Feed Science Institute, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, 310058
| | - Y J Gong
- Feed Science Institute, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, 310058
| | - M Y Zhou
- Feed Science Institute, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, 310058
| | - H Q Zhan
- Feed Science Institute, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, 310058
| | - X T Zou
- Feed Science Institute, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, 310058
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30
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Li Q, Zhao X, Wang S, Zhou Z. Letrozole induced low estrogen levels affected the expressions of duodenal and renal calcium-processing gene in laying hens. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 255:49-55. [PMID: 29037849 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen regulates the calcium homeostasis in hens, but the mechanisms involved are still unclear fully. In this study, we investigated whether letrozole (LZ) induced low estrogen levels affected the calcium absorption and transport in layers. In the duodenum, we observed a significant decrease of mRNA expressions of Calbindin-28k (CaBP-28k) and plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase (PMCA 1b) while CaBP-28k protein expression was declined in birds with LZ treatment, and the mRNA levels of duodenal transient receptor potential vanilloid 6 (TRPV6) and Na+/Ca2+ exchanger 1 (NCX1) were not affected. Interestingly, we observed the different changes in the kidney. The renal mRNA expressions of TRPV6 and NCX1 were unregulated while the PMCA1b was down-regulated in low estrogen layers, however, the CaBP-28k gene and protein expressions were no changed in the kidney. Furthermore, it showed that the duodenal estradiol receptor 2 (ESR2) transcripts rather than parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R) and calcitonin receptor (CALCR) played key roles to down-regulate calcium transport in LZ-treated birds. In conclusion, CaBP-28k, PMCA 1b and ESR2 genes in the duodenum may be primary targets for estrogen regulation in order to control calcium homeostasis in hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Xingkai Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Shujie Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Zhenlei Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
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31
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French AD, Conway WC, Cañas-Carrell JE, Klein DM. Exposure, Effects and Absorption of Lead in American Woodcock (Scolopax minor): A Review. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 99:287-296. [PMID: 28710526 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-017-2137-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to long term declines of American Woodcock (Scolopax minor) and widespread distribution of environmentally available lead (Pb) throughout their geographic range, it is important to assess if Pb exposure is a potential contributor to these declines. Woodcock are exposed to Pb through various environmental sources and are known to exhibit relatively high bone-Pb concentrations. Absorption of Pb by birds, and woodcock specifically, is not well understood. Some studies show that interactions among calcium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, and vitamin D levels may play an important role in Pb absorption. Therefore, when future Pb studies are performed for woodcock, and other birds, interactions among these elements should be considered. For example, these interactions are relevant in the acquisition and mobilization of calcium in female birds during egg development and shell calcification. These factors should be considered to understand potential mechanisms of Pb exposure, Pb absorption, and subsequent Pb toxicity to birds in general, and woodcock specifically. This review discusses Pb exposure routes, effects of Pb toxicity, and the distribution of Pb in American woodcock and identifies areas for future research in woodcock and other avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda D French
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79416, USA
| | - Warren C Conway
- Department of Natural Resources Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Jaclyn E Cañas-Carrell
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79416, USA
| | - David M Klein
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79416, USA.
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32
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Baradaran N, Shahir MH, Asadi Kermani Z. Subsequent bone and metabolic responses of broilers to high-non-phytate phosphorus diets in the starter period. Br Poult Sci 2017; 58:435-441. [PMID: 28482677 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2017.1327702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
1. An experiment was performed to elucidate the subsequent effects of high-non-phytate phosphorus (NPP) diets on growth performance, blood metabolites, bone characteristics and P retention of broilers fed on low-NPP grower diets. The 42-d study was designed as a 2 × 2 × 2 + 1 factorial, which included two starter NPP concentrations (4.5 and 5.5 g/kg; d 0-21), two grower NPP concentrations (1.5 and 2.3 g/kg; d 22-42), with or without phytase (1000 FTU/kg), with a reference diet containing an adequate NPP concentration over the course of the trial. 2. In the starter period, growth performance and P retention were not affected by experimental diets. The high-NPP diet increased plasma P concentration, increased tibia ash and tibia P contents and decreased plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity at d 21. 3. No significant interaction was observed between NPP concentrations in the starter and grower periods and phytase. The main effect data indicated that the increase in NPP concentration in the starter diets had no effects on growth performance in the grower period and overall. The high-NPP diet in the early stage of growth reduced plasma P concentration, plasma ALP activity and tibia ash content at d 42. The main effect data also showed that exogenous phytase increased body weight gain in the grower period and overall. 4. It can be concluded that feeding increased NPP diets have no effects on growth performance in the starter period. This feeding strategy results in negative effects on plasma P concentration and bone ash content at d 42. Also, exogenous phytase is effective in improving growth performance, bone characteristics and apparent P retention of growing broilers fed diets that are inadequate in phosphorus.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Baradaran
- a Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture , University of Zanjan , Zanjan , Iran
| | - M H Shahir
- a Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture , University of Zanjan , Zanjan , Iran
| | - Z Asadi Kermani
- a Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture , University of Zanjan , Zanjan , Iran
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Ruiz SR, Espín S, Sánchez-Virosta P, Salminen JP, Lilley TM, Eeva T. Vitamin profiles in two free-living passerine birds under a metal pollution gradient - A calcium supplementation experiment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 138:242-252. [PMID: 28068581 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin and carotenoid deficiency may impair development in free-living vertebrates, because of the importance of these micronutrients to growth, antioxidant defense and calcium regulation. Micronutrient and calcium insufficiency can be intensified by metal pollution which can interfere with nutrient homeostasis or indirectly reduce food availability. Furthermore, absorption of dietary heavy metals is dependent on food calcium and vitamin levels. We investigated the effect of calcium on plasma vitamin and carotenoid profiles and how these affected growth and survival in two passerine birds with different calcium turnover living along a metal pollution gradient. Vitamins (A, D3 and E) and carotenoids were quantified from blood plasma of great tit (Parus major) and pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca) nestlings. Metal concentrations in soil and in feces from the same nestlings were used to assess the exposure to air pollution. Additionally, we examined the vitamin level variation between developmental stages (eggs and nestlings within the same brood). Our results showed that generally higher concentrations of vitamins and carotenoids circulate in blood of great tits than in pied flycatchers. In general, birds inhabiting the polluted zone presented lower concentrations of the studied micronutrients. Calcium supplementation and metal pollution decreased vitamin A concentration in pied flycatcher, but not in great tit, while vitamin A affected growth and survival in great tit and pied flycatcher respectively. Our results suggest that populations under exposure to metal pollution may experience increased vitamin A deficiency, and that the two passerine species, while obtaining similar micronutrients in food, respond differently to environmental disturbance of nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra R Ruiz
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Silvia Espín
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | | | | | - Thomas M Lilley
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland; Biology Department, Bucknell University, Pennsylvania, PA 17837, USA
| | - Tapio Eeva
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
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von Hurst PR, Moorhouse RJ, Raubenheimer D. Preferred natural food of breeding Kakapo is a high value source of calcium and vitamin D. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 164:177-179. [PMID: 26515407 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The Kakapo, a large NZ native parrot, is under severe threat of extinction. Kakapo breed only in years when the local podocarps, including rimu (Dacrydium cupressinum), are fruiting heavily, and the fruit are the preferred food both in the diet of breeding females and for provisioning chicks. Attempts to provide a supplementary food during years of poor fruit supply have failed to encourage breeding. Nutrient analysis of rimu berries reveals high calcium content (8.4mg/g dry matter) which would be essential for both egg shell production and the growing skeleton of the chick. Vitamin D is also critical for these processes and for the maintenance of calcium homeostasis, but the source of vitamin D for these nocturnal, ground-dwelling vegetarians is unknown. OBJECTIVE To examine the vitamin D status of adult Kakapo, and to investigate the possibility that rimu berries provide vitamin D as well as calcium, thus differentiating them from the supplementary foods provided to date. METHOD Previously collected and frozen serum from 10 adult birds (6 females, 4 males) was assayed for 25(OH)D3 and D2. Two batches of previously frozen rimu berries were analysed for vitamin D3 and D2. RESULTS Vitamin D status of the 10 adult birds was very low; mean 4.9nmol/l, range 1-14nmol/l 25(OH)D3. No 25(OH)D2 was detected in any of the birds. High levels of D2 and moderate levels of D3 were found in the rimu berries. CONCLUSION Traditionally it has been considered that the D3 isoform of this endogenously produced secosteroid is produced only in animals. However, D3 has been reported in the leaves of plants of the Solanacae family (tomato, potato, capsicum). The avian vitamin D receptor (VDR) is thought to have a much greater affinity for the D3 form. Therefore if rimu fruit are able to provide breeding Kakapo with D3, and are a plentiful source of calcium, they could be the perfect food package for breeding and nesting birds. Of wider importance, this finding challenges conventional understanding that D3 production is exclusive to animals, and that there are no high concentration food sources of vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R von Hurst
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, School of Food and Nutrition, College of Health, Massey University, Private Bag 102904, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - R J Moorhouse
- Department of Conservation, 653 Wairoa Gorge Road, RD1 Brightwater, Nelson 7091, New Zealand.
| | - D Raubenheimer
- Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Biological Sciences, Level 4 East, D17-Education and Research Hub, The Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Ruiz S, Espín S, Rainio M, Ruuskanen S, Salminen JP, Lilley TM, Eeva T. Effects of dietary lead exposure on vitamin levels in great tit nestlings - An experimental manipulation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 213:688-697. [PMID: 27023278 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to metal pollution negatively affects animal physiology, including nutrient metabolism, but in the wild an effect can seldom be attributed to a single metal. Moreover, little is known about how the metabolism of vitamins, essential micronutrients for developing juveniles, is affected by toxic metals. Therefore we experimentally investigated the effects of lead (Pb), a widespread toxic metal, on four fat-soluble vitamins A (total and retinol), D3, E (total and α-tocopherol) and K and carotenoids (lutein, zeaxanthin and unidentified) in great tit (Parus major) nestlings. In addition to a control group where no Pb was provided, two Pb-dosed groups were compared to a metal exposed group in the vicinity of a Ni-Cu smelter. We examined whether Pb treatment affects vitamin homeostasis and how the response of Pb-treated birds relates to that of a population under industrial exposure of Pb and other metals. For this purpose, vitamin and carotenoid levels were quantified with UPLC-MS from plasma of 7 days-old nestlings. All metal exposed groups showed increased vitamin A and retinol levels. However, vitamin levels were not directly associated with fecal Pb levels, with the exception of retinol, which was positively correlated with fecal Pb. Alpha-tocopherol, lutein and zeaxanthin levels were positively associated with body mass and wing growth rate. To conclude, Pb exposure increased plasma vitamin A and retinol levels while the levels of other vitamins and carotenoids rather reflected secondary pollution effects via differences in habitat and diet quality at the smelter site. Our findings suggest Pb exposed nestlings may allocate the vitamins needed for growth and development to fight the physiological stress thus compromising their fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Ruiz
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Silvia Espín
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Miia Rainio
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Suvi Ruuskanen
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | | | - Thomas M Lilley
- Biology Department, Bucknell University, Pennsylvania, PA 17837, USA
| | - Tapio Eeva
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
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Espín S, Ruiz S, Sánchez-Virosta P, Salminen JP, Eeva T. Effects of experimental calcium availability and anthropogenic metal pollution on eggshell characteristics and yolk carotenoid and vitamin levels in two passerine birds. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 151:189-201. [PMID: 26943740 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.02.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The maternal investment into egg quality depends on the condition of the female, the quality of the mate, and the quality of the environment. In that sense, availability of nutrients and exposure to pollutants are essential parameters to consider. The main aim of this study is to assess the effects of calcium (Ca) availability and anthropogenic metal pollution on early-stage reproduction in two passerine species, great tits (Parus major) and pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca), inhabiting a Ca-poor and metal-polluted area in SW Finland. Both species were able to obtain sufficient Ca for eggshell formation, and metal pollution was below the level of having negative effects in the egg size and eggshell characteristics. However, metal polluted environment negatively affected yolk lutein and vitamin D3 levels in both species, probably because of a lower access to carotenoid-rich diet and higher metal interference with vitamin D3 metabolism. The higher levels of vitamin D3 in yolks in the unpolluted zone could also be due to upregulated D3 levels as a response to the lower natural Ca availability. Yolk carotenoids and vitamin D3 were positively associated with nestling growth and size, supporting their importance for the appropriate chick development. The interspecific differences in yolk nutrient concentrations possibly reflect the different growth rate of these species. Pied flycatchers are likely adapted to low Ca availability through an efficient vitamin D3 metabolism, but their Ca intake could be close to a deficient level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Espín
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland.
| | - Sandra Ruiz
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland.
| | - Pablo Sánchez-Virosta
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland.
| | - Juha-Pekka Salminen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland.
| | - Tapio Eeva
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland.
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Jiang M, Zhao J, Jiao H, Wang X, Zhang Q, Lin H. Dietary supplementation with sodium bicarbonate improves calcium absorption and eggshell quality of laying hens during peak production. Br Poult Sci 2016; 56:740-7. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2015.1113499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Duan Z, Chen S, Sun C, Shi F, Wu G, Liu A, Xu G, Yang N. Polymorphisms in Ion Transport Genes Are Associated with Eggshell Mechanical Property. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130160. [PMID: 26106883 PMCID: PMC4481273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Eggshell mechanical property traits such as eggshell breaking strength (ESS), eggshell thickness (EST) and eggshell weight (ESW) are most common and important indexes to evaluate eggshell quality in poultry industry. Uterine ion transporters involve in eggshell formation and might be associated with eggshell mechanical property traits. In this study, 99 SNPs in 15 ion transport genes were selected to genotype 976 pedigreed hens of Rhode Island Red. ESS, EST and ESW were measured for each bird at 55 weeks of age. The association study showed that 14 SNPs in 8 genes were significantly related (p < 0.05) with at least one trait, and their contributions to phenotypic variance ranged from 0.23% to 4.14%. Both ATP2A3 and SLC4A5 had a significant effect on all the three traits. Strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) was detected among SNPs in four genes: ATP2A3, ITPR1, SLC8A3, SCNN1a. The significant effects of those diplotypes on eggshell mechanical property traits were found, and their contributions to phenotypic variance ranged from 0.50% to 0.70%. It was concluded that the identified SNPs and diplotypes in this study were potential markers influencing the eggshell mechanical properties, which could contribute to the genetic improvement of eggshell quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyi Duan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Sirui Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Congjiao Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fengying Shi
- Beijing Huadu Yukou Poultry Industry Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Guiqin Wu
- Beijing Huadu Yukou Poultry Industry Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Aiqiao Liu
- Beijing Huadu Yukou Poultry Industry Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Guiyun Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Kühn J, Schutkowski A, Hirche F, Baur AC, Mielenz N, Stangl GI. Non-linear increase of vitamin D content in eggs from chicks treated with increasing exposure times of ultraviolet light. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 148:7-13. [PMID: 25445915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D fortified food can help to reduce the prevalence for vitamin D deficiency. Previous data provided evidence that eggs from hens exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light contain large quantities of vitamin D. In the current study, we assessed the efficacy of vitamin D enrichment in eggs upon increasing daily UVB exposure times. We further addressed the question whether extended UVB irradiation affects the skin content of 7-dehydrocholesterol. To this end, 35 hens were assigned to 7 groups of 5 animals each and were exposed to UVB light (76μW/cm(2)) for 0, 15, 30, 60, 120, 180 and 300min per day, respectively. Eggs from the treatment groups were collected at baseline and after 2, 3 and 4 weeks of treatment, respectively. Skin samples were gained at the end of 4 weeks. Vitamin D metabolites were quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The contents of vitamin D3 and 25(OH)D3 in egg yolk raised non-linear in response to increasing daily UVB exposure times. The vitamin D3 content did not reach a clear-cut plateau within the chosen UVB treatment times. A daily UVB exposure time of 300min resulted in vitamin D3 contents of 28.6μg/100g egg yolk dry matter. In contrast to vitamin D3, the 25(OH)D3 content in the egg yolk achieved a maximum upon an UVB irradiation time of 60min/d. The cutaneous 7-dehydrocholesterol contents were not altered in response to the chosen UVB irradiation times. In conclusion, the data show a distinct non-linear dose-response relationship of UVB exposure times on the total vitamin D content in eggs. This article is part of a special issue entitled '17th Vitamin D Workshop'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kühn
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 2, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany.
| | - Alexandra Schutkowski
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 2, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany.
| | - Frank Hirche
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 2, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany.
| | - Anja C Baur
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 2, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany.
| | - Norbert Mielenz
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 2, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany.
| | - Gabriele I Stangl
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 2, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany.
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Kaur R, Rathgeber BM, Thompson KL, Macisaac J. Uterine fluid proteins and egg quality characteristics for 2 commercial and 2 heritage laying hen lines in response to manipulation of dietary calcium and vitamin D3. Poult Sci 2013; 92:2419-32. [PMID: 23960126 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of eggs from 2 selected commercial strains of laying hens and 2 unselected lines of chickens fed diets with different combinations of Ca and vitamin D and relate it to the profile of uterine proteins and ultrastructure of the shell. A group of 4 chickens was housed in each of 24 cages. The group consisted of one representative from each of the following breeds: Lohmann LSL- Lite, Lohmann Classic-Brown, Fayoumi, and Light Sussex. Six dietary combinations of Ca and vitamin D(3) (3.35%, 2,500 IU; 4.10%, 2,500 IU (control); 4.85%, 2,500 IU; 3.35%, 200 IU; 4.10%, 200 IU; and 4.85%, 200 IU) were randomly assigned to 4 replicate cages for 2 treatment periods (26-29 and 56-59 wk of age). Data were analyzed as a split-plot design with cage as the main plot and hen as the subplot. Egg quality traits were different (P < 0.0001) between commercial and heritage breeds. Lohmann Brown had stronger shells with higher specific gravity compared with other breeds. Both commercial and heritage birds responded to a drop in vitamin D3 level by marked reduction in shell thickness. The SDS-PAGE profiles of uterine fluid samples revealed a decrease (P < 0.05) in 200-, 150-, 116-, and ≤6.5-kDa proteins, whereas proteins with molecular weight (MW) of 80, 55, 52, 45, 42, and 28 kDa increased with bird age. A 36- and 52-kDa protein band was most intense for Fayoumi compared with other breeds. Ultrastructural characteristics showed flattened and deeply etched mammillary caps for Lohmann Brown and the presence of type A and type B bodies between mammillary cones in eggshells from Fayoumi and Lohmann Lite. The negative correlation between ultrastructural characteristics, which decrease with bird age, and the 116-kDa uterine protein band could provide insight into reduced eggshell quality as hens age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Kaur
- Department of Plant and Animal Science, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, B2N 5E3 Canada
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Oliveira AG, Aquino DJQ, Mahecha GAB, Oliveira CA. Involvement of the transepithelial calcium transport disruption and the formation of epididymal stones in roosters. Reproduction 2012; 143:835-44. [PMID: 22454531 DOI: 10.1530/rep-12-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Epididymal lithiasis is a dysfunction of unknown origin characterized by the formation of calcium stones into the lumen of efferent ductules of roosters. Affected animals present an imbalance in the hormonal responsive systems that regulate the expression of proteins involved in the transepithelial calcium transport, as TRPV6, CaBP-D28K, NCX1, and PMCA. Because the efferent ductules are the major site of fluid and calcium reabsorption in excurrent ducts, it was hypothesized that impairment in local calcium homeostasis would lead to lithiasis. To test this hypothesis, we addressed the expression of these proteins in the epididymal region of affected animals. The present study focused on the investigation of the occurrence, tissue distribution, and physiological impact of the transepithelial calcium transport in roosters under normal and pathological conditions. The results showed that affected roosters presented a significant increase in TRPV6 and CaBP-D28k levels, whereas NCX1 and PMCA were not changed. Such alterations were more conspicuous in the proximal efferent ductules, in which was also observed accumulation of calcium within the epithelial cells. These findings provided the first evidences for the involvement of alteration in the expression of proteins essential for calcium reabsorption as a plausible mechanism for the formation of calcium stones within efferent ductules.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Gustavo Oliveira
- Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Yang JH, Hou JF, Farquharson C, Zhou ZL, Deng YF, Wang L, Yu Y. Localisation and expression of TRPV6 in all intestinal segments and kidney of laying hens. Br Poult Sci 2012; 52:507-16. [PMID: 21919579 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2011.596994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
1. The aim of this study was to investigate the localisation and expression of the epithelial Ca2+ channel TRPV6 (transient receptor potential vanilloid channel type 6) in different intestinal segments and kidney of laying hens during peak lay. 2. Immunohistochemical analysis of the intestine indicated that TRPV6 was localised to the brush-border membranes of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum, and rectum. Expression was weaker in the rectum, and little or no expression was found in crypt and goblet cells. In addition, TRPV6 mRNA was quantified amongst different intestinal segments, and expression was highest in the duodenum and jejunum. Furthermore, Western blotting indicated that the duodenum expressed the greatest amount of TRPV6 and the rectum the least with the other segments expressing intermediate levels. 3. In the kidney, distinct immunopositive staining for TRPV6 was detected at the apical domain of the distal convoluted tubules (DCT) and medullary connecting tubules (CNT). Interestingly, distribution of TRPV6 extended to the proximal convoluted tubules (PCT). Furthermore, the kidney expressed lower TRPV6 mRNA and protein levels compared with that in the duodenum. 4. In conclusion, the epithelial Ca2+ channel TRPV6 is strongly expressed in the apical cells of the entire intestine and the renal tubules, suggesting that active Ca2+ transcellular transport plays a crucial role in dietary calcium (re)absorption in laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Yang
- Laboratory of Bone Biology of Livestock and Poultry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Stinnett HK, Stewart JR, Ecay TW, Pyles RA, Herbert JF, Thompson MB. Placental development and expression of calcium transporting proteins in the extraembryonic membranes of a placentotrophic lizard. J Morphol 2011; 273:347-59. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.11030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Differential Regulation of Calbindin in the Calcium-Transporting Organs of Birds with High Calcium Requirements. J Poult Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.46.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Bar A. Calcium transport in strongly calcifying laying birds: mechanisms and regulation. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2008; 152:447-69. [PMID: 19118637 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Revised: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Birds that lay long clutches (series of eggs laid sequentially before a "pause day"), among them the high-producing, strongly-calcifying Gallus gallus domesticus (domestic hen) and Coturnix coturnix japonica (Japanese quail), transfer about 10% of their total body calcium daily. They appear, therefore, to be the most efficient calcium-transporters among vertebrates. Such intensive transport imposes severe demands on ionic calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis, and activates at least two extremely effective mechanisms for Ca2+ transfer from food and bone to the eggshell. This review focuses on the development, action and regulation of the mechanisms associated with paracellular and transcellular Ca2+ transport in the intestine and the eggshell gland (ESG); it also considers some of the proteins (calbindin, Ca2+ATPase, Na+/Ca2+ exchange, epithelial calcium channels (TRPVs), osteopontin and carbonic anhydrase (CA) associated with this phenomenon. Calbindins are discussed in some detail, as they appear to be a major component of the transcellular transport system, and as only they have been studied extensively in birds. The review aims to gather old and new knowledge, which could form a conceptual basis, albeit not a completely accepted one, for our understanding of the mechanisms associated with this phenomenon. In the intestine, the transcellular pathway appears to compensate for low Ca2+ intake, but in birds fed adequate calcium the major drive for calcium absorption remains the electrochemical potential difference (ECPD) that facilitates paracellular transport. However, the mechanisms involved in Ca2+ transport into the ESG lumen are not yet established. In the ESG, the presence of Ca2+-ATPase and calbindin--two components of the transcellular transport pathway--and the apparently uphill transport of Ca2+ support the idea that Ca2+ is transported via the transcellular pathway. However, the positive (plasma with respect to mucosa) electrical potential difference (EPD) in the ESG, among other findings, indicates that there may be major alternative or complementary paracellular passive transport pathways. The available evidence hints that the flow from the gut to the ESG, which occurs during a relatively short period (11 to 14 h out the 24- to 25.5-h egg cycle), is primarily driven by carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity in the ESG, which results in high HCO3(-) content that, in turn, "sucks out" Ca2+ from the intestinal lumen via the blood and ESG cells, and deposits it in the shell crystals. The increased CA activity appears to be dependent on energy input, whereas it seems most likely that the Ca2+ movement is secondary, that it utilizes passive paracellular routes that fluctuate in accordance with the appearance of the energy-dependent CA activity, and that the level of Ca2+ movement mimics that of the CA activity. The on-off signals for the overall phenomenon have not yet been identified. They appear to be associated with the circadian cycle of gonadal hormones, coupled with the egg cycle: it is most likely that progesterone acts as the "off" signal, and that the "on" signal is provided by the combined effect of an as-yet undefined endocrine factor associated with ovulation and with the mechanical strain that results from "egg white" formation and "plumping". This strain may initially trigger the formation of the mammillae and the seeding of shell calcium crystals in the isthmus, and thereafter initiate the formation of the shell in the ESG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arie Bar
- Institute of Animal Science, ARO, the Volcani Ctr., Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
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