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Péron M, Gonzalvez R, Hue S, Soudant P, Le Grand F, Mazurais D, Vagner M. Spatial and ontogenetic modulation of fatty acid composition in juvenile European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) from two French estuaries. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 197:106456. [PMID: 38522120 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
This study evaluated how estuary of origin and ontogenetic stage influence the fatty acid (FA) composition in the tissues of wild European sea bass juvenile. We evidenced tissue-specific patterns, with the brain exhibiting a distinct FA composition from the liver and muscle. Ontogenetic stage and estuary influenced the general FA profile, and particularly the essential FA (EFA) like docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and arachidonic acid (ARA) in all tissues. The data also revealed the ability of wild sea bass to modulate, at the molecular level, FA biosynthesis pathways and suggest a potential dietary DHA limitation in the natural environment. The distribution of FA within tissues might reflect shifts in diet, metabolic demands, or adaptations to environmental conditions. This study provides insights about FA dynamics in euryhaline fish during juvenile life stage, improving our understanding of the metabolism need and EFA trophic availability in a changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickaël Péron
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, UMR 6539, LEMAR, Plouzané, France.
| | - Romain Gonzalvez
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, UMR 6539, LEMAR, Plouzané, France
| | - Sarah Hue
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO - Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques, Université du Havre Normandie, France
| | - Philippe Soudant
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, UMR 6539, LEMAR, Plouzané, France
| | | | - David Mazurais
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, UMR 6539, LEMAR, Plouzané, France
| | - Marie Vagner
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, UMR 6539, LEMAR, Plouzané, France
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Zhang F, Li L, Meng X, Liu J, Cui X, Ma Q, Wei Y, Liang M, Xu H, Rombenso A. Feeding Strategy to Use Beef Tallow and Modify Farmed Tiger Puffer Fatty Acid Composition. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3037. [PMID: 37835642 PMCID: PMC10571522 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A 12-week feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing fish oil (FO) with beef tallow (BT) on the fatty acid composition of farmed tiger puffer (Takifugu rubripes). Two replacement strategies were used: a standard Graded Dietary Replacement of FO with BT (GDR strategy) and Alternate Feeding between FO- and BT-based Diets (AFD strategy). The positive and negative control diets were formulated with 6% FO (FO-C group) or BT (BT-C group) as the sole added lipid source. In the GDR strategy, three experimental diets were formulated, with 25, 50 and 75% of the added FO in the FO-C diet replaced with BT, named 25BT, 50BT and 75BT, respectively. In the AFD strategy, alternated feeding patterns between the FO-C and BT-C diet-namely, 1, 2 and 3 weeks with BT-C followed by 1 week feeding with FO-C (1BT-1FO, 2BT-1FO and 3BT-1FO, respectively)-were applied. Each diet or feeding strategy was assigned to triplicate tanks. The results showed that dietary BT inclusion reduced the contents of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) in both the muscle and liver (edible tissues for this species) of the experimental fish, and the liver displayed a more drastic decrease than the muscle. The LC-PUFA content linearly decreased with the decreasing dietary FO levels in the GDR strategy. However, in the AFD strategy, a linear relationship was not observed between the LC-PUFA content and the FO feeding duration. The 3BT-1FO treatment resulted in higher LC-PUFA content than 2BT-1FO. When comparing the two strategies with the same final FO administration level-namely, 50BT vs. 1BT-1FO, and in particular, 75BT vs. 3BT-1FO-the AFD strategy resulted in higher LC-PUFA contents in both the muscle and liver than the GDR strategy. In conclusion, when FO was replaced with BT in the diets, alternate feeding between FO- and BT-based diets resulted in a higher LC-PUFA content than the standard direct replacement. Three weeks of feeding with BT-C followed by one week of feeding with FO-C appeared to be a good alternate feeding pattern. This study provided a promising strategy of FO-sparing in fish farming when the LC-PUFA contents were maintained as high as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiran Zhang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, China; (F.Z.); (L.L.); (X.M.); (J.L.); (X.C.); (Q.M.); (Y.W.); (M.L.)
| | - Lin Li
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, China; (F.Z.); (L.L.); (X.M.); (J.L.); (X.C.); (Q.M.); (Y.W.); (M.L.)
| | - Xiaoxue Meng
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, China; (F.Z.); (L.L.); (X.M.); (J.L.); (X.C.); (Q.M.); (Y.W.); (M.L.)
| | - Jian Liu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, China; (F.Z.); (L.L.); (X.M.); (J.L.); (X.C.); (Q.M.); (Y.W.); (M.L.)
| | - Xishuai Cui
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, China; (F.Z.); (L.L.); (X.M.); (J.L.); (X.C.); (Q.M.); (Y.W.); (M.L.)
| | - Qiang Ma
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, China; (F.Z.); (L.L.); (X.M.); (J.L.); (X.C.); (Q.M.); (Y.W.); (M.L.)
| | - Yuliang Wei
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, China; (F.Z.); (L.L.); (X.M.); (J.L.); (X.C.); (Q.M.); (Y.W.); (M.L.)
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory, 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Mengqing Liang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, China; (F.Z.); (L.L.); (X.M.); (J.L.); (X.C.); (Q.M.); (Y.W.); (M.L.)
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory, 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Houguo Xu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, China; (F.Z.); (L.L.); (X.M.); (J.L.); (X.C.); (Q.M.); (Y.W.); (M.L.)
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory, 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Artur Rombenso
- CSIRO, Livestock and Aquaculture Program, Animal Nutrition, Bribie Island Research Centre, Woorim 4507, Australia;
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Ruiz A, Sanahuja I, Andree KB, Furones D, Holhorea PG, Calduch-Giner JA, Pastor JJ, Viñas M, Pérez-Sánchez J, Morais S, Gisbert E. The potential of a combination of pungent spices as a novel supplement in gilthead seabream ( Sparus aurata) diets to aid in the strategic use of fish oil in aquafeeds: a holistic perspective. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1222173. [PMID: 37818366 PMCID: PMC10561386 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1222173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This work studied the potential of a combination of pungent spices (capsicum, black pepper, ginger, and cinnamaldehyde) to be used as a supplement in diets of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata; 44.1 ± 4.2 g). During 90 days, fish were fed three experimental diets with low inclusion of fish oil and containing poultry fat as the main source of lipids, supplemented with graded levels of the tested supplement: 0 (control), 0.1 (SPICY0.1%), and 0.15% (SPICY0.15%). As a result, the pungent spices enhanced the growth performance, the activity of the bile-salt-activated lipase in the intestine, and decreased fat deposit levels within enterocytes. The SPICY0.1% diet reduced the feed conversion ratio and the perivisceral fat index and lipid deposits in the liver. Moreover, the ratio of docosahexaenoic acid/eicosapentaenoic acid in fillet increased in fish fed the SPICY0.1% diet, while the hepatic levels of docosahexaenoic acid and total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids increased in fish fed the SPICY0.15% diet. Furthermore, there was an effect on the expression of some biomarkers related to lipid metabolism in 2-h postprandial fish (fasn, elovl6, scd1b, cyp7a1, lpl, and pparβ), and in 48 h fasted-fish fed with the SPICY0.1% diet, a regulation of the intestinal immune response was indicated. However, no significant differences were found in lipid apparent digestibility and proximate macronutrient composition. The spices did not affect biomarkers of hepatic or oxidative stress. No differences in microbial diversity were found, except for an increase in Simpson's Index in the posterior intestine of fish fed the SPICY0.1% diet, reflected in the increased relative abundance of the phylum Chloroflexi and lower relative abundances of the genera Campylobacter, Corynebacterium, and Peptoniphilus. In conclusion, the supplementation of gilthead seabream diets with pungent spices at an inclusion of 0.1% was beneficial to enhance growth performance and feed utilization; reduce fat accumulation in the visceral cavity, liver, and intestine; and improve the fish health status and condition. Results suggest that the tested supplement can be used as part of a nutritional strategy to promote a more judicious use of fish oil in fish diets due to its decreasing availability and rising costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Ruiz
- Aquaculture Program, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Centre de La Ràpita, La Ràpita, Spain
- Ph.D. Program in Aquaculture, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignasi Sanahuja
- Aquaculture Program, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Centre de La Ràpita, La Ràpita, Spain
| | - Karl B. Andree
- Aquaculture Program, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Centre de La Ràpita, La Ràpita, Spain
| | - Dolors Furones
- Aquaculture Program, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Centre de La Ràpita, La Ràpita, Spain
| | - Paul G. Holhorea
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Castellón, Spain
| | - Josep A. Calduch-Giner
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Castellón, Spain
| | - Jose J. Pastor
- Innovation Division, Animal Science Unit, Lucta S.A. Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marc Viñas
- Sustainability in Biosystems, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA) Torre Marimon, Caldes de Montbui, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Pérez-Sánchez
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Castellón, Spain
| | - Sofia Morais
- Innovation Division, Animal Science Unit, Lucta S.A. Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Enric Gisbert
- Aquaculture Program, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Centre de La Ràpita, La Ràpita, Spain
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Martins N, Magalhães R, Castro C, Oliva-Teles A, Peres H. Fatty acid-sensing mechanisms in the hypothalamus of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): The potential role of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2023; 280:111397. [PMID: 36758850 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the hypothalamus fatty acid (FA)-sensing mechanisms response to different FA in European sea bass. For that purpose, fish (body weight of 90 g) were intraperitoneally (IP) injected (time 0 h) with five long-chain unsaturated fatty acids, namely, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:5n3); eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; C20:4n3); α-linolenic (ALA; C18:3n3); linoleic acid (LA; C18:2n6) and oleic acid (OA; C18:1n9) at a dose of 300 μg kg-1, or with 0.9% saline solution (control). Feed intake (FI) was recorded at 3, 6, and 24 h after the IP injection. One week later, fish were IP injected with the same FA, and the hypothalamus was collected 3 h after the IP injection for measurement of molecules related to FI regulation and FA-sensing mechanisms. Cumulative FI (g/kg/day) was not affected by treatments. However, compared to the control, FI increased with the OA treatment at 6 h after the IP injection. FI decreased with mealtime in the DHA and LA groups. Gene expression of orexigenic (npy/agrp) and anorexigenic (cart2/pomc1) neurons was not affected by the FA treatments. Attending the enzymes involved in the FA-sensing mechanisms activation, compared to the control carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT1) and ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) activity were not affected by FA treatments. Contrarily the key enzymes of lipid metabolisms, malic enzyme and hydroxyacylCoA dehydrogenase was higher in fish that received the EPA and OA treatment, than fish treated to the control. Overall, the results of the present study indicate that gene expression of orexigenic and anorexigenic neurons was not affected at 3 h after IP injection with different FA. However, the activity of key enzymes of lipid metabolism was differently affected by circulating FA, indicating that FA-sensing mechanisms respond to different FA. Further studies are required involving different sampling times to further characterize the response of FA-sensing mechanisms to FA. These findings may be of relevance to the aquaculture industry in an era where alternative lipid sources are being increasingly used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Martins
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Edifício FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 289, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Rui Magalhães
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Edifício FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 289, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Carolina Castro
- FLATLANTIC - Atividades Piscícolas, S.A. - Rua do Aceiros/n., 3070-732 Praia de Mira, Portugal
| | - Aires Oliva-Teles
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Edifício FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 289, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Helena Peres
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Edifício FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 289, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
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Filipe D, Gonçalves M, Fernandes H, Oliva-Teles A, Peres H, Belo I, Salgado JM. Shelf-Life Performance of Fish Feed Supplemented with Bioactive Extracts from Fermented Olive Mill and Winery By-Products. Foods 2023; 12:foods12020305. [PMID: 36673397 PMCID: PMC9858264 DOI: 10.3390/foods12020305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Fortifying fish feeds with bioactive compounds, such as enzymes and antioxidants, has been an adopted strategy to improve feed nutritional quality and sustainability. However, feed additives can lose activity/effectiveness during pelleting and storage processes. This work aimed to monitor functional activity stability in feeds supplemented with a bioactive extract, including cellulases, xylanases, and antioxidants. This bioactive extract (FBE) was produced by Aspergillus ibericus under solid-state fermentation of olive mill and winery by-products. Two isoproteic and isolipidic diets were formulated and unsupplemented or supplemented with lyophilized FBE (0.26% w/w). Both diets were stored at room temperature (RT) or 4 °C for 4 months. Results showed that feed storage at 4 °C enhanced the stability of the enzymes and cellulase was more stable than xylanase. Compared to RT, storage at 4 °C increased cellulase and xylanase half-life by circa 60 and 14%. Dietary FBE supplementation increased antioxidant activity and storage at 4 °C reduced antioxidant activity loss, while in the unsupplemented diet, antioxidant activity decreased to the same level in both storage temperatures. Dietary supplementation with FBE reduced lipid peroxidation by 17 and 19.5% when stored at 4 °C or RT, respectively. The present study is a step toward improving the storage conditions of diets formulated with bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Filipe
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Oporto (FCUP), 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Margarida Gonçalves
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Helena Fernandes
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Aires Oliva-Teles
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Oporto (FCUP), 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Helena Peres
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Oporto (FCUP), 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Isabel Belo
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - José Manuel Salgado
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Biotecnia Group, Campus Agua, Chemical Engineering Department, University of Vigo, Campus As Lagoas s/n, 32004 Ourense, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-988-38-74-16
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Albendea P, Tres A, Rafecas M, Vichi S, Sala R, Guardiola F. Effect of Feeding Acid Oils on European Seabass Fillet Lipid Composition, Oxidative Stability, Color, and Sensory Acceptance. AQUACULTURE NUTRITION 2023; 2023:6415693. [PMID: 36860977 PMCID: PMC9973161 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6415693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Acid oils (AO) are fat by-products of edible oil refining with a high energetic value, being an interesting option for a more sustainable aquaculture nutrition. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the partial replacement of fish oil (FO) in diets by two AO instead of crude vegetable oils on the lipid composition, lipid oxidation and quality of fresh European seabass fillets, and after their commercial refrigerated storage for 6 days. Fish were fed with five different diets, the added fat being FO (100%) or a blend of FO (25%) and another fat (75%): crude soybean oil (SO), soybean-sunflower acid oil (SAO), crude olive pomace oil (OPO), or olive pomace acid oil (OPAO). Fresh and refrigerated fillets were assessed for fatty acid profile, tocopherol (T) and tocotrienol (T3) composition, lipid oxidative stability, 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value, volatile compound content, color, and sensory acceptance. Refrigerated storage did not affect T + T3 total content but increased secondary oxidation products (TBA values and volatile compound contents) in fillets from all diets. The FO substitution decreased EPA and DHA and increased T and T3 in fish fillets, but the recommended human daily intake of EPA plus DHA could still be covered with 100 g of fish fillets. Both a higher oxidative stability and a lower TBA value were found in SO, SAO, OPO, or OPAO fillets, obtaining the greatest oxidative stability in OPO and OPAO fillets. Sensory acceptance was not affected by the diet or the refrigerated storage, while the differences found in color parameters would not be perceived by the human eye. According to the oxidative stability and acceptability of flesh, SAO and OPAO are adequate replacements of FO as energy source in European seabass diets, which implies that these by-products can be upcycled, improving the environmental and economical sustainability of aquaculture production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Albendea
- Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy Department-XIA, Campus de l'Alimentació Torribera, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Av Prat de la Riba, 171., 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av Prat de la Riba, 171., 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Alba Tres
- Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy Department-XIA, Campus de l'Alimentació Torribera, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Av Prat de la Riba, 171., 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av Prat de la Riba, 171., 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Magdalena Rafecas
- Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy Department-XIA, Campus de l'Alimentació Torribera, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Av Prat de la Riba, 171., 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy Department-XIA, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Av Joan XXIII, 27-31., 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stefania Vichi
- Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy Department-XIA, Campus de l'Alimentació Torribera, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Av Prat de la Riba, 171., 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av Prat de la Riba, 171., 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Roser Sala
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNiBA), Animal and Food Science Department, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Travessera dels Turons., 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Francesc Guardiola
- Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy Department-XIA, Campus de l'Alimentació Torribera, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Av Prat de la Riba, 171., 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av Prat de la Riba, 171., 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
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Balbuena-Pecino S, Montblanch M, García-Meilán I, Fontanillas R, Gallardo Á, Gutiérrez J, Navarro I, Capilla E. Hydroxytyrosol-rich extract from olive juice as an additive in gilthead sea bream juveniles fed a high-fat diet: Regulation of somatic growth. Front Physiol 2022; 13:966175. [PMID: 36277183 PMCID: PMC9584614 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.966175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The dietary inclusion of plant-based products in fish feeds formulation is required for the sustainable development of aquaculture. Moreover, considering functional diets, hydroxytyrosol, one of the major phenolic compounds found in olives (Olea europaea), has been identified as a potential candidate to be used in the aquafeeds industry due to its health promoting abilities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of an olive juice extract rich in hydroxytyrosol as an additive (0.52 g HT/kg feed) in a high-fat (24% lipids) diet in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) juveniles. Moreover, the experimental diets, with or without the extract, were administered daily at a standard (3% of total biomass in the tank) or restricted ration (40% reduction) for 8–9 weeks. Growth and biometric parameters, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) plasma levels and growth hormone/IGF axis-, myogenic- and osteogenic-related genes expression in liver, white muscle and/or bone were analyzed. Moreover, in vitro cultures of vertebra bone-derived cells from fish fed the diets at a standard ration were performed at weeks 3 and 9 to explore the effects of hydroxytyrosol on osteoblasts development. Although neither body weight or any other biometric parameter were affected by diet composition after 4 or 8 weeks, the addition of the hydroxytyrosol-rich extract to the diet increased IGF-1 plasma levels, regardless of the ration regime, suggesting an anabolic condition. In muscle, the higher mRNA levels of the binding protein igfbp-5b and the myoblast fusion marker dock5 in fish fed with the hydroxytyrosol-rich diet suggested that this compound may have a role in muscle, inducing development and a better muscular condition. Furthermore in bone, increased osteogenic potential while delayed matrix mineralization after addition to the diet of the olive juice extract was supported by the upregulated expression of igf-1 and bmp4 and reduced transcript levels of osteopontin. Overall, this study provides new insights into the beneficial use of hydroxytyrosol as a dietary additive in gilthead sea bream functional diets to improve muscle-skeletal condition and, the aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Balbuena-Pecino
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manel Montblanch
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene García-Meilán
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Ángeles Gallardo
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Gutiérrez
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Navarro
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Encarnación Capilla
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Encarnación Capilla,
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8
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Marrero M, Monroig Ó, Navarro JC, Ribes-Navarro A, Pérez JA, Galindo A, Rodríguez C. Metabolic and molecular evidence for long-chain PUFA biosynthesis capacity in the grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2022; 270:111232. [PMID: 35580802 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing interest to understand the capacity of farmed fish species to biosynthesise the physiologically important long-chain (≥C20) n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA), from their C18 PUFA precursors available in the diet. In fish, the LC-PUFA biosynthesis pathways involve sequential desaturation and elongation reactions from α-linolenic acid (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA), catalysed by fatty acyl desaturases (Fads) and elongation of very long-chain fatty acids (Elovl) proteins. Our current understanding of the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) LC-PUFA biosynthetic capacity is limited despite representing the most farmed finfish produced worldwide. To address this knowledge gap, this study first aimed at characterising molecularly and functionally three genes (fads2, elovl5 and elovl2) with putative roles in LC-PUFA biosynthesis. Using an in vitro yeast-based system, we found that grass carp Fads2 possesses ∆8 and ∆5 desaturase activities, with ∆6 ability to desaturase not only the C18 PUFA precursors (ALA and LA) but also 24:5n-3 to 24:6n-3, a key intermediate to obtain DHA through the "Sprecher pathway". Additionally, the Elovl5 showed capacity to elongate C18 and C20 PUFA substrates, whereas Elovl2 was more active over C20 and C22. Collectively, the molecular cloning and functional characterisation of fads2, elovl5 and elovl2 demonstrated that the grass carp has all the enzymatic activities required to obtain ARA, EPA and DHA from LA and ALA. Importantly, the hepatocytes incubated with radiolabelled fatty acids confirmed the yeast-based results and demonstrated that these enzymes are functionally active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Marrero
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna 38206, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Óscar Monroig
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS), CSIC, 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Navarro
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS), CSIC, 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Alberto Ribes-Navarro
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS), CSIC, 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - José Antonio Pérez
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna 38206, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ana Galindo
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna 38206, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Covadonga Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna 38206, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
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9
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Pleić IL, Bušelić I, Messina M, Hrabar J, Žuvić L, Talijančić I, Žužul I, Pavelin T, Anđelić I, Pleadin J, Puizina J, Grubišić L, Tibaldi E, Šegvić-Bubić T. A plant-based diet supplemented with Hermetia illucens alone or in combination with poultry by-product meal: one step closer to sustainable aquafeeds for European seabass. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:77. [PMID: 35811320 PMCID: PMC9272557 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00725-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increasing demand for high-value fish species and pressure on forage fish is challenging aquaculture to ensure sustainable growth by replacing protein sources in aquafeeds with plant and terrestrial animal proteins, without compromising the economic value and quality of the final fish product. In the present study, the effects of a plant protein-based diet (CV), two plant-based diets in which graded amounts of plan protein mixtures were replaced with Hermetia illucens meal alone (VH10) or in combination with poultry by-product meal (PBM) (VH10P30), a fishmeal (FM) diet (CF) and an FM diet supplemented with H. illucens (FH10) on growth performance, gut health and homeostasis of farmed subadult European seabass were tested and compared. Results Fish fed the VH10 and VH10P30 diets showed the highest specific growth rates and lowest feed conversion ratios among the tested groups. Expectedly, the best preservation of PI morphology was observed in fish fed the CF or FH10 diets, while fish fed the CV diet exhibited significant degenerative changes in the proximal and distal intestines. However, PBM supplementation mitigated these effects and significantly improved all gut morphometric parameters in the VH10P30 group. Partial substitution of the plant mixture with insect meal alone or PBM also induced most BBM genes and activated BBM enzymes, suggesting a beneficial effect on intestinal digestive/absorption functions. Regarding intestinal microbiota, fish fed diets containing H. illucens meal (FH10, VH10, VH10P30) had the highest richness of bacterial communities and abundance of beneficial genera such as Lactobacillus and Bacillus. On the other hand, fish fed CV had the highest microbial diversity but lost a significant component of fish intestinal microbiota, the phylum Bacteroidetes. Finally, skin pigmentation most similar to that of farmed or even wild seabass was also observed in the fish groups fed CF, FH10 or VH10P30. Conclusion Plant-based diets supplemented with PBM and H. illucens pupae meal have great potential as alternative diets for European seabass, without affecting growth performance, gut homeostasis, or overall fitness. This also highlights the importance of animal proteins in diets of European seabass, as the addition of a small amount of these alternative animal protein sources significantly improved all measured parameters. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40104-022-00725-z.
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Suloma A, El–Husseiny OM, A Zidan AENF, Mabroke RS. The efficiency of washout strategy on decreasing the deposit linoleic acid of tilapia fillet and viscera. AQUACULTURE REPORTS 2022; 23:101094. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aqrep.2022.101094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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11
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Ofori‐Mensah S, Yıldız M, Arslan M, Ünal Şengör GF, Kahraman T, Gelibolu S, Kaplan Ç. Replacement of Fish Oil by ALA‐Rich Vegetable Oils in Diets of Gilthead Sea Bream: Effect on Final Eating Quality. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.202100251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Ofori‐Mensah
- Department of Aquaculture and Fish Diseases Institute of Graduate Studies in Science and Technology Istanbul University Esnaf Hastanesi 4. Kat Fatih İstanbul 34116 Turkey
| | - Mustafa Yıldız
- Department of Aquaculture and Fish Diseases Faculty of Aquatic Sciences Istanbul University Ordu Cad. No: 8 Laleli Istanbul 34134 Turkey
| | - Murat Arslan
- Department of Aquaculture Faculty of Fisheries Atatürk University Erzurum 25240 Turkey
| | - Gülgün F. Ünal Şengör
- Department of Fisheries Seafood Processing Technology Faculty of Aquatic Sciences Istanbul University Ordu Cad. No: 8 Laleli Istanbul 34134 Turkey
| | - Tolga Kahraman
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Istanbul University Avcılar Istanbul Turkey
| | - Serap Gelibolu
- Mediterranean Fisheries Research Production and Training Institute Demre Antalya Turkey
| | - Çağlayan Kaplan
- Mediterranean Fisheries Research Production and Training Institute Demre Antalya Turkey
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12
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Ferreira M, Ribeiro PC, Ribeiro L, Barata M, Domingues VF, Sousa S, Soares C, Marques A, Pousão-Ferreira P, Dias J, Castro LFC, Marques A, Nunes ML, Valente LMP. Biofortified Diets Containing Algae and Selenised Yeast: Effects on Growth Performance, Nutrient Utilization, and Tissue Composition of Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata). Front Physiol 2022; 12:812884. [PMID: 35095569 PMCID: PMC8793800 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.812884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts have been made to find natural, highly nutritious alternatives to replace fish meal (FM) and fish oil (FO), which can simultaneously promote fish health and improve the nutritional quality of filets for human consumption. This study evaluated the impact of biofortified diets containing microalgae (as replacement for FM and FO), macroalgae (as natural source of iodine) and selenised yeast (organic source of selenium) on gilthead seabream growth, nutrient utilization, tissue composition and gene expression. A control diet (CTRL) with 15% FM and 5.5% FO was compared with three experimental diets (AD1, AD2, and AD3), where a microalgae blend (Chlorella sp., Tetraselmis sp., and DHA-rich Schizochytrium sp.) replaced 33% of FM. Diet AD1 contained 20% less FO. Diets were supplemented with Laminaria digitata (0.4% AD1 and AD2; 0.8% AD3) and selenised yeast (0.02% AD1 and AD2; 0.04% AD3). After feeding the experimental diets for 12 weeks, growth was similar in fish fed AD1, AD2, and CTRL, indicating that microalgae meal can partially replace both FM and FO in diets for seabream. But AD3 suppressed fish growth, suggesting that L. digitata and selenised yeast supplementation should be kept under 0.8 and 0.04%, respectively. Despite lower lipid intake and decreased PUFAs bioavailability in fish fed AD3, compared to CTRL, hepatic elovl5 was upregulated resulting in a significant increase of muscle EPA + DHA. Indeed, filets of fish fed AD2 and AD3 provided the highest EPA + DHA contents (0.7 g 100 g–1), that are well above the minimum recommended values for human consumption. Fish consuming the AD diets had a higher retention and gain of selenium, while iodine gain remained similar among diets. Upregulation of selenoproteins (gpx1, selk, and dio2) was observed in liver of fish fed AD1, but diets had limited impact on fish antioxidant status. Overall, results indicate that the tested microalgae are good sources of protein and lipids, with their LC-PUFAs being effectively accumulated in seabream muscle. Selenised yeast is a good fortification vehicle to increase selenium levels in fish, but efforts should be placed to find new strategies to fortify fish in iodine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Ferreira
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro C. Ribeiro
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências (FCUP), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Laura Ribeiro
- Estação Piloto de Piscicultura de Olhão, Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera (EPPO-IPMA), Olhão, Portugal
| | - Marisa Barata
- Estação Piloto de Piscicultura de Olhão, Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera (EPPO-IPMA), Olhão, Portugal
| | - Valentina F. Domingues
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Sousa
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Soares
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Marques
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pousão-Ferreira
- Divisão de Aquacultura, Valorização e Bioprospecção, Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera (DivAV-IPMA), Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - L. Filipe C. Castro
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências (FCUP), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Marques
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
- Divisão de Aquacultura, Valorização e Bioprospecção, Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera (DivAV-IPMA), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria L. Nunes
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Luisa M. P. Valente
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Luisa M. P. Valente,
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13
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Wang H, Su W, Mu Y, Zhao C. Correlation Between Microbial Diversity and Volatile Flavor Compounds of Suan zuo rou, a Fermented Meat Product From Guizhou, China. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:736525. [PMID: 34745037 PMCID: PMC8564356 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.736525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Suan zuo rou (SZR), a traditional fermented meat from Guizhou province, China, is loved by local people for its unique flavor and nutritional value. However, the microbial communities and related flavor characteristics of SZR from different regions of Guizhou are unclear. We studied the correlation between the microbial communities and the physicochemical properties and volatile flavor compounds (VFCs) of 15 SZR samples from three regions in Guizhou province. The microbial community structure of SZR was determined by high-throughput sequencing and VFCs were identified by headspace-solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results indicated that the microbial communities of SZR varied among the regions, as evidenced by the relative abundance of Weissella, Staphylococcus, Brochothrix, Kazachstania, and Debaryomces. There were also significant differences in pH, water activity, NaCl, and total volatile basic nitrogen (P < 0.05). Based on orthogonal projections to latent structures and Pearson’s correlation coefficient, we showed that Wickerhamomyces, Kazachstania, Lactobacillus, Weissella, Brochothrix, Debaryomyces, Staphylococcus, Pediococcus, Pichia, Candida, and Leuconostoc were highly correlated with 48 VFCs (| ρ| > 0.8, P < 0.05). Redundancy analysis showed that most of the dominant bacteria were positively related to water activity, whereas Lactobacillus was positively related with pH, and negatively related with total volatile basic nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Wang
- School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory for Storage and Processing of Agricultural and Animal Products, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,Animal Disease Control and Prevention Center of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Wei Su
- School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory for Storage and Processing of Agricultural and Animal Products, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yingchun Mu
- School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chi Zhao
- School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory for Storage and Processing of Agricultural and Animal Products, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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14
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Juárez OE, Lafarga-De la Cruz F, Lazo JP, Delgado-Vega R, Chávez-García D, López-Landavery E, Tovar-Ramírez D, Galindo-Sánchez CE. Transcriptomic assessment of dietary fishmeal partial replacement by soybean meal and prebiotics inclusion in the liver of juvenile Pacific yellowtail (Seriola lalandi). Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:7127-7140. [PMID: 34515920 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06703-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seriola lalandi is an important species for aquaculture, due to its rapid growth, adaptation to captivity and formulated diets, and high commercial value. Due to the rise in fishmeal (FM) price, efforts have been and still are made to replace it partially or entirely with vegetable meals in diets for carnivorous fish. The use of prebiotics when feeding vegetable meals has improved fish health. METHODS Four experimental diets were assessed in juveniles, the control diet consisted of FM as the main protein source, the second diet included 2% of GroBiotic®-A (FM-P), in the third diet FM was partially replaced (25%) by soybean meal (SM25), and the fourth consisted of SM25 with 2% of GroBiotic®-A (SM25-P). Growth was evaluated and RNA-seq of the liver tissue was performed, including differential expression analysis and functional annotation to identify genes affected by the diets. RESULTS Growth was not affected by this level of FM replacement, but it was improved by prebiotics. Annotation was achieved for 59,027 transcripts. Gene expression was affected by the factors: 225 transcripts due to FM replacement, 242 due to prebiotics inclusion, and 62 due to the interaction of factors. The SM25-P diet showed the least amount of differentially expressed genes against the control diet. CONCLUSION The replacement of FM (25%) by soybean meal combined with prebiotics (2%) represents a good cost-benefit balance for S. lalandi juveniles since the fish growth increased and important metabolic and immune system genes in the liver were upregulated with this diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar E Juárez
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana #3918, Zona Playitas, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Fabiola Lafarga-De la Cruz
- Department of Aquaculture, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana #3918, Zona Playitas, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Juan Pablo Lazo
- Department of Aquaculture, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana #3918, Zona Playitas, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Rigoberto Delgado-Vega
- Department of Aquaculture, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana #3918, Zona Playitas, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Denisse Chávez-García
- Department of Aquaculture, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana #3918, Zona Playitas, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Edgar López-Landavery
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana #3918, Zona Playitas, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Dariel Tovar-Ramírez
- Aquaculture Program, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional #195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, 23096, La Paz, Baja California Sur, México
| | - Clara Elizabeth Galindo-Sánchez
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana #3918, Zona Playitas, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, México.
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15
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Influence of Dietary Lipids and Environmental Salinity on the n-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Biosynthesis Capacity of the Marine Teleost Solea senegalensis. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19050254. [PMID: 33946805 PMCID: PMC8146921 DOI: 10.3390/md19050254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish vary in their ability to biosynthesise long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) depending upon the complement and function of key enzymes commonly known as fatty acyl desaturases and elongases. It has been reported in Solea senegalensis the existence of a Δ4 desaturase, enabling the biosynthesis of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), which can be modulated by the diet. The present study aims to evaluate the combined effects of the partial replacement of fish oil (FO) with vegetable oils and reduced environmental salinity in the fatty acid composition of relevant body compartments (muscle, hepatocytes and enterocytes), the enzymatic activity over α-linolenic acid (ALA) to form n-3 LC-PUFA through the incubation of isolated hepatocytes and enterocytes with [1-14C] 18:3 n-3, and the regulation of the S. senegalensis fads2 and elovl5 in the liver and intestine. The presence of radiolabelled products, including 18:4n-3, 20:4n-3 and EPA, provided compelling evidence that a complete pathway enabling the biosynthesis of EPA from ALA, establishing S. senegalensis, has at least one Fads2 with ∆6 activity. Dietary composition prevailed over salinity in regulating the expression of fads2, while salinity did so over dietary composition for elovl5. FO replacement enhanced the proportion of DHA in S. senegalensis muscle and the combination with 20 ppt salinity increased the amount of n-3 LC-PUFA in hepatocytes.
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16
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Villar-Navarro E, Garrido-Pérez C, Perales JA. Recycling "waste" nutrients back into RAS and FTS marine aquaculture facilities from the perspective of the circular economy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 762:143057. [PMID: 33162138 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The feasibility of use microalgae biotechnology to improve water quality together with the production of biomass to replace fish meal or fish oil in two marine fish farms with different production systems were studied. The samples were taken from a flow-through system (FTS) and a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) with sea bass cultures of 300 g and 120 g, respectively. The most suitable stream for microalgae cultivation was that from RAS as the concentration of N in the microalgae reactor influent should be ≥8 mg TN L-1 to operate at the same hydraulic retention time than the solids retention time, independently of the productivity of the reactor. Tetraselmis chuii were cultured in 18 L bubble column reactors under batch and semi-continuous operation in media that mimic a RAS stream. The results showed that RAS systems enriched with trace metals generate viable streams for microalgae growth with average biomass productivity under semi-continuous operation of 69 mg TSS L-1 d-1. Nutrients concentrations at the end of the experiment under semi-continuous operation were 0.76 mg TDN L-1 and 0.01 mg TDP L-1, similar to those in the make-up water of the RAS. The composition of microalgae biomass obtained shows that it could be optimal as a substitute for fish meal in sea bass feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Villar-Navarro
- Department of Environmental Technologies, INMAR-Marine Research Institute, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, Polígono Rio San Pedro s/n, Puerto Real 11510, Cadiz, Spain.
| | - Carmen Garrido-Pérez
- Department of Environmental Technologies, INMAR-Marine Research Institute, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, Polígono Rio San Pedro s/n, Puerto Real 11510, Cadiz, Spain
| | - José A Perales
- Department of Environmental Technologies, INMAR-Marine Research Institute, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, Polígono Rio San Pedro s/n, Puerto Real 11510, Cadiz, Spain
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Ainsa A, Marquina PL, Roncalés P, Beltrán JA, Calanche M. JB. Enriched Fresh Pasta with a Sea Bass By-Product, a Novel Food: Fatty Acid Stability and Sensory Properties throughout Shelf Life. Foods 2021; 10:foods10020255. [PMID: 33530607 PMCID: PMC7911955 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A by-product from the filleting of sea bass (Dicentrachus labrax) was used to manufacture enriched pasta. The research aimed at achieving an increase of protein and unsaturated fatty acid contents, making innovative and healthy pasta products that are able to step up fish consumption. Two different kind of cereals were used to make fresh pasta, which were subjected to frozen storage with the addition or not of a rosemary antioxidant. The developed pastas were analyzed by physicochemical methods. Proximal analysis demonstrated an improvement of nutritional values on those of a common pasta. Fatty acid profiles, acidity indices, and TBARS (Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) index confirmed the stability of fat and effective protection against oxidation, especially in pasta with added antioxidant. The cooking time for pasta was set at 90 s, and color parameters were modified due to the incorporation of fish in the pasta-making process. An enrichment in fatty acids ω-3 and ω-6 was also confirmed. The conversion of α-linolenic acid (ALA) in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in frozen storage was detected, which remained stable during 90 days. Finally, sensory profiles of enriched pasta were found to be adequate and improved following the addition of an antioxidant due to a decrease of negative attributes associated with oxidation.
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Balbuena-Pecino S, Riera-Heredia N, Gasch-Navalón E, Sánchez-Moya A, Fontanillas R, Gutiérrez J, Navarro I, Capilla E. Musculoskeletal Growth Modulation in Gilthead Sea Bream Juveniles Reared at High Water Temperature and Fed with Palm and Rapeseed Oils-Based Diets. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020260. [PMID: 33494202 PMCID: PMC7909841 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The upward trend of seawater temperature has encouraged improving the knowledge of its consequences on fish, considering also the development of diets including vegetable ingredients as an approach to achieve a more sustainable aquaculture. This study aims to determine the effects on musculoskeletal growth of: (1) a high-water temperature of 28 °C (versus 21 °C) in gilthead sea bream juveniles (Sparus aurata) fed with a diet rich in palm oil and, (2) feeding the fish reared at 28 °C with two other diets containing rapeseed oil or an equilibrated combination of both vegetable oils. Somatic parameters and mRNA levels of growth hormone-insulin-like growth factors (GH-IGFs) axis-, osteogenic-, myogenic-, lipid metabolism- and oxidative stress-related genes in vertebra bone and/or white muscle are analyzed. Overall, the data indicate that high-water rearing temperature in this species leads to different adjustments through modulating the gene expression of members of the GH-IGFs axis (down-regulating igf-1, its receptors, and binding proteins) and also, to bone turnover (reducing the resorption-activity genes cathepsin K (ctsk) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (mmp9)) to achieve harmonic musculoskeletal growth. Moreover, the combination of palm and rapeseed oils seems to be the most beneficial at high-water rearing temperature for both balanced somatic growth and muscular fatty acid uptake and oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Balbuena-Pecino
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (S.B.-P.); (N.R.-H.); (E.G.-N.); (A.S.-M.); (J.G.); (I.N.)
| | - Natàlia Riera-Heredia
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (S.B.-P.); (N.R.-H.); (E.G.-N.); (A.S.-M.); (J.G.); (I.N.)
| | - Esther Gasch-Navalón
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (S.B.-P.); (N.R.-H.); (E.G.-N.); (A.S.-M.); (J.G.); (I.N.)
| | - Albert Sánchez-Moya
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (S.B.-P.); (N.R.-H.); (E.G.-N.); (A.S.-M.); (J.G.); (I.N.)
| | | | - Joaquim Gutiérrez
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (S.B.-P.); (N.R.-H.); (E.G.-N.); (A.S.-M.); (J.G.); (I.N.)
| | - Isabel Navarro
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (S.B.-P.); (N.R.-H.); (E.G.-N.); (A.S.-M.); (J.G.); (I.N.)
| | - Encarnación Capilla
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (S.B.-P.); (N.R.-H.); (E.G.-N.); (A.S.-M.); (J.G.); (I.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-934039634
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Nguyen TM, Mandiki SNM, Salomon JMAJ, Baruti JB, Thi NTT, Nguyen TH, Nhu TQ, Kestemont P. Pro- and anti-inflammatory responses of common carp Cyprinus carpio head kidney leukocytes to E.coli LPS as modified by different dietary plant oils. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 114:103828. [PMID: 32798494 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dietary lipids could modify fatty acid (FA) composition in fish tissues. Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) such as arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaneoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are able to modulate the immune status in fish through an inflammatory process but their availability may be limited when fish are exclusively fed plant oils. This study was conducted to evaluate how to maximise the utilisation of dietary plant oil for an efficient inflammatory response in common carp head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) exposed to a gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS). HKLs were isolated from fish fed cod liver oil (CLO), linseed oil (LO), sesame oil (SO) a blend of SO and LO (SLO, v:v 1:1), and these plant oil diets supplemented with DHA (SO + DHA, SOD) or ARA (LO + ARA, LOA) for 6 weeks. Cells were then exposed to LPS at a dose of 10 μg/mL for 4 and 24 h. Peroxidase activity, total Ig, and NO levels were measured in the culture medium, while cells were used for expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes. Results showed that LPS induced significantly inflammatory responses, evidenced by a high level of almost all the targeted humoral immune parameters and/or gene expression. Expression of inflammatory cytokines and other inflammatory mediators was upregulated after 4 h-LPS exposure and reverted to basal levels after 24 h. HKLs from fish fed SLO, LOA, or SOD diet exhibited a more efficient regulation of acute inflammatory processes than those fed CLO diet. The results indicate that the immune competence of fish fed plant oil mixture was comparable to the one of fish fed fish oil diet. Moreover, the supplementation of ARA or DHA induced similar immunomodulation in common carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Mai Nguyen
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium; Faculty of Fisheries, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| | - Syaghalirwa N M Mandiki
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Jean M A J Salomon
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Joel Bondekwe Baruti
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Nang Thu Tran Thi
- Faculty of Fisheries, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Thu Hang Nguyen
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium; Pharmacology Department, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Truong Quynh Nhu
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium; College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Cantho University, Campus II, Cantho City, Viet Nam
| | - Patrick Kestemont
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium.
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Xu H, Turchini GM, Francis DS, Liang M, Mock TS, Rombenso A, Ai Q. Are fish what they eat? A fatty acid’s perspective. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 80:101064. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Perera E, Sánchez-Ruiz D, Sáez MI, Galafat A, Barany A, Fernández-Castro M, Vizcaíno AJ, Fuentes J, Martínez TF, Mancera JM, Alarcón FJ, Martos-Sitcha JA. Low dietary inclusion of nutraceuticals from microalgae improves feed efficiency and modifies intermediary metabolisms in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Sci Rep 2020; 10:18676. [PMID: 33122726 PMCID: PMC7596551 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75693-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to evaluate two functional feeds for the gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata, containing low inclusion of two microalgae-based products (LB-GREENboost, LBGb; and LB-GUThealth, LBGh). Fish (12–13 g) were fed for 13 weeks a control diet or one of the four diets supplemented with both products at 0.5% or 1%. LBGb and LBGh did not affect specific growth rate or survival, but increased feed efficiency by decreasing feed intake and enlarging the intestines. LBGb increased hepatosomatic index and reduced cortisol levels in plasma, while both products lowered plasma lactate. Extensive metabolite and metabolic enzyme profiling revealed that microalgae supplementations, especially 1% LBGh: (i) decrease plasma lactate and increase hepatic glycogen, (ii) reduce hepatic gluconeogenesis, (iii) enhance hepatic lipogenic activity and lipid secretion, (iv) led fish to double triglyceride content in muscle and to stimulate its lipid oxidative capacity, and (v) increase the content of monounsaturated fatty acids and the omega-3 alpha-linolenic acid in muscle. This study demonstrates that both microalgae-based products are suited to improve feed efficiency and orchestrate significant changes in the intermediary metabolism in gilthead seabream juveniles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Perera
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI·MAR), University of Cádiz, 11519, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - David Sánchez-Ruiz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI·MAR), University of Cádiz, 11519, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.,Futuna Blue España S.L., Dársena Comercial Pesquera s/n, 11500, El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Spain
| | - María Isabel Sáez
- Department of Biology and Geology, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI·MAR), University of Almería, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Alba Galafat
- Department of Biology and Geology, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI·MAR), University of Almería, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - André Barany
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI·MAR), University of Cádiz, 11519, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Miriam Fernández-Castro
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI·MAR), University of Cádiz, 11519, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Antonio Jesús Vizcaíno
- Department of Biology and Geology, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI·MAR), University of Almería, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Juan Fuentes
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMar), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Tomás Francisco Martínez
- Department of Biology and Geology, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI·MAR), University of Almería, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Juan Miguel Mancera
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI·MAR), University of Cádiz, 11519, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Alarcón
- Department of Biology and Geology, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI·MAR), University of Almería, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Martos-Sitcha
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI·MAR), University of Cádiz, 11519, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
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Yıldız M, Ofori-Mensah S, Arslan M, Ekici A, Yamaner G, Baltacı MA, Tacer Ş, Korkmaz F. Effects of different dietary oils on egg quality and reproductive performance in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Anim Reprod Sci 2020; 221:106545. [PMID: 32861109 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2020.106545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The study was conducted to evaluate effects of different dietary oils on egg quality and reproductive performance in rainbow trout. Broodfish (≈ 870 g) were fed four iso-nitrogenous and iso-lipidic diets differing in lipid sources: fish oil (FO), linseed oil (LO) and sesame oil (SO) as well as a commercial trout diet (CD) for about 5 months prior to spawning. Growth performance did not differ among the trout in the treatment groups. Mean diameter, volume and weight of eggs did not differ among the dietary treatments. Absolute fecundity, relative fecundity and gonadosomatic index were not affected by dietary treatment. A sub-set of eggs from females fed the experimental diets were fertilized to assess the reproductive performance of broodfish. When diets were fed, devoid of fish oil, fertilization rates were 89.2 ± 5.8 and 92.1 ± 4.9 %, eyeing rates were 87.3 ± 5.3 and 84.1 ± 4.4 % and hatching rates were 81.2 ± 4.3 and 78.3 ± 3.4 % in LO and SO fed fish, respectively. Fatty acid content of the eggs from broodstocks with a different nutritional history was affected by the dietary lipid sources. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), arachidonic acid (ARA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) concentrations in females fed vegetable oil based diets were greater than the dietary concentrations. Overall, results from the present study indicate there can be inclusion of LO or SO as dietary lipid sources without compromising egg quality and reproductive performance. Furthermore, there is efficient bioconversion of 18C fatty acids to 20-22 C fatty acids in rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Yıldız
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Aquatic Sciences, Department of Aquaculture and Fish Diseases, Ordu Cad., No: 200, 34470, Laleli-Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Samuel Ofori-Mensah
- Istanbul University, Institute of Graduate Studies in Science and Engineering, Department of Aquaculture and Fish Diseases, Vezneciler-Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Arslan
- Ataturk University, Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Aquaculture, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Aygül Ekici
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Aquatic Sciences, Department of Aquaculture and Fish Diseases, Ordu Cad., No: 200, 34470, Laleli-Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Güneş Yamaner
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Aquatic Sciences, Department of Aquaculture and Fish Diseases, Ordu Cad., No: 200, 34470, Laleli-Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - M Ali Baltacı
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Aquatic Sciences, Sapanca Inland Waters Research Center, Kurtköy, Sapanca, Adapazari, Turkey
| | - Şeyda Tacer
- Ataturk University, Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Aquaculture, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Fatih Korkmaz
- Ataturk University, Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Aquaculture, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
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Recovery of Fatty Acid Composition in Mediterranean Yellowtail ( Seriola dumerili, Risso 1810) fed a Fish-Oil Finishing Diet. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144871. [PMID: 32660169 PMCID: PMC7402285 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the effects of wash-out on the fatty acid (FA) composition in the muscles of Mediterranean yellowtail. After 109 days during which fish were fed either a fish oil (FO)-based diet (FO 100) or a diet (FO 0) in which FO was completely substituted by vegetable oils, all fish were subjected to a wash-out with FO 100 diet for 90 days. The FA profile of muscles in fish fed FO 0 diet at the beginning of the experiment reflected that of dietary vegetable oils, rich in linoleic acid (LA), and α-linolenic acid (ALA), and was deficient in AA (arachidonic acid), EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid). No essential FA were fully restored in fish previously fed FO 0 diet on 45th or 90th day of wash-out. At the end of wash-out, the FA composition showed that AA, EPA, and DHA in the white muscles increased by +33%, +16%, and +43% (p < 0.001), respectively. Similarly, AA and DHA in the red muscles increased by +33% and +41% respectively, while EPA remained similar to fish fed FO 0 diet exclusively. Therefore, a 90-d wash-out can partially improve the FA profile in muscles of Mediterranean yellowtail previously fed vegetable oil-based diets.
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Wang Z, Xu Z, Sun L, Dong L, Wang Z, Du M. Dynamics of microbial communities, texture and flavor in Suan zuo yu during fermentation. Food Chem 2020; 332:127364. [PMID: 32645672 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Suan zuo yu is a traditional Chinese fermented product. We explored the microbial diversity, the dynamic changes of texture and flavor compounds at different fermentation times (up to 24 d). Results showed that Weissella and Lactobacillus may play a vital role in fermentation especially for the flavor. At the end of fermentation, the taste activity value of Asp, Glu, and His were 21.61, 17.29 and 7.73, respectively. The bound water increased gradually indicated by low-field nuclear magnetic resonance, and the hardness was also increased. During the whole fermentation process, the myosin heavy chain protein and actin decreased obviously. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry showed that a total of 80 volatile compounds were detected, and 6 alcohols, 6 aldehydes and 6 esters increased significantly, which mainly contributed to the flavor of Suan zuo yu. This study provides a theoretical basis for the industrial production of fermented fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehan Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Zhe Xu
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Liming Sun
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Liang Dong
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China.
| | - Ming Du
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China.
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Munekata PES, Pateiro M, Domínguez R, Zhou J, Barba FJ, Lorenzo JM. Nutritional Characterization of Sea Bass Processing By-Products. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10020232. [PMID: 32033107 PMCID: PMC7072636 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The consumption of functional foods and nutraceuticals is gaining more importance in modern society. The exploration of alternative sources and the utilization of by-products coming from the food industry are gaining more importance. The present study aimed to characterize the nutritional value and potential use of sea bass by-products as a source of high-added-value compounds for the development of supplements. The chemical composition (moisture, protein, fat, and ash contents) and profiles of amino acids (high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a scanning fluorescence detector), fatty acids (gas chromatography coupled to a flame ionization detector), and minerals (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy) were determined for sea bass fillet and its by-products (skin, guts, gills, liver, head, and fish bones). The chemical composition assays revealed that by-products were rich sources of proteins (skin; 25.27 g/100 g), fat (guts and liver; 53.12 and 37.25 g/100 g, respectively), and minerals (gills, head, and fish bones; 5.81, 10.11, and 7.51 g/100 g, respectively). Regarding the amino-acid profile, the skin and liver were the main sources of essential amino acids with an essential amino-acid index of 208.22 and 208.07, respectively. In the case of the fatty-acid profile, all by-products displayed high amounts of unsaturated fatty acids, particularly monounsaturated (from 43.46 to 49.33 g/100 g fatty acids) and omega-3 fatty acids (in the range 10.85–14.10 g/100 g fatty acids). Finally, the evaluation of mineral profile indicated high contents of calcium and phosphorus in gills (1382.62 and 742.60 mg/100 g, respectively), head (2507.15 and 1277.01 mg/100 g, respectively), and fish bone (2093.26 and 1166.36 mg/100 g, respectively). Therefore, the main sources of monounsaturated, unsaturated, and long-chain omega-3 fatty acids were guts and liver. The most relevant source of minerals, particularly calcium, phosphorus, and manganese, were head, fish bones, and gills. The most promising source of proteins and amino acids was the skin of sea bass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo E. S. Munekata
- Centro Tecnolóxico da Carne de Galicia, rúa Galicia n° 4, Parque Tecnolóxico de Galicia, San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900 Ourense, Spain; (P.E.S.M.); (M.P.); (R.D.)
| | - Mirian Pateiro
- Centro Tecnolóxico da Carne de Galicia, rúa Galicia n° 4, Parque Tecnolóxico de Galicia, San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900 Ourense, Spain; (P.E.S.M.); (M.P.); (R.D.)
| | - Rubén Domínguez
- Centro Tecnolóxico da Carne de Galicia, rúa Galicia n° 4, Parque Tecnolóxico de Galicia, San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900 Ourense, Spain; (P.E.S.M.); (M.P.); (R.D.)
| | - Jianjun Zhou
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés, s/n, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain; (J.Z.); (F.J.B.)
| | - Francisco J. Barba
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés, s/n, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain; (J.Z.); (F.J.B.)
| | - Jose M. Lorenzo
- Centro Tecnolóxico da Carne de Galicia, rúa Galicia n° 4, Parque Tecnolóxico de Galicia, San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900 Ourense, Spain; (P.E.S.M.); (M.P.); (R.D.)
- Correspondence:
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Nguyen TM, Mandiki SNM, Gense C, Tran TNT, Nguyen TH, Kestemont P. A combined in vivo and in vitro approach to evaluate the influence of linseed oil or sesame oil and their combination on innate immune competence and eicosanoid metabolism processes in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 102:103488. [PMID: 31476324 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the influence of dietary pure linseed oil or sesame oil or a mixture on innate immune competence and eicosanoid metabolism in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Carp of 100.4 ± 4.7 g were fed to satiation twice daily for 6 weeks with four diets prepared from three lipid sources (CLO; LO; SO; SLO). On day 42, plasma was sampled for immune parameter analyses, and kidney and liver tissues were dissected for gene expression analysis. On day 45, HKL and PBMCs from remaining fish were isolated and exposed to E. coli LPS at a dose of 10 μg/mL for 24 h. Results show that the SLO diet enhanced feed utilisation (P = 0.01), while no negative effects on growth or survival were observed in plant oil-fed fish compared to those fed a fish-oil based diet. Plant oil diets did not alter lysozyme and peroxidase activities or gene expression levels. Moreover, the diets did not affect the expression levels of some genes involved in eicosanoid metabolism processes (pla, pge2, lox5). Lys expression in HKL in vitro following exposure to LPS was up-regulated in LO-fed fish, while expression levels of pge2 were higher in SLO fish than in other groups (P < 0.05). The highest value for peroxidase activity in HKL exposed to LPS was found in the SLO-fed group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, our results indicate that dietary plant oils did not induce any negative effects on fish growth, survival, and immune competence status. Moreover, a dietary combination of SO and LO improved the feed utilisation efficiency and seemed more effective in inducing a better immunomodulatory response to LPS through a more active eicosanoid metabolism process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Mai Nguyen
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, Namur, 5000, Belgium; Faculty of Fisheries, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| | - Syaghalirwa N M Mandiki
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, Namur, 5000, Belgium
| | - Curie Gense
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, Namur, 5000, Belgium
| | - Thi Nang Thu Tran
- Faculty of Fisheries, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Thu Hang Nguyen
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, Namur, 5000, Belgium; Pharmacology department, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Patrick Kestemont
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, Namur, 5000, Belgium.
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Librán-Pérez M, Pereiro P, Figueras A, Novoa B. Antiviral activity of palmitic acid via autophagic flux inhibition in zebrafish (Danio rerio). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 95:595-605. [PMID: 31676430 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) are key elements that affect not only growth but also different immune functions, and therefore, nutrition is important for growing healthy fish. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a good model for assessing the beneficial effects of immunostimulants, including FAs, before applying them in aquaculture. Accordingly, this study evaluated the effects of palmitic acid (PA) treatment on different immune parameters of zebrafish and on the mortality caused by the spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV). The results suggest that PA modulates the infection outcome in vivo, which benefits zebrafish and results in reduced mortality and viral titres. The antiviral protection elicited by this FA seems to be associated with the inhibition of autophagy and is independent of other immune processes, such as neutrophil proliferation or type I interferon (IFN) activity. The use of PA as an immunostimulant at low concentrations showed great potential in the prevention of SVCV infections; therefore, this FA could help to prevent the mortality and morbidity caused by viral agents in aquacultured fish. Nevertheless, the potentially detrimental effects of suppressing autophagy in the organism should be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Librán-Pérez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - Patricia Pereiro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - Antonio Figueras
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - Beatriz Novoa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain.
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Ramos-Pinto L, Martos-Sitcha JA, Reis B, Azeredo R, Fernandez-Boo S, Pérez-Sánchez J, Calduch-Giner JA, Engrola S, Conceição LEC, Dias J, Silva TS, Costas B. Dietary tryptophan supplementation induces a transient immune enhancement of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles fed fishmeal-free diets. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 93:240-250. [PMID: 31310850 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
European aquaculture is an industry with a high sustainability profile contributing to the supply of safe seafood. However, several diseases can affect farmed fish and it is imperative to find alternatives for chemotherapeutic treatments when disease outbreaks occur. Maintenance of health through nutrition is well-establish in modern animal farming, and amino acids (AA) are promising candidates as functional additives to improve fish health. Therefore, the goal of this research is to provide a better understanding of the influence of tryptophan supplementation on nutritional condition and immune mechanisms in fish. Triplicate groups of fish (13.3 ± 0.3g) previously fed with a fishmeal-based diet were either fed a control diet with an extreme formulation (0% fishmeal) but meeting the AA requirements (CTRL), or the SUP diet, formulated as the CTRL with an increase in tryptophan (TRP) content. After 2 and 13 weeks of feeding, head-kidney (HK), liver (L) and white skeletal muscle (WSM) were collected for gene expression, whereas plasma was suited for humoral immune parameters. A holistic approach using transcriptomic, humoral and zootechnical parameters was undertaken. The expression of 29-31 genes for WSM, L or HK confirms an effect due to the treatment across time. A two-way ANOVA analysis revealed that 15-24 genes varied significantly depending on the tissue, and the multivariate analysis by means of PLS-DA explained (R2) and predicted (Q2) with four components up to 93% and 78% of total variance, respectively. Component 1 (R2 = 50.06%) represented the time effects, whereas components 2 (24.36%) and 3 (13.89%) grouped fish on the basis of dietary treatment, at early sampling. The HK results in particular suggest that fish fed SUP diet displayed an immunostimulated state at 2 weeks. No major differences were observed in plasma humoral parameters, despite an increase in antiprotease and peroxidase activities after 13 weeks regardless of dietary treatment. These results suggest that tryptophan supplementation may improve the seabream immune status after 2 weeks. Hence, the use of functional feeds is especially relevant during a short-term feeding period before a predictable stressful event or disease outbreak, considering that these putative advantageous effects seem to disappear after a 13 weeks feeding period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourenço Ramos-Pinto
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS-UP), Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; SPAROS Lda, Área Empresarial de Marim, Lote C, 8700-221, Olhão, Portugal.
| | - Juan A Martos-Sitcha
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal, IATS-CSIC, 12595, Castellón, Spain
| | - Bruno Reis
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS-UP), Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; SPAROS Lda, Área Empresarial de Marim, Lote C, 8700-221, Olhão, Portugal; SORGAL, Sociedade de Óleos e Rações, S.A, Estrada Nacional 109, Lugar da Pardala, 3880-728, S. João de Ovar, Portugal
| | - Rita Azeredo
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS-UP), Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sergio Fernandez-Boo
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Jaume Pérez-Sánchez
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal, IATS-CSIC, 12595, Castellón, Spain
| | - Josep Alvar Calduch-Giner
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal, IATS-CSIC, 12595, Castellón, Spain
| | - Sofia Engrola
- CCMAR, Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Luis E C Conceição
- SPAROS Lda, Área Empresarial de Marim, Lote C, 8700-221, Olhão, Portugal
| | - Jorge Dias
- SPAROS Lda, Área Empresarial de Marim, Lote C, 8700-221, Olhão, Portugal
| | - Tomé S Silva
- SPAROS Lda, Área Empresarial de Marim, Lote C, 8700-221, Olhão, Portugal
| | - Benjamín Costas
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS-UP), Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
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29
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Nguyen TM, Mandiki SNM, Tran TNT, Larondelle Y, Mellery J, Mignolet E, Cornet V, Flamion E, Kestemont P. Growth performance and immune status in common carp Cyprinus carpio as affected by plant oil-based diets complemented with β-glucan. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 92:288-299. [PMID: 31195114 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Omnivorous fish species such as the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) are able to biosynthesise long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) from plant oil PUFA precursors, but the influence of the amount and quality of the LC-PUFAs biosynthesised from these oils on the immunocompetence status of the fish has received little attention. This study aims to evaluate whether the conversion of PUFA by carp induces a sufficient biosynthesis of LC-PUFA to maintain a good immunocompetence status in this species. Six iso-nitrogenous (crude protein = 39.1%) and iso-lipidic (crude lipids = 10%) diets containing three different lipid sources (cod liver oil (CLO) as fish oil; linseed oil (LO) and sunflower oil (SFO) as plant oils) were formulated with or without β-glucan supplementation at 0.25 g/kg diet. Juvenile carp (16.3 ± 0.6 g initial body weight) were fed a daily ration of 4% body weight for 9 weeks and then infected at day 64 with the bacteria Aeromonas hydrophyla. No significant differences in survival rate, final body weight, specific growth rate and feed conversion rate were observed between diets. After bacterial infection, mortality rate did not differ between fish fed CLO and plant oil-based diets, indicating that the latter oils did not affect the overall immunocompetence status of common carp. Plant oil-based diets did not alter lysozyme activity in healthy and infected fish. No negative effects of plant oils on complement activity (ACH50) were observed in healthy fish, even if both plant oil-based diets induced a decrease in stimulated fish two days after infection. Furthermore, the levels of various immune genes (nk, lys, il-8, pla, pge, alox) were not affected by plant oil-based diets. The expression of pla and pge genes were higher in SFO-fed fish than in CLO ones, indicating that this plant oil rich in linoleic acid (LA) better stimulated the eicosanoid metabolism process than fish oil. In response to β-glucan supplementation, some innate immune functions seemed differentially affected by plant oil-based diets. LO and SFO induced substantial LC-PUFA production, even if fish fed CLO displayed the highest EPA and DHA levels in tissues. SFO rich in LA induced the highest ARA levels in fish muscle while LO rich in α-linolenic acid (ALA) sustained higher EPA production than SFO. A significantly higher fads-6a expression level was observed in SFO fish than in LO ones, but this was not observed for elovl5 expression. In conclusion, the results show that common carp fed plant oil-based diets are able to produce substantial amounts of LC-PUFA for sustaining growth rate, immune status and disease resistance similar to fish fed a fish oil-based diet. The differences in the production capacity of LC-PUFAs by the two plant oil-based diets were associated to a differential activation of some immune pathways, explaining how the use of these oils did not affect the overall immunocompetence of fish challenged with bacterial infection. Moreover, plant oil-based diets did not induce substantial negative effects on the immunomodulatory action of β-glucans, confirming that these oils are suitable for sustaining a good immunocompetence status in common carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Mai Nguyen
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Belgium; Faculty of Fisheries, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| | - Syaghalirwa N M Mandiki
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Belgium
| | - Thi Nang Thu Tran
- Faculty of Fisheries, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Yvan Larondelle
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Julie Mellery
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Eric Mignolet
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Valérie Cornet
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Belgium
| | - Enora Flamion
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Belgium
| | - Patrick Kestemont
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Belgium.
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30
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Impact of the replacement of dietary fish oil by animal fats and environmental salinity on the metabolic response of European Seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 233:46-59. [PMID: 31004746 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The replacement of fish oil (FO) with other lipid sources (e.g. animal fats, AF) in aquafeeds improves the sustainability of aquaculture, even though alternatives have different fatty acid (FA) profiles. FO contains a higher proportion of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) than AF. LC-PUFAs have key physiological roles, despite limited biosynthetic capacity in marine fish. Therefore, replacing FO in feeds may limit physiological responses when fish face environmental challenges such as an acute change in salinity. To test this hypothesis, juvenile seabass (62.6 ± 1.6 g, 50 fish/ 500 L tank) were fed three different isoproteic and isolipidic diets in which the replacement levels of FO by AF varied (0%, 75% or 100% AF). Fish were fed the experimental diets at 2% their body weight (BW) daily for 85 days (20.0 ± 1.0 °C; 35‰). Thereafter, half of the fish were transferred to tanks at 15‰ or 35‰ salinity and sampled at 24 h and 72 h. Plasma osmolality, Na+, glucose, cholesterol and lactate levels were altered by the changing salinity, although cortisol remained unchanged. Standard metabolic rate was similar irrespective of the experimental factors. However, maximal metabolic rate decreased by 4-10% in fish subjected to a 15‰ salinity. Intestinal chymotrypsin activity was modified by the diet, with this digestive enzyme along with trypsin showing a two-fold increase in activity at 15‰ salinity. Hepatic lipid peroxidation (LPO) showed a ~1.4-fold increase at 15‰ salinity. Additionally, LPO and glutathione reductase activity were ~1.6-fold higher in fish fed the FO diet. Citrate synthase activity in gills was increased in fish fed the 100% AF diet. Therefore, both dietary replacement of FO by AF and environmental salinity have an impact on the metabolic response of seabass, although interactions between both factors (diet and salinity) are negligible in the metabolic parameters investigated. The results are relevant to the aquaculture industry considering the potential usage of AF to replace FO in aquafeeds and because of the variations in salinity experienced by fish cultured in transitional waters.
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31
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Álvarez A, Fontanillas R, García-García B, Hernández MD. Impact of Dietary Oil Source on the Shelf-Life of Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata). JOURNAL OF AQUATIC FOOD PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10498850.2018.1484543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Álvarez
- IMIDA-Acuicultura, Consejería de Agua, Agricultura, Ganadería y Pesca de la Región de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ramón Fontanillas
- Nutrition Department, Skretting Aquaculture Research Center, ARC, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Benjamín García-García
- IMIDA-Acuicultura, Consejería de Agua, Agricultura, Ganadería y Pesca de la Región de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Mª Dolores Hernández
- IMIDA-Acuicultura, Consejería de Agua, Agricultura, Ganadería y Pesca de la Región de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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32
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Li Y, Jia Z, Liang X, Matulic D, Hussein M, Gao J. Growth performance, fatty-acid composition, lipid deposition and hepatic-lipid metabolism-related gene expression in juvenile pond loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus fed diets with different dietary soybean oil levels. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2018; 92:17-33. [PMID: 29148037 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A 10 week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of different dietary soybean oil (SO) levels on growth performance, fatty-acid composition and lipid deposition in viscera, histology and histochemistry of liver, intestine and hepatic-lipid metabolism-related gene expressions in pond loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus juveniles. Misgurnus anguillicaudatus (mean ± s.d. mass 0·40 ± 0·01 g) were fed five experimental diets containing SO at different concentrations: 0, 20, 32, 56 and 100% SO and a diet containing 100% fish oil (100% FO). The mass gains and specific growth rates of M. anguillicaudatus fed 20% SO and 100% FO diets were significantly higher than those of the other groups (P < 0·05). The lipid content of viscera and the amount of cytoplasmic vacuolation in the liver increased with incremental dietary SO level. Meanwhile, increasing dietary SO levels up-regulated the messenger (m)RNA levels of lipogenic genes (such as Δ6fad, scd, pparγ, fas and srebp-1) and down-regulated the mRNA levels of the lipolytic genes (such as pparα, cpt1, atgl and hsl) in the liver. The percentage of 20:4n-6 significantly (P < 0·05) increased with increasing dietary SO level, which might be correlated with the up-regulation of the mRNA level of Δ6fad. The highest levels of dietary SO, however, had a negative effect on growth performance, lipid deposition of viscera and histology and histochemstry of liver and intestine. The increased lipid accumulation induced by incremental dietary SO level probably occurred through different strategies for lipid metabolism as a result of competition between lipolysis and lipogenesis and between export and import of lipids in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education/Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Z Jia
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education/Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - X Liang
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education/Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - D Matulic
- Department for Fisheries, Beekeeping, Game Management and Special Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - M Hussein
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education/Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Egypt
| | - J Gao
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education/Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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A n-3 PUFA depletion applied to rainbow trout fry (Oncorhynchus mykiss) does not modulate its subsequent lipid bioconversion capacity. Br J Nutr 2017; 117:187-199. [PMID: 28112058 PMCID: PMC5314960 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516004487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Nutritional strategies are currently developed to produce farmed fish rich in
n-3 long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA) whilst replacing fish oil by plant-derived
oils in aquafeeds. The optimisation of such strategies requires a thorough understanding
of fish lipid metabolism and its nutritional modulation. The present study evaluated the
fatty acid bioconversion capacity of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
fry previously depleted in n-3 PUFA through a 60-d pre-experimental
feeding period with a sunflower oil-based diet (SO) followed by a 36-d experimental period
during which fish were fed either a linseed oil-based diet (LO) (this treatment being
called SO/LO) or a fish oil-based diet (FO) (this treatment being called SO/FO). These
treatments were compared with fish continuously fed on SO, LO or FO for 96 d. At the end
of the 36-d experimental period, SO/LO and SO/FO fish recovered >80 % of the
n-3 LC-PUFA reported for LO and FO fish, respectively. Fish fed on LO
showed high apparent in vivo elongation and desaturation activities along
the n-3 biosynthesis pathway. However, at the end of the experimental
period, no impact of the fish n-3 PUFA depletion was observed on apparent
in vivo elongation and desaturation activities of SO/LO fish as
compared with LO fish. In contrast, the fish n-3 PUFA depletion
negatively modulated the n-6 PUFA bioconversion capacity of fish in terms
of reduced apparent in vivo elongation and desaturation activities. The
effects were similar after 10 or 36 d of the experimental period, indicating the absence
of short-term effects.
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Qiu H, Jin M, Li Y, Lu Y, Hou Y, Zhou Q. Dietary Lipid Sources Influence Fatty Acid Composition in Tissue of Large Yellow Croaker (Larmichthys crocea) by Regulating Triacylglycerol Synthesis and Catabolism at the Transcriptional Level. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169985. [PMID: 28081221 PMCID: PMC5231348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary lipid sources on growth performance, fatty acid composition, rate-limiting enzyme activities and gene expression related to lipid metabolism in large yellow croaker (Larmichthys crocea). Five iso-nitrogenous and iso-lipidic experimental diets were formulated to contain different lipid sources, such as fish oil (FO), soybean oil (SO), linseed oil (LO), rapeseed oil (RO) and peanut oil (PO), respectively. Triplicate groups of 50 fish (initial weight 13.77±0.07g) were stocked in 15 floating net cages (1.5m×1.5m×2.0m). Fish fed the diets containing RO and LO had lower weight gain and specific growth rates than those fed the FO, SO and PO diets. Survival, feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio, hepatosomatic index, viscerasomatic index and condition factor were not significantly affected by different dietary lipid sources. Fish fed the diet containing FO had higher lipid content in whole body compared with the other groups, whereas fish fed the SO diet had the lowest muscle lipid content. Fatty acid profiles of muscle and liver reflected the fatty acid composition of the diets. Plasma glucose, triglyceride, and the enzymatic activity of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were significantly influenced by different dietary lipid sources, while total protein, cholesterol, superoxide dismutase or malondialdehyde in plasma were not affected by the different dietary lipid sources. Fish fed the LO diet had lower adipose triglyceride lipase and fatty acid synthase activities in liver than those fed the diets containing FO and RO, while the LO diet resulted in the highest hepatic carnitine palmitoultransferase-1 activity. Hepatic gene relative expression of adipose triglyceride lipase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 in fish fed PO diet was significantly higher than all other groups, whereas fish fed the SO and LO diets had lower relative expression levels of lipoprotein lipase than the other groups. The highest relative expression levels of fatty acid synthase and acyl-CoA diacylglycerol acyltransferase-2 were observed in the FO group, while the highest relative expression of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase occurred in fish fed the FO and RO diets. In summary, based on the growth performance, FO and SO appear to be suitable lipid sources for large yellow croaker, with the findings of this study also providing a molecular insight into the role of lipid metabolic mechanism in response to different dietary lipid sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Qiu
- Laboratory of Fish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Min Jin
- Laboratory of Fish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yi Li
- Laboratory of Fish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - You Lu
- Laboratory of Fish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yingmei Hou
- Laboratory of Fish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Qicun Zhou
- Laboratory of Fish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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35
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Simões T, Fonseca SB, Augusto A, Granada L, Ozório RO, Gonçalves JF, Pascoal LA, Silva JH, Lemos MF. Changes in fatty acid profile and chemical composition of meagre (Argyrosomus regius) fed with different lipid and selenium levels. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201600016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Simões
- MARE; Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre; ESTM; Polytechnic Institute of Leiria; Peniche Portugal
| | - Sthelio B. Fonseca
- UFPB; CAPES PhD Scholarship-Process n° 0277-13-4; Federal University of Paraíba; Areia Paraiba Brazil
- UFCG; Federal University of Campina Grande; Pombal-PB Brazil
| | - Ana Augusto
- MARE; Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre; ESTM; Polytechnic Institute of Leiria; Peniche Portugal
| | - Luana Granada
- MARE; Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre; ESTM; Polytechnic Institute of Leiria; Peniche Portugal
| | - Rodrigo O.A. Ozório
- CIIMAR; University of Porto; Porto Portugal
- ICBAS; Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute; University of Porto; Porto Portugal
| | - José F.M. Gonçalves
- CIIMAR; University of Porto; Porto Portugal
- ICBAS; Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute; University of Porto; Porto Portugal
| | - Leonardo A.F. Pascoal
- CCHSA-UFPB, Social and Agrarian Human Sciences Centre; Federal University of Paraíba; Bananeiras Paraíba Brazil
| | | | - Marco F.L. Lemos
- MARE; Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre; ESTM; Polytechnic Institute of Leiria; Peniche Portugal
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36
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Ferain A, Bonnineau C, Neefs I, Rees JF, Larondelle Y, Schamphelaere KACD, Debier C. The fatty acid profile of rainbow trout liver cells modulates their tolerance to methylmercury and cadmium. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 177:171-181. [PMID: 27288598 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) composition of fish tissues, which generally reflects that of the diet, affects various cellular properties such as membrane structure and fluidity, energy metabolism and susceptibility to oxidative stress. Since these cellular parameters can play an important role in the cellular response to organic and inorganic pollutants, a variation of the PUFA supply might modify the toxicity induced by such xenobiotics. In this work, we investigated whether the cellular fatty acid profile has an impact on the in vitro cell sensitivity to two environmental pollutants: methylmercury and cadmium. Firstly, the fatty acid composition of the rainbow trout liver cell line RTL-W1 was modified by enriching the growth medium with either alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6), arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6) or docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5n-6). These modified cells and their control (no PUFA enrichment) were then challenged for 24h with increasing concentrations of methylmercury or cadmium. We observed that (i) the phospholipid composition of the RTL-W1 cells was profoundly modulated by changing the PUFA content of the growth medium: major modifications were a high incorporation of the supplemented PUFA in the cellular phospholipids, the appearance of direct elongation and desaturation metabolites in the cellular phospholipids as well as a change in the gross phospholipid composition (PUFA and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) levels and n-3/n-6 ratio); (ii) ALA, EPA and DPA enrichment significantly protected the RTL-W1 cells against both methylmercury and cadmium; (iv) DHA enrichment significantly protected the cells against cadmium but not methylmercury; (v) AA and LA enrichment had no impact on the cell tolerance to both methylmercury and cadmium; (vi) the abundance of 20:3n-6, a metabolite of the n-6 biotransformation pathway, in phospholipids was negatively correlated to the cell tolerance to both methylmercury and cadmium. Overall, our results highlighted the importance of the fatty acid supply on the tolerance of fish liver cells to methylmercury and cadmium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Ferain
- Institute of Life Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud 2/L7.05.08, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Chloé Bonnineau
- Institute of Life Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud 2/L7.05.08, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; Irstea, UR MALY, Centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, rue de la Doua 5/32108, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Ineke Neefs
- Institute of Life Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud 2/L7.05.08, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jean François Rees
- Institute of Life Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud 2/L7.05.08, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Yvan Larondelle
- Institute of Life Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud 2/L7.05.08, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Karel A C De Schamphelaere
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Environmental Toxicology Unit, Ghent University, J. Plateaustraat 22, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Cathy Debier
- Institute of Life Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud 2/L7.05.08, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Nutrigenomic and Nutritional Analyses Reveal the Effects of Pelleted Feeds on Asian Seabass (Lates calcarifer). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145456. [PMID: 26696533 PMCID: PMC4687856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
As nutrition-related expenses constitute the majority of the costs for aquaculture farms, it is essential for them to use feeds that provide an ideal combination of nutrients for the species of choice. In this study, the relative effect of consuming three different pelleted feeds (B, C and D) in comparison to frozen baitfish (A; control) were compared on juvenile Asian seabass (77.3 ± 22.4g) that were selected for increased growth rate over two generations. Our objectives were: 1) to evaluate the effects of different pelleted feeds based on overall physiological changes and nutritional quality of fillets; 2) improve our understanding of the underlying mechanisms with transcriptomic analysis; 3) if possible, identify the feed type that supports the growth of these fishes without substantially reducing the nutritional quality of fillet. The growth performance, fatty acid composition of fillet, hepatic histology and transcriptome of the fishes (Groups A-D) were analyzed. The majority of fatty acids of the fillets, except γ-linolenic acid (GLA, C18:3n6), correlated significantly with the respective diets. Asian seabass fed Feed C showed highest specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) with closest histology and transcriptomic profile to control, but their fillet contained the highest n6/n3 ratio. When the liver-based transcriptomes were analyzed, a complex set of differentially expressed genes were detected between groups fed pelleted feeds and controls as well as among the pellet-fed groups themselves. Significant enrichment of genes with growth-related function tallied with the morphological data measured. When compared with control (Group A), 'Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids' and 'Steroid biosynthesis' pathways were significantly enriched in pellet-fed groups. Reduced goblet cell numbers were observed in the gut of pellet-fed fish compared to controls and fads6 was found to be a suitable candidate gene to separate wild-caught Asian seabass, from pellet-fed ones. These results provide insights for researchers on the various effects of feeds on the biochemistry and global gene expression of the fish and potentially for seabass farms to make more informed feed choices.
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Geay F, Wenon D, Mellery J, Tinti E, Mandiki SNM, Tocher DR, Debier C, Larondelle Y, Kestemont P. Dietary Linseed Oil Reduces Growth While Differentially Impacting LC-PUFA Synthesis and Accretion into Tissues in Eurasian Perch (Perca fluviatilis). Lipids 2015; 50:1219-32. [PMID: 26439838 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-4079-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of replacing dietary fish oil (FO) with linseed oil (LO) on growth, fatty acid composition and regulation of lipid metabolism in Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis) juveniles. Fish (17.5 g initial body weight) were fed isoproteic and isoenergetic diets containing 116 g/kg of lipid for 10 weeks. Fish fed the LO diet displayed lower growth rates and lower levels of DHA in the liver and muscle than fish fed the FO diet, while mortality was not affected by dietary treatment. However, DHA content recorded in the liver and muscle of fish fed the LO diet remained relatively high, despite a weight gain of 134 % and a reduced dietary level of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), suggesting endogenous LC-PUFA biosynthesis. This was supported by the higher amounts of pathway intermediates, including 18:4n-3, 20:3n-3, 20:4n-3, 18:3n-6 and 20:3n-6, recorded in the liver of fish fed the LO diet in comparison with those fed the FO diet. However, fads2 and elovl5 gene expression and FADS2 enzyme activity were comparable between the two groups. Similarly, the expression of genes involved in eicosanoid synthesis was not modulated by dietary LO. Thus, the present study demonstrated that in fish fed LO for 10 weeks, growth was reduced but DHA levels in tissues were largely maintained compared to fish fed FO, suggesting a physiologically relevant rate of endogenous LC-PUFA biosynthesis capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Geay
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), University of Namur (UNamur), Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - D Wenon
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), University of Namur (UNamur), Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - J Mellery
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud, 2/L7.05.08, 1348, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - E Tinti
- Unité de Chimie Physique Théorique et Structurale, Université de Namur (UNamur), Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - S N M Mandiki
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), University of Namur (UNamur), Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - D R Tocher
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
| | - C Debier
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud, 2/L7.05.08, 1348, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Y Larondelle
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud, 2/L7.05.08, 1348, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - P Kestemont
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), University of Namur (UNamur), Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000, Namur, Belgium.
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Šimat V, Bogdanović T, Poljak V, Petričević S. Changes in fatty acid composition, atherogenic and thrombogenic health lipid indices and lipid stability of bogue (Boops boops Linnaeus, 1758) during storage on ice: Effect of fish farming activities. J Food Compost Anal 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2014.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Docosahexaenoic acid in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus): The importance of dietary supply and physiological response during the entire growth period. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 181:7-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Kim DK, Kim KD, Seo JY, Lee SM. Effects of Dietary Lipid Source and Level on Growth Performance, Blood Parameters and Flesh Quality of Sub-adult Olive Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2014; 25:869-79. [PMID: 25049639 PMCID: PMC4093091 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2011.11470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 03/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary lipid source and level on growth performance, blood parameters, fatty acid composition and flesh quality of sub-adult olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Eight experimental diets were formulated to contain 5% squid liver oil (SLO), 5% linseed oil (LO), 5% soybean oil (SO), a mixture of 1% squid liver oil, 2% linseed oil and 2% soybean oil (MIX), no lipid supplementation with high protein level (LL-HP), 10% squid liver oil (HL-SLO), a mixture of 1% squid liver oil, 4.5% linseed oil and 4.5% soybean oil (HL-VO), and 1% squid liver oil with high starch level (LL-HC), respectively. Two replicate groups of fish (average initial weight of 296 g) were fed the diets for 17 wks. After 5 wks, 11 wks and the end of the feeding trial, five fish from each tank were randomly sampled for analysis of body composition. At the end of the feeding trial, final mean weight of fish fed the LL-HP diet was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of fish fed the HL-VO diet, but did not differ significantly from those of fish fed the SLO, LO, SO, MIX, HL-SLO and LL-HC diets. Fish fed the LL-HP diet showed significantly higher feed efficiency than fish fed the LO, HL-SLO and HL-VO diets. Feed efficiency of fish fed the LO, SO and MIX diets were similar to those of fish fed the SLO and HL-SLO diets. Fish fed the HL-SLO diet showed significantly higher total cholesterol content in plasma compared with other diets. Fatty acid composition of tissues was reflected by dietary fatty acid composition. The highest linoleic (LA) and linolenic acid (LNA) contents in the dorsal muscle were observed in fish fed the SO and LO diets, respectively, regardless of feeding period. The highest eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) content in the dorsal muscle was observed in fish fed the LL-HP and LL-HC diets after 11 and 17 weeks of feeding, respectively. Fish fed the SLO and HL-SLO diets showed higher docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content than that of other treatments after 11 and 17 weeks of feeding, respectively. Dietary inclusion of vegetable oils reduced n-3 HUFA contents in the dorsal muscle and liver of fish. The n-3 HUFA contents in tissues of fish fed the SLO and HL-SLO diets were higher than those of fish fed other diets, except for the LL-HP and LL-HC diets. Hardness, gel strength, chewiness and cohesiveness values of dorsal muscle in fish were significantly affected by dietary lipid source. The results of this study indicate that fish oil in fish meal based diets for sub-adult olive flounder could be replaced by soybean oil and linseed oil without negative effects on growth and feed utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Kyu Kim
- Gangwon Province Deep Ocean Water & Fishery Resource Center, Goseong 219-812, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Duck Kim
- Gangwon Province Deep Ocean Water & Fishery Resource Center, Goseong 219-812, Korea
| | - Joo-Young Seo
- Gangwon Province Deep Ocean Water & Fishery Resource Center, Goseong 219-812, Korea
| | - Sang-Min Lee
- Gangwon Province Deep Ocean Water & Fishery Resource Center, Goseong 219-812, Korea
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Fish silage oil from rainbow trout processing waste as alternative to conventional fish oil in formulated diets for Mozambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Effect of two experimental diets (protein and lipid vegetable oil blends) on the volatile profile of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis Kaup, 1858) muscle. Food Chem 2013; 153:327-33. [PMID: 24491737 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine differences among volatile compounds composition of Senegalese sole muscle fed with extruded diets containing different plant protein (PP) and vegetable oil (VO) sources. Two set of experiments were performed on growing sole. One growth trial used a control diet containing fish meal (FM) as the main protein source and different PP-based diets. Another growth trial compared a control diet containing fish oil (FO) as the main lipid source and different VO-based diets; after a period, all sole were fed with the FO diet. Results showed that the incorporation of PP sources up to 75% allowed the production of a similar content of major volatile compounds to the control diet. In VO-based diets, some significant differences were found in the levels of some volatile compounds in sole muscle; however, no significant differences were obtained through sensory evaluation.
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Nasopoulou C, Smith T, Detopoulou M, Tsikrika C, Papaharisis L, Barkas D, Zabetakis I. Structural elucidation of olive pomace fed sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) polar lipids with cardioprotective activities. Food Chem 2013; 145:1097-105. [PMID: 24128590 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.08.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to structurally characterise the polar lipids of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), fed with an experimental diet containing olive pomace (OP), that exhibit cardioprotective activities. OP has been added to conventional fish oil (FO) feed at 4% and this was the OP diet, having been supplemented as finishing diet to fish. Sea bass was aquacultured using either FO or OP diet. At the end of the dietary experiment, lipids in both samples of fish muscle were quantified and HPLC fractionated. The in vitro cardioprotective properties of the polar lipid fractions, using washed rabbit's platelets, have been assessed and the two most biologically active fractions were further analysed by mass spectrometry. The gas-chromatrograpy-mass spectrometric data shows that these two fractions contain low levels of myristic (14:0), oleic (18:1 cis ω-9) and linoleic acids (18:2 ω-6), but high levels of palmitic (16:0) and stearic acids (18:0) as well as eicosadienoic acid (20:2 ω-6). The first fraction (MS1) also contained significant levels of arachidonic acid (20:4 ω-6) and the omega-3 fatty acids: eicosapentaenoic acid (22:5) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6). Electrospray-mass spectrometry elucidated that the lipid composition of the two fractions contained various diacyl-glycerophospholipids species, where the majority of them have either 18:0 or 18:1 fatty acids in the sn-1 position and either 22:6 or 20:2 fatty acids in the sn-2 position for MS1 and MS2, respectively. Our research focuses on the structure/function relationship of fish muscle polar lipids and cardiovascular diseases and structural data are given for polar lipid HPLC fractions with strong cardioprotective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantina Nasopoulou
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15771, Greece
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Eroldoğan TO, Yılmaz AH, Turchini GM, Arslan M, Sirkecioğlu NA, Engin K, Özşahinoğlu I, Mumoğullarında P. Fatty acid metabolism in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): effects of n-6 PUFA and MUFA in fish oil replaced diets. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2013; 39:941-955. [PMID: 23212581 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-012-9753-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA)-rich and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-6 PUFA)-rich vegetable oils are increasingly used as fish oil replacers for aquafeed formulation. The present study investigated the fatty acid metabolism in juvenile European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, 38.4 g) fed diets containing fish oil (FO, as the control treatment) or two different vegetable oils (the MUFA-rich canola/rapeseed oil, CO; and the n-6 PUFA-rich cottonseed oil, CSO) tested individually or as a 50/50 blend (CO/CSO). The whole-body fatty acid balance method was used to deduce the apparent in vivo fatty acid metabolism. No effect on growth performance and feed utilization was recorded. However, it should be noted that the fish meal content of the experimental diets was relatively high, and thus the requirement for n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 LC-PUFA) may have likely been fulfilled even if dietary fish oil was fully replaced by vegetable oils. Overall, relatively little apparent in vivo fatty acid bioconversion was recorded, whilst the apparent in vivo β-oxidation of dietary fatty acid was largely affected by the dietary lipid source, with higher rate of β-oxidation for those fatty acids which were provided in dietary surplus. The deposition of 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3, as % of the dietary intake, was greatest for the fish fed on the CSO diet. It has been shown that European sea bass seems to be able to efficiently use n-6 PUFA for energy substrate, and this may help in minimizing the β-oxidation of the health benefiting n-3 LC-PUFA and thus increase their deposition into fish tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tufan O Eroldoğan
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Çukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey.
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Carmona-Antoñanzas G, Tocher DR, Taggart JB, Leaver MJ. An evolutionary perspective on Elovl5 fatty acid elongase: comparison of Northern pike and duplicated paralogs from Atlantic salmon. BMC Evol Biol 2013; 13:85. [PMID: 23597093 PMCID: PMC3637385 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ability to produce physiologically critical LC-PUFA from dietary fatty acids differs greatly among teleost species, and is dependent on the possession and expression of fatty acyl desaturase and elongase genes. Atlantic salmon, as a result of a recently duplicated genome, have more of these enzymes than other fish. Recent phylogenetic studies show that Northern pike represents the closest extant relative of the preduplicated ancestral salmonid. Here we characterise a pike fatty acyl elongase, elovl5, and compare it to Atlantic salmon elovl5a and elovl5b duplicates. Results Phylogenetic analyses show that Atlantic salmon paralogs are evolving symmetrically, and they have been retained in the genome by purifying selection. Heterologous expression in yeast showed that Northern pike Elovl5 activity is indistinguishable from that of the salmon paralogs, efficiently elongating C18 and C20 substrates. However, in contrast to salmon, pike elovl5 was predominantly expressed in brain with negligible expression in liver and intestine. Conclusions We suggest that the predominant expression of Elovl5b in salmon liver and Elovl5a in salmon intestine is an adaptation, enabled by genome duplication, to a diet rich in terrestrial invertebrates which are relatively poor in LC-PUFA. Pike have retained an ancestral expression profile which supports the maintenance of PUFA in the brain but, due to a highly piscivorous LC-PUFA-rich diet, is not required in liver and intestine. Thus, the characterisation of elovl5 in Northern pike provides insights into the evolutionary divergence of duplicated genes, and the ecological adaptations of salmonids which have enabled colonisation of nutrient poor freshwaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Carmona-Antoñanzas
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland FK9 4LA, UK.
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Han YZ, Ren TJ, Jiang ZQ, Jiang BQ, Gao J, Koshio S, Komilus CF. Effects of palm oil blended with oxidized fish oil on growth performances, hematology, and several immune parameters in juvenile Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicas. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2012; 38:1785-1794. [PMID: 22763698 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-012-9675-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of palm oil blended with oxidized and non-oxidized fish oil on growth performances, hematology, and non-specific immune response in juvenile Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicas. Japanese sea bass (1.73 ± 0.01 g) were fed seven experimental diets containing 100 g/kg of dietary lipid in forms of palm oil (10P), fish oil (10F), fish oil blended with palm oil at different ratios, 6:4 (6F4P) and 4:6 (4F6P), oxidized fish oil (10OF), and oxidized fish oil blended with palm oil at different ratios, 6:4 (6OF4P) and 4:6 (4OF6P). After the feeding trial, the following results were illustrated. No significant effects were observed in survival, feed conversion ratio, condition factor, and hematocrit after feeding with experimental diets for 60 days. The relatively higher specific growth rate and hematology were observed in 6F4P. Furthermore, both palm oil and oxidized fish oil acted as a negatively on serum lysozyme activity (P < 0.05). This study suggested that a ration of 6F4P is recommended as an innocuous ratio for Japanese sea bass. Furthermore, according to the present investigation, palm oil seems to have the ability to improve the protein efficiency when added to oxidized fish diets as well as a positive trend to the growth performance (P > 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Zhe Han
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, 52 Heishijiao Street, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Tong-Jun Ren
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, 52 Heishijiao Street, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Zhi-Qiang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, 52 Heishijiao Street, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Bai-Qiao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, 52 Heishijiao Street, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Shimoarata 4-50-20, Kagoshima, 8900056, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Koshio
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Shimoarata 4-50-20, Kagoshima, 8900056, Japan
| | - Connie-Fay Komilus
- School of Sustainable Agriculture, University Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
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Tu WC, Mühlhäusler BS, James MJ, Stone DAJ, Gibson RA. Dietary alpha-linolenic acid does not enhance accumulation of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in barramundi (Lates calcarifer). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 164:29-37. [PMID: 23085323 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of substituting fish oil and fish meal with a blend of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3 n-3) rich vegetable oils (14%, w/w) and defatted poultry meal (34%, w/w) in a formulated diet, on growth and tissue fatty acid profiles in barramundi fingerlings. Results indicated that on average, while the ALA levels of the barramundi liver and fillet increased with increasing dietary ALA, there was no corresponding increase in the levels of the omega-3 (n-3) long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA). Compared to fish consuming a commercial feed, which contained fish meal and fish oil, fish on the ALA diets grew slower, had a lower feed intake and lower n-3 LCPUFA levels in the tissues. Hepatic mRNA expression of Δ6 desaturase (FADS2) and elongase (ELOVL5/2) was ~10 fold and ~3 fold higher, respectively, in all the ALA dietary groups, relative to those fed the commercial feed. However, the level of expression of the two genes was not different between fish fed differing ALA levels. These data demonstrate that increasing the ALA level of the diet is not an appropriate strategy for replacing marine sources of n-3 LCPUFA in barramundi. It was also noted, however, that within the different ALA dietary groups there was a large amount of variation between individual fish in their tissue DHA levels, suggesting a significant heterogeneity in their capacity for conversion of ALA and/or retention of n-3 LCPUFA. When dietary ALA intakes were greater than 0.8% en, tissue DHA levels were inversely related to ALA intake, suggesting that high intake of dietary ALA may inhibit DHA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chun Tu
- FOODplus Research Centre, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Effect of ration size on fillet fatty acid composition, phospholipid allostasis and mRNA expression patterns of lipid regulatory genes in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Br J Nutr 2012; 109:1175-87. [PMID: 22856503 DOI: 10.1017/s000711451200311x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of ration size on muscle fatty acid (FA) composition and mRNA expression levels of key regulatory enzymes of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism have been addressed in juveniles of gilthead sea bream fed a practical diet over the course of an 11-week trial. The experimental setup included three feeding levels: (i) full ration until visual satiety, (ii) 70 % of satiation and (iii) 70 % of satiation with the last 2 weeks at the maintenance ration. Feed restriction reduced lipid content of whole body by 30 % and that of fillet by 50 %. In this scenario, the FA composition of fillet TAG was not altered by ration size, whereas that of phospholipids was largely modified with a higher retention of arachidonic acid and DHA. The mRNA transcript levels of lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferases, phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase and FA desaturase 2 were not regulated by ration size in the present experimental model. In contrast, mRNA levels of stearoyl-CoA desaturases were markedly down-regulated by feed restriction. An opposite trend was found for a muscle-specific lipoprotein lipase, which is exclusive of fish lineage. Several upstream regulatory transcriptions were also assessed, although nutritionally mediated changes in mRNA transcripts were almost reduced to PPARα and β, which might act in a counter-regulatory way on lipolysis and lipogenic pathways. This gene expression pattern contributes to the construction of a panel of biomarkers to direct marine fish production towards muscle lean phenotypes with increased retentions of long-chain PUFA.
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Nasopoulou C, Zabetakis I. Benefits of fish oil replacement by plant originated oils in compounded fish feeds. A review. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2012.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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