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Yu C, Jiang W, Li B, Hu Y, Liu D. The Role of Integrins for Mediating Nanodrugs to Improve Performance in Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13111721. [PMID: 37299624 DOI: 10.3390/nano13111721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Integrins are heterodimeric transmembrane proteins that mediate adhesive connections between cells and their surroundings, including surrounding cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM). They modulate tissue mechanics and regulate intracellular signaling, including cell generation, survival, proliferation, and differentiation, and the up-regulation of integrins in tumor cells has been confirmed to be associated with tumor development, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. Thus, integrins are expected to be an effective target to improve the efficacy of tumor therapy. A variety of integrin-targeting nanodrugs have been developed to improve the distribution and penetration of drugs in tumors, thereby, improving the efficiency of clinical tumor diagnosis and treatment. Herein, we focus on these innovative drug delivery systems and reveal the improved efficacy of integrin-targeting methods in tumor therapy, hoping to provide prospective guidance for the diagnosis and treatment of integrin-targeting tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Institute of Materials Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545005, China
| | - Yong Hu
- Institute of Materials Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Dan Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
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2
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He G, Wan S, Wu Y, Chu Z, Shen H, Zhang S, Chen L, Bao Z, Gu S, Huang J, Huang L, Gong G, Zou Y, Zhu Q, Xu Y. Discovery of the First Selective IDO2 Inhibitor As Novel Immunotherapeutic Avenues for Rheumatoid Arthritis. J Med Chem 2022; 65:14348-14365. [PMID: 35952367 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2), a closely related homologue of well-studied immunomodulatory enzyme IDO1, has been identified as a pathogenic mediator of inflammatory autoimmunity in preclinical models. Therapeutic targeting IDO2 in autoimmune diseases has been challenging due to the lack of small-molecule IDO2 inhibitors. Here, based on our previously developed IDO1/IDO2 dual inhibitor, guided by the homology model of the IDO2 structure, we discovered compound 22, the most potent inhibitor targeting IDO2 with good in vitro inhibitory activity (IDO2 IC50 = 112 nM). Notably, treatment with 22 alleviated disease severity and reduced inflammatory cytokines in both the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice model and adjuvant arthritis (AA) rat model. Our study offered for the first time a selective small-molecule IDO2 inhibitor 22 with IC50 at the nanomolar level, which may be used not only as a candidate compound for the treatment of autoimmune diseases but also as a tool compound for further IDO2-related mechanistic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangchao He
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Sheng Wan
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yunze Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Zhaoxing Chu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Linya Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Zijing Bao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Shuhui Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Junzhang Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Guoqing Gong
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yi Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qihua Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yungen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
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3
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He X, He G, Chu Z, Wu H, Wang J, Ge Y, Shen H, Zhang S, Shan J, Peng K, Wei Z, Zou Y, Xu Y, Zhu Q. Discovery of the First Potent IDO1/IDO2 Dual Inhibitors: A Promising Strategy for Cancer Immunotherapy. J Med Chem 2021; 64:17950-17968. [PMID: 34854662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) plays an important role in tumor immune escape. However, unsatisfactory clinical efficacies of selective IDO1 inhibitors have impeded their further development, suggesting that they do not exert sufficient antitumor effects by selectively inhibiting IDO1. IDO2, an isoenzyme of IDO1, is overexpressed in some human tumors, and emerging evidence suggests that concomitant inhibition of IDO1/2 may have synergistic effects in cancer treatment, revealing a promising cancer immunotherapeutic strategy. Herein, we describe the discovery of compound 4t, the first inhibitor targeting both IDO1/2 that has excellent in vitro inhibitory activity (IDO1 IC50 = 28 nM and IDO2 IC50 = 144 nM). Notably, 4t (TGI = 69.7%) exhibited significantly stronger in vivo antitumor potency than epacadostat (TGI = 49.4%) in CT26 xenograft mouse models, highlighting the advantages of IDO1/2 dual inhibitors for tumor immunotherapy. Preliminary mechanistic studies in vivo further identified that 4t exerts its antitumor effect by inhibiting IDO1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin He
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Guangchao He
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhaoxing Chu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Huanhuan Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Junjie Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yiran Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Jinxi Shan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Kewen Peng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Zhifeng Wei
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yi Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yungen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Qihua Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
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4
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Yuasa HJ, Stocker R. Methylene blue and ascorbate interfere with the accurate determination of the kinetic properties of IDO2. FEBS J 2021; 288:4892-4904. [PMID: 33686747 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenases (IDOs) catalyze the oxidative cleavage of L-tryptophan (Trp) to N-formylkynurenine. Two IDOs, IDO1 and IDO2, are present in vertebrates. IDO1 is a high-affinity Trp-degrading enzyme involved in several physiological processes. By comparison, IDO2 generally has been reported to have low affinity (high Km -value) for Trp, and the enzyme's in vivo function remains unclear. Using IDOs from different species, we show that compared with ferrous-oxy (Fe2+ -O2 ) IDO1, Fe2+ -O2 IDO2 is substantially more stable and engages in multiple turnovers of the reaction in the absence of a reductant. Without reductant, Fe2+ -O2 IDO2 showed Km -values in the range of 80-356 μM, that is, values substantially lower than reported previously and close to the physiological concentrations of Trp. Methylene blue and ascorbate (Asc), used commonly as the reducing system for IDO activity determination, significantly affected the enzymatic activity of IDO2: In combination, the two reductants increased the apparent Km - and kcat -values 8- to 117-fold and 2-fold, respectively. Asc alone both activated and inhibited IDO2 by acting as a source of electrons and as a weak competitive inhibitor, respectively. In addition, ferric (Fe3+ ) IDO1 and IDO2 exhibited weak dioxygenase activity, similar to tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase. Our results shed new light in the enzymatic activity of IDO2, and they support the view that this isoform of IDO also participates in the metabolism of Trp in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime J Yuasa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University Corporation Kochi University, Japan
| | - Roland Stocker
- Arterial Inflammation and Redox Biology Group, Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, Australia
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5
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Li P, Xu W, Liu F, Zhu H, Zhang L, Ding Z, Liang H, Song J. The emerging roles of IDO2 in cancer and its potential as a therapeutic target. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:111295. [PMID: 33550042 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
During the past decades, tryptophan metabolism disorder was discovered to play a vital and complex role in the development of cancer. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2) is one of the initial and rate-limiting enzymes of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan catabolism. Increasing evidence indicates that IDO2 is upregulated in some tumors and plays a role in the development of cancer. In spite of the growing body of research, few reviews focused on the role of IDO2 in cancer. Here, we review the emerging knowledge on the roles of IDO2 in cancer and its potential as a therapeutic target. Firstly, the main biological features and regulatory mechanisms are reviewed, after which we focus on the expression and roles of IDO2 in cancer. Finally, we discuss the potential of IDO2 as a therapeutic target for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Li
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weiqi Xu
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Furong Liu
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - He Zhu
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zeyang Ding
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Huifang Liang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Jia Song
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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6
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Fujii K, Yamamoto Y, Mizutani Y, Saito K, Seishima M. Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 2 Deficiency Exacerbates Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasis-Like Skin Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5515. [PMID: 32752186 PMCID: PMC7432009 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is an enzyme known to suppress immune responses, and several reports have showed that it is associated with psoriasis. IDO2 is an isoform of IDO1, recently identified as a catalytic enzyme in the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway, which is expressed in dendritic cells and monocytes. The expression of IDO2 in immune cells suggests that IDO2 may contribute to immune functions. However, the role of IDO2 in the pathogenesis of psoriasis remains unclear. In this study, to elucidate the role of IDO2 in psoriasis, we assessed imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis-like dermatitis in IDO2 knockout (KO) mice. Skin inflammation, evaluated by scoring erythema, scaling, and ear thickness, was significantly worse in the IDO2 KO mice than in the wild-type (WT) mice. The mRNA expression levels of TNF-α, IL-23p19, and IL-17A, key cytokines involved in the development of psoriasis, were also increased in the IDO2 KO mice. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry revealed that the number of Ki67-positive cells in the epidermis and CD4-, CD8-, and IL-17-positive lymphocytes infiltrating the dermis were significantly increased in the IDO2 KO mice. These results suggest that IDO2 might decrease IL-17 expression, thereby resulting in the suppression of skin inflammation in IMQ-induced psoriasis-like dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Fujii
- Department of Dermatology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagito, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; (Y.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Yasuko Yamamoto
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan; (Y.Y.); (K.S.)
| | - Yoko Mizutani
- Department of Dermatology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagito, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; (Y.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Kuniaki Saito
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan; (Y.Y.); (K.S.)
| | - Mariko Seishima
- Department of Dermatology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagito, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; (Y.M.); (M.S.)
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7
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Zhai L, Bell A, Ladomersky E, Lauing KL, Bollu L, Sosman JA, Zhang B, Wu JD, Miller SD, Meeks JJ, Lukas RV, Wyatt E, Doglio L, Schiltz GE, McCusker RH, Wainwright DA. Immunosuppressive IDO in Cancer: Mechanisms of Action, Animal Models, and Targeting Strategies. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1185. [PMID: 32612606 PMCID: PMC7308527 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO; IDO1; INDO) is a rate-limiting enzyme that metabolizes the essential amino acid, tryptophan, into downstream kynurenines. Canonically, the metabolic depletion of tryptophan and/or the accumulation of kynurenine is the mechanism that defines how immunosuppressive IDO inhibits immune cell effector functions and/or facilitates T cell death. Non-canonically, IDO also suppresses immunity through non-enzymic effects. Since IDO targeting compounds predominantly aim to inhibit metabolic activity as evidenced across the numerous clinical trials currently evaluating safety/efficacy in patients with cancer, in addition to the recent disappointment of IDO enzyme inhibitor therapy during the phase III ECHO-301 trial, the issue of IDO non-enzyme effects have come to the forefront of mechanistic and therapeutic consideration(s). Here, we review enzyme-dependent and -independent IDO-mediated immunosuppression as it primarily relates to glioblastoma (GBM); the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor in adults. Our group's recent discovery that IDO levels increase in the brain parenchyma during advanced age and regardless of whether GBM is present, highlights an immunosuppressive synergy between aging-increased IDO activity in cells of the central nervous system that reside outside of the brain tumor but collaborate with GBM cell IDO activity inside of the tumor. Because of their potential value for the in vivo study of IDO, we also review current transgenic animal modeling systems while highlighting three new constructs recently created by our group. This work converges on the central premise that maximal immunotherapeutic efficacy in subjects with advanced cancer requires both IDO enzyme- and non-enzyme-neutralization, which is not adequately addressed by available IDO-targeting pharmacologic approaches at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Zhai
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - April Bell
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Erik Ladomersky
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kristen L. Lauing
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Lakshmi Bollu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jeffrey A. Sosman
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Bin Zhang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jennifer D. Wu
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Stephen D. Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Joshua J. Meeks
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Rimas V. Lukas
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Eugene Wyatt
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Transgenic and Targeted Mutagenesis Laboratory, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Lynn Doglio
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Transgenic and Targeted Mutagenesis Laboratory, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Gary E. Schiltz
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Robert H. McCusker
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Derek A. Wainwright
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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8
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Yang D, Zhang S, Fang X, Guo L, Hu N, Guo Z, Li X, Yang S, He JC, Kuang C, Yang Q. N-Benzyl/Aryl Substituted Tryptanthrin as Dual Inhibitors of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase and Tryptophan 2,3-Dioxygenase. J Med Chem 2019; 62:9161-9174. [PMID: 31580660 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), which catalyzes the initial and rate-limiting step of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan catabolism, has emerged as a key target in cancer immunotherapy because of its role in enabling cancers to evade the immune system. Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2) catalyze the same reaction and play a potential role in cancer immunotherapy. Starting from our previously discovered tryptanthrin IDO1 inhibitor scaffold, we synthesized novel N-benzyl/aryl substituted tryptanthrin derivatives and evaluated their inhibitory efficacy on IDO1, TDO, and IDO2. Most compounds showed similar high inhibitory activities on both IDO1 and TDO, which were significantly superior over that of IDO2 with magnitude difference. We showed that N-benzyl/aryl substituted tryptanthrin directly interacted with IDO1, TDO, and IDO2, significantly augmented the proliferation of T cells in vitro, blocked the kynurenine pathway, and suppressed tumor growth when administered to LLC and H22 tumor-bearing mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences , Fudan University , Songhu Road 2005 , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences , Fudan University , Songhu Road 2005 , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | - Xin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences , Fudan University , Songhu Road 2005 , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | - Leilei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences , Fudan University , Songhu Road 2005 , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | - Nan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences , Fudan University , Songhu Road 2005 , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | - Zhanling Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences , Fudan University , Songhu Road 2005 , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | - Xishuai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences , Fudan University , Songhu Road 2005 , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | - Shuangshuang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences , Fudan University , Songhu Road 2005 , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | - Jin Chao He
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences , Fudan University , Songhu Road 2005 , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | - Chunxiang Kuang
- Department of Chemistry , Tongji University , Siping Road 1239 , Shanghai 200092 , China
| | - Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences , Fudan University , Songhu Road 2005 , Shanghai 200438 , China
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9
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Hu Y, Chen X, Xu Y, Han X, Wang M, Gong T, Zhang ZR, John Kao W, Fu Y. Hierarchical assembly of hyaluronan coated albumin nanoparticles for pancreatic cancer chemoimmunotherapy. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:16476-16487. [PMID: 31453622 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr03684a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a highly malignant carcinoma with limited effective treatment options, resulting in a poor patient survival rate of less than 5%. In this study, cationic albumin nanoparticles were assembled with negatively charged hyaluronic acid (HA) to achieve a hierarchical nanostructure and efficient delivery of small molecule drugs to the tumor site in the pancreas. A combination of chemotherapy with indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) inhibition was explored to enhance the chemotherapeutic efficacy in vivo. Hydrophobic celastrol (CLT) and hydrophilic 1-methyltryptophan (MT) were concurrently loaded in HA coated cationic albumin nanoparticles (HNPs) with an average size of ∼300 nm. The size of HNPs was reduced in the presence of hyaluronidase to facilitate penetration into deep tumor tissues. Also, the biodistribution study in the C57BL/6 mice xenograft model showed enhanced tumor accumulation and prolonged circulation of HNPs. Compared with CLT solution, the combination of CLT with MT showed significantly enhanced tumor inhibition in both xenograft and orthotopic pancreatic cancer mice models via downregulating the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Taken together, the combination of CLT with MT administered via HNPs represents a highly promising strategy for targeted pancreatic cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Xue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Yingying Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Xianru Han
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Mou Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Tao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Zhi-Rong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - W John Kao
- Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, and Chemical Biology Centre, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, HKSAR, China
| | - Yao Fu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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10
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Vichaya EG, Vermeer DW, Budac D, Lee A, Grossberg A, Vermeer PD, Lee JH, Dantzer R. Inhibition of Indoleamine 2,3 Dioxygenase Does Not Improve Cancer-Related Symptoms in a Murine Model of Human Papilloma Virus-Related Head and Neck Cancer. Int J Tryptophan Res 2019; 12:1178646919872508. [PMID: 31496720 PMCID: PMC6716175 DOI: 10.1177/1178646919872508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) by tumors can contribute to immunotolerance, and IDO induced by inflammation can also increase risk for the development of behavioral alterations. Thus, this study was initiated to determine whether IDO inhibition, intended to facilitate tumor clearance in response to treatment, attenuates behavioral alterations associated with tumor growth and treatment. We used a murine model of human papilloma virus-related head and neck cancer. We confirmed that tumor cells express IDO and expression was increased by radiotherapy. Interestingly, inhibition of IDO activation by the competitive inhibitor 1-methyl tryptophan mildly exacerbated treatment-associated burrowing deficits (burrowing is a sensitive index of sickness in tumor-bearing mice). Genetic deletion of IDO worsened tumor outcomes and had no effect on the behavioral response as by decreased burrowing or reduced voluntary wheel running. In contrast, oral administration of a specific inhibitor of IDO1 provided no apparent benefit on the tumor response to cancer therapy, yet decreased voluntary wheel-running activity independent of treatment. These results indicate that, independent of its potential effect on tumor clearance, inhibition of IDO does not improve cancer-related symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth G Vichaya
- Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Daniel W Vermeer
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - David Budac
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit, Lundbeck Research USA, Paramus, NJ, USA
| | - Anna Lee
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit, Lundbeck Research USA, Paramus, NJ, USA
| | - Aaron Grossberg
- Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Paola D Vermeer
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - John H Lee
- Chan Soon-Shiong Institute for Medicine, El Segundo, CA, USA
| | - Robert Dantzer
- Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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11
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Cui ZW, Zhang XY, Zhang XJ, Wu N, Lu LF, Li S, Chen DD, Zhang YA. Molecular and functional characterization of the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 89:301-308. [PMID: 30965085 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a kind of dioxygenase that can catalyze the degradation of levo-tryptophan (L-Trp) and plays key roles in immune tolerance. In this study, the IDO gene was cloned and functionally characterized from grass carp (gcIDO). The results showed that gcIDO overexpressed in GCO cells could catalyze the degradation of L-Trp through the L-Trp - kynurenine pathway, and this activity could be promoted by δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) while inhibited by levo-1-methyl tryptophan (L-1MT). Moreover, gcIDO was constitutively expressed in various tissues, and its expression could be significantly up-regulated by LPS and Poly (I:C) in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs). Furthermore, recombinant TGF-β1 of grass carp could up-regulate the expression of IDO, TGF-β1, CD25, and Foxp3 in PBLs, indicating that the TGF-β1/IDO pathway is present in fish. In the soybean meal induced enteritis (SBMIE) model, the expression of gcIDO in the intestine was up-regulated significantly, demonstrating that gcIDO may play an immunoregulatory role in SBMIE. Taken together, these data suggest that the IDO plays multiple roles in the immunity of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Wei Cui
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xu-Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Long-Feng Lu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Shun Li
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan-Dan Chen
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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12
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Yamamoto Y, Yamasuge W, Imai S, Kunisawa K, Hoshi M, Fujigaki H, Mouri A, Nabeshima T, Saito K. Lipopolysaccharide shock reveals the immune function of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 through the regulation of IL-6/stat3 signalling. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15917. [PMID: 30374077 PMCID: PMC6206095 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34166-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (Ido2) is a recently identified catalytic enzyme in the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway that is expressed primarily in monocytes and dendritic cells. To elucidate the biological role of Ido2 in immune function, we introduced lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin shock to Ido2 knockout (Ido2 KO) mice, which led to higher mortality than that in the wild type (WT) mice. LPS-treated Ido2 KO mice had increased production of inflammatory cytokines (including interleukin-6; IL-6) in serum and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (stat3) phosphorylation in the spleen. Moreover, the peritoneal macrophages of LPS-treated Ido2 KO mice produced more cytokines than did the WT mice. By contrast, the overexpression of Ido2 in the murine macrophage cell line (RAW) suppressed cytokine production and decreased stat3 expression. Finally, RAW cells overexpressing Ido2 did not alter nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) or stat1 expression, but IL-6 and stat3 expression decreased relative to the control cell line. These results reveal that Ido2 modulates IL-6/stat3 signalling and is induced by LPS, providing novel options for the treatment of immune disorders.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/deficiency
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/genetics
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/metabolism
- Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Kynurenine/metabolism
- Lipopolysaccharides/toxicity
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/cytology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- RAW 264.7 Cells
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Shock, Septic/immunology
- Shock, Septic/mortality
- Shock, Septic/pathology
- Signal Transduction
- Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Protein/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Yamamoto
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan.
| | - Wakana Yamasuge
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Imai
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, Hachioji, 192-0982, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kunisawa
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Masato Hoshi
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Hidetsugu Fujigaki
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Akihiro Mouri
- Department of Regulatory Science, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
- Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Nagoya, 468-0069, Japan
- Aino University, Ibaraki, 567-0012, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Saito
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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13
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Bando H, Sakaguchi N, Lee Y, Pradipta A, Ma JS, Tanaka S, Lai DH, Liu J, Lun ZR, Nishikawa Y, Sasai M, Yamamoto M. Toxoplasma Effector TgIST Targets Host IDO1 to Antagonize the IFN-γ-Induced Anti-parasitic Response in Human Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2073. [PMID: 30283439 PMCID: PMC6156249 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an important human and animal pathogen that causes life-threatening toxoplasmosis. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is critical for anti-T. gondii cell-autonomous immunity in both humans and mice. To proliferate efficiently within the hosts, virulent strains of T. gondii can suppress IFN-γ-dependent immunity. During parasite infection, it is well-characterized that various virulence effectors are secreted to transcriptionally or post-translationally target IFN-γ-inducible GTPases, which are essential for anti-parasite responses in mice. However, the role of IFN-γ-inducible GTPases in anti-T. gondii responses in human cells is controversial since they are non-functional or absent in humans. Instead, IFN-γ-induced tryptophan degradation by indole-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is important for the anti-T. gondii human response. To date, the T. gondii virulent mechanism targeting IDO in human cells remains elusive. Here we show that although humans possess two IDO isozymes, IDO1 and IDO2, human cells of various origins require IDO1 but not IDO2 for IFN-γ-induced cell-autonomous immunity to T. gondii. T. gondii secretes an effector TgIST to inhibit IDO1 mRNA expression. Taken together, the data suggests that T. gondii possesses virulence programs operated by TgIST to antagonize IFN-γ-induced IDO1-mediated anti-parasite cell-autonomous immunity in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Bando
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoya Sakaguchi
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Youngae Lee
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ariel Pradipta
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ji Su Ma
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shun Tanaka
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - De-Hua Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Center for Parasitic Organisms, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianfa Liu
- Department of Pathology and Pathogenic Biology, Medical College of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhao-Rong Lun
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Center for Parasitic Organisms, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yoshifumi Nishikawa
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Miwa Sasai
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamamoto
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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14
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Endothelial indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 regulates the placental vascular tone and is deficient in intrauterine growth restriction and pre-eclampsia. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5488. [PMID: 29615752 PMCID: PMC5883010 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23896-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) mediates the degradation of L-tryptophan (L-Trp) and is constitutively expressed in the chorionic vascular endothelium of the human placenta with highest levels in the microvasculature. Given that endothelial expression of IDO1 has been shown to regulate vascular tone and blood pressure in mice under the condition of systemic inflammation, we asked whether IDO1 is also involved in the regulation of placental blood flow and if yes, whether this function is potentially impaired in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and pre-eclampsia (PE). In the large arteries of the chorionic plate L-Trp induced relaxation only after upregulation of IDO1 using interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha. However, ex vivo placental perfusion of pre-constricted cotyledonic vasculature with L-Trp decreases the vessel back pressure without prior IDO1 induction. Further to this finding, IDO1 protein expression and activity is reduced in IUGR and PE when compared to gestational age–matched control tissue. These data suggest that L-Trp catabolism plays a role in the regulation of placental vascular tone, a finding which is potentially linked to placental and fetal growth. In this context our data suggest that IDO1 deficiency is related to the pathogenesis of IUGR and PE.
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15
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Boros FA, Bohár Z, Vécsei L. Genetic alterations affecting the genes encoding the enzymes of the kynurenine pathway and their association with human diseases. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2018; 776:32-45. [PMID: 29807576 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan is metabolized primarily via the kynurenine pathway (KP), which involves several enzymes, including indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, tryptophan 2,3 dioxygenase (TDO), kynurenine aminotransferases (KATs), kynurenine monooxygenase (KMO) etc. The majority of metabolites are neuroactive: some of them, such as kynurenic acid, show neuroprotective effects, while others contribute to free radical production, leading to neurodegeneration. Imbalance of the pathway is assumed to contribute to the development of several neurodegenerative diseases, psychiatric disorders, migraine and multiple sclerosis. Our aim was to summarize published data on genetic alterations of enzymes involved in the KP leading to disturbances of the pathway that can be related to different diseases. To achieve this, a PubMed literature search was performed for publications on genetic alterations of the KP enzymes upto April 2017. Several genetic alterations of the KP have been identified and have been proposed to be associated with diseases. Here we must emphasize that despite the large number of recognized genetic alterations, the number of firmly established causal relations with specific diseases is still small. The realization of this by those interested in the field is very important and finding such connections should be a major focus of related research. Polymorphisms of the genes encoding the enzymes of the KP have been associated with autism, multiple sclerosis and schizophrenia, and were shown to affect the immune response of patients with bacterial meningitis, just to mention a few. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive review of the genetic alterations of the KP enzymes. We believe that the identification of genetic alterations underlying diseases has great value regarding both treatment and diagnostics in precision medicine, as this work can promote the understanding of pathological mechanisms, and might facilitate medicinal chemistry approaches to substitute missing components or correct the disturbed metabolite balance of KP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanni A Boros
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Bohár
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Szeged, Hungary.
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16
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Weng T, Qiu X, Wang J, Li Z, Bian J. Recent discovery of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 inhibitors targeting cancer immunotherapy. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 143:656-669. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.11.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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17
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Liu Y, Zhang Y, Zheng X, Zhang X, Wang H, Li Q, Yuan K, Zhou N, Yu Y, Song N, Fu J, Min W. Gene silencing of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 in melanoma cells induces apoptosis through the suppression of NAD+ and inhibits in vivo tumor growth. Oncotarget 2017; 7:32329-40. [PMID: 27058624 PMCID: PMC5078016 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2) is a newly discovered enzyme that catalyzes the initial and rate-limiting step in the degradation of tryptophan. As a homologous protein of IDO1, IDO2 plays an inhibitory role in T cell proliferation, and it is essential for regulatory T cell (Treg) generation in healthy conditions. Little is known about the immune-independent functions of IDO2 relevant to its specific contributions to physiology and pathophysiology in cancer cells. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of IDO2 gene silencing as a way to inhibit B16-BL6 cancer cells in a murine model. Here, for the first time, we show that knockdown of IDO2 using small interfering RNA (siRNA) inhibits cancer cell proliferation, arrests cell cycle in G1, induces greater cell apoptosis, and reduces cell migration in vitro. Knockdown of IDO2 decreased the generation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) while increasing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We further demonstrate that cell apoptosis, induced by IDO2 downregulation, can be weakened by addition of exogenous NAD+, suggesting a novel mechanism by which IDO2 promotes tumor growth through its metabolite product NAD+. In addition to in vitro findings, we also demonstrate that IDO2 silencing in tumor cells using short hairpin RNA (shRNA) delayed tumor formation and arrested tumor growth in vivo. In conclusion, this study demonstrates a new non-immune-associated mechanism of IDO2 in vitro and IDO2 expression in B16-BL6 cells contributes to cancer development and progression. Our research provides evidence of a novel target for gene silencing that has the potential to enhance cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Liu
- Institute of Immunotherapy of Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Nanchang, China.,Department of Surgery, Pathology, and Oncology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Yujuan Zhang
- Institute of Immunotherapy of Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiufen Zheng
- Department of Surgery, Pathology, and Oncology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Xusheng Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Pathology, and Oncology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Hongmei Wang
- Institute of Immunotherapy of Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - Qin Li
- Institute of Immunotherapy of Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - Keng Yuan
- Institute of Immunotherapy of Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Nanchang, China
| | - Nanjing Zhou
- Institute of Immunotherapy of Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Nanchang, China
| | - Yanrong Yu
- Institute of Immunotherapy of Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Nanchang, China
| | - Na Song
- Institute of Immunotherapy of Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - Jiamin Fu
- Institute of Immunotherapy of Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - Weiping Min
- Institute of Immunotherapy of Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Nanchang, China.,Department of Surgery, Pathology, and Oncology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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18
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Sugiura M, Yuasa HJ, Harumoto T. Novel Specificity of IDO Enzyme Involved in the Biosynthesis of Mating Pheromone in the Ciliate Blepharisma stoltei. Protist 2017; 168:686-696. [DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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19
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Amobi A, Qian F, Lugade AA, Odunsi K. Tryptophan Catabolism and Cancer Immunotherapy Targeting IDO Mediated Immune Suppression. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1036:129-144. [PMID: 29275469 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-67577-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, tryptophan catabolism has been firmly established as a powerful mechanism of innate and adaptive immune tolerance. The catabolism of tryptophan is a central pathway maintaining homeostasis by preventing autoimmunity or immunopathology that would result from uncontrolled and overreacting immune responses. This is driven by the key and rate-limiting enzymes indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase 2 (TDO), resulting in local depletion of tryptophan, while tryptophan catabolites accumulate, including kynurenine and its derivatives, depending on the presence of downstream enzymes in the kynurenine pathway. These metabolic modifications result in a local microenvironment that is profoundly immunosuppressive, as a result of various mechanisms whose respective role remains incompletely characterized. Drugs targeting this pathway, specifically IDO1, are already in clinical trials with the aim at reverting cancer-induced immunosuppression. Recent studies have demonstrated favorable pharmacokinetics profiles for first-generation (Indoximod NLG8189) and second-generation IDO1 inhibitors (INCB024360 and NLG919). Targeting tryptophan catabolism in combination with additional methods of therapy may improve efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. These methods include, but are not limited to vaccination, adoptive cellular therapy, checkpoint inhibitor blockade, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibition. Over the last decade, there has been a considerable increase in our understanding of the regulation and downstream mediators of tryptophan metabolism. This detailed understanding will expand opportunities to interfere with the pathway therapeutically on multiple levels. The object of this chapter is to highlight current and past key findings that implicate tryptophan catabolism as an important mediator of cancer immunity and discuss the development of multiple therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adaobi Amobi
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Feng Qian
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Amit A Lugade
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kunle Odunsi
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA.
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA.
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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20
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Li J, Li Y, Yang D, Hu N, Guo Z, Kuang C, Yang Q. Establishment of a human indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 2 (hIDO2) bioassay system and discovery of tryptanthrin derivatives as potent hIDO2 inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 123:171-179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Yuasa HJ. Highl-Trp affinity of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 is attributed to two residues located in the distal heme pocket. FEBS J 2016; 283:3651-3661. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hajime J. Yuasa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry; Department of Applied Science; Faculty of Science; National University Corporation Kochi University; Japan
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22
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Abstract
IDO1 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1) is a member of a unique class of mammalian haem dioxygenases that catalyse the oxidative catabolism of the least-abundant essential amino acid, L-Trp (L-tryptophan), along the kynurenine pathway. Significant increases in knowledge have been recently gained with respect to understanding the fundamental biochemistry of IDO1 including its catalytic reaction mechanism, the scope of enzyme reactions it catalyses, the biochemical mechanisms controlling IDO1 expression and enzyme activity, and the discovery of enzyme inhibitors. Major advances in understanding the roles of IDO1 in physiology and disease have also been realised. IDO1 is recognised as a prominent immune regulatory enzyme capable of modulating immune cell activation status and phenotype via several molecular mechanisms including enzyme-dependent deprivation of L-Trp and its conversion into the aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligand kynurenine and other bioactive kynurenine pathway metabolites, or non-enzymatic cell signalling actions involving tyrosine phosphorylation of IDO1. Through these different modes of biochemical signalling, IDO1 regulates certain physiological functions (e.g. pregnancy) and modulates the pathogenesis and severity of diverse conditions including chronic inflammation, infectious disease, allergic and autoimmune disorders, transplantation, neuropathology and cancer. In the present review, we detail the current understanding of IDO1’s catalytic actions and the biochemical mechanisms regulating IDO1 expression and activity. We also discuss the biological functions of IDO1 with a focus on the enzyme's immune-modulatory function, its medical implications in diverse pathological settings and its utility as a therapeutic target.
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Yuasa HJ, Mizuno K, Ball HJ. Low efficiency IDO2 enzymes are conserved in lower vertebrates, whereas higher efficiency IDO1 enzymes are dispensable. FEBS J 2015; 282:2735-45. [PMID: 25950090 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a Trp-degrading enzyme that catalyzes the first step in the kynurenine pathway. Two IDO genes, IDO1 and IDO2, are found in vertebrates and the timing of the gene duplication giving rise to the genes has been controversial. In the present study, we report that several fishes and two turtles also have both IDO1 and IDO2. This represents definitive evidence for the gene duplication occurring before the divergence of vertebrates, with IDO1 having been lost in a number of lower vertebrate lineages. IDO2 enzymes have a relatively low affinity for l-Trp; however, Anolis carolinensis (lizard) IDO2 has an affinity for l-Trp comparable to mammalian IDO1 enzymes. We identified a Ser residue located in the distal heme pocket of IDO1 (distal-Ser) (corresponding to Ser167 of human IDO1) that is conserved in all IDO1 enzymes and the lizard IDO2. This residue is conserved as Thr (distal-Thr) in other IDO2 enzymes. Biochemical analyses, using IDO variants with either Ser or Thr substitutions, suggest that the distal-Ser change was crucial for the improvement in affinity for l-Trp in ancient IDO1. The ancestral IDO1 likely had a 'moderate' enzymatic efficiency for l-Trp, clearly higher than IDO2 but lower than mammalian IDO1. The distal-Ser of lizard IDO2 bestows a high affinity for l-Trp, however, this unique IDO2 has a low enzymatic efficiency because of its very low catalytic velocity. Thus, low efficiency IDO2 enzymes have been conserved throughout vertebrate evolution, whereas higher efficiency IDO1 enzymes are dispensable in many lower vertebrate lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime J Yuasa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Applied Science, Faculty of Science, National University Corporation Kochi University, Japan
| | - Keiko Mizuno
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Applied Science, Faculty of Science, National University Corporation Kochi University, Japan
| | - Helen J Ball
- Molecular Immunopathology Unit, Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Australia
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Targeting key dioxygenases in tryptophan–kynurenine metabolism for immunomodulation and cancer chemotherapy. Drug Discov Today 2015; 20:609-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Yuasa HJ, Ball HJ. Efficient tryptophan-catabolizing activity is consistently conserved through evolution of TDO enzymes, but not IDO enzymes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2015; 324:128-40. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hajime J. Yuasa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry; Department of Applied Science; Faculty of Science; National University Corporation Kochi University; Kochi Japan
| | - Helen J. Ball
- Molecular Immunopathology Unit; Discipline of Pathology; School of Medical Sciences; and Bosch Institute; University of Sydney; NSW Australia
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Zhai L, Lauing KL, Chang AL, Dey M, Qian J, Cheng Y, Lesniak MS, Wainwright DA. The role of IDO in brain tumor immunotherapy. J Neurooncol 2014; 123:395-403. [PMID: 25519303 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-014-1687-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Malignant glioma comprises the majority of primary brain tumors. Coincidently, most of those malignancies express an inducible tryptophan catabolic enzyme, indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase 1 (IDO1). While IDO1 is not normally expressed at appreciable levels in the adult central nervous system, it's rapidly induced and/or upregulated upon inflammatory stimulus. The primary function of IDO1 is associated with conversion of the essential amino acid, tryptophan, into downstream catabolites known as kynurenines. The depletion of tryptophan and/or accumulation of kynurenine has been shown to induce T cell deactivation, apoptosis and/or the induction of immunosuppressive programming via the expression of FoxP3. This understanding has informed immunotherapeutic design for the strategic development of targeted molecular therapeutics that inhibit IDO1 activity. Here, we review the current knowledge of IDO1 in brain tumors, pre-clinical studies targeting this enzymatic pathway, alternative tryptophan catabolic mediators that compensate for IDO1 loss and/or inhibition, as well as proposed clinical strategies and questions that are critical to address for increasing future immunotherapeutic effectiveness in patients with incurable brain cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Zhai
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 300 East Superior Street, Tarry Building 2-703, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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Vacchelli E, Aranda F, Eggermont A, Sautès-Fridman C, Tartour E, Kennedy EP, Platten M, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial watch: IDO inhibitors in cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e957994. [PMID: 25941578 DOI: 10.4161/21624011.2014.957994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxigenase 1 (IDO1) is the main enzyme that catalyzes the first, rate-limiting step of the so-called "kynurenine pathway", i.e., the metabolic cascade that converts the essential amino acid L-tryptophan (Trp) into L-kynurenine (Kyn). IDO1, which is expressed constitutively by some tissues and in an inducible manner by specific subsets of antigen-presenting cells, has been shown to play a role in the establishment and maintenance of peripheral tolerance. At least in part, this reflects the capacity of IDO1 to restrict the microenvironmental availability of Trp and to favor the accumulation of Kyn and some of its derivatives. Also, several neoplastic lesions express IDO1, providing them with a means to evade anticancer immunosurveillance. This consideration has driven the development of several IDO1 inhibitors, some of which (including 1-methyltryptophan) have nowadays entered clinical evaluation. In animal tumor models, the inhibition of IDO1 by chemical or genetic interventions is indeed associated with the (re)activation of therapeutically relevant anticancer immune responses. This said, several immunotherapeutic regimens exert robust clinical activity in spite of their ability to promote the expression of IDO1. Moreover, 1-methyltryptophan has recently been shown to exert IDO1-independent immunostimulatory effects. Here, we summarize the preclinical and clinical studies testing the antineoplastic activity of IDO1-targeting interventions.
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Key Words
- 1-methyl-D-tryptophan
- AHR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor
- BIN1, bridging integrator 1
- CTLA4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated protein 4
- DC, dendritic cell
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- GCN2, general control non-derepressible 2
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- IDO, indoleamine 2,3-dioxigenase
- IFNγ, interferon γ
- INCB024360
- Kyn, L-kynurenine
- NK, natural killer
- NLG919
- ODN, oligodeoxynucleotide
- TDO2, tryptophan 2,3-dioxigenase
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- Treg, regulatory T cell
- Trp, L-tryptophan
- indoximod
- interferon γ
- peptide-based anticancer vaccines
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Vacchelli
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus ; Villejuif, France ; INSERM U1138 ; Paris, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris, France ; ; Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Orsay , Paris, France
| | - Fernando Aranda
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus ; Villejuif, France ; INSERM U1138 ; Paris, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris, France
| | | | - Catherine Sautès-Fridman
- INSERM U1138 ; Paris, France ; Equipe 13; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris, France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI ; Paris, France
| | - Eric Tartour
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité ; Paris, France ; INSERM U970 ; Paris, France ; Pôle de Biologie; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; AP-HP ; Paris, France
| | | | - Michael Platten
- Department of Neurooncology; University Hospital Heidelberg and National Center for Tumor Diseases ; Heidelberg, Germany ; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) ; Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus ; Villejuif, France ; INSERM U1015; CICBT507 ; Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- INSERM U1138 ; Paris, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris, France ; ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité ; Paris, France ; Pôle de Biologie; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; AP-HP ; Paris, France ; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus ; Villejuif, France
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus ; Villejuif, France ; INSERM U1138 ; Paris, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris, France ; ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité ; Paris, France
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Prendergast GC, Metz R, Muller AJ, Merlo LMF, Mandik-Nayak L. IDO2 in Immunomodulation and Autoimmune Disease. Front Immunol 2014; 5:585. [PMID: 25477879 PMCID: PMC4238401 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IDO2 is a relative of IDO1 implicated in tryptophan catabolism and immune modulation but its specific contributions to normal physiology and pathophysiology are not known. Evolutionary genetic studies suggest that IDO2 has a unique function ancestral to IDO1. In mice, IDO2 gene deletion does not appreciably affect embryonic development or hematopoiesis, but it leads to defects in allergic or autoimmune responses and in the ability of IDO1 to influence the generation of T regulatory cells. Gene expression studies indicate that IDO2 is a basally and more narrowly expressed gene than IDO1 and that IDO2 is uniquely regulated by AhR, which serves as a physiological receptor for the tryptophan catabolite kynurenine. In the established KRN transgenic mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis, where IDO1 gene deletion has no effect, IDO2 deletion selectively blunts responses to autoantigen but has no effect on responses to neoantigen challenge. In human populations, natural variations in IDO2 gene sequence that attenuate enzymatic activity have been reported to influence brain cancer control and adaptive immune responses to the IDO2 protein itself, consistent with the concept that IDO2 is involved in shaping immune tolerance in human beings. Biochemical and pharmacological studies provide further evidence of differences in IDO2 enzymology and function relative to IDO1. We suggest that IDO2 may act in a distinct manner from IDO1 as a set-point for tolerance to "altered-self" antigens along the self-non-self continuum where immune challenges from cancer and autoimmunity may arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- George C. Prendergast
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Jefferson Medical School, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Alexander J. Muller
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Laura Mandik-Nayak
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Human indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-2 has substrate specificity and inhibition characteristics distinct from those of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1. Amino Acids 2014; 46:2155-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1766-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Prendergast GC, Smith C, Thomas S, Mandik-Nayak L, Laury-Kleintop L, Metz R, Muller AJ. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase pathways of pathogenic inflammation and immune escape in cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2014; 63:721-35. [PMID: 24711084 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-014-1549-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Genetic and pharmacological studies of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) have established this tryptophan catabolic enzyme as a central driver of malignant development and progression. IDO acts in tumor, stromal and immune cells to support pathogenic inflammatory processes that engender immune tolerance to tumor antigens. The multifaceted effects of IDO activation in cancer include the suppression of T and NK cells, the generation and activation of T regulatory cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and the promotion of tumor angiogenesis. Mechanistic investigations have defined the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, the master metabolic regulator mTORC1 and the stress kinase Gcn2 as key effector signaling elements for IDO, which also exerts a non-catalytic role in TGF-β signaling. Small-molecule inhibitors of IDO exhibit anticancer activity and cooperate with immunotherapy, radiotherapy or chemotherapy to trigger rapid regression of aggressive tumors otherwise resistant to treatment. Notably, the dramatic antitumor activity of certain targeted therapeutics such as imatinib (Gleevec) in gastrointestinal stromal tumors has been traced in part to IDO downregulation. Further, antitumor responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors can be heightened safely by a clinical lead inhibitor of the IDO pathway that relieves IDO-mediated suppression of mTORC1 in T cells. In this personal perspective on IDO as a nodal mediator of pathogenic inflammation and immune escape in cancer, we provide a conceptual foundation for the clinical development of IDO inhibitors as a novel class of immunomodulators with broad application in the treatment of advanced human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- George C Prendergast
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research (LIMR), 100 Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, PA, 19096, USA,
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31
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Merlo LMF, Pigott E, DuHadaway JB, Grabler S, Metz R, Prendergast GC, Mandik-Nayak L. IDO2 is a critical mediator of autoantibody production and inflammatory pathogenesis in a mouse model of autoimmune arthritis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:2082-2090. [PMID: 24489090 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune disorders are associated with altered activity of the immunomodulatory enzyme IDO. However, the precise contributions of IDO function to autoimmunity remain unclear. In this article, we examine the effect of two different IDO enzymes, IDO1 and IDO2, on the development of autoimmune arthritis in the KRN preclinical model of rheumatoid arthritis. We find that IDO2, not IDO1, is critical for arthritis development, providing direct evidence of separate in vivo functions for IDO1 and IDO2. Mice null for Ido2 display decreased joint inflammation relative to wild-type mice owing to a reduction in pathogenic autoantibodies and Ab-secreting cells. Notably, IDO2 appears to specifically mediate autoreactive responses, but not normal B cell responses, as total serum Ig levels are not altered and IDO2 knockout mice are able to mount productive Ab responses to model Ags in vitro and in vivo. Reciprocal adoptive transfer studies confirm that autoantibody production and arthritis are modulated by IDO2 expression in a cell type extrinsic to the T cell. Taken together, our results, provide important insights into IDO2 function by defining its pathogenic contributions to autoantibody-mediated autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - George C Prendergast
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood PA USA.,Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia PA USA.,Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Laura Mandik-Nayak
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood PA USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia PA USA
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32
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Metz R, Smith C, DuHadaway JB, Chandler P, Baban B, Merlo LMF, Pigott E, Keough MP, Rust S, Mellor AL, Mandik-Nayak L, Muller AJ, Prendergast GC. IDO2 is critical for IDO1-mediated T-cell regulation and exerts a non-redundant function in inflammation. Int Immunol 2014; 26:357-67. [PMID: 24402311 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxt073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
IDO2 is implicated in tryptophan catabolism and immunity but its physiological functions are not well established. Here we report the characterization of mice genetically deficient in IDO2, which develop normally but exhibit defects in IDO-mediated T-cell regulation and inflammatory responses. Construction of this strain was prompted in part by our discovery that IDO2 function is attenuated in macrophages from Ido1 (-/-) mice due to altered message splicing, generating a functional mosaic with implications for interpreting findings in Ido1 (-/-) mice. No apparent defects were observed in Ido2 (-/-) mice in embryonic development or hematopoietic differentiation, with wild-type profiles documented for kynurenine in blood serum and for immune cells in spleen, lymph nodes, peritoneum, thymus and bone marrow of naive mice. In contrast, upon immune stimulation we determined that IDO1-dependent T regulatory cell generation was defective in Ido2 (-/-) mice, supporting Ido1-Ido2 genetic interaction and establishing a functional role for Ido2 in immune modulation. Pathophysiologically, both Ido1 (-/-) and Ido2 (-/-) mice displayed reduced skin contact hypersensitivity responses, but mechanistic distinctions were apparent, with only Ido2 deficiency associated with a suppression of immune regulatory cytokines that included GM-CSF, G-CSF, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6 and MCP-1/CCL2. Different contributions to inflammation were likewise indicated by the finding that Ido2 (-/-) mice did not phenocopy Ido1 (-/-) mice in the reduced susceptibility of the latter to inflammatory skin cancer. Taken together, our results offer an initial glimpse into immune modulation by IDO2, revealing its genetic interaction with IDO1 and distinguishing its non-redundant contributions to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Metz
- New Link Genetics Corporation, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Courtney Smith
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA
| | | | - Phillip Chandler
- Immunotherapy Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Babak Baban
- Immunotherapy Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Lauren M F Merlo
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA
| | - Elizabeth Pigott
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA
| | - Martin P Keough
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA
| | - Sonja Rust
- New Link Genetics Corporation, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Andrew L Mellor
- Immunotherapy Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Laura Mandik-Nayak
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Alexander J Muller
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - George C Prendergast
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Jefferson Medical School, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Trabanelli S, Očadlíková D, Ciciarello M, Salvestrini V, Lecciso M, Jandus C, Metz R, Evangelisti C, Laury-Kleintop L, Romero P, Prendergast GC, Curti A, Lemoli RM. The SOCS3-independent expression of IDO2 supports the homeostatic generation of T regulatory cells by human dendritic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:1231-40. [PMID: 24391212 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional APCs that have a role in the initiation of adaptive immune responses and tolerance. Among the tolerogenic mechanisms, the expression of the enzyme IDO1 represents an effective tool to generate T regulatory cells. In humans, different DC subsets express IDO1, but less is known about the IDO1-related enzyme IDO2. In this study, we found a different pattern of expression and regulation between IDO1 and IDO2 in human circulating DCs. At the protein level, IDO1 is expressed only in circulating myeloid DCs (mDCs) and is modulated by PGE2, whereas IDO2 is expressed in both mDCs and plasmacytoid DCs and is not modulated by PGE2. In healthy subjects, IDO1 expression requires the presence of PGE2 and needs continuous transcription and translation, whereas IDO2 expression is constitutive, independent from suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 activity. Conversely, in patients suffering from inflammatory arthritis, circulating DCs express both IDO1 and IDO2. At the functional level, both mDCs and plasmacytoid DCs generate T regulatory cells through an IDO1/IDO2-dependent mechanism. We conclude that, in humans, whereas IDO1 provides an additional mechanism of tolerance induced by proinflammatory mediators, IDO2 is stably expressed in steady-state conditions and may contribute to the homeostatic tolerogenic capacity of DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Trabanelli
- Department of Specialistic, Diagnostic, and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Hematology "Seràgnoli," University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
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34
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Fatokun AA, Hunt NH, Ball HJ. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2) and the kynurenine pathway: characteristics and potential roles in health and disease. Amino Acids 2013; 45:1319-29. [PMID: 24105077 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1602-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway is the major route for the oxidative degradation of the amino acid tryptophan. Activity of the pathway is involved in several disease conditions, both in the periphery and the central nervous system, including cancer, inflammatory disorders, neurological conditions, psychiatric disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Three enzymes are now known to catalyze the first and rate-limiting step in the catabolism of tryptophan along this pathway: tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO, subsequently named IDO1), both of which have been extensively studied, and a third enzyme, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2), a relative newcomer to the kynurenine pathway field. The adjuvant chemotherapeutic agent, 1-methyl-D-tryptophan, was intially suggested to target IDO2, implying involvement of IDO2 in tumorigenesis. Subsequently this compound has been suggested to have alternative actions and the physiological and pathophysiological roles of IDO2 are unclear. Targeted genetic interventions and selective inhibitors provide approaches for investigating the biology of IDO2. This review focuses on the current knowledge of IDO2 biology and discusses tools that will assist in further characterizing the enzymes of the kynurenine pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos A Fatokun
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Cell Signalling, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
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35
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Dolušić E, Frédérick R. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase inhibitors: a patent review (2008 – 2012). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:1367-81. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.827662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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36
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Holmgaard RB, Zamarin D, Munn DH, Wolchok JD, Allison JP. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase is a critical resistance mechanism in antitumor T cell immunotherapy targeting CTLA-4. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:1389-402. [PMID: 23752227 PMCID: PMC3698523 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20130066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 499] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase suppresses infiltration and accumulation of tumor-reactive T cells in the context of anti–CTLA-4 immunotherapy and attenuates the anti-tumor efficacy. The cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4)–blocking antibody ipilimumab results in durable responses in metastatic melanoma, though therapeutic benefit has been limited to a fraction of patients. This calls for identification of resistance mechanisms and development of combinatorial strategies. Here, we examine the inhibitory role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) on the antitumor efficacy of CTLA-4 blockade. In IDO knockout mice treated with anti–CTLA-4 antibody, we demonstrate a striking delay in B16 melanoma tumor growth and increased overall survival when compared with wild-type mice. This was also observed with antibodies targeting PD-1–PD-L1 and GITR. To highlight the therapeutic relevance of these findings, we show that CTLA-4 blockade strongly synergizes with IDO inhibitors to mediate rejection of both IDO-expressing and nonexpressing poorly immunogenic tumors, emphasizing the importance of the inhibitory role of both tumor- and host-derived IDO. This effect was T cell dependent, leading to enhanced infiltration of tumor-specific effector T cells and a marked increase in the effector-to-regulatory T cell ratios in the tumors. Overall, these data demonstrate the immunosuppressive role of IDO in the context of immunotherapies targeting immune checkpoints and provide a strong incentive to clinically explore combination therapies using IDO inhibitors irrespective of IDO expression by the tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke B Holmgaard
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
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Yuasa HJ, Ball HJ. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenases with very low catalytic activity are well conserved across kingdoms: IDOs of Basidiomycota. Fungal Genet Biol 2013; 56:98-106. [PMID: 23548750 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a tryptophan-degrading enzyme and is found in animals, fungi and bacteria. In fungi, its primary role is to supply nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) via the kynurenine pathway. A number of organisms possess more than one IDO gene, for example, mammals have IDO1 and IDO2 genes. We previously reported that the Pezizomycotina fungi commonly possess three types of IDO genes, IDOα, IDOβ and IDOγ. In this study, we surveyed the nature of IDO genes from Basidiomycota fungi, which are categorized into three subphyla (Agaricomycotina, Pucciniomycotina and Ustilaginomycotina). The Agaricomycotina fungi generally have three types of IDO genes (IDOa, IDOb and IDOc), which are distinct from Pezizomycotina three isozymes. Pucciniomycotina and Ustilaginomycotina species possess two types of IDO; one forms a monophyletic clade with Agaricomycotina IDOs in the phylogenetic tree, these IDOs are referred to as "typical Basidiomycota IDOs". The other is IDOγ, which showed more than 40% identity with Pezizomycotina and ciliate IDOγ. We previously demonstrated that IDO2 in mammals and IDOγ in Perzizomycotina fungi have much lower catalytic efficiencies in an in vitro assay, compared with the other IDO isoforms found in the respective species. We have developed a functional assay to determine whether particular IDO enzymes have sufficient enzymatic activity to rescue a yeast strain where IDO-deletion has rendered it auxotrophic for nicotinic acid. IDOα and IDOβ showed comparable catalytic efficiency, both of them could function in the Pezizomycotina fungal L-Trp metabolism. The catalytic efficiency and functional capacity of the Basidiomycota IDOa and IDOb were similar to Pezizomycotina IDOα/IDOβ. We found that Basidiomycota IDOc could not rescue the nicotinic acid auxotroph, similar to other IDO enzymes with low catalytic efficiency (mammalian IDO2 and most fungal IDOγ). Our study suggests that some fungal IDO enzymes function in tryptophan metabolism and NAD(+) supply. In contrast, other IDO enzymes do not possess sufficient Trp-metabolising capacity to supply NAD(+). Although the role of these low catalytic efficiency IDOs is not clear, it is interesting to note that IDO enzymes possessing these characteristics have evolved across different kingdoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime J Yuasa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Applied Science, Faculty of Science, National University Corporation Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520, Japan.
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Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase inhibitory activity of derivatives of marine alkaloid tsitsikammamine A. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:47-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Identification of selective inhibitors of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:7641-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Qian F, Liao J, Villella J, Edwards R, Kalinski P, Lele S, Shrikant P, Odunsi K. Effects of 1-methyltryptophan stereoisomers on IDO2 enzyme activity and IDO2-mediated arrest of human T cell proliferation. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:2013-20. [PMID: 22527253 PMCID: PMC11028567 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-012-1265-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
IDO2 is a newly discovered enzyme with 43 % similarity to classical IDO (IDO1) protein and shares the same critical catalytic residues. IDO1 catalyzes the initial and rate-limiting step in the degradation of tryptophan and is a key enzyme in mediating tumor immune tolerance via arrest of T cell proliferation. The role of IDO2 in human T cell immunity remains controversial. Here, we demonstrate that similar to IDO1, IDO2 also degrades tryptophan into kynurenine and is inhibited more efficiently by Levo-1-methyl tryptophan (L-1MT), an IDO1 competitive inhibitor, than by dextro-methyl tryptophan (D-1MT). Although IDO2 enzyme activity is weaker than IDO1, it is less sensitive to 1-MT inhibition than IDO1. Moreover, our results indicate that human CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell proliferation was inhibited by IDO2, but both L-1MT and D-1MT could not reverse IDO2-mediated arrest of cell proliferation, even at high concentrations. These data indicate that IDO2 is an inhibitory mechanism in human T cell proliferation and support efforts to develop more effective IDO1 and IDO2 inhibitors in order to overcome IDO-mediated immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Qian
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY USA
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Center for Immunotherapy, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263 USA
| | - Jianqun Liao
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY USA
| | - Jeannine Villella
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Winthrop-University Hospital, New York, NY USA
| | - Robert Edwards
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Pawel Kalinski
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Shashikant Lele
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY USA
| | - Protul Shrikant
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY USA
| | - Kunle Odunsi
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY USA
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY USA
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Center for Immunotherapy, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263 USA
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Platten M, Wick W, Van den Eynde BJ. Tryptophan Catabolism in Cancer: Beyond IDO and Tryptophan Depletion. Cancer Res 2012; 72:5435-40. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-0569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 482] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Schmidt SK, Siepmann S, Kuhlmann K, Meyer HE, Metzger S, Pudelko S, Leineweber M, Däubener W. Influence of tryptophan contained in 1-Methyl-Tryptophan on antimicrobial and immunoregulatory functions of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44797. [PMID: 23028625 PMCID: PMC3441469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) has been identified as an important antimicrobial and immunoregulatory effector molecule essential for the establishment of tolerance by regulating local tryptophan (Trp) concentrations. On the other hand, the immunosuppressive capacity of IDO can have detrimental effects for the host as it can lead to deleterious alterations of the immune response by promoting tolerance to some types of tumors. To suppress this disadvantageous IDO effect, the competitive inhibitor 1-Methyl-Tryptophan (1-MT) is being tested in clinical trials. However, it remains inconclusive which stereoisomer of 1-MT is the more effective inhibitor of IDO-mediated immunosuppression. While IDO enzyme activity is more efficiently inhibited by 1-L-MT in cell-free or in vitro settings, 1-D-MT is superior to 1-L-MT in the enhancement of anti-tumor responses in vivo. Here, we present new data showing that commercially available 1-L-MT lots contain tryptophan in amounts sufficient to compensate for the IDO-mediated tryptophan depletion in vitro. The addition of 1-L-MT abrogated IDO-mediated antimicrobial effects and permitted the growth of the tryptophan-auxotroph microorganisms Staphylococcus aureus and Toxoplasma gondii. Consistent with this, the tryptophan within 1-L-MT lots was sufficient to antagonize IDO-mediated inhibition of T cell responses. Mass spectrometry (MS) analysis revealed not only tryptophan within 1-L-MT, but also the incorporation of this tryptophan in bacterial and human proteins that were generated in the presence of 1-L-MT in otherwise tryptophan-free conditions. In summary, these data reveal that tryptophan within 1-L-MT can affect the results of in vitro studies in an L-stereospecific and IDO-independent way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia K Schmidt
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Röhrig UF, Majjigapu SR, Grosdidier A, Bron S, Stroobant V, Pilotte L, Colau D, Vogel P, Van den Eynde BJ, Zoete V, Michielin O. Rational Design of 4-Aryl-1,2,3-Triazoles for Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 Inhibition. J Med Chem 2012; 55:5270-90. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300260v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ute F. Röhrig
- Ludwig Center
for Cancer Research
of the University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics,
Molecular Modeling Group, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Somi Reddy Majjigapu
- Ludwig Center
for Cancer Research
of the University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Glycochemistry and
Asymmetric Synthesis, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de
Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aurélien Grosdidier
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics,
Molecular Modeling Group, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylvian Bron
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics,
Molecular Modeling Group, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Pluridisciplinary Centre for
Clinical Oncology (CePO), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois
(CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Stroobant
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer
Research, Brussels Branch, and de Duve Institute, Université
Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luc Pilotte
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer
Research, Brussels Branch, and de Duve Institute, Université
Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Didier Colau
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer
Research, Brussels Branch, and de Duve Institute, Université
Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Vogel
- Ludwig Center
for Cancer Research
of the University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Glycochemistry and
Asymmetric Synthesis, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de
Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Benoît J. Van den Eynde
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer
Research, Brussels Branch, and de Duve Institute, Université
Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincent Zoete
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics,
Molecular Modeling Group, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Michielin
- Ludwig Center
for Cancer Research
of the University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics,
Molecular Modeling Group, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Pluridisciplinary Centre for
Clinical Oncology (CePO), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois
(CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Yuasa HJ, Ball HJ. The evolution of three types of indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenases in fungi with distinct molecular and biochemical characteristics. Gene 2012; 504:64-74. [PMID: 22564706 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.04.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a tryptophan-degrading enzyme and known as a mammalian immunosuppressive molecule. In fungi, the primary role of IDO is to supply nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) via the kynurenine pathway. We previously reported that the koji-mold, Aspergillus oryzae has two IDO genes, IDOα and IDOβ. In the present study, we found that A. oryzae also has the third IDO, IDOγ. These three-types of IDOs are widely distributed among the Pezizomycotina fungi, although the black truffle, Tuber melanosporum has only one corresponding gene to IDOα/IDOβ. The yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae has a single IDO gene. Generally, Pezizomycotina IDOα showed similar enzymatic properties to the yeast IDO, suggesting that the IDOα is a functional homologue of the S. cerevisiae IDO. In contrast to IDOα, the K(m) value of IDOβ is higher. However, the reaction velocity of IDOβ is very fast, resulting in comparable or higher catalytic efficiency than IDOα. Thus IDOβ may functionally substitute for IDOα in fungal L-Trp metabolism. The enzymatic activity of IDOγ was comparatively very low with the values of enzymatic parameters comparable to vertebrate IDO2 enzymes. IDOα and IDOβ have similar gene structures, suggesting that they were generated by gene duplication which occurred rather early in Pezizomycotina evolution, although the timing of the duplication remains debatable. In contrast, the phylogenetic trees suggest that IDOγs form an evolutionarily distinct group of IDO enzymes, with a closer relationship to group I bacterial IDOs than other fungal IDOs. The ancestor of the IDOγ family is likely to have diverged from other eukaryotic IDOs at a very early stage of eukaryotic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime J Yuasa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Applied Science, Faculty of Science, National University Corporation Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520, Japan.
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45
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Yuasa HJ, Ushigoe A, Ball HJ. Molecular evolution of bacterial indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Gene 2011; 485:22-31. [PMID: 21689736 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) are tryptophan-degrading enzymes that catalyze the first step in L-Trp catabolism via the kynurenine pathway. In mammals, TDO is mainly expressed in the liver and primarily supplies nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)). TDO is widely distributed from mammals to bacteria. Active IDO enzymes have been reported only in vertebrates and fungi. In mammals, IDO activity plays a significant role in the immune system while in fungal species, IDO is constitutively expressed and supplies NAD(+), like mammalian TDO. A search of genomic databases reveals that some bacterial species also have a putative IDO gene. A phylogenetic analysis clustered bacterial IDOs into two groups, group I or group II bacterial IDOs. The catalytic efficiencies of group I bacterial IDOs were very low and they are suspected not to contribute significantly to L-Trp metabolism. The bacterial species bearing the group I bacterial IDO are scattered across a few phyla and no phylogenetically close relationship is observed between them. This suggests that the group I bacterial IDOs might be acquired by horizontal gene transmission that occurred in each lineage independently. In contrast, group II bacterial IDOs showed rather high catalytic efficiency. Particularly, the enzymatic characteristics (K(m), V(max) and inhibitor selectivity) of the Gemmatimonas aurantiaca IDO are comparable to those of mammalian IDO1, although comparison of the IDO sequences does not suggest a close evolutionary relationship. In several bacteria, TDO and the kynureninase gene (kynU) are clustered on their chromosome suggesting that these genes could be transcribed in an operon. Interestingly, G. aurantiaca has no TDO, and the IDO is clustered with kynU on its chromosome. Although the G. aurantiaca also has NadA and NadB to synthesize a quinolinic acid (a precursor of NAD(+)) via the aspartate pathway, the high activity of the G. aurantiaca IDO flanking the kynU gene suggests its IDO has a function similar to eukaryotic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime J Yuasa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Applied Science, National University Corporation Kochi University, Japan.
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Dantzer R, O'Connor JC, Lawson MA, Kelley KW. Inflammation-associated depression: from serotonin to kynurenine. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2011; 36:426-36. [PMID: 21041030 PMCID: PMC3053088 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 527] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 08/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In the field of depression, inflammation-associated depression stands up as an exception since its causal factors are obvious and it is easy to mimic in an animal model. In addition, quasi-experimental studies can be carried out in patients who are treated chronically with recombinant cytokines for a medical condition since these patients can be studied longitudinally before, during and after stimulation of the immune system. These clinical studies have revealed that depression is a late phenomenon that develops over a background of early appearing sickness. Incorporation of this feature in animal models of inflammation-associated depression has allowed the demonstration that alterations of brain serotoninergic neurotransmission do not play a major role in the pathogenesis. This is in contrast to the activation of the tryptophan degrading enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase that generates potentially neurotoxic kynurenine metabolites such as 3-hydroxy kynurenine and quinolinic acid. Although the relative importance of peripherally versus centrally produced kynurenine and the cellular source of production of this compound remain to be determined, these findings provide new targets for the treatment of inflammation-associated depression that could be extended to other psychiatric conditions mediated by activation of neuroimmune mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Dantzer
- Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, Department of Animal Sciences, 227 Edward R. Madigan Laboratory, 1201 West Gregory Drive, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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47
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Yuasa HJ, Ball HJ. Molecular evolution and characterization of fungal indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenases. J Mol Evol 2010; 72:160-8. [PMID: 21170645 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-010-9412-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) are tryptophan-degrading enzymes. Mammalian IDO expression is induced by cytokines and has antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effects. A major role of mammalian TDO is to supply nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)). In fungi, the IDO homologue is thought to be expressed constitutively and supply NAD(+), as TDO is absent from their genomes. Here, we reveal the distribution of IDO genes among fungal species and characterize their enzymatic activity. The yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae has only one IDO gene, whereas the koji-mold, Aspergillus oryzae has two genes, IDOα and IDOβ. The A. oryzae IDOα showed more similar enzymatic properties to those of S. cerevisiae IDO than IDOβ, suggesting that the A. oryzae IDOα is a functional homologue of the S. cerevisiae IDO. From the IDOβ gene, two isoforms, IDOβ and IDOβ(+) could be generated by alternative splicing. The latter contained a 17 amino acids insertion which were encoded by the first intron of IDOβ gene. In comparison to IDOβ(+), bacterially expressed IDOβ showed much lower K(m) value and more than five-times faster V(max) value, resulting in 85 times higher catalytic efficiency; i.e., the removal of the domain encoded by the first intron from IDOβ(+) increases its enzymatic activity drastically. This might be a unique regulation mechanism of the L-Trp metabolism in the A. oryzae. The levo-1-methyl tryptophan (L-1MT) is a good inhibitor of both IDO1 and IDO2. However, the activity of fungal IDOs tested was not inhibited at all by L-1MT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime J Yuasa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Applied Science, Faculty of Science, National University Corporation Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520, Japan.
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