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Bachar-Wikstrom E, Dhillon B, Gill Dhillon N, Abbo L, Lindén SK, Wikstrom JD. Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Shark Skin Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16954. [PMID: 38069276 PMCID: PMC10707392 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucus layer covering the skin of fish has several roles, including protection against pathogens and mechanical damage in which proteins play a key role. While proteins in the skin mucus layer of various common bony fish species have been explored, the proteins of shark skin mucus remain unexplored. In this pilot study, we examine the protein composition of the skin mucus in spiny dogfish sharks and chain catsharks through mass spectrometry (NanoLC-MS/MS). Overall, we identified 206 and 72 proteins in spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) and chain catsharks (Scyliorhinus retifer), respectively. Categorization showed that the proteins belonged to diverse biological processes and that most proteins were cellular albeit a significant minority were secreted, indicative of mucosal immune roles. The secreted proteins are reviewed in detail with emphasis on their immune potentials. Moreover, STRING protein-protein association network analysis showed that proteins of closely related shark species were more similar as compared to a more distantly related shark and a bony fish, although there were also significant overlaps. This study contributes to the growing field of molecular shark studies and provides a foundation for further research into the functional roles and potential human biomedical implications of shark skin mucus proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etty Bachar-Wikstrom
- Dermatology and Venereology Division, Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Whitman Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Braham Dhillon
- Department of Plant Pathology, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Davie, FL 33314, USA
| | - Navi Gill Dhillon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL 33314, USA
| | - Lisa Abbo
- Whitman Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Sara K. Lindén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jakob D. Wikstrom
- Dermatology and Venereology Division, Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Whitman Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
- Dermato-Venereology Clinic, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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2
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Weinrauch AM, Anderson WG. In situ method for the determination of nutrient acquisition and its hormonal regulation in the spiral valve of two chondrichthyan fishes. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2023; 325:R546-R555. [PMID: 37642282 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00109.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Chondrichthyans play an important role in nutrient cycling of many marine ecosystems, yet little is known about their nutritional physiology particularly relating to nutrient acquisition in the spiral valve intestine. This unique organ poses challenges for examining nutrient transport physiology using traditional reductionist methods owing to its scroll-like morphology. Thus, we established a method for the characterization of nutrient uptake rates in two representative chondrichthyans, the Pacific spiny dogfish (Squalus suckleyi) and the Pacific spotted ratfish (Hydrolagus colliei). We validated a dual-cannulation method wherein perfusate was circulated through the vasculature of the spiral valve via the anterior and posterior intestinal arteries, and [14C]glucose or [3H]oleic acid was accumulated from the static spiral valve lumen into the anterior and posterior intestinal veins. Radiotracer accumulated at a stable rate in the venous effluent in comparison with measures of mucosal disappearance. Interestingly, similar anterior and posterior glucose uptake was observed in dogfish, yet significantly more oleic acid was accumulated in the posterior veins of ratfish. Further validation of the preparation in dogfish demonstrated sodium dependence of glucose transport as well as an effect of bovine insulin administration to the arterial circulation. Each of these manipulations resulted in significant differences in glucose handling between the anterior and posterior veins, suggestive of heretofore unknown heterogenous functions along the intestine. This preparation demonstrates a new and reliable method for the measurement of nutrient acquisition and regulation thereof in a unique digestive organ. Furthermore, it presents avenues for investigation of differential functional along the spiral valve.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We describe a novel dual cannulation method for investigating radiolabeled nutrient uptake from a unique organ, the spiral valve. Furthermore, we identify functional differences in nutrient transport along the length of the spiral valve which consists of a homogenous gross morphology. Finally, this method reveals a useful way in which to manipulate the arterial supply to better understand postprandial physiology as it varies with metabolites and endocrine factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa M Weinrauch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia, Canada
| | - W Gary Anderson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia, Canada
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3
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Al-Fakhrany OM, Elekhnawy E. Helicobacter pylori in the post-antibiotics era: from virulence factors to new drug targets and therapeutic agents. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:301. [PMID: 37550555 PMCID: PMC10406680 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03639-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is considered one of the most prevalent human pathogenic microbes globally. It is the main cause of a number of gastrointestinal ailments, including peptic and duodenal ulcers, and gastric tumors with high mortality rates. Thus, eradication of H. pylori is necessary to prevent gastric cancer. Still, the rise in antibiotic resistance is the most important challenge for eradication strategies. Better consideration of H. pylori virulence factors, pathogenesis, and resistance is required for better eradication rates and, thus, prevention of gastrointestinal malignancy. This article is aimed to show the role of virulence factors of H. pylori. Some are involved in its survival in the harsh environment of the human gastric lumen, and others are related to pathogenesis and the infection process. Furthermore, this work has highlighted the recent advancement in H. pylori treatment, as well as antibiotic resistance as a main challenge in H. pylori eradication. Also, we tried to provide an updated summary of the evolving H. pylori control strategies and the potential alternative drugs to fight this lethal resistant pathogen. Recent studies have focused on evaluating the efficacy of alternative regimens (such as sequential, hybrid, concomitant treatment, vonoprazan (VPZ)-based triple therapy, high-dose PPI-amoxicillin dual therapy, probiotics augmented triple therapy, or in combination with BQT) in the effective eradication of H. pylori. Thus, innovating new anti-H. pylori drugs and establishing H. pylori databanks are upcoming necessities in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omnia Momtaz Al-Fakhrany
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527 Egypt
| | - Engy Elekhnawy
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527 Egypt
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4
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Korry BJ, Belenky P. Trophic level and proteobacteria abundance drive antibiotic resistance levels in fish from coastal New England. Anim Microbiome 2023; 5:16. [PMID: 36879316 PMCID: PMC9990352 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-023-00236-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The natural marine environment represents a vast reservoir of antimicrobial resistant bacteria. The wildlife that inhabits this environment plays an important role as the host to these bacteria and in the dissemination of resistance. The relationship between host diet, phylogeny, and trophic level and the microbiome/resistome in marine fish is not fully understood. To further explore this relationship, we utilize shotgun metagenomic sequencing to define the gastrointestinal tract microbiomes of seven different marine vertebrates collected in coastal New England waters. RESULTS We identify inter and intraspecies differences in the gut microbiota of these wild marine fish populations. Furthermore, we find an association between antibiotic resistance genes and host dietary guild, which suggests that higher trophic level organisms have a greater abundance of resistance genes. Additionally, we demonstrate that antibiotic resistance gene burden is positively correlated with Proteobacteria abundance in the microbiome. Lastly, we identify dietary signatures within the gut of these fish and find evidence of possible dietary selection for bacteria with specific carbohydrate utilization potential. CONCLUSIONS This work establishes a link between host lifestyle/dietary guild, and microbiome composition and the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes within the gastrointestinal tract of marine organisms. We expand the current understanding of marine organism-associated microbial communities and their role as reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Korry
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02906, USA
| | - Peter Belenky
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02906, USA.
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5
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Weinrauch AM, Fehrmann F, Anderson WG. Sustained endocrine and exocrine function in the pancreas of the Pacific spiny dogfish post-feeding. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2022; 48:645-657. [PMID: 35411445 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-022-01070-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Secretions of the exocrine pancreas contain digestive enzymes integral to the digestive process. The Pacific spiny dogfish (Squalus suckleyi) has a discrete pancreas, divided into two lobes termed the dorsal and ventral lobes. These lobes drain into the anterior intestine via a common duct to enable digestion. Previous studies have identified that the exocrine pancreas produces (co)lipases, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, and low levels of chitinases; however, investigations into other digestive enzymes are limited. We detect the presence of lipase, trypsin, and carbohydrase and show that activities are equivalent between both lobes of the pancreas. Additionally, we sought to investigate the influence of a single feeding event (2% body weight ration of herring by gavage) on enzyme activities over an extended time course (0, 20, 48, 72, 168 h) post-feeding. The results indicate that there are no differences in pancreatic tissue digestive enzyme activities between fed or fasted states. Analysis of acinar cell circumference post-feeding demonstrates a significant increase at 20 and 48 h, that returns to fasting levels by 72 h. No significant changes were observed regarding whole-tissue insulin or glucagon mRNA abundance or with glucose transporter (glut) 1 or 3. Yet, a significant and transient decrease in glut4 and sodium glucose-linked transporter mRNA abundance was found at 48 h post-feeding. We propose that the constant enzyme activity across this relatively large organ, in combination with a relatively slow rate of digestion leads to an evenly distributed, sustained release of digestive enzymes regardless of digestive state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa M Weinrauch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.
- Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, BC, V0R 1B0, Canada.
| | - Frauke Fehrmann
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - W Gary Anderson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
- Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, BC, V0R 1B0, Canada
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6
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Microscopic Characterization of the Mucous Cells and Their Mucin Secretions in the Alimentary Canal of the Blackmouth Catshark Galeus melastomus (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii). FISHES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes7010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Sharks belong to the most primitive group of jawed vertebrates and have some special structural and functional features such as a cartilaginous skeleton, a spiral intestinal valve, and a rectal gland for osmoregulation. In January 2020, ten specimens of Galeus melastomus, the Blackmouth catshark, were collected from the Gulf of Asinara (North Sardinia, Italy) and the entire alimentary canal was studied using histochemical reactions to characterize the mucous cell types. In the alimentary canal of G. melastomus, mucous cells mainly secrete a mixture of acidic and neutral mucins. Of the acidic mucins, only the carboxylated type was present in mucous cells of the stomach, while the sulfated type predominated in the esophagus and the intestines. The use of lectins revealed a distribution of sugar residues in mucins related to cellular activities of the different regions of the catshark alimentary canal. The current study is the first report to characterize the intestinal mucous cells of G. melastomus and to provide quantitative data on their different populations in the alimentary canal.
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7
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Leigh SC, Summers AP, Hoffmann SL, German DP. Shark spiral intestines may operate as Tesla valves. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211359. [PMID: 34284626 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Looking to nature for inspiration has led to many diverse technological advances. The spiral valve intestine of sharks has provided the opportunity to observe the efficiency of different valve systems. It is supposed that the spiral intestine present in sharks, skates and rays slows the transit rate of digesta through the gut and provides increased surface area for the absorption of nutrients. In this investigation, we use a novel technique-creating three-dimensional reconstructions from CT scans of spiral intestines-to describe the morphology of the spiral intestine of at least one species from 22 different shark families. We discuss the morphological data in an evolutionary, dietary and functional context. The evolutionary analyses suggest that the columnar morphology is the ancestral form of the spiral intestine. Dietary analyses reveal no correlation between diet type and spiral intestine morphology. Flow rate was slowed significantly more when the two funnel-shaped spiral intestines were subjected to flow in the posterior to anterior direction, indicating their success at producing unidirectional flow, similar to a Tesla valve. These data are available to generate additional three-dimensional morphometrics, create computational models of the intestine, as well as to further explore the function of the gastrointestinal tract of sharks in structural and physiological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha C Leigh
- Department of Biology, California State University Dominguez Hills, Carson, CA 90747, USA
| | - Adam P Summers
- Biology and School of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, WA 98250, USA
| | | | - Donovan P German
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92617, USA
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8
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Wehrle BA, Herrel A, Nguyen-Phuc BQ, Maldonado S, Dang RK, Agnihotri R, Tadić Z, German DP. Rapid Dietary Shift in Podarcis siculus Resulted in Localized Changes in Gut Function. Physiol Biochem Zool 2021; 93:396-415. [PMID: 32783702 DOI: 10.1086/709848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractNatural dietary shifts offer the opportunity to address the nutritional physiological characters required to thrive on a particular diet. Here, we studied the nutritional physiology of Podarcis siculus, with populations on Pod Mrčaru, Croatia, that have become omnivorous and morphologically distinct (including the development of valves in the hindgut) from their insectivorous source population on Pod Kopište. We compared gut structure and function between the two island populations of this lizard species and contrasted them with an insectivorous mainland out-group population in Zagreb. On the basis of the adaptive modulation hypothesis, we predicted changes in gut size and structure, digestive enzyme activities, microbial fermentation products (short-chain fatty acids [SCFAs]), and plant material digestibility concomitant with this dietary change. The Pod Mrčaru population had heavier guts than the mainland population, but there were no other differences in gut structure. Most of the enzymatic differences we detected were between the island populations and the out-group population. The Pod Mrčaru lizards had higher amylase and trehalase activities in their hindguts compared with the Pod Kopište population, and the Pod Kopište lizards had greater SCFA concentrations in their hindguts than the omnivorous Pod Mrčaru population. Interestingly, the differences between the Pod Mrčaru and Pod Kopište populations are primarily localized to the hindgut and are likely influenced by microbial communities and a higher food intake by the Pod Mrčaru lizards. Although subtle, the changes in hindgut digestive physiology impact the digestibility of plant material in adult lizards-Pod Mrčaru lizards had higher digestibility of herbivorous and omnivorous diets fed over several weeks in the laboratory than did their source population.
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Honda Y, Takagi W, Wong MKS, Ogawa N, Tokunaga K, Kofuji K, Hyodo S. Morphological and functional development of the spiral intestine in cloudy catshark ( Scyliorhinus torazame). J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb225557. [PMID: 32527960 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.225557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cartilaginous fish have a comparatively short intestine known as the spiral intestine that consists of a helical spiral of intestinal mucosa. However, morphological and functional development of the spiral intestine has not been fully described. Unlike teleosts, cartilaginous fish are characterized by an extremely long developmental period in ovo or in utero; for example, in the oviparous cloudy catshark (Scyliorhinus torazame), the developing fish remains inside the egg capsule for up to 6 months, suggesting that the embryonic intestine may become functional prior to hatching. In the present study, we describe the morphological and functional development of the spiral intestine in the developing catshark embryo. Spiral formation of embryonic intestine was completed at the middle of stage 31, prior to 'pre-hatching', which is a developmental event characterized by the opening of the egg case at the end of the first third of development. Within 48 h of the pre-hatching event, egg yolk began to flow from the external yolk sac into the embryonic intestine via the yolk stalk. At the same time, there was a rapid increase in mRNA expression of the peptide transporter pept1 and neutral amino acid transporter slc6a19 Secondary folds in the intestinal mucosa and microvilli on the apical membrane appeared after pre-hatching, further supporting the onset of nutrient absorption in the developing intestine at this time. We demonstrate the acquisition of intestinal nutrient absorption at the pre-hatching stage of an oviparous elasmobranch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Honda
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
| | - Wataru Takagi
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
| | - Marty K S Wong
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Ogawa
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
| | - Kotaro Tokunaga
- Ibaraki Prefectural Oarai Aquarium, Oarai, Ibaraki 311-1301, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kofuji
- Ibaraki Prefectural Oarai Aquarium, Oarai, Ibaraki 311-1301, Japan
| | - Susumu Hyodo
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
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10
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Lauriano ER, Pergolizzi S, Aragona M, Montalbano G, Guerrera MC, Crupi R, Faggio C, Capillo G. Intestinal immunity of dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula spiral valve: A histochemical, immunohistochemical and confocal study. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 87:490-498. [PMID: 30711492 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes histochemical and immunohistochemical characteristics of the spiral valve and its associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) in the dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula. The mucosal surface of the spiral valve represents the first line of defense against pathogens coming from the external environment through food. Epithelial, mucus and immune cells play a key role in controlling the inflammatory response. Valve intestine of S. canicula had many folds lined by simple columnar cells and goblet cells, which later reacted positive to PAS, AB and AB-PAS, histochemical stains differentiated the different types of mucins; lectin histochemistry (PNA and WGA), detected neutral and acid mucins secreted that plays an important role in protection against invading pathogens. Integrin α5β1 was expressed in enterocytes that line the valve's folds with greater marking in the apical part of the cells. Laminin was found on the apical side of the epithelium, in fibrillar and cellular elements of the lamina propria and in the muscularis mucosa. In the spiral valve gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) has been studied. For the first time, massive leucocytes aggregates were identified by confocal immunofluorescence techniques, using the following antibodies: TLR2, S100, Langerin/CD207. Our results expand knowledge about Dogfish valve intestine giving important news in understanding comparative immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Lauriano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - S Pergolizzi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - M Aragona
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Zebrafish Neuromorphology Lab, Italy Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - G Montalbano
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Zebrafish Neuromorphology Lab, Italy Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - M C Guerrera
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Zebrafish Neuromorphology Lab, Italy Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - R Crupi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - C Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy.
| | - G Capillo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
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11
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Li W, Liu J, Tan H, Yang C, Ren L, Liu Q, Wang S, Hu F, Xiao J, Zhao R, Tao M, Zhang C, Qin Q, Liu S. Genetic Effects on the Gut Microbiota Assemblages of Hybrid Fish From Parents With Different Feeding Habits. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2972. [PMID: 30564218 PMCID: PMC6288232 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota play critical roles in host nutrition and metabolism. However, little is known about the genetic effects on the gut microbiota assemblages because a suitable model for investigation is lacking. In the present study, we established the reciprocal hybrid fish lineages derived from the parents with different feeding habits, namely, herbivorous blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala, BSB, 2n = 48) and carnivorous topmouth culter (Culter alburnus, TC, 2n = 48). We investigated the genetic effects on gut microbiota assemblages by using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results showed that the gut characteristics (structure, relative gut length, relative gut mass, and Zihler’s index) differed between the two types of hybrids and the two parents. In particular, a strong correlation between genotype and gut microbial assemblages indicated that host genetic (subgenome) significantly altered the gut microbial communities. In addition, the microbial structures (composition and abundance) in the two types of hybrids were more similar to those in BSB parent (P > 0.05) than to those in TC parent (P < 0.05), and the cellulase contents in the gut (produced by gut microbes) also showed the similar results. The results suggested that the host genomic interaction (mainly subgenome domination) had a sizeable effect on shaping the gut microbiota assemblages in reciprocal hybrid fish. This study enriches our understanding of the relationship between host genetic and gut microbiota assemblages, and provides insight into gut microbiota and metabonomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuhui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Junmei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Conghui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Li Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Qingfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Shi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Fangzhou Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Rurong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Min Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Qinbo Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Shaojun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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12
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Amino acid isotope discrimination factors for a carnivore: physiological insights from leopard sharks and their diet. Oecologia 2018; 188:977-989. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4276-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Leigh SC, Papastamatiou YP, German DP. Seagrass digestion by a notorious 'carnivore'. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:rspb.2018.1583. [PMID: 30185641 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.1583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
What an animal consumes and what an animal digests and assimilates for energetic demands are not always synonymous. Sharks, uniformly accepted as carnivores, have guts that are presumed to be well suited for a high-protein diet. However, the bonnethead shark (Sphyrna tiburo), which is abundant in critical seagrass habitats, has been previously shown to consume copious amounts of seagrass (up to 62.1% of gut content mass), although it is unknown if they can digest and assimilate seagrass nutrients. To determine if bonnetheads digest seagrass nutrients, captive sharks were fed a 13C-labelled seagrass diet. Digestibility analyses, digestive enzyme assays and stable isotope analyses were used to determine the bonnethead shark's capacity for digesting and assimilating seagrass material. Compound-specific stable isotope analysis showed that sharks assimilated seagrass carbon (13.6 ± 6.77‰ δ13C mean ± s.d. for all sharks and all amino acid types analysed) with 50 ± 2% digestibility of seagrass organic matter. Additionally, cellulose-component-degrading enzyme activities were detected in shark hindguts. We show that a coastal shark is digesting seagrass with at least moderate efficiency, which has ecological implications due to the stabilizing role of omnivory and nutrient transport within fragile seagrass ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha C Leigh
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Yannis P Papastamatiou
- Marine Sciences Program, Department of Biological Science, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151st Street, Miami, FL 33181, USA
| | - Donovan P German
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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14
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Nguyen STC, Freund HL, Kasanjian J, Berlemont R. Function, distribution, and annotation of characterized cellulases, xylanases, and chitinases from CAZy. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:1629-1637. [PMID: 29359269 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8778-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic deconstruction of structural polysaccharides, which relies on the production of specific glycoside hydrolases (GHs), is an essential process across environments. Over the past few decades, researchers studying the diversity and evolution of these enzymes have isolated and biochemically characterized thousands of these proteins. The carbohydrate-active enzymes database (CAZy) lists these proteins and provides some metadata. Here, the sequences and metadata of characterized sequences derived from GH families associated with the deconstruction of cellulose, xylan, and chitin were collected and discussed. First, although few polyspecific enzymes are identified, characterized GH families are mostly monospecific. Next, the taxonomic distribution of characterized GH mirrors the distribution of identified sequences in sequenced genomes. This provides a rationale for connecting the identification of GH sequences to specific reactions or lineages. Finally, we tested the annotation of the characterized GHs using HMM scan and the protein families database (Pfam). The vast majority of GHs targeting cellulose, xylan, and chitin can be identified using this publicly accessible approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley T C Nguyen
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University-Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Blvd., Long Beach, CA, 90840-9502, USA
| | - Hannah L Freund
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University-Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Blvd., Long Beach, CA, 90840-9502, USA
| | - Joshua Kasanjian
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University-Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Blvd., Long Beach, CA, 90840-9502, USA
| | - Renaud Berlemont
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University-Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Blvd., Long Beach, CA, 90840-9502, USA.
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15
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The effects of protein and fiber content on gut structure and function in zebrafish (Danio rerio). J Comp Physiol B 2017; 188:237-253. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-017-1122-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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16
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Larson SE, Daly-Engel TS, Phillips NM. Review of Current Conservation Genetic Analyses of Northeast Pacific Sharks. ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2017; 77:79-110. [PMID: 28882215 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Conservation genetics is an applied science that utilizes molecular tools to help solve problems in species conservation and management. It is an interdisciplinary specialty in which scientists apply the study of genetics in conjunction with traditional ecological fieldwork and other techniques to explore molecular variation, population boundaries, and evolutionary relationships with the goal of enabling resource managers to better protect biodiversity and identify unique populations. Several shark species in the northeast Pacific (NEP) have been studied using conservation genetics techniques, which are discussed here. The primary methods employed to study population genetics of sharks have historically been nuclear microsatellites and mitochondrial (mt) DNA. These markers have been used to assess genetic diversity, mating systems, parentage, relatedness, and genetically distinct populations to inform management decisions. Novel approaches in conservation genetics, including next-generation DNA and RNA sequencing, environmental DNA (eDNA), and epigenetics are just beginning to be applied to elasmobranch evolution, physiology, and ecology. Here, we review the methods and results of past studies, explore future directions for shark conservation genetics, and discuss the implications of molecular research and techniques for the long-term management of shark populations in the NEP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicole M Phillips
- The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States
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17
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Connor KM, Sung A, Garcia NS, Gracey AY, German DP. Modulation of digestive physiology and biochemistry in Mytilus californianus in response to feeding level acclimation and microhabitat. Biol Open 2016; 5:1200-10. [PMID: 27402963 PMCID: PMC5051655 DOI: 10.1242/bio.019430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The intertidal mussel Mytilus californianus is a critical foundation species that is exposed to fluctuations in the environment along tidal- and wave-exposure gradients. We investigated feeding and digestion in mussels under laboratory conditions and across environmental gradients in the field. We assessed whether mussels adopt a rate-maximization (higher ingestion and lower assimilation) or a yield-maximization acquisition (lower ingestion and higher assimilation) strategy under laboratory conditions by measuring feeding physiology and digestive enzyme activities. We used digestive enzyme activity to define resource acquisition strategies in laboratory studies, then measured digestive enzyme activities in three microhabitats at the extreme ends of the tidal- and wave-exposure gradients within a stretch of shore (<20 m) projected sea-ward. Our laboratory results indicated that mussels benefit from a high assimilation efficiency when food concentration is low and have a low assimilation efficiency when food concentration is high. Additionally, enzyme activities of carbohydrases amylase, laminarinase and cellulase were elevated when food concentration was high. The protease trypsin, however, did not increase with increasing food concentration. In field conditions, low-shore mussels surprisingly did not have high enzyme activities. Rather, high-shore mussels exhibited higher cellulase activities than low-shore mussels. Similarly, trypsin activity in the high-shore-wave-sheltered microhabitat was higher than that in high-shore-wave-exposed. As expected, mussels experienced increasing thermal stress as a function of reduced submergence from low to high shore and shelter from wave-splash. Our findings suggest that mussels compensate for limited feeding opportunities and thermal stress by modulating digestive enzyme activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwasi M Connor
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Aaron Sung
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Nathan S Garcia
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Andrew Y Gracey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Donovan P German
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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18
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Hart HR, Evans AN, Gelsleichter J, Ahearn GA. Molecular identification and functional characteristics of peptide transporters in the bonnethead shark (Sphyrna tiburo). J Comp Physiol B 2016; 186:855-66. [PMID: 27188191 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-016-0999-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Elasmobranchs are considered to be top marine predators, and in general play important roles in the transfer of energy within marine ecosystems. Despite this, little is known regarding the physiological processes of digestion and nutrient absorption in these fishes. One topic that is particularly understudied is the process of nutrient uptake across the elasmobranch gastrointestinal tract. Given their carnivorous diet, the present study sought to expand knowledge on dietary nutrient uptake in elasmobranchs by focusing on the uptake of products of protein digestion. To accomplish this, a full-length cDNA encoding peptide transporter 1 (PepT1), a protein previously identified within the brush border membrane of vertebrates that is responsible for the translocation of peptides released during digestion by luminal and membrane-bound proteases, was isolated from the bonnethead shark (Sphyrna tiburo). A cDNA encoding the related peptide transporter PepT2 was also isolated from S. tiburo using the same methodology. The presence of PepT1 was then localized in multiple components of the bonnethead digestive tract (esophagus, stomach, duodenum, intestine, rectum, and pancreas) using immunohistochemistry. Vesicle studies were used to identify the apparent affinity of PepT1 and to quantify the rate of dipeptide uptake by its H(+)-dependent cotransporter properties. The results of this study provide insight into the properties of peptide uptake within the bonnethead gut, and can facilitate future work on physiological regulation of protein metabolism and absorption including how these processes may vary in elasmobranchs that exhibit different feeding strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah R Hart
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Dr., Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Andrew N Evans
- Department of Coastal Sciences, Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, University of Southern Mississippi, 703 East Beach Drive, Ocean Springs, MS, 39564, USA
| | - James Gelsleichter
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Dr., Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Gregory A Ahearn
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Dr., Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
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