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Tang B, Ding L, Ding C, He D, Su H, Tao J. Otolith reliability is context-dependent for estimating warming and CO 2 acidification impacts on fish growth. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17501. [PMID: 39239976 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Otoliths are frequently used as proxies to examine the impacts of climate change on fish growth in marine and freshwater ecosystems worldwide. However, the large sensitivity differences in otolith growth responses to typical changing environmental factors (i.e., temperature and CO2 concentration), coupled with unclear drivers and potential inconsistencies with fish body growth, fundamentally challenge the reliability of such otolith applications. Here, we performed a global meta-analysis of experiments investigating the direct effects of warming (297 cases) and CO2 acidification (293 cases) on fish otolith growth and compared them with fish body growth responses. Hierarchical models were used to assess the overall effect and quantify the influence of nine explanatory factors (e.g., fish feeding habit, life history stage, habitat type, and experimental amplitude and duration). The overall effects of warming and acidification on otolith growth were positive and significant, and the effect size of warming (effect size = 0.4003, otolith size of the treatment group increased by 49.23% compared to that of the control group) was larger than that of acidification (0.0724, 7.51%). All factors examined contributed to the heterogeneity of effect sizes, with larger responses commonly observed in carnivorous fish, marine species, and young individuals. Warming amplitudes and durations and acidification amplitudes increased the effect sizes, while acidification durations decreased the effect sizes. Otolith growth responses were consistent with, but greater than, fish body growth responses under warming. In contrast, fish body growth responses were not significant under acidification (effect size = -0.0051, p = .6185) and thus cannot be estimated using otoliths. Therefore, our study highlights that the reliability of applying otoliths to examine climate change impacts is likely varied, as the sensitivity of otolith growth responses and the consistency between the growth responses of otoliths and fish bodies are context-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangli Tang
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Liuyong Ding
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Chengzhi Ding
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Institute of Yunnan Plateau Indigenous Fish, Kunming, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Transboundary Eco-Security of Southwest, Kunming, China
| | - Dekui He
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Haojie Su
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Juan Tao
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Transboundary Eco-Security of Southwest, Kunming, China
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Alter K, Jacquemont J, Claudet J, Lattuca ME, Barrantes ME, Marras S, Manríquez PH, González CP, Fernández DA, Peck MA, Cattano C, Milazzo M, Mark FC, Domenici P. Hidden impacts of ocean warming and acidification on biological responses of marine animals revealed through meta-analysis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2885. [PMID: 38570485 PMCID: PMC10991405 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47064-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Conflicting results remain on the impacts of climate change on marine organisms, hindering our capacity to predict the future state of marine ecosystems. To account for species-specific responses and for the ambiguous relation of most metrics to fitness, we develop a meta-analytical approach based on the deviation of responses from reference values (absolute change) to complement meta-analyses of directional (relative) changes in responses. Using this approach, we evaluate responses of fish and invertebrates to warming and acidification. We find that climate drivers induce directional changes in calcification, survival, and metabolism, and significant deviations in twice as many biological responses, including physiology, reproduction, behavior, and development. Widespread deviations of responses are detected even under moderate intensity levels of warming and acidification, while directional changes are mostly limited to more severe intensity levels. Because such deviations may result in ecological shifts impacting ecosystem structures and processes, our results suggest that climate change will likely have stronger impacts than those previously predicted based on directional changes alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Alter
- Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Coastal Systems, P.O. Box 59, 1790, AB, Den Burg, The Netherlands.
| | - Juliette Jacquemont
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, 1122 NE Boat St, 98195, Seattle, WA, USA
- National Center for Scientific Research, PSL Université Paris, CRIOBE, CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, Maison de l'Océan, 195 rue Saint-Jacques, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Joachim Claudet
- National Center for Scientific Research, PSL Université Paris, CRIOBE, CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, Maison de l'Océan, 195 rue Saint-Jacques, 75005, Paris, France
| | - María E Lattuca
- Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC-CONICET), Bernardo Houssay 200, V9410CAB, Ushuaia, Argentina
| | - María E Barrantes
- Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur; Instituto de Ciencias Polares, Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (UNTDF - ICPA), Fuegia Basket 251, V9410BXE, Ushuaia, Argentina
| | - Stefano Marras
- CNR-IAS, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Instituto per lo studio degli Impatti Antropici e Sostenibilità in ambiente marino. Località Sa Mardini, 09170, Torregrande, Oristano, Italy
| | - Patricio H Manríquez
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile
- Laboratorio de Ecología y Conducta de la Ontogenia Temprana (LECOT), Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Claudio P González
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile
- Laboratorio de Ecología y Conducta de la Ontogenia Temprana (LECOT), Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Daniel A Fernández
- Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC-CONICET), Bernardo Houssay 200, V9410CAB, Ushuaia, Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur; Instituto de Ciencias Polares, Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (UNTDF - ICPA), Fuegia Basket 251, V9410BXE, Ushuaia, Argentina
| | - Myron A Peck
- Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Coastal Systems, P.O. Box 59, 1790, AB, Den Burg, The Netherlands
- Wageningen University, Department of Animal Sciences, Marine Animal Ecology Group, De Elst 1, 6708, WD, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carlo Cattano
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (SZN), Lungomare Cristoforo Colombo, I-90149, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Milazzo
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare (DiSTeM), Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 20, I-90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Felix C Mark
- Section of Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven, 27570, Germany
| | - Paolo Domenici
- CNR-IAS, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Instituto per lo studio degli Impatti Antropici e Sostenibilità in ambiente marino. Località Sa Mardini, 09170, Torregrande, Oristano, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy
- CNR-IBF, Area di Ricerca San Cataldo, Via G. Moruzzi N°1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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Li L, Liu Z, Zhao G, Quan J, Sun J, Lu J. Nano-selenium Antagonizes Heat Stress-Induced Apoptosis of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Hepatocytes by Activating the PI3K/AKT Pathway. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:5805-5815. [PMID: 36973607 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03637-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The cold-water fish rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) shows poor resistance to heat, which is the main factor restricting their survival and yield. With the advancement of nanotechnology, nano-selenium (nano-Se) has emerged as a key nano-trace element, showing unique advantages, including high biological activity and low toxicity, for studying the response of animals to adverse environmental conditions. However, little is still known regarding the potential protective mechanisms of nano-Se against heat stress-induced cellular damage. Herein, we aimed to investigate the mechanism underlying the antagonistic effects of nano-Se on heat stress. Four groups were assessed: CG18 (0 μg/mL nano-Se, 18 °C), Se18 (5.0 μg/mL nano-Se, 18 °C), CG24 (0 μg/mL nano-Se, incubated at 18 °C for 24 h and then transferred to 24 °C culture), and Se24 (5.0 μg/mL nano-Se, incubated at 18 °C for 24 h and then transferred to 24 °C culture). We found that after heat treatment (CG24 group), T-AOC, GPx, and CAT activities in rainbow trout hepatocytes showed a decrease of 36%, 33%, and 19%, respectively, while ROS and MDA levels showed an increase of 67% and 93%, respectively (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the mRNA levels of the apoptosis-related genes caspase3, caspase9, Cyt-c, Bax, and Bax/Bcl-2 in the CG24 group were 41%, 47%, 285%, 65%, and 151% higher than those in the CG18 group, respectively, while those of PI3K and AKT were 31% and 17% lower, respectively (P < 0.05). Besides, flow cytometry analysis showed an increase in the level of apoptotic cells after heat exposure. More importantly, we observed that nano-Se cotreatment (Se24 group) remarkably attenuated heat stress-induced effects (P < 0.05). We conclude that heat stress induces oxidative stress and apoptosis in rainbow trout hepatocytes. Nano-Se ameliorates heat stress-induced apoptosis by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway. Our results provide a new perspective to improve our understanding of the ability of nano-Se to confer heat stress resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Li
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, No. 1 Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu Province, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, No. 1 Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu Province, China.
| | - Guiyan Zhao
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, No. 1 Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu Province, China
| | - Jinqiang Quan
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, No. 1 Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu Province, China
| | - Jun Sun
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, No. 1 Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu Province, China
| | - Junhao Lu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, No. 1 Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu Province, China
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Lattuca ME, Vanella FA, Malanga G, Rubel MD, Manríquez PH, Torres R, Alter K, Marras S, Peck MA, Domenici P, Fernández DA. Ocean acidification and seasonal temperature extremes combine to impair the thermal physiology of a sub-Antarctic fish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 856:159284. [PMID: 36209875 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To predict the potential impacts of climate change on marine organisms, it is critical to understand how multiple stressors constrain the physiology and distribution of species. We evaluated the effects of seasonal changes in seawater temperature and near-future ocean acidification (OA) on organismal and sub-organismal traits associated with the thermal performance of Eleginops maclovinus, a sub-Antarctic notothenioid species with economic importance to sport and artisanal fisheries in southern South America. Juveniles were exposed to mean winter and summer sea surface temperatures (4 and 10 °C) at present-day and near-future pCO2 levels (~500 and 1800 μatm). After a month, the Critical Thermal maximum and minimum (CTmax, CTmin) of fish were measured using the Critical Thermal Methodology and the aerobic scope of fish was measured based on the difference between their maximal and standard rates determined from intermittent flow respirometry. Lipid peroxidation and the antioxidant capacity were also quantified to estimate the oxidative damage potentially caused to gill and liver tissue. Although CTmax and CTmin were higher in individuals acclimated to summer versus winter temperatures, the increase in CTmax was minimal in juveniles exposed to the near-future compared to present-day pCO2 levels (there was a significant interaction between temperature and pCO2 on CTmax). The reduction in the thermal tolerance range under summer temperatures and near-future OA conditions was associated with a reduction in the aerobic scope observed at the elevated pCO2 level. Moreover, an oxidative stress condition was detected in the gill and liver tissues. Thus, chronic exposure to OA and the current summer temperatures pose limits to the thermal performance of juvenile E. maclovinus at the organismal and sub-organismal levels, making this species vulnerable to projected climate-driven warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- María E Lattuca
- Laboratorio de Ecología, Fisiología y Evolución de Organismos Acuáticos, Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC-CONICET), Bernardo Houssay 200, V9410BFD Ushuaia, Argentina.
| | - Fabián A Vanella
- Laboratorio de Ecología, Fisiología y Evolución de Organismos Acuáticos, Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC-CONICET), Bernardo Houssay 200, V9410BFD Ushuaia, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Malanga
- Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires (FFyB - UBA), Junín 956, C1113AAD CABA, Argentina; Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL - CONICET), Junín 956, C1113AAD CABA, Argentina
| | - Maximiliano D Rubel
- Laboratorio de Ecología, Fisiología y Evolución de Organismos Acuáticos, Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC-CONICET), Bernardo Houssay 200, V9410BFD Ushuaia, Argentina
| | - Patricio H Manríquez
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Av. Bernardo Ossandón 877, 1781681 Coquimbo, Chile; Laboratorio de Ecología y Conducta de la Ontogenia Temprana (LECOT), Larrondo 1281, 1781421 Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Torres
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), José de Moraleda 16, 5951369 Coyhaique, Chile; Centro de Investigación Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Av. El Bosque 01789, 6200000 Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Katharina Alter
- Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Department of Coastal Systems (COS), P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, the Netherlands
| | - Stefano Marras
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero (CNR-IAMC), Località Sa Mardini, 09070 Torregrande, Oristano, Italy
| | - Myron A Peck
- Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Department of Coastal Systems (COS), P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, the Netherlands
| | - Paolo Domenici
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero (CNR-IAMC), Località Sa Mardini, 09070 Torregrande, Oristano, Italy; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biofisica (CNR-IBF), Area di Ricerca San Cataldo, Via G. Moruzzi N°1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Daniel A Fernández
- Laboratorio de Ecología, Fisiología y Evolución de Organismos Acuáticos, Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC-CONICET), Bernardo Houssay 200, V9410BFD Ushuaia, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego, Instituto de Ciencias Polares, Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (UNTDF - ICPA), Fuegia Basket 251, V9410BXE Ushuaia, Argentina
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5
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Lamptey DI, Sparks RW, De Oca RM, Skolik R, Menze MA, Martinez E. Seasonal changes in mitochondrial bioenergetics and physiological performance of the bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus, from a shallow, Midwest river. J Therm Biol 2022; 104:103186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Baag S, Mandal S. Combined effects of ocean warming and acidification on marine fish and shellfish: A molecule to ecosystem perspective. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 802:149807. [PMID: 34450439 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
It is expected that by 2050 human population will exceed nine billion leading to increased pressure on marine ecosystems. Therefore, it is conjectured various levels of ecosystem functioning starting from individual to population-level, species distribution, food webs and trophic interaction dynamics will be severely jeopardized in coming decades. Ocean warming and acidification are two prime threats to marine biota, yet studies about their cumulative effect on marine fish and shellfishes are still in its infancy. This review assesses existing information regarding the interactive effects of global environmental factors like warming and acidification in the perspective of marine capture fisheries and aquaculture industry. As climate change continues, distribution pattern of species is likely to be altered which will impact fisheries and fishing patterns. Our work is an attempt to compile the existing literatures in the biological perspective of the above-mentioned stressors and accentuate a clear outline of knowledge in this subject. We reviewed studies deciphering the biological consequences of warming and acidification on fish and shellfishes in the light of a molecule to ecosystem perspective. Here, for the first time impacts of these two global environmental drivers are discussed in a holistic manner taking into account growth, survival, behavioural response, prey predator dynamics, calcification, biomineralization, reproduction, physiology, thermal tolerance, molecular level responses as well as immune system and disease susceptibility. We suggest urgent focus on more robust, long term, comprehensive and ecologically realistic studies that will significantly contribute to the understanding of organism's response to climate change for sustainable capture fisheries and aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sritama Baag
- Marine Ecology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1, College Street, Kolkata 700073, India
| | - Sumit Mandal
- Marine Ecology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1, College Street, Kolkata 700073, India.
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Naslund AW, Davis BE, Hobbs JA, Fangue NA, Todgham AE. Warming, not CO2-acidified seawater, alters otolith development of juvenile Antarctic emerald rockcod (Trematomus bernacchii). Polar Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-021-02923-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe combustion of fossil fuels is currently causing rapid rates of ocean warming and acidification worldwide. Projected changes in these parameters have been repeatedly observed to stress the physiological limits and plasticity of many marine species from the molecular to organismal levels. High latitude oceans are among the fastest changing ecosystems; therefore, polar species are projected to be some of the most vulnerable to climate change. Antarctic species are particularly sensitive to environmental change, having evolved for millions of years under stable ocean conditions. Otoliths, calcified structures found in a fish’s inner ear used to sense movement and direction, have been shown to be affected by both warming and CO2-acidified seawater in temperate and tropical fishes but there is no work to date on Antarctic fishes. In this study, juvenile emerald rockcod (Trematomus bernacchii) were exposed to projected seawater warming and CO2-acidification for the year 2100 over 28 days. Sagittal otoliths were analyzed for changes in area, perimeter, length, width and shape. We found ocean warming increased the growth rate of otoliths, while CO2-acidified seawater and the interaction of warming and acidification did not have an effect on otolith development. Elevated temperature also altered the shape of otoliths. If otolith development is altered under future warming scenarios, sensory functions such as hearing, orientation, and movement may potentially be impaired. Changes in these basic somatic abilities could have broad implications for the general capabilities and ecology of early life stages of Antarctic fishes.
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Thalib YA, Razali RS, Mohamad S, Zainuddin R'A, Rahmah S, Ghaffar MA, Nhan HT, Liew HJ. Environmental changes affecting physiological responses and growth of hybrid grouper - The interactive impact of low pH and temperature. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 271:116375. [PMID: 33422747 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rising of temperature in conjunction with acidification due to the anthropogenic climates has tremendously affected all aquatic life. Small changes in the surrounding environment could lead to physiological constraint in the individual. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the effects of warm water temperature (32 °C) and low pH (pH 6) on physiological responses and growth of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂) juveniles for 25 days. Growth performance was significantly affected under warm water temperature and low-pH conditions. Surprisingly, the positive effect on growth was observed under the interactive effects of warm water and low pH exposure. Hybrid grouper exposed to the interactive stressor of warm temperature and low pH exhibited higher living cost, where HSI content was greatly depleted to about 2.3-folds than in normal circumstances. Overall, challenge to warm temperature and low pH induced protein mobilization as an energy source followed by glycogen and lipid to support basal metabolic needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusnita A Thalib
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Ros Suhaida Razali
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Suhaini Mohamad
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Rabi'atul 'Adawiyyah Zainuddin
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Sharifah Rahmah
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Mazlan Abd Ghaffar
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hua Thai Nhan
- College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Can Tho City, Viet Nam
| | - Hon Jung Liew
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 232 Hesong St, Daoli District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150070, China.
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9
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Rowlands E, Galloway T, Manno C. A Polar outlook: Potential interactions of micro- and nano-plastic with other anthropogenic stressors. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:142379. [PMID: 33254857 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polar marine ecosystems may have higher sensitivity than other ecosystems to plastic pollution due to recurrent physical and biological features; presence of ice and high UV radiation, slow growth rates and weak genetic differentiation of resident biota, accumulation of persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals, and fast rates of warming and global ocean acidification. Here, we discuss potential sources of and exposure to micro- and nano-plastic in polar marine ecosystems and potential mixture effects of micro- and nano-plastic coupled with chemical and climate related stressors. We address the anthropogenic contaminants likely to be 'high risk' for interactions in Arctic and Antarctic waters for reasons such as accumulation under sea-ice, a known sink for plastic particulates. Consequently, we address the potential for localised plastic-chemical interactions and possible seasonal fluctuations in interactions associated with freeze-thaw events. The risks for keystone polar species are also considered, incorporating the behavioural and physiological traits of biota and addressing potential 'hotspot' areas. Finally, we discuss a possible direction for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Rowlands
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0ET, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; University of Exeter, College of Life and Environmental Science, Streatham Campus, Stocker Rd, Exeter EX4 4PY, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
| | - Tamara Galloway
- University of Exeter, College of Life and Environmental Science, Streatham Campus, Stocker Rd, Exeter EX4 4PY, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Clara Manno
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0ET, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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O'Brien KM, Rix AS, Grove TJ, Sarrimanolis J, Brooking A, Roberts M, Crockett EL. Characterization of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 pathway in hearts of Antarctic notothenioid fishes. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 250:110505. [PMID: 32966875 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2020.110505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability of Antarctic notothenioid fishes to mount a robust molecular response to hypoxia is largely unknown. The transcription factor, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), a heterodimer of HIF-1α and HIF-1β subunits, is the master regulator of oxygen homeostasis in most metazoans. We sought to determine if, in the hearts of Antarctic notothenioids, HIF-1 is activated and functional in response to either an acute heat stress or hypoxia. The red-blooded Notothenia coriiceps and the hemoglobinless icefish, Chaenocephalus aceratus, were exposed to their critical thermal maximum (CTMAX) or hypoxia (5.0 ± 0.3 mg of O2 L-1) for 2 h. Additionally, N. coriiceps was exposed to 2.3 ± 0.3 mg of O2 L-1 for 12 h, and red-blooded Gobionotothen gibberifrons was exposed to both levels of hypoxia. Levels of HIF-1α were quantified in nuclei isolated from heart ventricles using western blotting. Transcript levels of genes involved in anaerobic metabolism, and known to be regulated by HIF-1, were quantified by real-time PCR, and lactate levels were measured in heart ventricles. Protein levels of HIF-1α increase in nuclei of hearts of N. coriiceps and C. aceratus in response to exposure to CTMAX and in hearts of N. coriiceps exposed to severe hypoxia, yet mRNA levels of anaerobic metabolic genes do not increase in any species, nor do lactate levels increase, suggesting that HIF-1 does not stimulate metabolic remodeling in hearts of notothenioids under these conditions. Together, these data suggest that Antarctic notothenioids may be vulnerable to hypoxic events, which are likely to increase with climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M O'Brien
- Institute of Arctic Biology, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States of America.
| | - A S Rix
- Institute of Arctic Biology, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States of America
| | - T J Grove
- Department of Biology, Valdosta State University, Valdosta, GA 31698, United States of America
| | - J Sarrimanolis
- Institute of Arctic Biology, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States of America
| | - A Brooking
- Institute of Arctic Biology, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States of America
| | - M Roberts
- Institute of Arctic Biology, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States of America
| | - E L Crockett
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States of America
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11
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Laubenstein TD, Jarrold MD, Rummer JL, Munday PL. Beneficial effects of diel CO 2 cycles on reef fish metabolic performance are diminished under elevated temperature. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 735:139084. [PMID: 32480143 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Elevated CO2 levels have been shown to affect metabolic performance in some coral reef fishes. However, all studies to date have employed stable elevated CO2 levels, whereas reef habitats can experience substantial diel fluctuations in pCO2 ranging from ±50 to 600 μatm around the mean, fluctuations that are predicted to increase in magnitude by the end of the century. Additionally, past studies have often investigated the effect of elevated CO2 in isolation, despite the fact that ocean temperatures will increase in tandem with CO2 levels. Here, we tested the effects of stable (1000 μatm) versus diel-cycling (1000 ± 500 μatm) elevated CO2 conditions and elevated temperature (+2 °C) on metabolic traits of juvenile spiny damselfish, Acanthochromis polyacanthus. Resting oxygen uptake rates (ṀO2) were higher in fish exposed to stable elevated CO2 conditions when compared to fish from stable control conditions, but were restored to control levels under diel CO2 fluctuations. However, the benefits of diel CO2 fluctuations were diminished at elevated temperature. Factorial aerobic scope showed a similar pattern, but neither maximal ṀO2 nor absolute aerobic scope was affected by CO2 or temperature. Our results suggest that diel CO2 cycles can ameliorate the increased metabolic cost associated with elevated CO2, but elevated temperature diminishes the benefits of diel CO2 cycles. Thus, previous studies may have misestimated the effect of ocean acidification on the metabolic performance of reef fishes by not accounting for environmental CO2 fluctuations. Our findings provide novel insights into the interacting effects of diel CO2 fluctuations and temperature on the metabolic performance of reef fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taryn D Laubenstein
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia.
| | - Michael D Jarrold
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Jodie L Rummer
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Philip L Munday
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
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12
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Todgham AE, Mandic M. Understanding the Metabolic Capacity of Antarctic Fishes to Acclimate to Future Ocean Conditions. Integr Comp Biol 2020; 60:1425-1437. [PMID: 32814956 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaa121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antarctic fishes have evolved under stable, extreme cold temperatures for millions of years. Adapted to thrive in the cold environment, their specialized phenotypes will likely render them particularly susceptible to future ocean warming and acidification as a result of climate change. Moving from a period of stability to one of environmental change, species persistence will depend on maintaining energetic equilibrium, or sustaining the increased energy demand without compromising important biological functions such as growth and reproduction. Metabolic capacity to acclimate, marked by a return to metabolic equilibrium through physiological compensation of routine metabolic rate (RMR), will likely determine which species will be better poised to cope with shifts in environmental conditions. Focusing on the suborder Notothenioidei, a dominant group of Antarctic fishes, and in particular four well-studied species, Trematomus bernacchii, Pagothenia borchgrevinki, Notothenia rossii, and N. coriiceps, we discuss metabolic acclimation potential to warming and CO2-acidification using an integrative and comparative framework. There are species-specific differences in the physiological compensation of RMR during warming and the duration of acclimation time required to achieve compensation; for some species, RMR fully recovered within 3.5 weeks of exposure, such as P. borchgrevinki, while for other species, such as N. coriiceps, RMR remained significantly elevated past 9 weeks of exposure. In all instances, added exposure to increased PCO2, further compromised the ability of species to return RMR to pre-exposure levels. The period of metabolic imbalance, marked by elevated RMR, was underlined by energetic disturbance and elevated energetic costs, which shifted energy away from fitness-related functions, such as growth. In T. bernacchii and N. coriiceps, long duration of elevated RMR impacted condition factor and/or growth rate. Low growth rate can affect development and ultimately the timing of reproduction, severely compromising the species' survival potential and the biodiversity of the notothenioid lineage. Therefore, the ability to achieve full compensation of RMR, and in a short-time frame, in order to avoid long term consequences of metabolic imbalance, will likely be an important determinant in a species' capacity to persist in a changing environment. Much work is still required to develop our understanding of the bioenergetics of Antarctic fishes in the face of environmental change, and a targeted approach of nesting a mechanistic focus in an ecological and comparative framework will better aid our predictions on the effect of global climate change on species persistence in the polar regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E Todgham
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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13
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Wilson RE, Sonsthagen SA, Smé N, Gharrett AJ, Majewski AR, Wedemeyer K, Nelson RJ, Talbot SL. Mitochondrial genome diversity and population mitogenomics of polar cod (Boreogadus saida) and Arctic dwelling gadoids. Polar Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-020-02703-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Hancock AM, King CK, Stark JS, McMinn A, Davidson AT. Effects of ocean acidification on Antarctic marine organisms: A meta-analysis. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:4495-4514. [PMID: 32489613 PMCID: PMC7246202 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Southern Ocean waters are among the most vulnerable to ocean acidification. The projected increase in the CO2 level will cause changes in carbonate chemistry that are likely to be damaging to organisms inhabiting these waters. A meta-analysis was undertaken to examine the vulnerability of Antarctic marine biota occupying waters south of 60°S to ocean acidification. This meta-analysis showed that ocean acidification negatively affects autotrophic organisms, mainly phytoplankton, at CO2 levels above 1,000 μatm and invertebrates above 1,500 μatm, but positively affects bacterial abundance. The sensitivity of phytoplankton to ocean acidification was influenced by the experimental procedure used. Natural, mixed communities were more sensitive than single species in culture and showed a decline in chlorophyll a concentration, productivity, and photosynthetic health, as well as a shift in community composition at CO2 levels above 1,000 μatm. Invertebrates showed reduced fertilization rates and increased occurrence of larval abnormalities, as well as decreased calcification rates and increased shell dissolution with any increase in CO2 level above 1,500 μatm. Assessment of the vulnerability of fish and macroalgae to ocean acidification was limited by the number of studies available. Overall, this analysis indicates that many marine organisms in the Southern Ocean are likely to be susceptible to ocean acidification and thereby likely to change their contribution to ecosystem services in the future. Further studies are required to address the poor spatial coverage, lack of community or ecosystem-level studies, and the largely unknown potential for organisms to acclimate and/or adapt to the changing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyce M. Hancock
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaBattery PointTASAustralia
- Antarctic Gateway PartnershipBattery PointTASAustralia
- Antarctic Climate & Ecosystems Cooperative Research CentreBattery PointTASAustralia
| | | | | | - Andrew McMinn
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaBattery PointTASAustralia
- Antarctic Gateway PartnershipBattery PointTASAustralia
- Antarctic Climate & Ecosystems Cooperative Research CentreBattery PointTASAustralia
| | - Andrew T. Davidson
- Antarctic Climate & Ecosystems Cooperative Research CentreBattery PointTASAustralia
- Australian Antarctic DivisionKingstonTASAustralia
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15
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Cline AJ, Hamilton SL, Logan CA. Effects of multiple climate change stressors on gene expression in blue rockfish (Sebastes mystinus). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2020; 239:110580. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.110580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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Temperature tolerance and oxygen consumption of two South American tetras, Paracheirodon innessi and Hyphessobrycon herbertaxelrodi. J Therm Biol 2019; 86:102434. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.102434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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17
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Tolomeo AM, Carraro A, Bakiu R, Toppo S, Garofalo F, Pellegrino D, Gerdol M, Ferro D, Place SP, Santovito G. Molecular characterization of novel mitochondrial peroxiredoxins from the Antarctic emerald rockcod and their gene expression in response to environmental warming. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 225:108580. [PMID: 31374295 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.108580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present study we describe the molecular characterization of the two paralogous mitochondrial peroxiredoxins from Trematomus bernacchii, a teleost that plays a pivotal role in the Antarctic food chain. The two putative amino acid sequences were compared with orthologs from other fish, highlighting a high percentage of identity and similarity with the respective variant, in particular for the residues that are essential for the characteristic peroxidase activity of these enzymes. The temporal expression of Prdx3 and Prdx5 mRNAs in response to short-term thermal stress showed a general upregulation of prdx3, suggesting that this isoform is the most affected by temperature increase. These data, together with the peculiar differences between the molecular structures of the two mitochondrial Prdxs in T. bernacchii as well as in the tropical species Stegastes partitus, suggest an adaptation that allowed these poikilothermic aquatic vertebrates to colonize very different environments, characterized by different temperature ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Tolomeo
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - A Carraro
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - R Bakiu
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Agricultural University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | - S Toppo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Italy
| | - F Garofalo
- Departmentof of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (B.E.S.T.), University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - D Pellegrino
- Departmentof of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (B.E.S.T.), University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - M Gerdol
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - D Ferro
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - S P Place
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA, USA
| | - G Santovito
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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18
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Vasadia DJ, Zippay ML, Place SP. Characterization of thermally sensitive miRNAs reveals a central role of the FoxO signaling pathway in regulating the cellular stress response of an extreme stenotherm, Trematomus bernacchii. Mar Genomics 2019; 48:100698. [PMID: 31307923 DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2019.100698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Despite the lack of an inducible heat shock response (HSR), the Antarctic notothenioid fish, Trematomus bernacchii, has retained a level of physiological plasticity that can at least partially compensate for the effects of acute heat stress. Over the last decade, both physiological and transcriptomic studies have signaled these fish can mitigate the effects of acute heat stress by employing other aspects of the cellular stress response (CSR) that help confer thermotolerance as well as drive homeostatic mechanisms during long-term thermal acclimations. However, the regulatory mechanisms that determine temperature-induced changes in gene expression remain largely unexplored in this species. Therefore, this study utilized next generation sequencing coupled with an in silico approach to explore the regulatory role of microRNAs in governing the transcriptomic level response observed in this Antarctic notothenioid with respect to the CSR. Using RNAseq, we characterized the expression of 125 distinct miRNA orthologues in T. bernacchii gill tissue. Additionally, we identified 12 miRNAs that appear to be thermally responsive based on differential expression (DE) analyses performed between fish acclimated to control (-1.5 °C) and an acute heat stress (+4 °C). We further characterized the functional role of these DE miRNAs using bioinformatics pipelines to identify putative gene targets of the DE miRNAs and subsequent gene set enrichment analyses, which together suggest these miRNAs are involved in regulating diverse aspects of the CSR in T. bernacchii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipali J Vasadia
- Sonoma State University, Department of Biology, Rohnert Park, CA 94928, United States of America
| | - Mackenzie L Zippay
- Sonoma State University, Department of Biology, Rohnert Park, CA 94928, United States of America
| | - Sean P Place
- Sonoma State University, Department of Biology, Rohnert Park, CA 94928, United States of America.
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19
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Lefevre S. Effects of high CO2 on oxygen consumption rates, aerobic scope and swimming performance. FISH PHYSIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.fp.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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20
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Truzzi C, Illuminati S, Antonucci M, Scarponi G, Annibaldi A. Heat shock influences the fatty acid composition of the muscle of the Antarctic fish Trematomus bernacchii. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 139:122-128. [PMID: 29776593 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the Ross Sea region (average temperature of -1.87 °C), shelf water warming up to +0.8-+1.4 °C is predicted by 2200, so there is an urgent need to understand how organisms can respond to rising temperatures. In this study, we analyzed the effect of a heat shock on the fatty acid (FAs) composition of muscle of the Antarctic teleost Trematomus bernacchii, caught in Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea), and held in fish tanks at 0, +1 or +2 °C, for 1, 5 and 10 days. In general, heat shock produced, beyond a reduction in total lipid content correlated to the temperature, an increase in the percentage of saturated FAs, and a decrease in mono-unsaturated FAs; however, the level of poly-unsaturated FAs did not seem to directly correlate with temperature. Principal component analysis indicated that both temperature and exposure time affect the composition of FAs in the muscle probably through an alteration of the metabolic pathways of FAs. In this study, we demonstrated that T. bernacchii was capable to rapidly acclimatize to a heat shock. This study contributes to increasing knowledge on the effect of temperature on the lipid composition of T. bernacchii and is complementary to previous studies on the gene expression and biochemistry of this species face multiple stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Truzzi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - S Illuminati
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - M Antonucci
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - G Scarponi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - A Annibaldi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy.
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21
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You Better Repeat It: Complex CO2 × Temperature Effects in Atlantic Silverside Offspring Revealed by Serial Experimentation. DIVERSITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/d10030069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Concurrent ocean warming and acidification demand experimental approaches that assess biological sensitivities to combined effects of these potential stressors. Here, we summarize five CO2 × temperature experiments on wild Atlantic silverside, Menidia menidia, offspring that were reared under factorial combinations of CO2 (nominal: 400, 2200, 4000, and 6000 µatm) and temperature (17, 20, 24, and 28 °C) to quantify the temperature-dependence of CO2 effects in early life growth and survival. Across experiments and temperature treatments, we found few significant CO2 effects on response traits. Survival effects were limited to a single experiment, where elevated CO2 exposure reduced embryo survival at 17 and 24 °C. Hatch length displayed CO2 × temperature interactions due largely to reduced hatch size at 24 °C in one experiment but increased length at 28 °C in another. We found no overall influence of CO2 on larval growth or survival to 9, 10, 15 and 13–22 days post-hatch, at 28, 24, 20, and 17 °C, respectively. Importantly, exposure to cooler (17 °C) and warmer (28 °C) than optimal rearing temperatures (24 °C) in this species did not appear to increase CO2 sensitivity. Repeated experimentation documented substantial inter- and intra-experiment variability, highlighting the need for experimental replication to more robustly constrain inherently variable responses. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the early life stages of this ecologically important forage fish appear largely tolerate to even extreme levels of CO2 across a broad thermal regime.
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22
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Correlated Effects of Ocean Acidification and Warming on Behavioral and Metabolic Traits of a Large Pelagic Fish. DIVERSITY-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/d10020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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23
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Tresguerres M, Hamilton TJ. Acid-base physiology, neurobiology and behaviour in relation to CO 2-induced ocean acidification. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 220:2136-2148. [PMID: 28615486 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.144113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Experimental exposure to ocean and freshwater acidification affects the behaviour of multiple aquatic organisms in laboratory tests. One proposed cause involves an imbalance in plasma chloride and bicarbonate ion concentrations as a result of acid-base regulation, causing the reversal of ionic fluxes through GABAA receptors, which leads to altered neuronal function. This model is exclusively based on differential effects of the GABAA receptor antagonist gabazine on control animals and those exposed to elevated CO2 However, direct measurements of actual chloride and bicarbonate concentrations in neurons and their extracellular fluids and of GABAA receptor properties in aquatic organisms are largely lacking. Similarly, very little is known about potential compensatory mechanisms, and about alternative mechanisms that might lead to ocean acidification-induced behavioural changes. This article reviews the current knowledge on acid-base physiology, neurobiology, pharmacology and behaviour in relation to marine CO2-induced acidification, and identifies important topics for future research that will help us to understand the potential effects of predicted levels of aquatic acidification on organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Tresguerres
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Trevor J Hamilton
- Department of Psychology, MacEwan University, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T5J 4S2 .,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7
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24
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Davis BE, Flynn EE, Miller NA, Nelson FA, Fangue NA, Todgham AE. Antarctic emerald rockcod have the capacity to compensate for warming when uncoupled from CO 2 -acidification. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:e655-e670. [PMID: 29155460 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Increases in atmospheric CO2 levels and associated ocean changes are expected to have dramatic impacts on marine ecosystems. Although the Southern Ocean is experiencing some of the fastest rates of change, few studies have explored how Antarctic fishes may be affected by co-occurring ocean changes, and even fewer have examined early life stages. To date, no studies have characterized potential trade-offs in physiology and behavior in response to projected multiple climate change stressors (ocean acidification and warming) on Antarctic fishes. We exposed juvenile emerald rockcod Trematomus bernacchii to three PCO2 treatments (~450, ~850, and ~1,200 μatm PCO2 ) at two temperatures (-1 or 2°C). After 2, 7, 14, and 28 days, metrics of physiological performance including cardiorespiratory function (heart rate [fH ] and ventilation rate [fV ]), metabolic rate (M˙O2), and cellular enzyme activity were measured. Behavioral responses, including scototaxis, activity, exploration, and escape response were assessed after 7 and 14 days. Elevated PCO2 independently had little impact on either physiology or behavior in juvenile rockcod, whereas warming resulted in significant changes across acclimation time. After 14 days, fH , fV and M˙O2 significantly increased with warming, but not with elevated PCO2 . Increased physiological costs were accompanied by behavioral alterations including increased dark zone preference up to 14%, reduced activity by 12%, as well as reduced escape time suggesting potential trade-offs in energetics. After 28 days, juvenile rockcod demonstrated a degree of temperature compensation as fV , M˙O2, and cellular metabolism significantly decreased following the peak at 14 days; however, temperature compensation was only evident in the absence of elevated PCO2 . Sustained increases in fV and M˙O2 after 28 days exposure to elevated PCO2 indicate additive (fV ) and synergistic (M˙O2) interactions occurred in combination with warming. Stressor-induced energetic trade-offs in physiology and behavior may be an important mechanism leading to vulnerability of Antarctic fishes to future ocean change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany E Davis
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Erin E Flynn
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nathan A Miller
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Romberg Tiburon Center, San Francisco State University, Tiburon, CA, USA
| | - Frederick A Nelson
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Nann A Fangue
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Anne E Todgham
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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25
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Flynn EE, Todgham AE. Thermal windows and metabolic performance curves in a developing Antarctic fish. J Comp Physiol B 2017; 188:271-282. [PMID: 28988313 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-017-1124-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
For ectotherms, temperature modifies the rate of physiological function across a temperature tolerance window depending on thermal history, ontogeny, and evolutionary history. Some adult Antarctic fishes, with comparatively narrow thermal windows, exhibit thermal plasticity in standard metabolic rate; however, little is known about the shape or breadth of thermal performance curves of earlier life stages of Antarctic fishes. We tested the effects of acute warming (- 1 to 8 °C) and temperature acclimation (2 weeks at - 1, 2, 4 °C) on survival and standard metabolic rate in early embryos of the dragonfish Gymnodraco acuticeps from McMurdo Sound, Ross Island, Antarctica. Contrary to predictions, embryos acclimated to warmer temperatures did not experience greater mortality and nearly all embryos survived acute warming to 8 °C. Metabolic performance curve height and shape were both significantly altered after 2 weeks of development at - 1 °C, with further increase in curve height, but not alteration of shape, with warm temperature acclimation. Overall metabolic rate temperature sensitivity (Q 10) from - 1 to 8 °C varied from 2.6 to 3.6, with the greatest thermal sensitivity exhibited by embryos at earlier developmental stages. Interclutch variation in metabolic rates, mass, and development of simultaneously collected embryos was also documented. Taken together, metabolic performance curves provide insight into the costs of early development under warming temperatures, with the potential for thermal sensitivity to be modified by dragonfish phenology and magnitude of seasonal changes in temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Flynn
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Anne E Todgham
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Moyano M, Candebat C, Ruhbaum Y, Álvarez-Fernández S, Claireaux G, Zambonino-Infante JL, Peck MA. Effects of warming rate, acclimation temperature and ontogeny on the critical thermal maximum of temperate marine fish larvae. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179928. [PMID: 28749960 PMCID: PMC5531428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Most of the thermal tolerance studies on fish have been performed on juveniles and adults, whereas limited information is available for larvae, a stage which may have a particularly narrow range in tolerable temperatures. Moreover, previous studies on thermal limits for marine and freshwater fish larvae (53 studies reviewed here) applied a wide range of methodologies (e.g. the static or dynamic method, different exposure times), making it challenging to compare across taxa. We measured the Critical Thermal Maximum (CTmax) of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) and European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) larvae using the dynamic method (ramping assay) and assessed the effect of warming rate (0.5 to 9°C h-1) and acclimation temperature. The larvae of herring had a lower CTmax (lowest and highest values among 222 individual larvae, 13.1–27.0°C) than seabass (lowest and highest values among 90 individual larvae, 24.2–34.3°C). At faster rates of warming, larval CTmax significantly increased in herring, whereas no effect was observed in seabass. Higher acclimation temperatures led to higher CTmax in herring larvae (2.7 ± 0.9°C increase) with increases more pronounced at lower warming rates. Pre-trials testing the effects of warming rate are recommended. Our results for these two temperate marine fishes suggest using a warming rate of 3–6°C h-1: CTmax is highest in trials of relatively short duration, as has been suggested for larger fish. Additionally, time-dependent thermal tolerance was observed in herring larvae, where a difference of up to 8°C was observed in the upper thermal limit between a 0.5- or 24-h exposure to temperatures >18°C. The present study constitutes a first step towards a standard protocol for measuring thermal tolerance in larval fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Moyano
- Institute of Hydrobiology and Fisheries Science, Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), University of Hamburg, Olbersweg 24, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Caroline Candebat
- Institute of Hydrobiology and Fisheries Science, Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), University of Hamburg, Olbersweg 24, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yannick Ruhbaum
- Institute of Hydrobiology and Fisheries Science, Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), University of Hamburg, Olbersweg 24, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Santiago Álvarez-Fernández
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Helgoland, Germany
| | - Guy Claireaux
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, LEMAR (UMR 6539), Unité PFOM-ARN, Centre Ifremer de Bretagne, Plouzané, France
| | | | - Myron A. Peck
- Institute of Hydrobiology and Fisheries Science, Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), University of Hamburg, Olbersweg 24, Hamburg, Germany
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Benítez S, Duarte C, Opitz T, Lagos NA, Pulgar JM, Vargas CA, Lardies MA. Intertidal pool fish Girella laevifrons (Kyphosidae) shown strong physiological homeostasis but shy personality: The cost of living in hypercapnic habitats. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 118:57-63. [PMID: 28215555 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Tide pools habitats are naturally exposed to a high degree of environmental variability. The consequences of living in these extreme habitats are not well established. In particular, little it is known about of the effects of hypercanic seawater (i.e. high pCO2 levels) on marine vertebrates such as intertidal pool fish. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of increased pCO2 on the physiology and behavior in juveniles of the intertidal pool fish Girella laevifrons. Two nominal pCO2 concentrations (400 and 1600μatm) were used. We found that exposure to hypercapnic conditions did not affect oxygen consumption and absorption efficiency. However, the lateralization and boldness behavior was significantly disrupted in high pCO2 conditions. In general, a predator-risk cost of boldness is assumed, thus the increased occurrence of shy personality in juvenile fishes may result in a change in the balance of this biological interaction, with significant ecological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Benítez
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile; Center for the Study of Multiple-drivers on Marine Socio-Ecological System (MUSELS), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - C Duarte
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile; Center for the Study of Multiple-drivers on Marine Socio-Ecological System (MUSELS), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
| | - T Opitz
- Facultad de Ingeniería & Ciencias y Facultad de Artes Liberales, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - N A Lagos
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile; Center for the Study of Multiple-drivers on Marine Socio-Ecological System (MUSELS), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - J M Pulgar
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - C A Vargas
- Laboratorio de Funcionamiento de Ecosistemas Acuáticos (LAFE), Departamento de Sistemas Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Concepción, Chile; Center for the Study of Multiple-drivers on Marine Socio-Ecological System (MUSELS), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - M A Lardies
- Facultad de Ingeniería & Ciencias y Facultad de Artes Liberales, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile; Center for the Study of Multiple-drivers on Marine Socio-Ecological System (MUSELS), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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Enzor LA, Hunter EM, Place SP. The effects of elevated temperature and ocean acidification on the metabolic pathways of notothenioid fish. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 5:cox019. [PMID: 28852515 PMCID: PMC5570038 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cox019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The adaptations used by notothenioid fish to combat extreme cold may have left these fish poorly poised to deal with a changing environment. As such, the expected environmental perturbations brought on by global climate change have the potential to significantly affect the energetic demands and subsequent cellular processes necessary for survival. Despite recent lines of evidence demonstrating that notothenioid fish retain the ability to acclimate to elevated temperatures, the underlying mechanisms responsible for temperature acclimation in these fish remain largely unknown. Furthermore, little information exists on the capacity of Antarctic fish to respond to changes in multiple environmental variables. We have examined the effects of increased temperature and pCO2 on the rate of oxygen consumption in three notothenioid species, Trematomus bernacchii, Pagothenia borchgrevinki, and Trematomus newnesi. We combined these measurements with analysis of changes in aerobic and anaerobic capacity, lipid reserves, fish condition, and growth rates to gain insight into the metabolic cost associated with acclimation to this dual stress. Our findings indicated that temperature is the major driver of the metabolic responses observed in these fish and that increased pCO2 plays a small, contributing role to the energetic costs of the acclimation response. All three species displayed varying levels of energetic compensation in response to the combination of elevated temperature and pCO2. While P. borchgrevinki showed nearly complete compensation of whole animal oxygen consumption rates and aerobic capacity, T. newnesi and T. bernacchii displayed only partial compensation in these metrics, suggesting that at least some notothenioids may require physiological trade-offs to fully offset the energetic costs of long-term acclimation to climate change related stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Enzor
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Gulf Ecology Division, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561, USA
| | - Evan M. Hunter
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC29208, USA
| | - Sean P. Place
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA94928, USA
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Nadler LE, Killen SS, McCormick MI, Watson SA, Munday PL. Effect of elevated carbon dioxide on shoal familiarity and metabolism in a coral reef fish. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 4:cow052. [PMID: 27933164 PMCID: PMC5142050 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cow052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric CO2 is expected to more than double by the end of the century. The resulting changes in ocean chemistry will affect the behaviour, sensory systems and physiology of a range of fish species. Although a number of past studies have examined effects of CO2 in gregarious fishes, most have assessed individuals in social isolation, which can alter individual behaviour and metabolism in social species. Within social groups, a learned familiarity can develop following a prolonged period of interaction between individuals, with fishes preferentially associating with familiar conspecifics because of benefits such as improved social learning and greater foraging opportunities. However, social recognition occurs through detection of shoal-mate cues; hence, it may be disrupted by near-future CO2 conditions. In the present study, we examined the influence of elevated CO2 on shoal familiarity and the metabolic benefits of group living in the gregarious damselfish species the blue-green puller (Chromis viridis). Shoals were acclimated to one of three nominal CO2 treatments: control (450 µatm), mid-CO2 (750 µatm) or high-CO2 (1000 µatm). After a 4-7 day acclimation period, familiarity was examined using a choice test, in which individuals were given the choice to associate with familiar shoal-mates or unfamiliar conspecifics. In control conditions, individuals preferentially associated with familiar shoal-mates. However, this association was lost in both elevated-CO2 treatments. Elevated CO2 did not impact the calming effect of shoaling on metabolism, as measured using an intermittent-flow respirometry methodology for social species following a 17-20 day acclimation period to CO2 treatment. In all CO2 treatments, individuals exhibited a significantly lower metabolic rate when measured in a shoal vs. alone, highlighting the complexity of shoal dynamics and the processes that influence the benefits of shoaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Nadler
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Shaun S. Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Mark I. McCormick
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Sue-Ann Watson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Philip L. Munday
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
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30
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Hancock JR, Place SP. Impact of ocean acidification on the hypoxia tolerance of the woolly sculpin, Clinocottus analis. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 4:cow040. [PMID: 27729981 PMCID: PMC5055287 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cow040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
As we move into the Anthropocene, organisms inhabiting marine environments will continue to face growing challenges associated with changes in ocean pH (ocean acidification), dissolved oxygen (dead zones) and temperature. These factors, in combination with naturally variable environments such as the rocky intertidal zone, may create extreme physiological challenges for organisms that are already performing near their biological limits. Although numerous studies have examined the impacts of climate-related stressors on intertidal animals, little is known about the underlying physiological mechanisms driving adaptation to ocean acidification and how this may alter organism interactions, particularly in marine vertebrates. Therefore, we have investigated the effects of decreased ocean pH on the hypoxia response of an intertidal sculpin, Clinocottus analis. We used both whole-animal and biochemistry-based analyses to examine how the energetic demands associated with acclimation to low-pH environments may impact the fish's reliance on facultative air breathing in low-oxygen environments. Our study demonstrated that acclimation to ocean acidification resulted in elevated routine metabolic rates and acid-base regulatory capacity (Na+,K+-ATPase activity). These, in turn, had downstream effects that resulted in decreased hypoxia tolerance (i.e. elevated critical oxygen tension). Furthermore, we present evidence that these fish may be living near their physiological capacity when challenged by ocean acidification. This serves as a reminder that the susceptibility of teleost fish to changes in ocean pH may be underestimated, particularly when considering the multiple stressors that many experience in their natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R. Hancock
- Sonoma State University, Department of Biology, Rohnert Park, CA 94928,USA
| | - Sean P. Place
- Sonoma State University, Department of Biology, Rohnert Park, CA 94928,USA
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31
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Heuer RM, Grosell M. Elevated CO 2 increases energetic cost and ion movement in the marine fish intestine. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34480. [PMID: 27682149 PMCID: PMC5041088 DOI: 10.1038/srep34480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Energetic costs associated with ion and acid-base regulation in response to ocean acidification have been predicted to decrease the energy available to fish for basic life processes. However, the low cost of ion regulation (6-15% of standard metabolic rate) and inherent variation associated with whole-animal metabolic rate measurements have made it difficult to consistently demonstrate such a cost. Here we aimed to gain resolution in assessing the energetic demand associated with acid-base regulation by examining ion movement and O2 consumption rates of isolated intestinal tissue from Gulf toadfish acclimated to control or 1900 μatm CO2 (projected for year 2300). The active marine fish intestine absorbs ions from ingested seawater in exchange for HCO3- to maintain water balance. We demonstrate that CO2 exposure causes a 13% increase of intestinal HCO3- secretion that the animal does not appear to regulate. Isolated tissue from CO2-exposed toadfish also exhibited an 8% higher O2 consumption rate than tissue from controls. These findings show that compensation for CO2 leads to a seemingly maladaptive persistent base (HCO3-) loss that incurs an energetic expense at the tissue level. Sustained increases to baseline metabolic rate could lead to energetic reallocations away from other life processes at the whole-animal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael M Heuer
- University of Miami- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - Martin Grosell
- University of Miami- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA
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32
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Beers JM, Jayasundara N. Antarctic notothenioid fish: what are the future consequences of 'losses' and 'gains' acquired during long-term evolution at cold and stable temperatures? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 218:1834-45. [PMID: 26085661 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.116129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Antarctic notothenioids dominate the fish fauna of the Southern Ocean. Evolution for millions of years at cold and stable temperatures has led to the acquisition of numerous biochemical traits that allow these fishes to thrive in sub-zero waters. The gain of antifreeze glycoproteins has afforded notothenioids the ability to avert freezing and survive at temperatures often hovering near the freezing point of seawater. Additionally, possession of cold-adapted proteins and membranes permits them to sustain appropriate metabolic rates at exceptionally low body temperatures. The notothenioid genome is also distinguished by the disappearance of traits in some species, losses that might prove costly in a warmer environment. Perhaps the best-illustrated example is the lack of expression of hemoglobin in white-blooded icefishes from the family Channichthyidae. Loss of key elements of the cellular stress response, notably the heat shock response, has also been observed. Along with their attainment of cold tolerance, notothenioids have developed an extreme stenothermy and many species perish at temperatures only a few degrees above their habitat temperatures. Thus, in light of today's rapidly changing climate, it is critical to evaluate how these extreme stenotherms will respond to rising ocean temperatures. It is conceivable that the remarkable cold specialization of notothenioids may ultimately leave them vulnerable to future thermal increases and threaten their fitness and survival. Within this context, our review provides a current summary of the biochemical losses and gains that are known for notothenioids and examines these cold-adapted traits with a focus on processes underlying thermal tolerance and acclimation capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody M Beers
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, 120 Ocean View Boulevard, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | - Nishad Jayasundara
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, 450 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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Logan CA, Buckley BA. Transcriptomic responses to environmental temperature in eurythermal and stenothermal fishes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 218:1915-24. [PMID: 26085668 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.114397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ectothermic species like fishes differ greatly in the thermal ranges they tolerate; some eurythermal species may encounter temperature ranges in excess of 25°C, whereas stenothermal species in polar and tropical waters live at essentially constant temperatures. Thermal specialization comes with fitness trade-offs and as temperature increases due to global warming, the physiological basis of specialization and thermal plasticity has become of great interest. Over the past 50 years, comparative physiologists have studied the physiological and molecular differences between stenothermal and eurythermal fishes. It is now well known that many stenothermal fishes have lost an inducible heat shock response (HSR). Recent advances in transcriptomics have now made it possible to examine genome-wide changes in gene expression (GE) in non-model ecologically important fish, broadening our view beyond the HSR to regulation of genes involved in hundreds of other cellular processes. Here, we review the major findings from transcriptomic studies of extreme eurythermal and stenothermal fishes in response to acute and long-term exposure to temperature, both time scales being critically important for predicting climate change responses. We consider possible molecular adaptations that underlie eurythermy and stenothermy in teleosts. Furthermore, we highlight the challenges that still face the field of comparative environmental genomics and suggest fruitful paths of future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Logan
- Division of Science and Environmental Policy, California State University, Monterey Bay, Seaside, CA 93955, USA
| | - Bradley A Buckley
- Center for Life in Extreme Environments, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207, USA
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34
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Temperature-dependent metabolism in Antarctic fish: Do habitat temperature conditions affect thermal tolerance ranges? Polar Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-016-1934-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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35
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Lefevre S. Are global warming and ocean acidification conspiring against marine ectotherms? A meta-analysis of the respiratory effects of elevated temperature, high CO2 and their interaction. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 4:cow009. [PMID: 27382472 PMCID: PMC4922249 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cow009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
With the occurrence of global change, research aimed at estimating the performance of marine ectotherms in a warmer and acidified future has intensified. The concept of oxygen- and capacity-limited thermal tolerance, which is inspired by the Fry paradigm of a bell-shaped increase-optimum-decrease-type response of aerobic scope to increasing temperature, but also includes proposed negative and synergistic effects of elevated CO2 levels, has been suggested as a unifying framework. The objectives of this meta-analysis were to assess the following: (i) the generality of a bell-shaped relationship between absolute aerobic scope (AAS) and temperature; (ii) to what extent elevated CO2 affects resting oxygen uptake MO2rest and AAS; and (iii) whether there is an interaction between elevated temperature and CO2. The behavioural effects of CO2 are also briefly discussed. In 31 out of 73 data sets (both acutely exposed and acclimated), AAS increased and remained above 90% of the maximum, whereas a clear thermal optimum was observed in the remaining 42 data sets. Carbon dioxide caused a significant rise in MO2rest in only 18 out of 125 data sets, and a decrease in 25, whereas it caused a decrease in AAS in four out of 18 data sets and an increase in two. The analysis did not reveal clear evidence for an overall correlation with temperature, CO2 regime or duration of CO2 treatment. When CO2 had an effect, additive rather than synergistic interactions with temperature were most common and, interestingly, they even interacted antagonistically on MO2rest and AAS. The behavioural effects of CO2 could complicate experimental determination of respiratory performance. Overall, this meta-analysis reveals heterogeneity in the responses to elevated temperature and CO2 that is not in accordance with the idea of a single unifying principle and which cannot be ignored in attempts to model and predict the impacts of global warming and ocean acidification on marine ectotherms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjannie Lefevre
- Section for Physiology and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences,
University of Oslo, Oslo NO-0316,
Norway
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36
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Huth TJ, Place SP. RNA-seq reveals a diminished acclimation response to the combined effects of ocean acidification and elevated seawater temperature in Pagothenia borchgrevinki. Mar Genomics 2016; 28:87-97. [PMID: 26969095 DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The IPCC has reasserted the strong influence of anthropogenic CO2 contributions on global climate change and highlighted the polar-regions as highly vulnerable. With these predictions the cold adapted fauna endemic to the Southern Ocean, which is dominated by fishes of the sub-order Notothenioidei, will face considerable challenges in the near future. Recent physiological studies have demonstrated that the synergistic stressors of elevated temperature and ocean acidification have a considerable, although variable, impact on notothenioid fishes. The present study explored the transcriptomic response of Pagothenia borchgrevinki to increased temperatures and pCO2 after 7, 28 and 56days of acclimation. We compared this response to short term studies assessing heat stress alone and foretell the potential impacts of these stressors on P. borchgrevinki's ability to survive a changing Southern Ocean. RESULTS P. borchgrevinki did demonstrate a coordinated stress response to the dual-stressor condition, and even indicated that some level of inducible heat shock response may be conserved in this notothenioid species. However, the stress response of P. borchgrevinki was considerably less robust than that observed previously in the closely related notothenioid, Trematomus bernacchii, and varied considerably when compared across different acclimation time-points. Furthermore, the molecular response of these fish under multiple stressors displayed distinct differences compared to their response to short term heat stress alone. CONCLUSIONS When exposed to increased sea surface temperatures, combined with ocean acidification, P. borchgrevinki demonstrated a coordinated stress response that has already peaked by 7days of acclimation and quickly diminished over time. However, this response is less dramatic than other closely related notothenioids under identical conditions, supporting previous research suggesting that this notothenioid species is less sensitive to environmental variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy J Huth
- University of South Carolina, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
| | - Sean P Place
- Sonoma State University, Department of Biology, Rohnert Park, CA 94928, USA.
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37
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Davis BE, Miller NA, Flynn EE, Todgham AE. Juvenile Antarctic rockcod (Trematomus bernacchii) are physiologically robust to CO2-acidified seawater. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 219:1203-13. [PMID: 26944503 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.133173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
To date, numerous studies have shown negative impacts of CO2-acidified seawater (i.e. ocean acidification, OA) on marine organisms, including calcifying invertebrates and fishes; however, limited research has been conducted on the physiological effects of OA on polar fishes and even less on the impact of OA on early developmental stages of polar fishes. We evaluated aspects of aerobic metabolism and cardiorespiratory physiology of juvenile emerald rockcod, ITALIC! Trematomus bernacchii, an abundant fish in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, to elevated partial pressure of carbon dioxide ( ITALIC! PCO2 ) [420 (ambient), 650 (moderate) and 1050 (high) μatm ITALIC! PCO2 ] over a 1 month period. We examined cardiorespiratory physiology, including heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output and ventilation rate, whole organism metabolism via oxygen consumption rate and sub-organismal aerobic capacity by citrate synthase enzyme activity. Juvenile fish showed an increase in ventilation rate under high ITALIC! PCO2 compared with ambient ITALIC! PCO2 , whereas cardiac performance, oxygen consumption and citrate synthase activity were not significantly affected by elevated ITALIC! PCO2 Acclimation time had a significant effect on ventilation rate, stroke volume, cardiac output and citrate synthase activity, such that all metrics increased over the 4 week exposure period. These results suggest that juvenile emerald rockcod are robust to near-future increases in OA and may have the capacity to adjust for future increases in ITALIC! PCO2 by increasing acid-base compensation through increased ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany E Davis
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Nathan A Miller
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA Romberg Tiburon Center for Environmental Studies, San Francisco State University, Tiburon, CA 94920, USA
| | - Erin E Flynn
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Anne E Todgham
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Cattano C, Giomi F, Milazzo M. Effects of ocean acidification on embryonic respiration and development of a temperate wrasse living along a natural CO2 gradient. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 4:cov073. [PMID: 27293752 PMCID: PMC4771110 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cov073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Volcanic CO2 seeps provide opportunities to investigate the effects of ocean acidification on organisms in the wild. To understand the influence of increasing CO2 concentrations on the metabolic rate (oxygen consumption) and the development of ocellated wrasse early life stages, we ran two field experiments, collecting embryos from nesting sites with different partial pressures of CO2 [pCO2; ambient (∼400 µatm) and high (800-1000 µatm)] and reciprocally transplanting embryos from ambient- to high-CO2 sites for 30 h. Ocellated wrasse offspring brooded in different CO2 conditions had similar responses, but after transplanting portions of nests to the high-CO2 site, embryos from parents that spawned in ambient conditions had higher metabolic rates. Although metabolic phenotypic plasticity may show a positive response to high CO2, it often comes at a cost, in this case as a smaller size at hatching. This can have adverse effects because smaller larvae often exhibit a lower survival in the wild. However, the adverse effects of increased CO2 on metabolism and development did not occur when embryos from the high-CO2 nesting site were exposed to ambient conditions, suggesting that offspring from the high-CO2 nesting site could be resilient to a wider range of pCO2 values than those belonging to the site with present-day pCO2 levels. Our study identifies a crucial need to increase the number of studies dealing with these processes under global change trajectories and to expand these to naturally high-CO2 environments, in order to assess further the adaptive plasticity mechanism that encompasses non-genetic inheritance (epigenetics) through parental exposure and other downstream consequences, such as survival of larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Cattano
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences (DiSTeM) and CoNISMa, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 28 I-90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Folco Giomi
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences (DiSTeM) and CoNISMa, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 28 I-90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Milazzo
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences (DiSTeM) and CoNISMa, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 28 I-90123, Palermo, Italy
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39
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Huth TJ, Place SP. Transcriptome wide analyses reveal a sustained cellular stress response in the gill tissue of Trematomus bernacchii after acclimation to multiple stressors. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:127. [PMID: 26897172 PMCID: PMC4761167 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2454-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As global climate change progresses, the Southern Ocean surrounding Antarctica is poised to undergo potentially rapid and substantial changes in temperature and pCO2. To survive in this challenging environment, the highly cold adapted endemic fauna of these waters must demonstrate sufficient plasticity to accommodate these changing conditions or face inexorable decline. Previous studies of notothenioids have focused upon the short-term response to heat stress; and more recently the longer-term physiological response to the combined stress of increasing temperatures and pCO2. This inquiry explores the transcriptomic response of Trematomus bernacchii to increased temperatures and pCO2 at 7, 28 and 56 days, in an attempt to discern the innate plasticity of T. bernacchii available to cope with a changing Southern Ocean. RESULTS Differential gene expression analysis supported previous research in that T. bernacchii exhibits no inducible heat shock response to stress conditions. However, T. bernacchii did demonstrate a strong stress response to the multi-stressor condition in the form of metabolic shifts, DNA damage repair, immune system processes, and activation of apoptotic pathways combined with negative regulation of cell proliferation. This response declined in magnitude over time, but aspects of this response remained detectable throughout the acclimation period. CONCLUSIONS When exposed to the multi-stressor condition, T. bernacchii demonstrates a cellular stress response that persists for a minimum of 7 days before returning to near basal levels of expression at longer acclimation times. However, subtle changes in expression persist in fish acclimated for 56 days that may significantly affect the fitness T. bernacchii over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy J Huth
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
| | - Sean P Place
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA, 94928, USA.
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40
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Rodgers GG, Tenzing P, Clark TD. Experimental methods in aquatic respirometry: the importance of mixing devices and accounting for background respiration. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2016; 88:65-80. [PMID: 26768972 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In light of an increasing trend in fish biology towards using static respirometry techniques without the inclusion of a mixing mechanism and without accurately accounting for the influence of microbial (background) respiration, this paper quantifies the effect of these approaches on the oxygen consumption rates (ṀO2 ) measured from juvenile barramundi Lates calcarifer (mean ± s.e. mass = 20·31 ± 0·81 g) and adult spiny chromis damselfish Acanthochromis polyacanthus (22·03 ± 2·53 g). Background respiration changed consistently and in a sigmoidal manner over time in the treatment with a mixing device (inline recirculation pump), whereas attempts to measure background respiration in the non-mixed treatment yielded highly variable estimates of ṀO2 that were probably artefacts due to the lack of water movement over the oxygen sensor during measurement periods. This had clear consequences when accounting for background respiration in the calculations of fish ṀO2 . Exclusion of a mixing device caused a significantly lower estimate of ṀO2 in both species and reduced the capacity to detect differences between individuals as well as differences within an individual over time. There was evidence to suggest that the magnitude of these effects was dependent on the spontaneous activity levels of the fish, as the difference between mixed and non-mixed treatments was more pronounced for L. calcarifer (sedentary) than for A. polyacanthus (more spontaneously active). It is clear that respirometry set-ups for sedentary species must contain a mixing device to prevent oxygen stratification inside the respirometer. While more active species may provide a higher level of water mixing during respirometry measurements and theoretically reduce the need for a mixing device, the level of mixing cannot be quantified and may change with diurnal cycles in activity. To ensure consistency across studies without relying on fish activity levels, and to enable accurate assessments of background respiration, it is recommended that all respirometry systems should include an appropriate mixing device.
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Affiliation(s)
- G G Rodgers
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, and College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - P Tenzing
- AIMS@JCU Research Program, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville MC, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia
| | - T D Clark
- AIMS@JCU Research Program, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville MC, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia
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41
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Tolomeo AM, Carraro A, Bakiu R, Toppo S, Place SP, Ferro D, Santovito G. Peroxiredoxin 6 from the Antarctic emerald rockcod: molecular characterization of its response to warming. J Comp Physiol B 2015; 186:59-71. [PMID: 26433650 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-015-0935-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we describe the purification and molecular characterization of two peroxiredoxins (Prdxs), referred to as Prdx6A and Prdx6B, from Trematomus bernacchii, a teleost widely distributed in many areas of Antarctica, that plays a pivotal role in the Antarctic food chain. The two putative amino acid sequences were compared with Prdx6 orthologs from other fish, highlighting a high percentage of identity and similarity with the respective variant, in particular for the residues that are essential for the characteristic peroxidase and phospholipase activities of these enzymes. Phylogenetic analyses suggest the appearance of the two prdx6 genes through a duplication event before the speciation that led to the differentiation of fish families and that the evolution of the two gene variants seems to proceed together with the evolution of fish orders and families. The temporal expression of Prdx6 mRNA in response to short-term thermal stress showed a general upregulation of prdx6b and inhibition of prdx6a, suggesting that the latter is the variant most affected by temperature increase. The variations of mRNA accumulation are more conspicuous in heart than the liver, probably related to behavioral changes of the specimens in response to elevated temperature. These data, together with the peculiar differences between the molecular structures of the two Prdx6s in T. bernacchii as well as in the tropical species Stegastes partitus, suggest an adaptation that allowed these poikilothermic aquatic vertebrates to colonize very different environments, characterized by different temperature ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Tolomeo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, via U. Bassi 58/B, 35100, Padua, Italy
| | - A Carraro
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, via U. Bassi 58/B, 35100, Padua, Italy
| | - R Bakiu
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Agricultural University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | - S Toppo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - S P Place
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA, USA
| | - D Ferro
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - G Santovito
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, via U. Bassi 58/B, 35100, Padua, Italy.
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Flynn EE, Bjelde BE, Miller NA, Todgham AE. Ocean acidification exerts negative effects during warming conditions in a developing Antarctic fish. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 3:cov033. [PMID: 27293718 PMCID: PMC4778439 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cov033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic CO2 is rapidly causing oceans to become warmer and more acidic, challenging marine ectotherms to respond to simultaneous changes in their environment. While recent work has highlighted that marine fishes, particularly during early development, can be vulnerable to ocean acidification, we lack an understanding of how life-history strategies, ecosystems and concurrent ocean warming interplay with interspecific susceptibility. To address the effects of multiple ocean changes on cold-adapted, slowly developing fishes, we investigated the interactive effects of elevated partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) and temperature on the embryonic physiology of an Antarctic dragonfish (Gymnodraco acuticeps), with protracted embryogenesis (∼10 months). Using an integrative, experimental approach, our research examined the impacts of near-future warming [-1 (ambient) and 2°C (+3°C)] and ocean acidification [420 (ambient), 650 (moderate) and 1000 μatm pCO2 (high)] on survival, development and metabolic processes over the course of 3 weeks in early development. In the presence of increased pCO2 alone, embryonic mortality did not increase, with greatest overall survival at the highest pCO2. Furthermore, embryos were significantly more likely to be at a later developmental stage at high pCO2 by 3 weeks relative to ambient pCO2. However, in combined warming and ocean acidification scenarios, dragonfish embryos experienced a dose-dependent, synergistic decrease in survival and developed more slowly. We also found significant interactions between temperature, pCO2 and time in aerobic enzyme activity (citrate synthase). Increased temperature alone increased whole-organism metabolic rate (O2 consumption) and developmental rate and slightly decreased osmolality at the cost of increased mortality. Our findings suggest that developing dragonfish are more sensitive to ocean warming and may experience negative physiological effects of ocean acidification only in the presence of an increased temperature. In addition to reduced hatching success, alterations in development and metabolism due to ocean warming and acidification could have negative ecological consequences owing to changes in phenology (i.e. early hatching) in the highly seasonal Antarctic ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Flynn
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Brittany E Bjelde
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Nathan A Miller
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Anne E Todgham
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Sandersfeld T, Davison W, Lamare MD, Knust R, Richter C. Elevated temperature causes metabolic trade-offs at the whole-organism level in the Antarctic fish Trematomus bernacchii. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 218:2373-81. [PMID: 26056241 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.122804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
As a response to ocean warming, shifts in fish species distribution and changes in production have been reported that have been partly attributed to temperature effects on the physiology of animals. The Southern Ocean hosts some of the most rapidly warming regions on earth and Antarctic organisms are reported to be especially temperature sensitive. While cellular and molecular organismic levels appear, at least partially, to compensate for elevated temperatures, the consequences of acclimation to elevated temperature for the whole organism are often less clear. Growth and reproduction are the driving factors for population structure and abundance. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of long-term acclimation to elevated temperature on energy budget parameters in the high-Antarctic fish Trematomus bernacchii. Our results show a complete temperature compensation for routine metabolic costs after 9 weeks of acclimation to 4°C. However, an up to 84% reduction in mass growth was measured at 2 and 4°C compared with the control group at 0°C, which is best explained by reduced food assimilation rates at warmer temperatures. With regard to a predicted temperature increase of up to 1.4°C in the Ross Sea by 2200, such a significant reduction in growth is likely to affect population structures in nature, for example by delaying sexual maturity and reducing production, with severe impacts on Antarctic fish communities and ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Sandersfeld
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Section Bentho-Pelagic Processes, Am Alten Hafen 26, 27568 Bremerhaven and University of Bremen, Germany
| | - William Davison
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Miles D Lamare
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, 30 Castle Street, Dunedin 9022, New Zealand
| | - Rainer Knust
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Section Bentho-Pelagic Processes, Am Alten Hafen 26, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Claudio Richter
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Section Bentho-Pelagic Processes, Am Alten Hafen 26, 27568 Bremerhaven and University of Bremen, Germany
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Evans TG, Padilla-Gamiño JL, Kelly MW, Pespeni MH, Chan F, Menge BA, Gaylord B, Hill TM, Russell AD, Palumbi SR, Sanford E, Hofmann GE. Ocean acidification research in the 'post-genomic' era: Roadmaps from the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015; 185:33-42. [PMID: 25773301 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Advances in nucleic acid sequencing technology are removing obstacles that historically prevented use of genomics within ocean change biology. As one of the first marine calcifiers to have its genome sequenced, purple sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) have been the subject of early research exploring genomic responses to ocean acidification, work that points to future experiments and illustrates the value of expanding genomic resources to other marine organisms in this new 'post-genomic' era. This review presents case studies of S. purpuratus demonstrating the ability of genomic experiments to address major knowledge gaps within ocean acidification. Ocean acidification research has focused largely on species vulnerability, and studies exploring mechanistic bases of tolerance toward low pH seawater are comparatively few. Transcriptomic responses to high pCO₂ seawater in a population of urchins already encountering low pH conditions have cast light on traits required for success in future oceans. Secondly, there is relatively little information on whether marine organisms possess the capacity to adapt to oceans progressively decreasing in pH. Genomics offers powerful methods to investigate evolutionary responses to ocean acidification and recent work in S. purpuratus has identified genes under selection in acidified seawater. Finally, relatively few ocean acidification experiments investigate how shifts in seawater pH combine with other environmental factors to influence organism performance. In S. purpuratus, transcriptomics has provided insight into physiological responses of urchins exposed simultaneously to warmer and more acidic seawater. Collectively, these data support that similar breakthroughs will occur as genomic resources are developed for other marine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler G Evans
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University East Bay, Hayward, CA 94542, USA.
| | | | - Morgan W Kelly
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Melissa H Pespeni
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Francis Chan
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-2914, USA
| | - Bruce A Menge
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-2914, USA
| | - Brian Gaylord
- Department of Evolution and Ecology and Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA
| | - Tessa M Hill
- Department of Geology and Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA
| | - Ann D Russell
- Department of Geology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Stephen R Palumbi
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | - Eric Sanford
- Department of Evolution and Ecology and Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA
| | - Gretchen E Hofmann
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9620, USA
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45
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Synergistic effects of acute warming and low pH on cellular stress responses of the gilthead seabream Sparus aurata. J Comp Physiol B 2014; 185:185-205. [PMID: 25395253 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-014-0875-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The present study assesses the resilience of the Mediterranean gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) to acute warming and water acidification, using cellular indicators of systemic to molecular responses to various temperatures and CO2 concentrations. Tissue metabolic capacity derived from enzyme measurements, citrate synthase, 3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (HOAD), as well as lactate dehydrogenase. Cellular stress and signaling responses were identified from expression patterns of Hsp70 and Hsp90, the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, JNKs and ERKs, from protein ubiquitylation and finally from the levels of transcription factor Hif-1α as an indicator of systemic hypoxemia. Exposure to elevated CO2 levels at temperatures higher than 24 °C generally caused an increase in fish mortality above the rate caused by warming alone, indicating effects of the two factors and a failure of acclimation and thus the limits of phenotypic plasticity to be reached. As a potential reason, tissue-dependent induction and stabilization of Hif-1α indicate hypoxemic conditions. Their exacerbation by enhanced CO2 levels is linked to the persistent expression of Hsp70 and Hsp90, oxidative stress and activation of MAPK and ubiquitin pathways. Antioxidant defence is enhanced by expression of catalase and glutathione reductase, however, leaving superoxide dismutase suppressed by elevated CO2 levels. On longer timescales in specimens surviving warming and CO2 exposures, various metabolic adjustments initiate a preference to oxidize lipid via HOAD for energy supply. These processes indicate significant acclimation up to a limit and a time-limited capacity to survive extreme conditions passively by exploiting mechanisms of cellular resilience.
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46
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Heuer RM, Grosell M. Physiological impacts of elevated carbon dioxide and ocean acidification on fish. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 307:R1061-84. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00064.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Most fish studied to date efficiently compensate for a hypercapnic acid-base disturbance; however, many recent studies examining the effects of ocean acidification on fish have documented impacts at CO2 levels predicted to occur before the end of this century. Notable impacts on neurosensory and behavioral endpoints, otolith growth, mitochondrial function, and metabolic rate demonstrate an unexpected sensitivity to current-day and near-future CO2 levels. Most explanations for these effects seem to center on increases in Pco2 and HCO3− that occur in the body during pH compensation for acid-base balance; however, few studies have measured these parameters at environmentally relevant CO2 levels or directly related them to reported negative endpoints. This compensatory response is well documented, but noted variation in dynamic regulation of acid-base transport pathways across species, exposure levels, and exposure duration suggests that multiple strategies may be utilized to cope with hypercapnia. Understanding this regulation and changes in ion gradients in extracellular and intracellular compartments during CO2 exposure could provide a basis for predicting sensitivity and explaining interspecies variation. Based on analysis of the existing literature, the present review presents a clear message that ocean acidification may cause significant effects on fish across multiple physiological systems, suggesting that pH compensation does not necessarily confer tolerance as downstream consequences and tradeoffs occur. It remains difficult to assess if acclimation responses during abrupt CO2 exposures will translate to fitness impacts over longer timescales. Nonetheless, identifying mechanisms and processes that may be subject to selective pressure could be one of many important components of assessing adaptive capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael M. Heuer
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Marine Biology and Fisheries, Miami, Florida
| | - Martin Grosell
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Marine Biology and Fisheries, Miami, Florida
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47
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Matson PG, Washburn L, Martz TR, Hofmann GE. Abiotic versus biotic drivers of ocean pH variation under fast sea ice in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107239. [PMID: 25221950 PMCID: PMC4164564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification is expected to have a major effect on the marine carbonate system over the next century, particularly in high latitude seas. Less appreciated is natural environmental variation within these systems, particularly in terms of pH, and how this natural variation may inform laboratory experiments. In this study, we deployed sensor-equipped moorings at 20 m depths at three locations in McMurdo Sound, comprising deep (bottom depth>200 m: Hut Point Peninsula) and shallow environments (bottom depth ∼25 m: Cape Evans and New Harbor). Our sensors recorded high-frequency variation in pH (Hut Point and Cape Evans only), tide (Cape Evans and New Harbor), and water mass properties (temperature and salinity) during spring and early summer 2011. These collective observations showed that (1) pH differed spatially both in terms of mean pH (Cape Evans: 8.009±0.015; Hut Point: 8.020±0.007) and range of pH (Cape Evans: 0.090; Hut Point: 0.036), and (2) pH was not related to the mixing of two water masses, suggesting that the observed pH variation is likely not driven by this abiotic process. Given the large daily fluctuation in pH at Cape Evans, we developed a simple mechanistic model to explore the potential for biotic processes – in this case algal photosynthesis – to increase pH by fixing carbon from the water column. For this model, we incorporated published photosynthetic parameters for the three dominant algal functional groups found at Cape Evans (benthic fleshy red macroalgae, crustose coralline algae, and sea ice algal communities) to estimate oxygen produced/carbon fixed from the water column underneath fast sea ice and the resulting pH change. These results suggest that biotic processes may be a primary driver of pH variation observed under fast sea ice at Cape Evans and potentially at other shallow sites in McMurdo Sound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Matson
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Libe Washburn
- Department of Geography, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Todd R Martz
- Geosciences Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Gretchen E Hofmann
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
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48
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Pfister CA, Esbaugh AJ, Frieder CA, Baumann H, Bockmon EE, White MM, Carter BR, Benway HM, Blanchette CA, Carrington E, McClintock JB, McCorkle DC, McGillis WR, Mooney TA, Ziveri P. Detecting the unexpected: a research framework for ocean acidification. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:9982-9994. [PMID: 25084232 DOI: 10.1021/es501936p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The threat that ocean acidification (OA) poses to marine ecosystems is now recognized and U.S. funding agencies have designated specific funding for the study of OA. We present a research framework for studying OA that describes it as a biogeochemical event that impacts individual species and ecosystems in potentially unexpected ways. We draw upon specific lessons learned about ecosystem responses from research on acid rain, carbon dioxide enrichment in terrestrial plant communities, and nitrogen deposition. We further characterize the links between carbon chemistry changes and effects on individuals and ecosystems, and enumerate key hypotheses for testing. Finally, we quantify how U.S. research funding has been distributed among these linkages, concluding that there is an urgent need for research programs designed to anticipate how the effects of OA will reverberate throughout assemblages of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Pfister
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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Enzor LA, Place SP. Is warmer better? Decreased oxidative damage in notothenioid fish after long-term acclimation to multiple stressors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 217:3301-10. [PMID: 25013114 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.108431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Antarctic fish of the suborder Notothenioidei have evolved several unique adaptations to deal with subzero temperatures. However, these adaptations may come with physiological trade-offs, such as an increased susceptibility to oxidative damage. As such, the expected environmental perturbations brought on by global climate change have the potential to significantly increase the level of oxidative stress and cellular damage in these endemic fish. Previous single stressor studies of the notothenioids have shown they possess the capacity to acclimate to increased temperatures, but the cellular-level effects remain largely unknown. Additionally, there is little information on the ability of Antarctic fish to respond to ecologically relevant environmental changes where multiple variables change concomitantly. We have examined the potential synergistic effects that increased temperature and Ṗ(CO2) have on the level of protein damage in Trematomus bernacchii, Pagothenia borchgrevinki and Trematomus newnesi, and combined these measurements with changes in total enzymatic activity of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in order to gauge tissue-specific changes in antioxidant capacity. Our findings indicate that total SOD and CAT activity levels displayed only small changes across treatments and tissues. Short-term acclimation to decreased seawater pH and increased temperature resulted in significant increases in oxidative damage. Surprisingly, despite no significant change in antioxidant capacity, cellular damage returned to near-basal levels, and significantly decreased in T. bernacchii, after long-term acclimation. Overall, these data suggest that notothenioid fish currently maintain the antioxidant capacity necessary to offset predicted future ocean conditions, but it remains unclear whether this capacity comes with physiological trade-offs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Enzor
- University of South Carolina, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Sean P Place
- University of South Carolina, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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50
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Kapsenberg L, Hofmann GE. Signals of resilience to ocean change: high thermal tolerance of early stage Antarctic sea urchins (Sterechinus neumayeri) reared under present-day and future pCO2 and temperature. Polar Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-014-1494-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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