1
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Mi T, Gao Z, Mituta Z, Burgess K. Dual-Capped Helical Interface Mimics. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10331-10341. [PMID: 38573124 PMCID: PMC11027154 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Disruption of protein-protein interactions is medicinally important. Interface helices may be mimicked in helical probes featuring enhanced rigidities, binding to protein targets, stabilities in serum, and cell uptake. This form of mimicry is dominated by stapling between side chains of helical residues: there has been less progress on helical N-caps, and there were no generalizable C-caps. Conversely, in natural proteins, helicities are stabilized and terminated by C- and N-caps but not staples. Bicyclic caps previously introduced by us enable interface helical mimicry featuring rigid synthetic caps at both termini in this work. An unambiguously helical dual-capped system proved to be conformationally stable, binding cyclins A and E, and showed impressive cellular uptake. In addition, the dual-capped mimic was completely resistant to proteolysis in serum over an extended period when compared with "gold standard" hydrocarbon-stapled controls. Dual-capped peptidomimetics are a new, generalizable paradigm for helical interface probe design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiong Mi
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Zhe Gao
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Zeynep Mituta
- ZentriForce
Pharma Research GmbH, Carl-Friedrich-Gauss-Ring 5, 69124 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kevin Burgess
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
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2
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Kekessie I, Wegner K, Martinez I, Kopach ME, White TD, Tom JK, Kenworthy MN, Gallou F, Lopez J, Koenig SG, Payne PR, Eissler S, Arumugam B, Li C, Mukherjee S, Isidro-Llobet A, Ludemann-Hombourger O, Richardson P, Kittelmann J, Sejer Pedersen D, van den Bos LJ. Process Mass Intensity (PMI): A Holistic Analysis of Current Peptide Manufacturing Processes Informs Sustainability in Peptide Synthesis. J Org Chem 2024; 89:4261-4282. [PMID: 38508870 PMCID: PMC11002941 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Small molecule therapeutics represent the majority of the FDA-approved drugs. Yet, many attractive targets are poorly tractable by small molecules, generating a need for new therapeutic modalities. Due to their biocompatibility profile and structural versatility, peptide-based therapeutics are a possible solution. Additionally, in the past two decades, advances in peptide design, delivery, formulation, and devices have occurred, making therapeutic peptides an attractive modality. However, peptide manufacturing is often limited to solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), liquid phase peptide synthesis (LPPS), and to a lesser extent hybrid SPPS/LPPS, with SPPS emerging as a predominant platform technology for peptide synthesis. SPPS involves the use of excess solvents and reagents which negatively impact the environment, thus highlighting the need for newer technologies to reduce the environmental footprint. Herein, fourteen American Chemical Society Green Chemistry Institute Pharmaceutical Roundtable (ACS GCIPR) member companies with peptide-based therapeutics in their portfolio have compiled Process Mass Intensity (PMI) metrics to help inform the sustainability efforts in peptide synthesis. This includes PMI assessment on 40 synthetic peptide processes at various development stages in pharma, classified according to the development phase. This is the most comprehensive assessment of synthetic peptide environmental metrics to date. The synthetic peptide manufacturing process was divided into stages (synthesis, purification, isolation) to determine their respective PMI. On average, solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) (PMI ≈ 13,000) does not compare favorably with other modalities such as small molecules (PMI median 168-308) and biopharmaceuticals (PMI ≈ 8300). Thus, the high PMI for peptide synthesis warrants more environmentally friendly processes in peptide manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy Kekessie
- Early Discovery
Biochemistry - Peptide Therapeutics, Genentech,
Inc., A Member of the Roche Group, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Katarzyna Wegner
- Active Pharmaceutical
Ingredient Development, Ipsen Manufacturing
Ireland Ltd., Blanchardstown
Industrial Park, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - Isamir Martinez
- Green Chemistry
Institute, American Chemical Society, 1155 16th St North West, Washington, District of Columbia, 20036, United
States
| | - Michael E. Kopach
- Synthetic
Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly
and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Timothy D. White
- Synthetic
Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly
and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Janine K. Tom
- Drug Substance
Technologies, Amgen, Inc., 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Martin N. Kenworthy
- Chemical
Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Fabrice Gallou
- Chemical
& Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma
AG, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - John Lopez
- Chemical
& Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma
AG, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan G. Koenig
- Small
Molecule
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc.,
A Member of the Roche Group, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Philippa R. Payne
- Outsourced
Manufacturing, Pharmaceutical Development & Manufacturing, Gilead Alberta ULC, 1021 Hayter Rd NW, Edmonton, T6S 1A1, Canada
| | - Stefan Eissler
- Bachem
AG, Hauptstrasse 144, 4416 Bubendorf, Switzerland
| | - Balasubramanian Arumugam
- Chemical
Macromolecule Division, Asymchem Life Science
(Tianjin) Co., Ltd., 71 Seventh Avenue, TEDA Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Changfeng Li
- Chemical
Macromolecule Division, Asymchem Life Science
(Tianjin) Co., Ltd., 71 Seventh Avenue, TEDA Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Subha Mukherjee
- Chemical
Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | | | | | - Paul Richardson
- Chemistry, Pfizer, 10578 Science Center Drive (CB6), San Diego, California 09121, United States
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3
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Abstract
Cyclic peptides are fascinating molecules abundantly found in nature and exploited as molecular format for drug development as well as other applications, ranging from research tools to food additives. Advances in peptide technologies made over many years through improved methods for synthesis and drug development have resulted in a steady stream of new drugs, with an average of around one cyclic peptide drug approved per year. Powerful technologies for screening random peptide libraries, and de novo generating ligands, have enabled the development of cyclic peptide drugs independent of naturally derived molecules and now offer virtually unlimited development opportunities. In this review, we feature therapeutically relevant cyclic peptides derived from nature and discuss the unique properties of cyclic peptides, the enormous technological advances in peptide ligand development in recent years, and current challenges and opportunities for developing cyclic peptides that address unmet medical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjian Ji
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexander L Nielsen
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian Heinis
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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4
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Beeg M, Baroni S, Piotti A, Porta A, De Luigi A, Cagnotto A, Gobbi M, Diomede L, Salmona M. A Comprehensive Technology Platform for the Rapid Discovery of Peptide Inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 Pseudovirus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12146. [PMID: 37569522 PMCID: PMC10418426 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed and validated a technology platform for designing and testing peptides inhibiting the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-based pseudoviruses. This platform integrates target evaluation, in silico inhibitor design, peptide synthesis, and efficacy screening. We generated a cyclic peptide library derived from the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. The cell-free validation process by ELISA competition assays and Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) studies revealed that the cyclic peptide c9_05, but not its linear form, binds well to ACE2. Moreover, it effectively inhibited the transduction in HEK293, stably expressing the human ACE2 receptor of pseudovirus particles displaying the SARS-CoV-2 spike in the Wuhan or UK variants. However, the inhibitory efficacy of c9_05 was negligible against the Omicron variant, and it failed to impede the entry of pseudoviruses carrying the B.1.351 (South African) spike. These variants contain three or more mutations known to increase affinity to ACE2. This suggests further refinement is needed for potential SARS-CoV-2 inhibition. Our study hints at a promising approach to develop inhibitors targeting viral infectivity receptors, including SARS-CoV-2's. This platform also promises swift identification and evaluation of inhibitors for other emergent viruses.
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5
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Wang P, Liu J, Zhu X, Yan Z, Yan J, Jiang J, Fu M, Ge J, Zhu Q, Zheng Y. Modular synthesis of clickable peptides via late-stage maleimidation on C(7)-H tryptophan. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3973. [PMID: 37407547 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39703-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic peptides have attracted tremendous attention in the pharmaceutical industry owing to their excellent cell penetrability, stability, thermostability, and drug-like properties. However, the currently available facile methodologies for creating such peptides are rather limited. Herein, we report an efficient and direct peptide cyclization via rhodium(III)-catalyzed C(7)-H maleimidation. Notably, this catalytical system has excellent regioselectivity and high tolerance of functional groups which enable late-stage cyclization of peptides. This architecture of cyclic peptides exhibits higher bioactivity than its parent linear peptides. Moreover, the Trp-substituted maleimide displays excellent reactivity toward Michael addition, indicating its potential as a click functional group for applications in chemical biology and medicinal chemistry. As a proof of principle, RGD-GFLG-DOX, which is a peptide-drug-conjugate, is constructed and it displays a strong binding affinity and high antiproliferative activity toward integrin-αvβ3 overexpressed cancer cell lines. The proposed strategy for rapid preparation of stapled peptides would be a robust tool for creating peptide-drug conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Zhengqing Yan
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Jiahui Yan
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Jitong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Manlin Fu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Jingyan Ge
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| | - Yuguo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
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6
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Ito K, Matsuda Y, Mine A, Miyairi K, Kikuchi Y, Konishi A. Bacterially Secretable Single-Chain Tandem Macrocyclic Peptides for High Affinity and Inhibitory Activity. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202200599. [PMID: 36409290 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The inhibition of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) is an effective approach for therapy. Owing to their large binding surface areas to target proteins, macrocyclic peptides are suitable molecules for PPI inhibition. In this study, we developed single-chain tandem macrocyclic peptides (STaMPtides) that inhibits the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor 2 (VEGFR2). They were artificially designed to comprise two different VEGFR2-binding macrocyclic peptides linked in tandem by peptide linkers and secreted by Corynebacterium glutamicum. Most potent VEGFR2-inhibitory STaMPtides with length-optimized linkers exhibited >1000 times stronger inhibitory activity than their parental monomeric peptides, possibly due to the avidity effect of heterodimerization. Our approach of using STaMPtides for PPI inhibition may be used to inhibit other extracellular factors, such as growth factors and cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Ito
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki, 210-8681, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Matsuda
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki, 210-8681, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ayako Mine
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki, 210-8681, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kyohei Miyairi
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki, 210-8681, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Kikuchi
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki, 210-8681, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Atsushi Konishi
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki, 210-8681, Kanagawa, Japan
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7
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Zheng Y, Ongpipattanakul C, Nair SK. Bioconjugate Platform for Iterative Backbone N-Methylation of Peptides. ACS Catal 2022; 12:14006-14014. [PMID: 36793448 PMCID: PMC9928189 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
N-methylation of peptide backbones has often been utilized as a strategy towards the development of peptidic drugs. However, difficulties in the chemical synthesis, high cost of enantiopure N-methyl building blocks, and subsequent coupling inefficiencies have hampered larger-scale medicinal chemical efforts. Here, we present a chemoenzymatic strategy for backbone N-methylation by bioconjugation of peptides of interest to the catalytic scaffold of a borosin-type methyltransferase. Crystal structures of a substrate tolerant enzyme from Mycena rosella guided the design of a decoupled catalytic scaffold that can be linked via a heterobifunctional crosslinker to any peptide substrate of choice. Peptides linked to the scaffold, including those with non-proteinogenic residues, show robust backbone N-methylation. Various crosslinking strategies were tested to facilitate substrate disassembly, which enabled a reversible bioconjugation approach that efficiently released modified peptide. Our results provide general framework for the backbone N-methylation on any peptide of interest and may facilitate the production of large libraries of N-methylated peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwu Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Roger Adams Laboratory, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Chayanid Ongpipattanakul
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Roger Adams Laboratory, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Satish K. Nair
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Roger Adams Laboratory, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Roger Adams Laboratory, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana IL, 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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8
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Luo J, Liu S, Lu H, Chen Q, Shi Y. A comprehensive review of microorganism-derived cyclic peptides: Bioactive functions and food safety applications. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:5272-5290. [PMID: 36161470 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic peptides possess advanced structural characteristics of stability and play a vital role in medical treatment and agriculture. However, the biological functions of microorganism-derived cyclic peptides (MDCPs) and their applications in food industry were relatively absent. MDCPs are derived from extensive fermented food or soil. In this review, the synthesis approaches and structural characteristics are overviewed, while the interrelationship between bioactivities and functions is emphasized. This review summarizes the bioactivities of MDCPs from in vitro to in vivo, including antimicrobial activities, immune regulation, and antiviral cell activation. Their multiple functions as well as applications during food product processing, packaging, and storage are also comprehensively reviewed. Remarkably, some potential risks and cytotoxicity of MDCPs are also critically discussed. Moreover, future applications of MDCPs in the development of novel food additives and bioengineering materials are organized. Based on this review of native MDCPs, it is noteworthy that expected improvements of synthetic cyclic peptides in bioactive properties present potential valuable applications in future food, including artificial meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Luo
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Siyu Liu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongyun Lu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qihe Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Shi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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9
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Luo Z, Xu L, Tang X, Zhao X, He T, Lubell WD, Zhang J. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel all-hydrocarbon cross-linked aza-stapled peptides. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:7963-7971. [PMID: 36190455 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01496c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel all-hydrocarbon cross-linked aza-stapled peptides were designed and synthesized for the first time by ring-closing metathesis between two aza-alkenylglycine residues. Three aza-stapled peptidic analogues based on the peptide dual inhibitor of p53-MDM2/MDMX interactions were synthesized and screened for biological activities. Among the three aza-stapled peptides, aSPDI-411 displayed increased anti-tumor activity, binding affinities to both MDM2 and MDMX, and cell membrane permeability compared to its linear peptide counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Luo
- Innovative Drug Research Centre (IDRC), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China.
| | - Lei Xu
- Innovative Drug Research Centre (IDRC), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaomin Tang
- Innovative Drug Research Centre (IDRC), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China.
| | - Xuejun Zhao
- Innovative Drug Research Centre (IDRC), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China.
| | - Tong He
- Innovative Drug Research Centre (IDRC), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China.
| | - William D Lubell
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Jinqiang Zhang
- Innovative Drug Research Centre (IDRC), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China. .,Chongqing University Industrial Technology Research Institute, Chongqing 401329, People's Republic of China
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10
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Trobe M, Vareka M, Schreiner T, Dobrounig P, Doler C, Holzinger EB, Steinegger A, Breinbauer R. Modular Synthesis of Teraryl‐based alpha ‐Helix Mimetics, Part 3: Iodophenyltriflate Core Fragments Featuring Side Chains of Proteinogenic Amino Acids. European J Org Chem 2022; 2022:e202101278. [PMID: 35910459 PMCID: PMC9306992 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Teraryl‐based α‐helix mimetics have proven to be useful compounds for the inhibition of protein‐protein interactions (PPI). We have developed a modular and flexible approach for the synthesis of teraryl‐based α‐helix mimetics using a benzene core unit featuring two leaving groups of differentiated reactivity in the Pd‐catalyzed cross‐coupling used for teraryl assembly. In previous publications we have introduced the methodology of 4‐iodophenyltriflates decorated with the side chains of some of the proteinogenic amino acids. We herein report the core fragments corresponding to the previously missing amino acids Arg, Asn, Asp, Met, Trp and Tyr. Therefore, our set now encompasses all relevant amino acid analogues with the exception of His. In order to be compatible with the triflate moiety, some of the nucleophilic side chains had to be provided in a protected form to serve as stable building blocks. Additionally, cross‐coupling procedures for the assembly of teraryls were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Trobe
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Martin Vareka
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Till Schreiner
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Patrick Dobrounig
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Carina Doler
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Ella B. Holzinger
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Andreas Steinegger
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Organic Chemistry Stremayrgasse 9 A-8010 Graz AUSTRIA
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