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Zhang X, Shi Z, Yang CQ, Li J, Liu J, Zhang AB. Gut transcriptome analysis of P450 genes and cytochrome P450 reductase in three moth species feeding on gymnosperms or angiosperms. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.948043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s, CYPs) are a superfamily of heme–thiolate proteins involved in the metabolism of endogenous and exogenous substances in insects. In this study, the identification of putative P450 proteins was done and the elimination of the repeated sequences resulted in 57 proteins from Gastropacha populifolia, 63 proteins from Dendrolimus punctatus, and 53 proteins from Dendrolimus tabulaeformis. The putative P450 proteins were aligned together with seven other insect species based on five conserved domains. A total of ten co-orthologous groups were identified. Interestingly, one co-orthologous gene, CYP4g15 in CYP4 clan, was identified and its 3D structure analysis showed that the highly conserved sites of the predicted motifs were close to the active sites of P450. Furthermore, this study revealed that insect CYP4g15 and two bacteria cytochrome P450 were monophyletic. This suggests that insects CYP4g15 are not only functionally conserved but also an ancient gene originating from different bacteria species.
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Pezenti LF, Levy SM, de Souza RF, Sosa-Gómez DR, da Rosa R. Testes morphology and the identification of transcripts of the hormonal pathways of the velvetbean caterpillar Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, 1818 (Lepidoptera: Erebidae). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2021; 65:101111. [PMID: 34571334 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2021.101111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Anticarsia gemmatalis is one of the main defoliating pests of soybeans in Brazil. In the current study, we characterized the histomorphology of the testes and the spermatogenesis process in A. gemmatalis. We also identified transcripts involved in the biosynthesis, metabolism, and signaling of juvenile and ecdysteroid hormones, in order to provide information about potential mechanisms of regulation of hormonal pathways in this species. Our analyses revealed that the A. gemmatalis larvae have a pair of kidney-shaped testicles. These are divided into four testicular follicles, where there are germ cell cysts at different stages of development. In the pupal stage, the testicles are fused, so adults have a single spherical testis, with a variable number of follicles. The A. gemmatalis has centripetal spermatogenesis and exhibits spermatic dimorphism. We identified 31 transcripts that encode proteins involved in juvenile hormone and ecdysteroid pathways, such as mevalonate kinase, CYP14A1, ecdysone receptor, among others. Our results on the morphology of the testes and spermatogenesis process, as well as identification of the genes involved in hormonal pathways in A. gemmatalis, provide important data for understanding the biology of this agricultural pest, which can be used as a basis for further research in other economically important lepidopterans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Forim Pezenti
- Laboratório de Citogenética Animal, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Laboratório de Bioinformática, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Sheila Michele Levy
- Laboratório de Insetos, Departamento de Histologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Rogério Fernandes de Souza
- Laboratório de Bioinformática, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Daniel Ricardo Sosa-Gómez
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária/Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Soja (Embrapa Soja), Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Renata da Rosa
- Laboratório de Citogenética Animal, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
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Yuan H, Qiao H, Fu Y, Fu H, Zhang W, Jin S, Gong Y, Jiang S, Xiong Y, Hu Y, Wu Y. RNA interference shows that Spook, the precursor gene of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), regulates the molting of Macrobrachium nipponense. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 213:105976. [PMID: 34418528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the function of the Mn-Spook gene, which was found in the ovary transcriptome of the Oriental river prawn (Macrobrachium nipponense). The Spook gene, which is the precursor gene of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), plays an important role in the process of molting in many arthropods, but its function in M. nipponense is unclear. We cloned the full-length Mn-Spook gene from the ovary of M. nipponense and found that it had the same conserved domains as the P450 gene of the Halloween family of genes. The Mn-Spook gene was highly expressed in ovary and gill tissue during the breeding period. During ovarian development, Mn-spook gene expression was highest at the nearly-ripe stage, and it also was highly expressed in the zoea developmental stage. Cellular localization analysis showed that Mn-Spook signals accumulated in the cytoplasmic membrane and nucleus of oocytes. Finally, we used RNA interference to evaluate the function of the Mn-Spook gene. Compared with the control group, in vivo injection of Mn-Spook dsRNA effectively downregulated the expression of Mn-Spook and the content of 20E. The molting frequency of M. nipponense in the experimental group also was significantly inhibited. These results demonstrated that the Mn-Spook gene played an important role in the molting process of M. nipponense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huwei Yuan
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China.
| | - Hui Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China.
| | - Yin Fu
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China.
| | - Hongtuo Fu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China.
| | - Wenyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China.
| | - Shubo Jin
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China.
| | - Yongsheng Gong
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China.
| | - Sufei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China.
| | - Yiwei Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China.
| | - Yuning Hu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China.
| | - Yan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China.
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Karp X. Hormonal Regulation of Diapause and Development in Nematodes, Insects, and Fishes. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.735924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diapause is a state of developmental arrest adopted in response to or in anticipation of environmental conditions that are unfavorable for growth. In many cases, diapause is facultative, such that animals may undergo either a diapause or a non-diapause developmental trajectory, depending on environmental cues. Diapause is characterized by enhanced stress resistance, reduced metabolism, and increased longevity. The ability to postpone reproduction until suitable conditions are found is important to the survival of many animals, and both vertebrate and invertebrate species can undergo diapause. The decision to enter diapause occurs at the level of the whole animal, and thus hormonal signaling pathways are common regulators of the diapause decision. Unlike other types of developmental arrest, diapause is programmed, such that the diapause developmental trajectory includes a pre-diapause preparatory phase, diapause itself, recovery from diapause, and post-diapause development. Therefore, developmental pathways are profoundly affected by diapause. Here, I review two conserved hormonal pathways, insulin/IGF signaling (IIS) and nuclear hormone receptor signaling (NHR), and their role in regulating diapause across three animal phyla. Specifically, the species reviewed are Austrofundulus limnaeus and Nothobranchius furzeri annual killifishes, Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes, and insect species including Drosophila melanogaster, Culex pipiens, and Bombyx mori. In addition, the developmental changes that occur as a result of diapause are discussed, with a focus on how IIS and NHR pathways interact with core developmental pathways in C. elegans larvae that undergo diapause.
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Sequential changes in the regulatory mechanism of carbohydrate digestion in larvae of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. J Comp Physiol B 2021; 191:439-453. [PMID: 33586009 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-021-01350-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Nutritional signals strictly control post-embryonic development in insects. Dietary carbohydrates are hydrolyzed to monosaccharides in the gut and then transported into the hemolymph. These monosaccharides in hemolymph are rapidly taken up by tissues and utilized in glycolysis, the pentose phosphate shunt, and glycogen or trehalose synthesis. These metabolic pathways are essential for nutrient metabolism; therefore, the control of carbohydrate digestion is indispensable for maintaining energy supply during development. Carbohydrate digestion was believed to be controlled by dietary mechanisms. We previously reported that hormonal and developmental controls participate in the regulation of carbohydrate digestion during larval-pupal metamorphosis. However, it is unclear whether this regulatory mechanism also works during larval-larval molting and inter-molt feeding period. Here, we show that control mechanisms of the carbohydrate digestion show sequential changes that are controlled by different mechanisms. In the penultimate larval instar, carbohydrate hydrolysis activity changed depending on developmental progress and dietary state. Maltose- and sucrose-hydrolysis activity were suppressed by ecdysteroid, an insect steroid hormone. During the inter-molt feeding period, carbohydrate hydrolysis activities were grouped as either nutrient-sensitive or nutrient-insensitive. Although the activity in both groups was suppressed by ecdysteroid, this hormonal regulatory machinery remains in an "off-state" because ecdysteroid is scarce during the feeding period, suggesting that the carbohydrate digestion system is exclusively regulated by the dietary state during inter-molt feeding period.
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Gu SH, Chen CH, Lin PL. Changes in expressions of ecdysteroidogenic enzyme and ecdysteroid signaling genes in relation to Bombyx embryonic development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2021; 335:477-488. [PMID: 33929096 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although the role of ecdysteroids in regulating egg diapause process in Bombyx mori is well documented, temporal changes in expression levels of genes involved in ecdysteroid biosynthesis and its downstream signaling are less well understood. In the present study, we studied changes in expression levels of genes involved in ecdysteroid biosynthesis and its downstream signaling during embryonic development of B. mori. Results showed that in diapause eggs, the expression of ecdysteroid-phosphate phosphatase (EPPase) gene and Halloween genes (Spook [Spo] and Shade [Shd]) remained at very low levels. However, in eggs whose diapause initiation was prevented by HCl, significant increases in the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of EPPase, Spo, and Shd were detected during embryonic development. Other Halloween genes (Neverland [Nvd] and Phantom [Phm]) also showed different changes between diapause and HCl-treated eggs. However, genes of Disembodied (Dib) and Shadow (Sad) showed similar changes in both diapause and HCl-treated eggs. We further investigated changes in expression levels of ecdysone receptor genes (EcRA, EcRB1, and USP) and downstream signaling genes (E75A, E75B, E74A, E74B, Br-C, HR3, HR4, KR-H1, and FTZ-F1). Results showed that genes of EcRA and the other nuclear receptors (E75A, E75B, E74A, HR3, HR4, KR-H1, and FTZ-F1) exhibited significant differential patterns between diapause and HCl-treated eggs, with increased levels being detected during later stages of embryonic development in HCl-treated eggs. Differential temporal changes in expressions of genes involved ecdysteroid biosynthesis and its downstream signaling found between diapause and HCl-treated eggs were further confirmed using nondiapause eggs. Our results showed that nondiapause eggs exhibited the same changing patterns as those in HCl-treated eggs, thus clearly indicating potential correlations between expressions of these genes and embryonic development in B. mori. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive report to study the transcriptional regulation of ecdysteroidogenic and ecdysteroid signaling genes, thus providing useful information for a clearer understanding of insect egg diapause mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Hong Gu
- Department of Biology, National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chien-Hung Chen
- Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pei-Ling Lin
- Department of Biology, National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
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In S, Yoon HW, Yoo JW, Cho H, Kim RO, Lee YM. Acute toxicity of bisphenol A and its structural analogues and transcriptional modulation of the ecdysone-mediated pathway in the brackish water flea Diaphanosoma celebensis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 179:310-317. [PMID: 31030948 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a representative endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) that has estrogenic effects in aquatic animals. In recent years, due to the continuing usage of BPA, its analogues have been developed as alternative substances to replace its use. The molting process is a pivotal point in the development and reproduction of crustaceans. However, studies of the effects of EDCs on molting in crustaceans at the molecular level are scarce. In the present study, we examined the acute toxicity of BPA and its analogues bisphenol F (BPF) and S (BPS) to the brackish water flea Diaphanosoma celebensis. We further identified four ecdysteroid pathway - related genes (cyp314a1, EcRA, EcRB, and USP) in D. celebensis, and investigated the transcriptional modulation of these genes during molting and after exposure to BPA and its analogues for 48 h. Sequencing and phylogenetic analyses revealed that these four genes are highly conserved among arthropods and may be involved in development and reproduction in the adult stage. The mRNA expression patterns of cyp314a1, EcRA and USP were matched with the molting cycle, suggesting that these genes play a role in the molting process in the adult stage in cladocerans. Following relative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses, BPA and its analogues were found to modulate the expression of each of these four genes differently, indicating that these compounds can disrupt the normal endocrine system function of D. celebensis. This study improves our understanding of the molecular mode of action of BPA and its analogues in D. celebensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyeon In
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Sangmyung University, Seoul, 03016, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Won Yoon
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Sangmyung University, Seoul, 03016, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Won Yoo
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Sangmyung University, Seoul, 03016, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayoung Cho
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Sangmyung University, Seoul, 03016, Republic of Korea
| | - Ryeo-Ok Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Sangmyung University, Seoul, 03016, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Mi Lee
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Sangmyung University, Seoul, 03016, Republic of Korea.
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Ogihara MH, Ikeda H, Yamada N, Hikiba J, Nakaoka T, Fujimoto Y, Suzuki Y, Saito K, Mizoguchi A, Kataoka H. Identification of ecdysteroidogenic enzyme genes and their expression during pupal diapause in the cabbage armyworm, Mamestra brassicae. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 26:286-297. [PMID: 28121379 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we identified ecdysteroidogenic enzymes in the cabbage armyworm, Mamestra brassicae, and demonstrated reduced expression of these genes during diapause. Some insects employ a temporary developmental arrest, diapause, to survive in severe environments. The titres of the moulting hormone ecdysteroid were reduced in diapause pupae of M. brassicae; therefore, ecdysteroidogenesis might be suppressed by a diapause-specific mechanism. To clarify expression changes of ecdysteroidogenic enzyme genes during diapause in M. brassicae, we first identified the genes for seven ecdysteroidogenic enzymes: Neverland, Non-molting glossy (Nm-g), CYP307A1 (Spook), CYP306A1 (Phantom), CYP302A1 (Disembodied), CYP315A1 (Shadow) and CYP314A1 (Shade). Enzymatic assays using heterologous expression in Drosophila Schneider 2 (S2) cells and analysis of mRNA distribution indicated that the identified genes were ecdysteroidogenic enzymes of M. brassicae. Expression levels of these ecdysteroidogenic enzyme genes were compared between prothoracic glands in different pupal stages throughout diapause. Immediately after pupation, diapause-destined pupae showed similar expression levels of ecdysteroidogenic enzyme genes to those of nondiapause pupae. All of these genes showed reduced gene expression after diapause initiation. Expression was immediately increased in diapause-destined pupae at the postdiapause quiescence phase. These results indicate that reduced expression of ecdysteroidogenic enzyme genes suppresses ecdysteroidogenesis and maintains developmental arrest during diapause.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Ogihara
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - H Ikeda
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - N Yamada
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - J Hikiba
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - T Nakaoka
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Y Fujimoto
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Suzuki
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - K Saito
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - A Mizoguchi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - H Kataoka
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
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Ogihara MH, Hikiba J, Iga M, Kataoka H. Negative regulation of juvenile hormone analog for ecdysteroidogenic enzymes. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 80:42-47. [PMID: 25907890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of the appropriate balance between juvenile hormone (JH) and ecdysteroids causes abnormal insect development. The application of a JH analog (JHA) during the early days of the final (fifth) instar induces dauer larvae with low ecdysteroid titers in insects, but the mechanism that underlies the action of JHA remains unclear. In this study, we clarified the negative effects of JHA on ecdysteroidogenic enzymes. JHA application to Bombyx mori larvae during the early stage of the fifth instar suppressed the expression of four enzymes, i.e., neverland (nvd), spook, phantom, and disembodied but not non-molting glossy and shadow. Furthermore, JHA application reduced the amount of 7-dehydrocholesterol, a metabolite produced by Nvd, in both the prothoracic glands and hemolymph, indicating JHA can disrupt ecdysteroidogenic pathway from the first step. Neck ligation resulted in increased nvd expression, whereas JHA application reversed this increase. These results suggest that the endogenous JH represses ecdysteroidogenesis during the early days in final instar larvae. Neck ligation and JHA application had no substantial effects on the expression of a transcription factor, ftz-f1, or a prothoracicotropic hormone receptor, torso; therefore, the inhibitory regulation of JHA may not involve these factors. Further analysis is required to clarify the regulation of JHA in ecdysteroidogenesis, but this study showed that JHA, and probably endogenous JH, can suppress the transcription of four of six ecdysteroidogenic enzymes. This regulation may be essential for maintaining the appropriate balance between JH and ecdysone during insect development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari H Ogihara
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kasiwano-ha 5-1-5, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan.
| | - Juri Hikiba
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kasiwano-ha 5-1-5, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Iga
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kasiwano-ha 5-1-5, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kataoka
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kasiwano-ha 5-1-5, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan.
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Li B, Zhang H, Ni M, Wang BB, Li FC, Xu KZ, Shen WD, Xia QY, Zhao P. Identification and characterization of six cytochrome P450 genes belonging to CYP4 and CYP6 gene families in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:5135-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3379-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Iga M, Blais C, Smagghe G. Study on ecdysteroid levels and gene expression of enzymes related to ecdysteroid biosynthesis in the larval testis of Spodoptera littoralis. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 82:14-28. [PMID: 23007959 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We investigated here the ecdysteroid titers and the expression of six genes coding for known enzymes of the ecdysteroid biosynthesis in the testes of last instar larvae of the pest cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis. We showed that the timing of the ecdysteroid profile was the same in testes and in hemolymph, with a small peak at day 2 and a large one at day 4 after ecdysis. Ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) were detected in both tissues. 20E was the major ecdysteroid in testes and in hemolymph from day 4. Interestingly, the gene expression of the steroidogenetic enzymes, Neverland, and the five cytochrome P450 enzymes encoded by the Halloween genes was confirmed in the testes, and varied during the instar. However, from the data obtained so far, we cannot conclude that the measured ecdysteroids in the testes result from the activity of the genes under study. Indeed, it is suggested that the ecdysone produced centrally in the prothoracic glands, could have been transformed into 20E in the testes, where Sl-shade is well expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Iga
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Kamimura M, Saito H, Niwa R, Niimi T, Toyoda K, Ueno C, Kanamori Y, Shimura S, Kiuchi M. Fungal ecdysteroid-22-oxidase, a new tool for manipulating ecdysteroid signaling and insect development. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:16488-98. [PMID: 22427652 PMCID: PMC3351327 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.341180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid hormones ecdysteroids regulate varieties of developmental processes in insects. Although the ecdysteroid titer can be increased experimentally with ease, its artificial reduction, although desirable, is very difficult to achieve. Here we characterized the ecdysteroid-inactivating enzyme ecdysteroid-22-oxidase (E22O) from the entomopathogenic fungus Nomuraea rileyi and used it to develop methods for reducing ecdysteroid titer and thereby controlling insect development. K(m) and K(cat) values of the purified E22O for oxidizing ecdysone were 4.4 μM and 8.4/s, respectively, indicating that E22O can inactivate ecdysone more efficiently than other ecdysteroid inactivating enzymes characterized so far. The cloned E22O cDNA encoded a FAD-dependent oxidoreductase. Injection of recombinant E22O into the silkworm Bombyx mori interfered with larval molting and metamorphosis. In the hemolymph of E22O-injected pupae, the titer of hormonally active 20-hydroxyecdysone decreased and concomitantly large amounts of inactive 22-dehydroecdysteroids accumulated. E22O injection also prevented molting of various other insects. In the larvae of the crambid moth Haritalodes basipunctalis, E22O injection induced a diapause-like developmental arrest, which, as in normal diapause, was broken by chilling. Transient expression of the E22O gene by in vivo lipofection effectively decreased the 20-hydroxyecdysone titer and blocked molting in B. mori. Transgenic expression of E22O in Drosophila melanogaster caused embryonic morphological defects, phenotypes of which were very similar to those of the ecdysteroid synthesis deficient mutants. Thus, as the first available simple but versatile tool for reducing the internal ecdysteroid titer, E22O could find use in controlling a broad range of ecdysteroid-associated developmental and physiological phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Kamimura
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan.
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Marchal E, Badisco L, Verlinden H, Vandersmissen T, Van Soest S, Van Wielendaele P, Vanden Broeck J. Role of the Halloween genes, Spook and Phantom in ecdysteroidogenesis in the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 57:1240-1248. [PMID: 21708158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 05/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The functional characterization of the Halloween genes represented a major breakthrough in the elucidation of the ecdysteroid biosynthetic pathway. These genes encode cytochrome P450 enzymes catalyzing the final steps of ecdysteroid biosynthesis in the dipteran Drosophila melanogaster and the Lepidoptera Manduca sexta and Bombyx mori. This is the first report on the identification of two Halloween genes, spook (spo) and phantom (phm), from a hemimetabolous orthopteran insect, the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. Using q-RT-PCR, their spatial and temporal transcript profiles were analyzed in both final larval stage and adult locusts. The circulating ecdysteroid titers in the hemolymph were measured and found to correlate well with changes in the temporal transcript profiles of spo and phm. Moreover, an RNA interference (RNAi)-based approach was employed to study knockdown effects upon silencing of both transcripts in the fifth larval stage. Circulating ecdysteroid levels were found to be significantly reduced upon dsRNA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Marchal
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, K.U. Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, Leuven, Belgium
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Gan L, Liu X, Xiang Z, He N. Microarray-based gene expression profiles of silkworm brains. BMC Neurosci 2011; 12:8. [PMID: 21247463 PMCID: PMC3032748 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-12-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Molecular genetic studies of Bombyx mori have led to profound advances in our understanding of the regulation of development. Bombyx mori brain, as a main endocrine organ, plays important regulatory roles in various biological processes. Microarray technology will allow the genome-wide analysis of gene expression patterns in silkworm brains. Results We reported microarray-based gene expression profiles in silkworm brains at four stages including V7, P1, P3 and P5. A total of 4,550 genes were transcribed in at least one selected stage. Of these, clustering algorithms separated the expressed genes into stably expressed genes and variably expressed genes. The results of the gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) analysis of stably expressed genes showed that the ribosomal and oxidative phosphorylation pathways were principal pathways. Secondly, four clusters of genes with significantly different expression patterns were observed in the 1,175 variably expressed genes. Thirdly, thirty-two neuropeptide genes, six neuropeptide-like precursor genes, and 117 cuticular protein genes were expressed in selected developmental stages. Conclusion Major characteristics of the transcriptional profiles in the brains of Bombyx mori at specific development stages were present in this study. Our data provided useful information for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Gan
- The Key Sericultural Laboratory of Agricultural Ministry, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China
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Suzuki T, Sakurai S, Iwami M. Physiological requirements for 20-hydroxyecdysone-induced rectal sac distention in the pupa of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 56:673-677. [PMID: 20193691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2010.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Revised: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Successful insect development is achieved via appropriate fluctuation of ecdysteroid levels. When an insect's ecdysteroid level is disrupted, physiological and developmental defects occur. In the pupa of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, the rectal sac is an essential organ that operates as a repository for degraded ecdysteroids, and it can be distended by administration of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). Our previous study showed that rectal sac distention appears 4 days after 20E administration. Hemolymph ecdysteroid levels, however, decrease to lower level during this period. Thus, the timing of the rectal sac distention does not match with that of ecdysteroid elevation. Here, we examine how 20E induces rectal sac distention. A ligature experiment and ecdysteroid quantification showed that continuous 20E stimulation induces rectal sac distention. Thorax tissue contributed to the continuous 20E stimulation needed to induce distention. Ecdysteroid released from the thorax tissue may be converted to 20E by ecdysone 20-hydroxylase to produce continuous 20E stimulation. Thus, the ecdysone metabolic pathway plays a critical role in rectal sac distention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Suzuki
- Division of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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Marchal E, Vandersmissen HP, Badisco L, Van de Velde S, Verlinden H, Iga M, Van Wielendaele P, Huybrechts R, Simonet G, Smagghe G, Vanden Broeck J. Control of ecdysteroidogenesis in prothoracic glands of insects: a review. Peptides 2010; 31:506-19. [PMID: 19723550 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Revised: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The very first step in the study of the endocrine control of insect molting was taken in 1922. Stefan Kopec characterized a factor in the brain of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar which appeared to be essential for metamorphosis. This factor was later identified as the neuropeptide prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH), the first discovery of a series of factors involved in the regulation of ecdysteroid biosynthesis in insects. It is now accepted that PTTH is the most important regulator of prothoracic gland (PG) ecdysteroidogenesis. The periodic increases in ecdysteroid titer necessary for insect development can basically be explained by the episodic activation of the PGs by PTTH. However, since the characterization of the prothoracicostatic hormone (PTSH), it has become clear that in addition to 'tropic factors', also 'static factors', which are responsible for the 'fine-tuning' of the hemolymph ecdysteroid titer, are at play. Many of these regulatory factors are peptides originating from the brain, but also other, extracerebral factors both of peptidic and non-peptidic nature are able to affect PG ecdysteroidogenesis, such as the 'classic' insect hormones, juvenile hormone (JH) and the molting hormone (20E) itself. The complex secretory pattern of ecdysteroids as observed in vivo is the result of the delicate balance and interplay between these ecdysiotropic and ecdysiostatic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Marchal
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, K.U. Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Christiaens O, Iga M, Velarde RA, Rougé P, Smagghe G. Halloween genes and nuclear receptors in ecdysteroid biosynthesis and signalling in the pea aphid. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 19 Suppl 2:187-200. [PMID: 20482650 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2009.00957.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) is the first whole genome sequenced insect with a hemimetabolic development and an emerging model organism for studies in ecology, evolution and development. The insect steroid moulting hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) controls and coordinates development in insects, especially the moulting/metamorphosis process. We, therefore present here a comprehensive characterization of the Halloween genes phantom, disembodied, shadow, shade, spook and spookiest, coding for the P450 enzymes that control the biosynthesis of 20E. Regarding the presence of nuclear receptors in the pea aphid genome, we found 19 genes, representing all of the seven known subfamilies. The annotation and phylogenetic analysis revealed a strong conservation in the class of Insecta. But compared with other sequenced insect genomes, three orthologues are missing in the Acyrthosiphon genome, namely HR96, PNR-like and Knirps. We also cloned the EcR, Usp, E75 and HR3. Finally, 3D-modelling of the ligand-binding domain of Ap-EcR exhibited the typical canonical structural scaffold with 12 alpha-helices associated with a short hairpin of two antiparallel beta-strands. Upon docking, 20E was located in the hormone-binding groove, supporting the hypothesis that EcR has a role in 20E signalling.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aphids/genetics
- Aphids/growth & development
- Aphids/metabolism
- Binding Sites
- Cloning, Molecular
- Ecdysteroids/biosynthesis
- Ecdysterone/biosynthesis
- Genes, Insect
- Genome, Insect
- Insect Proteins/chemistry
- Insect Proteins/genetics
- Insect Proteins/metabolism
- Insecta/genetics
- Insecta/metabolism
- Ligands
- Models, Molecular
- Pisum sativum/parasitology
- Phylogeny
- Protein Conformation
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/chemistry
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Receptors, Steroid/chemistry
- Receptors, Steroid/genetics
- Receptors, Steroid/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- O Christiaens
- Department of Crop Protection, Ghent University, Belgium
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Iga M, Smagghe G. Identification and expression profile of Halloween genes involved in ecdysteroid biosynthesis in Spodoptera littoralis. Peptides 2010; 31:456-67. [PMID: 19682519 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Revised: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
20-Hydroxyecdyone (20E), an active form of ecdysteroid, is the key hormone in insect growth and development. The biosynthesis of ecdysteroid is triggered and under the control of the neuropeptide, prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH). To date, five cytochrome P450 enzymes, namely Spook (Spo), Phantom (Phm), Disembodied (Dib), Shadow (Sad) and Shade (Shd) related to ecdysteroid biosynthesis, are identified and the character of last four enzymes is well studied in Drosophila melanogaster, Bombyx mori and Manduca sexta. These genes are called Halloween genes and mediate the biosynthesis of 20E from cholesterol. In this study, we extended these works to a major pest insect in agriculture, the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). We identified the sequence of five Halloween genes, and the converted amino acid sequences were compared with those of other insects. The phylogenetic analysis clearly showed separated clusters of each gene and the evolutional conservation in insects with a high similarity in Lepidoptera. Spo, phm, dib and sad were predominantly expressed in prothoracic glands, and shd was expressed in fat body and Malpighian tubules at the last instar larvae. Spo expression was kept high level between day 2 and day 4 after ecdysis. The expression of phm and dib peaked at day 2, and sad and shd expressions peaked at day 2 and day 4 after ecdysis. In addition, the hemolymph ecdysteroid titer showed a small peak at day 2 and a large peak at day 4 after ecdysis. These results suggest the importance of Halloween genes in ecdysone biosynthesis by prothoracic glands and conversion of ecdysone into 20E by fat body in larval-pupal metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Iga
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Sonobe H, Ito Y. Phosphoconjugation and dephosphorylation reactions of steroid hormone in insects. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 307:25-35. [PMID: 19524123 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In insects, the major products of phase II metabolism of ecdysteroids, which include the molting hormone, are phosphate esters. The phosphoconjugation pathway is a reversible process, comprising two enzyme systems: ecdysteroid 22-kinase (EcKinase) and ecdysteroid-phosphate phosphatase (EPPase). We report here that: (1) the biochemical characteristics of EcKinase and EPPase, (2) the physiological significance of the reciprocal conversion of ecdysteroids and ecdysteroid phosphates in the ovary-egg system in insects, (3) the biochemical mechanism by which ecdysteroid phosphates are synthesized in the ovary, transferred to eggs, and finally dephosphorylated in eggs, and (4) the possible catalytic steps of EcKinase and EPPase on the basis of the data obtained by an in silico study. From these studies, it is obvious that ecdysteroid phosphates as well as steroid sulfates, which are major products of phase II metabolism in mammals, function as precursors for the formation of biologically active hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruyuki Sonobe
- Department of Biology, Konan University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Japan.
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Ito Y, Sonobe H. The Role of Ecdysteroid 22-Kinase in the Accumulation of Ecdysteroids in Ovary of Silkworm Bombyx mori. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1163:421-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04465.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ito Y, Yasuda A, Sonobe H. Synthesis and Phosphorylation of Ecdysteroids During Ovarian Development in the Silkworm, Bombyx mori. Zoolog Sci 2008; 25:721-7. [DOI: 10.2108/zsj.25.721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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