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Lopez-Anido RN, Batzel GO, Ramirez G, Wang Y, Neal S, Lesoway MP, Goodheart JA, Lyons DC. The adult shell matrix protein repertoire of the marine snail Crepidula is dominated by conserved genes that are also expressed in larvae. BMC Ecol Evol 2024; 24:120. [PMID: 39277725 PMCID: PMC11401363 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-024-02237-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Mollusca is a morphologically diverse phylum, exhibiting an immense variety of calcium carbonate structures. Proteomic studies of adult shells often report high levels of rapidly-evolving, 'novel' shell matrix proteins (SMPs), which are hypothesized to drive shell diversification. However, relatively little is known about the phylogenetic distribution of SMPs, or about the function of individual SMPs in shell construction. To understand how SMPs contribute to shell diversification a thorough characterization of SMPs is required. Here, we build tools and a foundational understanding of SMPs in the marine gastropod species Crepidula fornicata and Crepidula atrasolea because they are genetically-enabled mollusc model organisms. First, we established a staging system of shell development in C. atrasolea for the first time. Next, we leveraged previous findings in C. fornicata combined with phylogenomic analyses of 95 metazoan species to determine the evolutionary lineage of its adult SMP repertoire. We found that 55% of C. fornicata's SMPs belong to molluscan orthogroups, with 27% restricted to Gastropoda, and only 5% restricted at the species level. The low percentage of species-restricted SMPs underscores the importance of broad-taxon sampling and orthology inference approaches when determining homology of SMPs. From our transcriptome analysis, we found that the majority of C. fornicata SMPs that were found conserved in C. atrasolea were expressed in both larval and adult stages. We then selected a subset of SMPs of varying evolutionary ages for spatial-temporal analysis using in situ hybridization chain reaction (HCR) during larval shell development in C. atrasolea. Out of the 18 SMPs analyzed, 12 were detected in the larval shell field. These results suggest overlapping larval vs. adult SMP repertoires. Using multiplexed HCR, we observed five SMP expression patterns and three distinct cell populations within the shell field. These patterns support the idea that modular expression of SMPs could facilitate divergence of shell morphological characteristics. Collectively, these data establish an evolutionary and developmental framework in Crepidula that enables future comparisons of molluscan biomineralization to reveal mechanisms of shell diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca N Lopez-Anido
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, U.C. San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
| | - Grant O Batzel
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, U.C. San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gabriela Ramirez
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, U.C. San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yiqun Wang
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, U.C. San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Neal
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, U.C. San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Maryna P Lesoway
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, U.C. San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jessica A Goodheart
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
| | - Deirdre C Lyons
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, U.C. San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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2
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Tan Y, Li Y, Ren L, Fu H, Li Q, Liu S. Integrative proteome and metabolome analyses reveal molecular basis underlying growth and nutrient composition in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. J Proteomics 2024; 290:105021. [PMID: 37838097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2023.105021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
In order to comprehend the molecular basis of growth, nutrient composition, and color pigmentation in oysters, comparative proteome and metabolome analyses of two selectively bred oyster strains with contrasting growth rate and shell color were used in this study. A total of 289 proteins and 224 metabolites were identified differentially expressed between the two strains. We identified a series of specifically enriched functional clusters implicated in protein biosynthesis (RPL4, MRPS7, and CARS), fatty acid metabolism (ACSL5, PEX3, ACOXI, CPTIA, FABP6, and HSD17B12), energy metabolism (FH, PPP1R7, CLAM2, and RGN), cell proliferation (MYB, NFYC, DOHH, TOP2a, SMARCA5, and SMARCC2), material transport (ABCB1, ABCB8, VPS16, and VPS33a), and pigmentation (RDH7, RDH13, Retsat, COX15, and Cyp3a9). Integrated proteome and metabolome analyses indicate that fast-growing strain utilize energy-efficient mechanisms of ATP generation while promoting protein and polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis, activating the cell cycle to increase cell proliferation and thus promoting their biomass increase. These results uncovered molecular mechanisms underlying growth regulation, nutrition quality, and pigmentation and provided candidate biomarkers for molecular breeding in oysters. SIGNIFICANCE: Rapid growth has always been the primary breeding objective to increase the production profits of Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), while favorable nutritional quality and beautiful color add commercial value. In recent years, proteomic and metabolomic techniques have been widely used in marine organisms, although these techniques are seldom utilized to study oyster growth and development. In this study, two C. gigas strains with contrasted phenotypes in growth and shell color provided an ideal model for unraveling the molecular basis of growth and nutrient composition through a comparison of the proteome and metabolome. Since proteins and metabolites are the critical undertakers and the end products of cellular regulatory processes, identifying the differentially expressed proteins and metabolites would allow for discovering biomarkers and pathways that were implicated in cell growth, proliferation, and other critical functions. This work provides valuable resources in assistance with molecular breeding of oyster strains with superior production traits of fast-growth and high-quality nutrient value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tan
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, and College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yongjing Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, and College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Liting Ren
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, and College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Huiru Fu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, and College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, and College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shikai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, and College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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Gao Y, Liu Z, Zhu T, Xin X, Jin Y, Wang L, Liu C, Song L. A bone morphogenetic protein regulates the shell formation of Crassostrea gigas under ocean acidification. Gene 2023; 884:147687. [PMID: 37541558 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are key factors controlling osteoblast differentiation, which have been proved to be involved in the hard tissue formation of marine mollusks. In the present study, a member of BMPs gene (CgBMP7) was identified from Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas (C. gigas) with the aim to understand its possible role in the regulation of shell formation under ocean acidification (OA) conditions. The open reading frame (ORF) of CgBMP7 was of 1254 bp encoding a polypeptide of 417 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of CgBMP7 was comprised of one signal peptide, one prodomain and one TGF-β domain, which shared 21.69%-61.10% identities with those from other species. The mRNA transcript of CgBMP7 was ubiquitously expressed in all the tested tissues of adult oysters with a higher expression level in mantle, notably highest in the middle fold (MF) of the three folds of mantle. The expression level of bone morphogenetic protein type I receptor (CgBMPR1B) mRNA was also highest in the MF and up-regulated dramatically post recombinant BMP7 protein (rCgBMP7) stimulation. After the blockage of BMPR1B with inhibitor LDN193189 (LDN), the mRNA expression level and phosphorylation level of CgSmad1/5/8 in mantle were decreased, and the mRNA expression levels of CgCaM and Cgengrailed-1 were down-regulated significantly. During the oysters were exposed to acidified seawater for weeks, the expression levels of CgBMP7, CgBMPR1B and CgSmad1/5/8 in the MF decreased significantly (p < 0.01) at the 4th week, and CgCaM and Cgengrailed-1 also exhibited the same variable expression patterns as CgBMP7. In addition, the growth of shell in the treatment group (pH 7.8) was slower than that in the control group (pH 8.1). These results collectively indicated that BMP7 was able to trigger the BMPR-Smad signaling pathway and involved in controlling the formation of oyster calcified shell under OA conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Gao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhaoqun Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ting Zhu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xin
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yuhao Jin
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering, Guangdong, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering, Guangdong, Zhuhai 519000, China.
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Liu H, Liu C, Huang J. Characterization of the shell proteins in two freshwater snails Pomacea canaliculata and Cipangopaludina chinensis. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124524. [PMID: 37100317 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Uncovering the molecular mechanism of shell formation not only reveals the evolution of molluscs but also lay a foundation for shell-inspired biomaterial synthesis. Shell proteins are the key macromolecules of the organic matrices that guide the calcium carbonate deposition during shell mineralization and have thus been intensively studied. However, previous studies on shell biomineralization have mainly focused on marine species. In this study, we compared the microstructure and shell proteins in the apple snail Pomacea canaliculata which is an alien species that has invaded Asia, and a freshwater snail Cipangopaludina chinensis which is native to China. The results showed that although the shell microstructures were similar in these two snails, the shell matrix in C. chinensis contained more polysaccharides. Moreover, the compositions of shell proteins were quite different. While the shared 12 shell proteins (including PcSP6/CcSP9, Calmodulin-A, and proline-rich protein) were supposed to play key roles in shell formation, the differential proteins were mainly immune components. The presence of chitin in both shell matrices and the chitin-binding domains containing PcSP6/CcSP9 underpinned the relevance of chitin as a major fraction in gastropods. Interestingly, carbonic anhydrase was absent in both snail shells, suggesting that freshwater Gastropods might have unique pathways to regulate the calcification process. Our study suggested that shell mineralization might be very different in freshwater and marine molluscs, and therefore, the field should pay more attention to the freshwater species to achieve a more comprehensive insight into biomineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, China
| | - Chuang Liu
- College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Xikang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, China
| | - Jingliang Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, China.
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5
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Lopez-Anido RN, Batzel GO, Ramirez G, Goodheart JA, Wang Y, Neal S, Lyons DC. Spatial-temporal expression analysis of lineage-restricted shell matrix proteins reveals shell field regionalization and distinct cell populations in the slipper snail Crepidula atrasolea. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.18.532128. [PMID: 36993573 PMCID: PMC10055211 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.18.532128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Molluscs are one of the most morphologically diverse clades of metazoans, exhibiting an immense diversification of calcium carbonate structures, such as the shell. Biomineralization of the calcified shell is dependent on shell matrix proteins (SMPs). While SMP diversity is hypothesized to drive molluscan shell diversity, we are just starting to unravel SMP evolutionary history and biology. Here we leveraged two complementary model mollusc systems, Crepidula fornicata and Crepidula atrasolea , to determine the lineage-specificity of 185 Crepidula SMPs. We found that 95% of the adult C. fornicata shell proteome belongs to conserved metazoan and molluscan orthogroups, with molluscan-restricted orthogroups containing half of all SMPs in the shell proteome. The low number of C. fornicata -restricted SMPs contradicts the generally-held notion that an animal’s biomineralization toolkit is dominated by mostly novel genes. Next, we selected a subset of lineage-restricted SMPs for spatial-temporal analysis using in situ hybridization chain reaction (HCR) during larval stages in C. atrasolea . We found that 12 out of 18 SMPs analyzed are expressed in the shell field. Notably, these genes are present in 5 expression patterns, which define at least three distinct cell populations within the shell field. These results represent the most comprehensive analysis of gastropod SMP evolutionary age and shell field expression patterns to date. Collectively, these data lay the foundation for future work to interrogate the molecular mechanisms and cell fate decisions underlying molluscan mantle specification and diversification.
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Armstrong EJ, Watson SA, Stillman JH, Calosi P. Elevated temperature and carbon dioxide levels alter growth rates and shell composition in the fluted giant clam, Tridacna squamosa. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11034. [PMID: 35773289 PMCID: PMC9247080 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14503-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Giant clams produce massive calcified shells with important biological (e.g., defensive) and ecological (e.g., habitat-forming) properties. Whereas elevated seawater temperature is known to alter giant clam shell structure, no study has examined the effects of a simultaneous increase in seawater temperature and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) on shell mineralogical composition in these species. We investigated the effects of 60-days exposure to end-of-the-century projections for seawater temperature (+ 3 °C) and pCO2 (+ 500 µatm) on growth, mineralogy, and organic content of shells and scutes in juvenile Tridacna squamosa giant clams. Elevated temperature had no effect on growth rates or organic content, but did increase shell [24Mg]/[40Ca] as well as [40Ca] in newly-formed scutes. Elevated pCO2 increased shell growth and whole animal mass gain. In addition, we report the first evidence of an effect of elevated pCO2 on element/Ca ratios in giant clam shells, with significantly increased [137Ba]/[40Ca] in newly-formed shells. Simultaneous exposure to both drivers greatly increased inter-individual variation in mineral concentrations and resulted in reduced shell N-content which may signal the onset of physiological stress. Overall, our results indicate a greater influence of pCO2 on shell mineralogy in giant clams than previously recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Armstrong
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, 3040 Valley Life Sciences Building #3140, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3140, USA. .,Estuary & Ocean Science Center and Department of Biology, Romberg Tiburon Campus, San Francisco State University, 3150 Paradise Drive, Tiburon, CA, 94920, USA. .,PSL Research University, EPHE, CNRS, Université de Perpignan, Perpignan, France.
| | - Sue-Ann Watson
- Biodiversity and Geosciences Program, Museum of Tropical Queensland, Queensland Museum Network, Townsville, QLD, 4810, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Jonathon H Stillman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, 3040 Valley Life Sciences Building #3140, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3140, USA.,Estuary & Ocean Science Center and Department of Biology, Romberg Tiburon Campus, San Francisco State University, 3150 Paradise Drive, Tiburon, CA, 94920, USA
| | - Piero Calosi
- Marine Biology & Ecology Research Center, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK.,Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 Allée Ursulines, Rimouski, QC, G5L 3A1, Canada
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Xu Q, Nie H, Yin Z, Zhang Y, Huo Z, Yan X. MiRNA-mRNA Integration Analysis Reveals the Regulatory Roles of MiRNAs in Shell Pigmentation of the Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum). MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 23:976-993. [PMID: 34773538 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-021-10080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The shell color of the Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) is an economically important trait. We used high-throughput sequencing and transcriptome analysis to study the molecular mechanisms that underlie shell color formation and regulation in this species. We constructed small RNA libraries from mantle tissues from four shell color strains of Manila clam, subjected them to high-throughput sequencing. Notably, the results suggested that a number of pigment-associated genes including Mitf, HERC2, were negatively regulated by nvi-miR-2a, tgu-miR-133-3p, respectively. They might be involved in melanin formation via the activation of the melanogenesis pathway. And aae-miR-71-5p and dme-miR-7-5p linked to shell formation-related genes such as Calmodulin and IMSP3 were considered to participate in the calcium signaling pathway. We then used quantitative PCR to verify the candidate miRNAs and target genes in different shell color groups. Our results indicated that miR-7, miR-71, and miR-133 may regulate target mRNAs to participate in shell color pigmentation. These results provide the foundation to further characterize miRNA effects on the regulation of shell color and have significant implications for the breeding of new varieties of clams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyue Xu
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Shellfish Breeding in Liaoning Province, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Hongtao Nie
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Shellfish Breeding in Liaoning Province, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Zhihui Yin
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Shellfish Breeding in Liaoning Province, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yanming Zhang
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Shellfish Breeding in Liaoning Province, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Zhongming Huo
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Shellfish Breeding in Liaoning Province, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xiwu Yan
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Shellfish Breeding in Liaoning Province, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
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8
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Han Z, Li J, Wang W, Li J, Zhao Q, Li M, Wang L, Song L. A calmodulin targeted by miRNA scaffold659_26519 regulates IL-17 expression in the early immune response of oyster Crassostrea gigas. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 124:104180. [PMID: 34171368 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Calmodulin (CaM) is a highly conserved second messenger protein transducing calcium signals by binding and modulating intracellular calcium ions (Ca2+), and involves in the Ca2+-dependent physical processes including host defense in vertebrates. In the present study, a CaM homologue (designated as CgCaM) was identified from Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. The open reading frame of CgCaM cDNA was of 471 bp encoding a polypeptide of 156 amino acid residues. There were four EFh domains predicted in CgCaM, which shared high homologies with those in CaMs from oyster C. virginica and other invertebrates. The mRNA transcripts of CgCaM were constitutively expressed in all the tested tissues including labellum, mantle, gonad, gills, adductor muscle, haemocytes and hepatopancreas, with the highest expression level in haemocytes. The mRNA expression level of CgCaM in haemocytes decreased significantly (0.31-fold of that in blank, p < 0.05) at 3 h after LPS stimulation, while the intracellular Ca2+ (1.57-fold of that in blank, p < 0.05) and the mRNA expression of cytokine CgIL17-1 (4.87-fold of that in blank, p < 0.05) both increased in haemocytes. Meanwhile, an oyster miRNA scaffold659_26519 was identified, and it was proved to target the 3'-untranslated regions (3'-UTR) of CgCaM mRNA by luciferase reporter assay. The expression of scaffold659_26519 increased significantly at 3 h (43.523-fold of that of blank, p < 0.05) and 6 h (55.91-fold of that of blank, p < 0.05) after LPS stimulation. When the expression of scaffold659_26519 was inhibited by transfection with its inhibitor in vitro, the expression of CgIL17-1 declined significantly to 0.58-fold of that in LPS stimulation group. These findings indicated that the miRNA scaffold659_26519 targeted CaM was involved in the early inflammatory response of oyster immunity, and provided a new evidence for CaM-mediated immune mechanism in molluscs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zirong Han
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jialuo Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Meijia Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
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9
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Liu C, Ji X, Huang J, Wang Z, Liu Y, Hincke MT. Proteomics of Shell Matrix Proteins from the Cuttlefish Bone Reveals Unique Evolution for Cephalopod Biomineralization. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 9:1796-1807. [PMID: 34468131 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to the external shells in bivalves and gastropods, most cephalopods are missing this external protection. The cuttlefish, belonging to class cephalopod, has an internal biomineralized structure made of mainly calcium carbonate for controlling buoyancy. However, the macromolecules, especially proteins that control cuttlebone mineral formation, are not sufficiently understood, limiting our understanding of the evolution of this internal shell. In this study, we extracted proteins from the cuttlebone of pharaoh cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis and performed liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to identify the shell matrix proteins (SMPs). In total, 41 SMPs were identified. Among them, hemocyanin, an oxygen-carrying protein, was the most abundant SMP. By comparison with SMPs of other marine biominerals, hemocyanin, apolipophorin, soul domain proteins, transferrin, FL-rich, and enolase were found to be unique to the cuttlebone. In contrast, typical SMPs of external shells such as carbonic anhydrase complement control protein, fibronectin type III, and G/A-rich proteins were lacking from the cuttlebone. Furthermore, the cluster analysis of biomineral SMPs suggests that the SMP repertoire of the cuttlebone does not resemble that of other species with external shells. Taken together, this study implies a potential relationship of the cuttlefish internal shell with other internal biominerals, which highlights a unique shell evolutionary pathway in invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Liu
- College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Xikang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, China
| | - Xin Ji
- College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Xikang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, China
| | - Jingliang Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhu hai, Guangdong 519082, China
| | - Zilin Wang
- College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Xikang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, China
| | - Yangjia Liu
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Maxwell T Hincke
- Department of Innovation in Medical Education, and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1H8M5, Ontario, Canada
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10
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The mantle exosome proteins of Hyriopsis cumingii participate in shell and nacre color formation. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2021; 39:100844. [PMID: 33971400 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2021.100844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pearl color is closely related to the nacre color of shell in Hyriopsis cumingii, and pearl color has a huge impact on its price. The nacre is an important part of the shell, and studies have suggested that mantle exosomes participated in shell formation. Exosomes contain many different proteins that are involved in different biological processes. In this study, exosomes were extracted from mantles of mussels with different nacre color. TMT quantitative proteome sequencing analysis was performed on purple and white mussel mantle exosomes, and 4861 proteins were obtained. Based on the standard of (|log2 (Fold change)| ≥ 1.2 or ≤ 0.83 and p-value ≤ 0.05), a total of 758 differentially expressed proteins were found. Some proteins involved in shell and nacre color formation were predicted with the proteins annotate, GO classification system. Moreover, 14 differentially expressed proteins (including eight up-regulated proteins and six down-regulated proteins) were validated using parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) assays. Overall, this information will be useful to improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of shell and nacre color formation in H. cumingii.
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11
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Han Y, Tang Y, Sun S, Kim T, Ju K, Ri S, Du X, Zhou W, Shi W, Li S, Liu G. Modulatory function of calmodulin on phagocytosis and potential regulation mechanisms in the blood clam Tegillarca granosa. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 116:103910. [PMID: 33129883 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Unlike vertebrate species, invertebrates lack antigen-antibody mediated immune response and mainly rely on haemocyte phagocytosis to fight against pathogen infection. Recently, studies conducted in model vertebrates demonstrated that the multifunctional protein calmodulin (CaM) plays an important role in regulating immune responses. However, the intrinsic relation between CaM and phagocytosis process remains poorly understood in invertebrate species such as bivalve mollusks. Therefore, in the present study, the immunomodulatory function of CaM on haemocyte phagocytosis was verified in the blood clam, Tegillarca granosa, using the CaM-specific inhibitor N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide hydrochloride (W-7). Results obtained show that CaM inhibition significantly suppressed the phagocytic activity of haemocytes. In addition, CaM inhibition constrained intracellular Ca2+ elevation, hampered actin cytoskeleton assembly, suppressed calcineurin (CaN) activity, and disrupted NF-κB activation in haemocytes upon LPS induction. Furthermore, expression of seven selected genes from the actin cytoskeleton regulation- and immune-related pathways were significantly downregulated whereas those of CaM and CaN from the Ca2+-signaling pathway were significantly upregulated by in vitro incubation of haemocytes with W-7. For the first time, the present study demonstrated that CaM play an important role in phagocytosis modulation in bivalve species. In addition, the intracellular Ca2+ and downstream Ca2+-signaling-, actin cytoskeleton regulation-, and immune-related pathways offer candidate routes through which CaM modulates phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Han
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Yu Tang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Shuge Sun
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Tongchol Kim
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; College of Life Science, Kim Hyong Jik University of Education, Pyongyang, 99903, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangjin Ju
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; College of Aquaculture, Wonsan Fisheries University, Wonsan, 999093, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyok Ri
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; College of Life Science, Kim Hyong Jik University of Education, Pyongyang, 99903, Republic of Korea
| | - Xueying Du
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Weishang Zhou
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Wei Shi
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Shiguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China.
| | - Guangxu Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
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12
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Buddawong T, Asuvapongpatana S, Suwannasing C, Habuddha V, Sukonset C, Sombutkayasith C, McDougall C, Weerachatyanukul W. Calcineurin subunit B is involved in shell regeneration in Haliotis diversicolor. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10662. [PMID: 33520456 PMCID: PMC7810044 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abalone shells are mainly composed of two major polymorphs of CaCO3 that are distributed in different layers of the shell. The process of shell biomineralization is controlled by genes and proteins expressed within the mantle epithelium. In this present paper, we conducted a shell regeneration experiment to study the role of HcCNA and HcCNB (individual subunits of calcineurin) in shell biomineralization in H. diversicolor. The results of qPCR showed that HcCNB is upregulated to a greater extent than HcCNA in the mantle after shell notching. In vivo study of the effects of rHcCNB injection showed a significantly higher percentage of regenerated shell length, but not area, in the injected group compared to the control group. In addition, SEM observation of the inner surface of the regenerated shells revealed three different zones including prismatic, nacreous, and a distinct transition zone. Changes in the crystal organization and ultrastructure are clearly evident in these three zones, particularly after 3 weeks of rHcCNB administration. We hypothesize that this is due to faster biomineralization rates in the rHcCNB treated group. Taken together, our results demonstrate that HcCNB participates in shell regeneration in H. diversicolor. As calcineurin subunits have also been implicated in shell formation in bivalves, these findings suggest that calcineurin subunits may play important roles in biomineralization in all conchiferans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiranan Buddawong
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somluk Asuvapongpatana
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chanyatip Suwannasing
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Radiological Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Mueang, Pitsanuloke, Thailand
| | - Valainipha Habuddha
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand.,School of Allied Health Science, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Chompoonut Sukonset
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Carmel McDougall
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
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13
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Chaves Lopes F, Rosa de Castro M, Caldas Barbosa S, Primel EG, de Martinez Gaspar Martins C. Effect of the UV filter, Benzophenone-3, on biomarkers of the yellow clam (Amarilladesma mactroides) under different pH conditions. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 158:111401. [PMID: 32753186 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to investigate effects of the ocean contamination by the sunscreen Benzophenone-3 (BP3) and acidification, caused by CO2 enrichment, to the yellow clam, Amarilladesma mactroides. Biochemical biomarkers were analyzed in tissues (gills, digestive gland, and mantle) of clams exposed to the environmental concentration of 1 μg/L BP3, at seawater natural pH (pH 8.1) and at lower pH (pH 7.6). The tissues responded in different ways considering their physiological roles. In general, BP3 altered activity of the enzymes, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glutathione cysteine ligase (GCL); but mostly increased the level of glutathione (GSH). These effects were enhanced by acidification, without augmenting lipid peroxidation (LPO). Carbonic anhydrase activity (CA) increased after BP3 exposure in the digestive gland and decreased in the gills at pH 7.6, while Ca2+-ATPase activity was affected by acidification only. Changing levels of these enzymes can alter shell formation and affect the bivalve maintenance in impacted environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Chaves Lopes
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Av. Itália km 8, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Micheli Rosa de Castro
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Av. Itália km 8, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Sergiane Caldas Barbosa
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Escola de Química e Alimentos, Av. Itália km 8, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
| | - Ednei Gilberto Primel
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Escola de Química e Alimentos, Av. Itália km 8, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Camila de Martinez Gaspar Martins
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Av. Itália km 8, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
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14
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Chapman EC, Bonsor BJ, Parsons DR, Rotchell JM. Influence of light and temperature cycles on the expression of circadian clock genes in the mussel Mytilus edulis. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 159:104960. [PMID: 32250881 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.104960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Clock genes and environmental cues regulate essential biological rhythms. The blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, is an ecologically and economically important intertidal bivalve undergoing seasonal reproductive rhythms. We previously identified seasonal expression differences in M. edulis clock genes. Herein, the effects of light/dark cycles, constant darkness, and daily temperature cycles on the circadian expression patterns of such genes are characterised. Clock genes Clk, Cry1, ROR/HR3, Per and Rev-erb/NR1D1, and Timeout-like, show significant mRNA expression variation, persisting in darkness indicating endogenous control. Rhythmic expression was apparent under diurnal temperature cycles in darkness for all except Rev-erb. Temperature cycles induced a significant expression difference in the non-circadian clock-associated gene aaNAT. Furthermore, Suppression Subtractive Hybridisation (SSH) was used to identify seasonal genes with potential links to molecular clock function and revealed numerous genes meriting further investigation. Understanding the relationship between environmental cues and molecular clocks is crucial in predicting the outcomes of environmental change on fundamental rhythmic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C Chapman
- Department of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Brodie J Bonsor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel R Parsons
- Department of Geography, Geology and Environment, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Jeanette M Rotchell
- Department of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom.
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15
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Wang G, Zhang C, Huang B. Transcriptome analysis and histopathological observations of Geloina erosa gills upon Cr(VI) exposure. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 231:108706. [PMID: 31927119 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The heavy metal contamination like Cr(VI) has been increased by human activities and that threats the ecosystem health of mangrove areas. Bioindicator is an emerging tool in the environmental contamination assessment. The objective of this study was to investigate the Geloina erosa response mechanisms and sensitivities of several biomarkers in the Cr(VI) exposure and identify the G. erosa capability of being used as heavy metals bioindicator. In this study, G. erosa was exposed to 100 μmol·L-1 Cr(VI) for 48 h. After transcriptome sequencing, a total of 134,817 unigenes were obtained, including 12,555 up-regulated and 18,829 down-regulated differentially expressed genes and were validated through quantitative real-time PCR. In addition, a total of 12,185 SSRs and 1,428,214 candidate SNPs were identified from all the G. erosa transcriptome libraries. Histopathology of the gill indicated the Cr(VI) exposure induced damage of the organ leading to its immunization, detoxification or apoptosis reactions. Among eight genes of the selected biomarkers, Calm, HSP70, CYP450, ATG5, TLR2, MYD88 and CASP8 were up-regulated, while TLR4 was down-regulated in response to the Cr(VI) exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongsi Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228,PR China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Haikou, Hainan 570228, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources in Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, PR China
| | - Chengkai Zhang
- College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228,PR China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Haikou, Hainan 570228, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources in Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, PR China
| | - Bo Huang
- College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228,PR China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Haikou, Hainan 570228, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources in Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, PR China.
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16
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Counihan KL, Bowen L, Ballachey B, Coletti H, Hollmen T, Pister B, Wilson TL. Physiological and gene transcription assays to assess responses of mussels to environmental changes. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7800. [PMID: 31592166 PMCID: PMC6779115 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Coastal regions worldwide face increasing management concerns due to natural and anthropogenic forces that have the potential to significantly degrade nearshore marine resources. The goal of our study was to develop and test a monitoring strategy for nearshore marine ecosystems in remote areas that are not readily accessible for sampling. Mussel species have been used extensively to assess ecosystem vulnerability to multiple, interacting stressors. We sampled bay mussels (Mytilus trossulus) in 2015 and 2016 from six intertidal sites in Lake Clark and Katmai National Parks and Preserves, in south-central Alaska. Reference ranges for physiological assays and gene transcription were determined for use in future assessment efforts. Both techniques identified differences among sites, suggesting influences of both large-scale and local environmental factors and underscoring the value of this combined approach to ecosystem health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lizabeth Bowen
- US Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Brenda Ballachey
- US Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK, United States of America
| | - Heather Coletti
- Inventory and Monitoring Program, Southwest Alaska Network, National Park Service, Anchorage, AK, United States of America
| | - Tuula Hollmen
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska-Fairbanks and Alaska SeaLife Center, Seward, AK, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Pister
- Ocean Alaska Science and Learning Center, National Park Service, Anchorage, AK, United States of America
| | - Tammy L Wilson
- Inventory and Monitoring Program, Southwest Alaska Network, National Park Service, Anchorage, AK, United States of America.,Department of Natural Resource Management, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States of America
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17
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Fan S, Zhou D, Xu Y, Yu D. Cloning and functional analysis of BMP3 in the pearl oyster (Pinctada fucata). JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2019.1624261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sigang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture; South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Daizhi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture; South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Youhou Xu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou, PR China
| | - Dahui Yu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou, PR China
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18
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Hibernation induces changes in the metacerebral neurons of Cornu aspersum: distribution and co-localization of cytoskeletal and calcium-binding proteins. INVERTEBRATE NEUROSCIENCE 2018; 18:13. [DOI: 10.1007/s10158-018-0217-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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19
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Lim HK, Lee JK, Kim GD, Jeong TH. Multiple calmodulin genes of the Pacific abalone, Haliotis discus hannai (Mollusca: Vetigastropoda: Haliotidae). Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2018; 22:341-351. [PMID: 30460116 PMCID: PMC6171432 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2018.1509126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we identified four canonical calmodulin genes in the Pacific abalone, Haliotis discus hannai. Their full-length cDNAs were variable in the 5' and 3' untranslated regions, but highly similar (91-97%) in the coding region. Each of the genes encoded 149 amino acids, with 93-97% similarity among themselves and 94-98% similarity with human CAM I. There were 54 substitutions distributed unevenly throughout the coding regions, found mostly in the third codon position. Gene structure analysis revealed that each of the calmodulin genes comprised five exons and four introns. The intron positions and phases were identical and there were no introns in the fourth exon. The corresponding introns differed in their sequences and sizes. Expression profiles of nine tissues from abalone revealed that the calmodulin genes were transcribed in common in gill and mantle tissue, but differentially in the other tissues. A phylogenetic analysis based on the amino acid sequences revealed that calmodulin C was the most common isoform in Gastropoda and calmodulin was the most diverged isoform. An in silico analysis of the calmodulin genes identified paralogous genes in other Haliotis species, indicating that gene duplication might have occurred in the last common ancestor of Haliotis. Abbreviations: ORF: open reading frame; RACE: random amplification of cDNA end; TSA: transcriptome shotgun assembly; UTR: untranslated region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Kyu Lim
- Department of Marine and Fisheries Resources, Mokpo National University, Korea
| | - Jong Kyu Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Pukyong National University, Korea
| | - Gun-Do Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Pukyong National University, Korea
| | - Tae Hyug Jeong
- Department of Marine and Fisheries Resources, Mokpo National University, Korea
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20
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Huang J, Li S, Liu Y, Liu C, Xie L, Zhang R. Hemocytes in the extrapallial space of Pinctada fucata are involved in immunity and biomineralization. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4657. [PMID: 29545643 PMCID: PMC5854705 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22961-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In bivalves, the mantle tissue secretes organic matrix and inorganic ions into the extrapallial space (EPS) to form the shells. In addition, more and more evidences indicate the participation of hemocytes in shell mineralization, but no direct evidence has been reported that verifies the presence of hemocytes in the EPS, and their exact roles in biomineralization remain uncertain. Here, we identified hemocytes from the EPS of Pinctada fucata. Numerous components involved in cellular and humoral immunity were identified by proteome analysis, together with several proteins involved in calcium metabolism. The hemocytes exerted active phagocytosis and significantly upregulated the expression of immune genes after immune stimulation. A group of granulocytes were found to contain numerous calcium-rich vesicles and crystals, which serve as a calcium pool. During shell regeneration, some genes involved in calcium metabolism are upregulated. Strikingly, most of the shell matrix proteins were absent in the hemocytes, suggesting that they might not be solely responsible for directing the growth of the shell. Taken together, our results provided comprehensive information about the function of hemocytes in immunity and shell formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingliang Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shiguo Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yangjia Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chuang Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Liping Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Rongqing Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. .,Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing, 314000, China.
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21
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Jeffrey JD, Hannan KD, Hasler CT, Suski CD. Chronic exposure of a freshwater mussel to elevated pCO 2 : Effects on the control of biomineralization and ion-regulatory responses. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:538-550. [PMID: 28971536 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater mussels may be exposed to elevations in mean partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2 ) caused by both natural and anthropogenic factors. The goal of the present study was to assess the effects of a 28-d elevation in pCO2 at 15 000 and 50 000 μatm on processes associated with biomineralization, ion regulation, and cellular stress in adult Lampsilis siliquoidea (Barnes, 1823). In addition, the capacity for mussels to compensate for acid-base disturbances experienced after exposure to elevated pCO2 was assessed over a 14-d recovery period. Overall, exposure to 50 000 μatm pCO2 had more pronounced physiological consequences compared with 15 000 μatm pCO2 . Over the first 7 d of exposure to 50 000 μatm pCO2 , the mRNA abundance of chitin synthase (cs), calmodulin (cam), and calmodulin-like protein (calp) were significantly affected, suggesting that shell formation and integrity may be altered during pCO2 exposure. After the removal of the pCO2 treatment, mussels may compensate for the acid-base and ion disturbances experienced during pCO2 exposure, and transcript levels of some regulators of biomineralization (carbonic anhydrase [ca], cs, cam, calp) as well as ion regulation (na+ -k+ -ATPase [nka]) were modulated. Effects of elevated pCO2 on heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) were limited in the present study. Overall, adult L. siliquoidea appeared to regulate factors associated with the control of biomineralization and ion regulation during and/or after the removal of pCO2 exposure. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:538-550. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D Jeffrey
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Kelly D Hannan
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Caleb T Hasler
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Cory D Suski
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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Zhang M, Jang H, Gaponenko V, Nussinov R. Phosphorylated Calmodulin Promotes PI3K Activation by Binding to the SH 2 Domains. Biophys J 2017; 113:1956-1967. [PMID: 29117520 PMCID: PMC5685777 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
How calmodulin (CaM) acts in KRAS-driven cancers is a vastly important question. CaM binds to and stimulates PI3Kα/Akt signaling, promoting cell growth and proliferation. Phosphorylation of CaM at Tyr99 (pY99) enhances PI3Kα activation. PI3Kα is a lipid kinase. It phosphorylates PIP2 to produce PIP3, to which Akt binds. PI3Kα has two subunits: the regulatory p85 and the catalytic p110. Here, exploiting explicit-solvent MD simulations we unveil key interactions between phosphorylated CaM (pCaM) and the two SH2 domains in the p85 subunit, confirm experimental observations, and uncover PI3Kα's mechanism of activation. pCaMs form strong and stable interactions with both nSH2 and cSH2 domains, with pY99 being the dominant contributor. Despite the high structural similarity between the two SH2 domains, we observe that nSH2 prefers an extended CaM conformation, whereas cSH2 prefers a collapsed conformation. Notably, collapsed CaM is observed after binding of an extended CaM to K-Ras4B. Thus, the more populated extended pCaM conformation targets nSH2 to release its autoinhibition of p110 catalytic sites. This executes the key activation step of PI3Kα. Independently, K-Ras4B allosterically activates p110. These events are at the cell membrane, which contributes to tighten the PI3Kα Ras binding domain/K-Ras4B interaction, to accomplish K-Ras4B allosteric activation, with a minor contribution from cSH2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhen Zhang
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Hyunbum Jang
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Vadim Gaponenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland; Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Transcriptomic response of the Antarctic pteropod Limacina helicina antarctica to ocean acidification. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:812. [PMID: 29061120 PMCID: PMC5653985 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4161-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ocean acidification (OA), a change in ocean chemistry due to the absorption of atmospheric CO2 into surface oceans, challenges biogenic calcification in many marine organisms. Ocean acidification is expected to rapidly progress in polar seas, with regions of the Southern Ocean expected to experience severe OA within decades. Biologically, the consequences of OA challenge calcification processes and impose an energetic cost. Results In order to better characterize the response of a polar calcifier to conditions of OA, we assessed differential gene expression in the Antarctic pteropod, Limacina helicina antarctica. Experimental levels of pCO2 were chosen to create both contemporary pH conditions, and to mimic future pH expected in OA scenarios. Significant changes in the transcriptome were observed when juvenile L. h. antarctica were acclimated for 21 days to low-pH (7.71), mid-pH (7.9) or high-pH (8.13) conditions. Differential gene expression analysis of individuals maintained in the low-pH treatment identified down-regulation of genes involved in cytoskeletal structure, lipid transport, and metabolism. High pH exposure led to increased expression and enrichment for genes involved in shell formation, calcium ion binding, and DNA binding. Significant differential gene expression was observed in four major cellular and physiological processes: shell formation, the cellular stress response, metabolism, and neural function. Across these functional groups, exposure to conditions that mimic ocean acidification led to rapid suppression of gene expression. Conclusions Results of this study demonstrated that the transcriptome of the juvenile pteropod, L. h. antarctica, was dynamic and changed in response to different levels of pCO2. In a global change context, exposure of L. h. antarctica to the low pH, high pCO2 OA conditions resulted in a suppression of transcripts for genes involved in key physiological processes: calcification, metabolism, and the cellular stress response. The transcriptomic response at both acute and longer-term acclimation time frames indicated that contemporary L. h. antarctica may not have the physiological plasticity necessary for adaptation to OA conditions expected in future decades. Lastly, the differential gene expression results further support the role of shelled pteropods such as L. h. antarctica as sentinel organisms for the impacts of ocean acidification. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-017-4161-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Nogueira DJ, Mattos JJ, Dybas PR, Flores-Nunes F, Sasaki ST, Taniguchi S, Schmidt ÉC, Bouzon ZL, Bícego MC, Melo CMR, Toledo-Silva G, Bainy ACD. Effects of phenanthrene on early development of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1789). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 191:50-61. [PMID: 28800408 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Phenanthnere (PHE) is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon continuously discarded in the marine environment and bioavailable to many aquatic species. Although studies about PHE toxicity have been documented for adult oysters, the effects on early developmental stages are poorly characterized in bivalves. In this study, the effects of PHE (0.02 and 2.0μg.L-1) were evaluated on the embryogenesis and larval development of Crassostrea gigas. Toxicity bioassays, growth and deformities assessment, analysis of shell calcium abundance and transcript levels of genes related to xenobiotic biotransformation (CYP2AU2, CYP30C1), immune system (Cg-Tal) and tissue growth and shell formation (Ferritin, Insulin-like, Cg-Try, Calmodulin and Nacrein) were assayed in D-shape larvae after 24h of PHE exposure. At the highest concentration (2.0μg.L-1), PHE decreased the frequency of normal development (19.7±2.9%) and shell size (53.5±2.8mm). Developmental deformities were mostly related to abnormal mantle and shell formation. Lower calcium levels in oyster shells exposed to PHE 2.0μg.L-1 were observed, suggesting effects on shell structure. At this same PHE concentration, CYP30C1, Cg-Tal, Cg-Tyr, Calmodulin were upregulated and CYP2AU2, Ferritin, Nacrein, and Insulin-Like were downregulated compared to control larvae. At the lowest PHE concentration (0.02μg.L-1), it was observed a minor decrease in normal larval development (89,6±6%) and the remaining parameters were not affected. This is the first study to provide evidences that exposure to PHE can affect early oyster development at the molecular and morphological levels, possibly threatening this bivalve species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego J Nogueira
- Laboratory of Biomarkers of Aquatic Contamination and Immunochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88034-257, Brazil
| | - Jacó J Mattos
- Aquaculture Pathology Research Center - NEPAQ, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88034-257, Brazil
| | - Patrick R Dybas
- Laboratory of Marine Mollusks, Department of Aquaculture, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88051-000, Brazil
| | - Fabrıcio Flores-Nunes
- Laboratory of Biomarkers of Aquatic Contamination and Immunochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88034-257, Brazil
| | - Silvio Tarou Sasaki
- Laboratory of Marine Organic Chemistry, Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, SP 05508-120, Brazil
| | - Satie Taniguchi
- Laboratory of Marine Organic Chemistry, Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, SP 05508-120, Brazil
| | - Éder C Schmidt
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetic, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88049-900, Brazil
| | - Zenilda L Bouzon
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetic, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88049-900, Brazil
| | - Márcia C Bícego
- Laboratory of Marine Organic Chemistry, Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, SP 05508-120, Brazil
| | - Claudio M R Melo
- Laboratory of Marine Mollusks, Department of Aquaculture, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88051-000, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Toledo-Silva
- Laboratory of Biomarkers of Aquatic Contamination and Immunochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88034-257, Brazil
| | - Afonso C D Bainy
- Laboratory of Biomarkers of Aquatic Contamination and Immunochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88034-257, Brazil.
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Zhu B, Yu Y, Gao J, Feng Y, Tang L, Sun Y, Yang L. Characterization and function of a novel calmodulin-like protein from crayfish Procambarus clarkii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 67:518-522. [PMID: 28602681 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Calmodulin plays an important role in calcium-dependent signal transduction pathways. In this experiment, a novel calmodulin-like gene (Pc-CaM-L) was identified in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii; it encodes a polypeptide of 145 amino acids. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that Pc-CaM-L was expressed in all examined tissues, including hepatopancreas, hemocytes, heart, gill, intestine and muscle; the highest Pc-CaM-L expression level was detected in the hepatopancreas. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and western blot analysis demonstrated that a recombinant Pc-CaM-L protein was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli. The calcium-binding activity of the purified Pc-CaM-L protein was confirmed by gel mobility shift assay. The expression of Pc-CaM-L was significantly upregulated in gut, gill and hemocytes after lipopolysaccharide or polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid induction. These results suggest that Pc-CaM-L plays a role in the immune response of P. clarkii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojian Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Yingying Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Jin Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yuanyuan Feng
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Lin Tang
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yuxuan Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Liangli Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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Gerhard EM, Wang W, Li C, Guo J, Ozbolat IT, Rahn KM, Armstrong AD, Xia J, Qian G, Yang J. Design strategies and applications of nacre-based biomaterials. Acta Biomater 2017; 54:21-34. [PMID: 28274766 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine relies heavily on materials capable of implantation without significant foreign body reactions and with the ability to promote tissue differentiation and regeneration. The field of bone tissue engineering in particular requires materials capable of providing enhanced mechanical properties and promoting osteogenic cell lineage commitment. While bone repair has long relied almost exclusively on inorganic, calcium phosphate ceramics such as hydroxyapatite and their composites or on non-degradable metals, the organically derived shell and pearl nacre generated by mollusks has emerged as a promising alternative. Nacre is a naturally occurring composite material composed of inorganic, calcium carbonate plates connected by a framework of organic molecules. Similar to mammalian bone, the highly organized microstructure of nacre endows the composite with superior mechanical properties while the organic phase contributes to significant bioactivity. Studies, both in vitro and in vivo, have demonstrated nacre's biocompatibility, biodegradability, and osteogenic potential, which are superior to pure inorganic minerals such as hydroxyapatite or non-degradable metals. Nacre can be used directly as a bulk implant or as part of a composite material when combined with polymers or other ceramics. While nacre has demonstrated its effectiveness in multiple cell culture and animal models, it remains a relatively underexplored biomaterial. This review introduces the formation, structure, and characteristics of nacre, and discusses the present and future uses of this biologically-derived material as a novel biomaterial for orthopedic and other tissue engineering applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Mussel derived nacre, a biological composite composed of mineralized calcium carbonate platelets and interplatelet protein components, has recently gained interest as a potential alternative ceramic material in orthopedic biomaterials, combining the integration and mechanical capabilities of calcium phosphates with increased bioactivity derived from proteins and biomolecules; however, there is limited awareness of this material's potential. Herein, we present, to our knowledge, the first comprehensive review of nacre as a biomaterial. Nacre is a highly promising yet overlooked biomaterial for orthopedic tissue engineering with great potential in a wide variety of material systems. It is our hope that publication of this article will lead to increased community awareness of the potential of nacre as a versatile, bioactive ceramic capable of improving bone tissue regeneration and will elicit increased research effort and innovation utilizing nacre.
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Feng D, Li Q, Yu H, Kong L, Du S. Identification of conserved proteins from diverse shell matrix proteome in Crassostrea gigas: characterization of genetic bases regulating shell formation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45754. [PMID: 28374770 PMCID: PMC5379566 DOI: 10.1038/srep45754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The calcifying shell is an excellent model for studying biomineralization and evolution. However, the molecular mechanisms of shell formation are only beginning to be elucidated in Mollusca. It is known that shell matrix proteins (SMPs) play important roles in shell formation. With increasing data of shell matrix proteomes from various species, we carried out a BLASTp bioinformatics analysis using the shell matrix proteome from Crassostrea gigas against 443 SMPs from nine other species. The highly conserved tyrosinase and chitin related proteins were identified in bivalve. In addition, the relatively conserved proteins containing domains of carbonic anhydrase, Sushi, Von Willebrand factor type A, and chitin binding, were identified from all the ten species. Moreover, 25 genes encoding SMPs were annotated and characterized that are involved in CaCO3 crystallization and represent chitin related or ECM related proteins. Together, data from these analyses provide new knowledge underlying the molecular mechanism of shell formation in C.gigas, supporting a refined shell formation model including chitin and ECM-related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Hong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Lingfeng Kong
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shaojun Du
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Yin Q, Wang WX. Relating metals with major cations in oyster Crassostrea hongkongensis: A novel approach to calibrate metals against salinity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 577:299-307. [PMID: 27829505 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite salinity has been well documented for its significant effects on the bioaccumulation of many trace elements in biomonitors, no calibration method has been proposed to reduce such influences. For the first time, the present study established a novel method to calibrate biomonitoring data against salinity. Relationships between trace element concentration in oyster Crassostrea hongkongensis and the biological proxy for salinity were quantified based on laboratory exposure experiments. The method was then verified by the biomonitoring data of Pearl River Estuary (PRE). Tissue concentrations of trace elements (Cu, Zn, Ag, Cd, Pb, Cr, As, Se, and Ni) and major cations (Na, Mg, K, and Ca) in oysters exposed at 4 salinities (5, 12, 20, and 28psu) and low concentrations for 6weeks were measured to establish such quantitative relationships. Tissue Na, Mg, and K could be the proxy for salinity, while Na was the best one. Negative correlations between tissue concentrations of trace elements and Na after exposure were observed for metal cations such as Cu, Zn, Ag, Cd, and Pb, while tissue As, Se, and Ni were positively correlated with Na. In PRE, salinity significantly influenced the bioaccumulation of trace elements even under the multifactor-affected field conditions. The calibration method applied to the biomonitoring of PRE was verified to be feasible, and effectively reduced the influences of salinity. Therefore, calibration against salinity could facilitate the interpretation, comparability, and analysis of biomonitoring data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijun Yin
- Environmental Science Program, Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Wang
- Environmental Science Program, Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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30
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Ertl NG, O’Connor WA, Wiegand AN, Elizur A. Molecular analysis of the Sydney rock oyster (Saccostrea glomerata) CO2 stress response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s40665-016-0019-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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31
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Molecular Cloning and Characterization of Full-Length cDNA of Calmodulin Gene from Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:5986519. [PMID: 27703977 PMCID: PMC5040781 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5986519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The shell of the pearl oyster (Pinctada fucata) mainly comprises aragonite whereas that of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) is mainly calcite, thereby suggesting the different mechanisms of shell formation between above two mollusks. Calmodulin (CaM) is an important gene for regulating the uptake, transport, and secretion of calcium during the process of shell formation in pearl oyster. It is interesting to characterize the CaM in oysters, which could facilitate the understanding of the different shell formation mechanisms among mollusks. We cloned the full-length cDNA of Pacific oyster CaM (cgCaM) and found that the cgCaM ORF encoded a peptide of 113 amino acids containing three EF-hand calcium-binding domains, its expression level was highest in the mantle, hinting that the cgCaM gene is probably involved in shell formation of Pacific oyster, and the common ancestor of Gastropoda and Bivalvia may possess at least three CaM genes. We also found that the numbers of some EF hand family members in highly calcified species were higher than those in lowly calcified species and the numbers of these motifs in oyster genome were the highest among the mollusk species with whole genome sequence, further hinting the correlation between CaM and biomineralization.
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Li S, Liu Y, Liu C, Huang J, Zheng G, Xie L, Zhang R. Hemocytes participate in calcium carbonate crystal formation, transportation and shell regeneration in the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 51:263-270. [PMID: 26923245 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, light microscope, scanning and transmission electron microscope, hematoxylin-eosin and fluorescent staining, and mass spectrometry methods were employed to observe the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) crystal formation, hemocyte release and transportation, and hemocyte distribution at the shell regeneration area and to analyse the proteome of hemocytes in the pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata. The results indicated that intracellular CaCO3 crystals were observed in circulating hemocytes in P. fucata, implying that there was a suitable microenvironment for crystal formation in the hemocytes. This conclusion was further supported by the proteome analysis, in which various biomineralization-related proteins were detected. The crystal-bearing hemocytes, mainly granulocytes, may be released to extrapallial fluid (EPF) by the secretory cavities distributed on the outer surface of the mantle centre. These granulocytes in the EPF and between the regenerated shells were abundant and free. In the regenerated prismatic layer, the granulocytes were fused into each column and fragmented with the duration of shell maturation, suggesting the direct involvement of hemocytes in shell regeneration. Overall, this study provided evidence that hemocytes participated in CaCO3 crystal formation, transportation and shell regeneration in the pearl oyster. These results are helpful to further understand the exact mechanism of hemocyte-mediated biomineralization in shelled molluscs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiguo Li
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Deep Sea Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yangjia Liu
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Deep Sea Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chuang Liu
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Deep Sea Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jingliang Huang
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Deep Sea Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guilan Zheng
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Deep Sea Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liping Xie
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Deep Sea Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Rongqing Zhang
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Deep Sea Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Huang RL, Zheng Z, Wang QH, Zhao XX, Deng YW, Jiao Y, Du XD. Mantle Branch-Specific RNA Sequences of Moon Scallop Amusium pleuronectes to Identify Shell Color-Associated Genes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141390. [PMID: 26496197 PMCID: PMC4619886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Amusium pleuronectes (Linnaeus) that secretes red- and white-colored valves in two branches of mantle tissues is an excellent model for shell color research. High-throughput transcriptome sequencing and profiling were applied in this project to reveal the detailed molecular mechanism of this phenotype differentiation. In this study, 50,796,780 and 54,361,178 clean reads were generated from the left branch (secreting red valve, RS) and right branch (secreting white valve, WS) using the Illumina Hiseq 2000 platform. De novo assembly generated 149,375 and 176,652 unigenes with an average length of 764 bp and 698 bp in RS and WS, respectively. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) metabolic pathway analysis indicated that the differentially expressed genes were involved in 228 signaling pathways, and 43 genes were significantly enriched (P<0.01). Nineteen of 20 differentially expressed vitellogenin genes showed significantly high expression in RS, which suggested that they probably played a crucial role in organic pigment assembly and transportation of the shell. Moreover, 687 crystal formation-related (or biomineralization-related) genes were detected in A. pleuronectes, among which 144 genes exhibited significant difference between the two branches. Those genes could be classified into shell matrix framework participants, crystal nucleation and growth-related elements, upstream regulation factors, Ca level regulators, and other classifications. We also identified putative SNP and SSR markers from these samples which provided the markers for genetic diversity analysis, genetic linkage, QTL analysis. These results provide insight into the complexity of shell color differentiation in A. pleuronectes so as valuable resources for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-lian Huang
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Laboratory of Marine Pearl Culture, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zhe Zheng
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Laboratory of Marine Pearl Culture, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Qing-heng Wang
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Laboratory of Marine Pearl Culture, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xiao-xia Zhao
- Environment Protection Monitoring Station, Environmental Protection Agency of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yue-wen Deng
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Laboratory of Marine Pearl Culture, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yu Jiao
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Laboratory of Marine Pearl Culture, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xiao-dong Du
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Laboratory of Marine Pearl Culture, Zhanjiang, China
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Bowen L, Miles AK, Drake KK, Waters SC, Esque TC, Nussear KE. Integrating Gene Transcription-Based Biomarkers to Understand Desert Tortoise and Ecosystem Health. ECOHEALTH 2015; 12:501-512. [PMID: 25561383 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-014-0998-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Tortoises are susceptible to a wide variety of environmental stressors, and the influence of human disturbances on health and survival of tortoises is difficult to detect. As an addition to current diagnostic methods for desert tortoises, we have developed the first leukocyte gene transcription biomarker panel for the desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii), enhancing the ability to identify specific environmental conditions potentially linked to declining animal health. Blood leukocyte transcript profiles have the potential to identify physiologically stressed animals in lieu of clinical signs. For desert tortoises, the gene transcript profile included a combination of immune or detoxification response genes with the potential to be modified by biological or physical injury and consequently provide information on the type and magnitude of stressors present in the animal's habitat. Blood from 64 wild adult tortoises at three sites in Clark County, NV, and San Bernardino, CA, and from 19 captive tortoises in Clark County, NV, was collected and evaluated for genes indicative of physiological status. Statistical analysis using a priori groupings indicated significant differences among groups for several genes, while multidimensional scaling and cluster analyses of transcription C T values indicated strong differentiation of a large cluster and multiple outlying individual tortoises or small clusters in multidimensional space. These analyses highlight the effectiveness of the gene panel at detecting environmental perturbations as well as providing guidance in determining the health of the desert tortoise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizabeth Bowen
- United States Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, University of California, Davis Field Station, The Barn, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - A Keith Miles
- United States Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, University of California, Davis Field Station, The Barn, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - K Kristina Drake
- United States Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, University of California, Davis Field Station, The Barn, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- United States Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Nevada Field Stations, Henderson, NV, USA
| | - Shannon C Waters
- United States Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, University of California, Davis Field Station, The Barn, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Todd C Esque
- United States Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Nevada Field Stations, Henderson, NV, USA
| | - Kenneth E Nussear
- United States Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Nevada Field Stations, Henderson, NV, USA
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Chen T, Ren C, Li W, Jiang X, Xia J, Wong NK, Hu C. Calmodulin of the tropical sea cucumber: Gene structure, inducible expression and contribution to nitric oxide production and pathogen clearance during immune response. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 45:231-238. [PMID: 25913576 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Calmodulin (CaM) is an essential second messenger protein that transduces calcium signals by binding calcium ions (Ca(2+)) and modulating its interactions with various target proteins. In contrast to vertebrates, where CaM is well established as a cofactor for Ca(2+)-dependent physiological and cellular functions including host defense, there is a paucity of understanding on CaM in invertebrates (such as echinoderms) in response to immune challenge or microbial infections. In this study, we obtained and described the gene sequence of CaM from the tropical sea cucumber Stichopus monotuberculatus, a promising yet poorly characterized aquacultural species. mRNA expression of StmCaM could be detected in the intestine and coelomic fluid after Vibrio alginolyticus injection. Transcriptional and translational expression of StmCaM was inducible in nature, as evidenced by the expression patterns in primary coelomocytes following Vibrio challenge. This response could be mimicked by the Vibrio cells membrane components or lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and blocked by co-treatment of the LPS-neutralizing agent polymyxin B (PMB). Furthermore, inhibition of CaM activity by incubation with its inhibitor trifluoroperazine dihydrochloride (TFP) blunted the production of Vibrio-induced nitric oxide (NO) and augmented the survival of invading Vibrio in coelomocytes. Collectively, our study here supplied the first evidence for echinoderm CaM participation in innate immunity, and provided a functional link between CaM expression and antibacterial NO production in sea cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology of Guangdong Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Chunhua Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology of Guangdong Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Wuhu Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology of Guangdong Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiao Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology of Guangdong Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jianjun Xia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology of Guangdong Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Nai-Kei Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chaoqun Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology of Guangdong Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
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Li S, Jia Z, Li X, Geng X, Sun J. Calmodulin is a stress and immune response gene in Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 40:120-128. [PMID: 24997436 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Calmodulin (CaM) is a multifunctional calcium sensor protein that participates in various cellular processes under normal, stress and pathological conditions. In crabs, however, the involvement of CaM in response to environmental stress and immune challenges has not been revealed yet. In the present study, a CaM cDNA (EsCaM) was identified from Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis and its mRNA expression patterns in response to ambient (salinity and pH) stress and immune challenges was examined. EsCaM encodes a 149-amino-acid protein with a calculated molecular mass of 16.8 kDa and an isoelectric point of 4.09. In unstimulated healthy E. sinensis, EsCaM mRNA transcript was detected in all tested tissues with predominant expression in hepatopancreas and the lowest expression in haemocytes. Ambient salinity (15‰ and 30‰ salinities) and pH (pH 6 and 8.5) stress significantly altered EsCaM mRNA expression in gill, hepatopancreas, haemocytes, intestine and muscle in Chinese mitten crab. In addition, EsCaM gene expression was significantly and rapidly induced as early as 2 h after LPS and Poly(I:C) immune stimulations in haemocytes in vitro. Furthermore, EsCaM expression was significantly up-regulated in E. sinensis haemocytes, gill, hepatopancreas, intestine and muscle in response to Edwardsiella tarda and Vibrio anguillarum challenges. Collectively, our findings suggest that EsCaM is an important stress and immune response gene in Chinese mitten crab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, 393 Binshuixidao, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Zirui Jia
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, 393 Binshuixidao, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Xuejing Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, 393 Binshuixidao, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Xuyun Geng
- Tianjin Center for Control and Prevention of Aquatic Animal Infectious Disease, 442 South Jiefang Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300221, China
| | - Jinsheng Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, 393 Binshuixidao, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300387, China.
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Shi Y, He M. Differential gene expression identified by RNA-Seq and qPCR in two sizes of pearl oyster (Pinctada fucata). Gene 2014; 538:313-22. [PMID: 24440293 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Differential growth of the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata still exists in the aquaculture production. There is no systematic study of the entire transcriptome of differential gene expression in P. fucata in the literature. In this study, high-throughput Illumina/HiSeq™ 2000 RNA-Seq was used to examine the differences of gene expression in large (L) and small oysters (S). In total, 74,293 and 76,635 unigenes were generated from L and S oysters, respectively. RT quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis showed that the differential expression pattern of 19 out of 34 selected genes was consistent with the results of RNA-Seq analysis: 14 genes (11 for growth, 1 for reproduction and 2 for shell formation) were expressed more highly in S, 5 genes (1 for growth, 1 for reproduction and 3 for the immune system) were expressed more highly in L; 3 genes associated with the immune system were opposite to it; and no difference was found for the remaining 12 genes. Another 9 shell formation-related genes in L and S were examined by qPCR: 1 gene was expressed more highly in L, 5 genes were expressed more highly in S and no difference was found for the remaining 3 genes. Some genes related to growth and development, shell formation and reproduction were expressed more highly in S compared to L. This phenomenon could be explained by "catch-up growth". The results of this study will help toward a comprehensive understanding of the complexity of differential growth between P. fucata individuals and provide valuable information for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Maoxian He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China.
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Miyamoto H, Endo H, Hashimoto N, limura K, Isowa Y, Kinoshita S, Kotaki T, Masaoka T, Miki T, Nakayama S, Nogawa C, Notazawa A, Ohmori F, Sarashina I, Suzuki M, Takagi R, Takahashi J, Takeuchi T, Yokoo N, Satoh N, Toyohara H, Miyashita T, Wada H, Samata T, Endo K, Nagasawa H, Asakawa S, Watabe S. The Diversity of Shell Matrix Proteins: Genome-Wide Investigation of the Pearl Oyster, Pinctada fucata. Zoolog Sci 2013; 30:801-16. [DOI: 10.2108/zsj.30.801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Miyamoto
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kinki University, 930 Nishimitani, Kinokawa, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Endo
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Naoki Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Kurin limura
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yukinobu Isowa
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shigeharu Kinoshita
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kotaki
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, The Graduate School of Environmental Health Sciences, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Masaoka
- National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Agency, 422-1, Hiruta, Tamaki, Mie 519-0423, Japan
| | - Takumi Miki
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Seiji Nakayama
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Chihiro Nogawa
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, The Graduate School of Environmental Health Sciences, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Atsuto Notazawa
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, The Graduate School of Environmental Health Sciences, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Fumito Ohmori
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Isao Sarashina
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Michio Suzuki
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ryousuke Takagi
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kinki University, 930 Nishimitani, Kinokawa, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - Jun Takahashi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takeshi Takeuchi
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Naoki Yokoo
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Nori Satoh
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Toyohara
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Miyashita
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kinki University, 930 Nishimitani, Kinokawa, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Wada
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Samata
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, The Graduate School of Environmental Health Sciences, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Endo
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Nagasawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shuichi Asakawa
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shugo Watabe
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Characterization of cDNAs for calmodulin and calmodulin-like protein in the freshwater mussel Hyriopsis cumingii: differential expression in response to environmental Ca(2+) and calcium binding of recombinant proteins. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 165:165-71. [PMID: 23603560 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Calmodulin and calmodulin-like protein are two crucial calcium regulators in bivalves. However, molecular characteristics and expression patterns of these genes in the freshwater mussel are poorly understood. In this study, two cDNAs encoding novel calmodulin and calmodulin-like protein (HcCaM and HcCaLP) were cloned and characterized from the freshwater pearl mussel Hyriopsis cumingii. The full-length cDNA of HcCaM was 726 bp, including a 118-bp 5'-untranslated region (UTR), a 447-bp open reading frame (ORF), and a 161-bp 3'-UTR. The 1217-bp HcCaLP cDNA comprised of a 51-bp 5'-UTR, a 447-bp ORF, and a 716-bp 3'-UTR. The potential phosphorylation sites of, Arg(80) and Phe(100) in deduced HcCaM were mutated to Thr(80) and Tyr(100) in HcCaLP. Tissue-specific expression analysis revealed that HcCaM mRNA was prominently expressed in the gill, mantle center, and foot. In contrast, HcCaLP mRNA was mainly expressed in the mantle edge. The recombinant HcCaM and HcCaLP proteins expressed in Escherichia coli showed the typical Ca(2+) dependent electrophoretic shift characterization as CaM and differed in the calcium binding affinity. The calcium stimulation test that lasted 5 weeks implied that HcCaM and HcCaLP had differential expression patterns in response to various environmental Ca(2+) concentrations (0.25-1.25 mM). The expression of HcCaM mRNA was up-regulated by low Ca(2+) concentration (0.25 mM), and the highest expression of HcCaLP mRNA occurred under Ca(2+) concentration of 1 mM.
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Characterization and expression of calmodulin gene during larval settlement and metamorphosis of the polychaete Hydroides elegans. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 162:113-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Taylor AM, Maher WA. Exposure-dose-response of Anadara trapezia to metal contaminated estuarine sediments. 2. Lead spiked sediments. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 116-117:79-89. [PMID: 22466358 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The composition of near shore marine environments is increasingly being altered by contaminants from human activities. The ability of lead, which has no known biological function, to mimic biologically essential metals makes it one of the most toxic to marine biota. The relationship between lead exposure, dose and response was investigated in Anadara trapezia exposed for 56 days to lead spiked sediment (100 and 300 μg/g dry mass). Lead tissue concentrations of the 300 μg/g exposed A. trapezia doubled in the last 2 weeks of exposure with final lead tissue concentrations of exposed organisms of 1 and 12 μg/g, respectively. Tissue lead accumulation of exposed organisms followed the pattern haemolymph>gill>hepatopancreas during much of the 56 day exposure. Between 30 and 69% of accumulated lead in the gill and hepatopancreas was detoxified and fairly evenly distributed between the metal rich granule and the metallothionein like protein fractions. Approximately half of the biologically active lead in both tissues was in the mitochondrial fraction which showed increased cytochrome c oxidase activity in lead exposed organisms. There was a reduction in GPx activity, an associated increase in total glutathione concentrations and reduced GSH:GSSG ratios due to a build up of oxidised glutathione. These changes in the glutathione pathway were reflected in the total antioxidant capacity of lead exposed A. trapezia which were significantly reduced compared to control organisms. Increased lead exposure significantly increased lipid peroxidation, lysosomal destabilisation and frequency of micronuclei. A significant exposure-dose-response relationship for A. trapezia exposed to lead enriched sediments indicates that elevated sediment lead concentrations have the potential to increase biologically active lead burdens and impair the antioxidant reduction capacity leading to a series of associated effects from lipid peroxidation to cellular perturbation and genotoxic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Taylor
- Ecochemistry Laboratory, Institute for Applied Ecology, Faculty of Applied Science, University of Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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Transcriptome analysis of biomineralisation-related genes within the pearl sac: Host and donor oyster contribution. Mar Genomics 2012; 5:27-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Chen ZF, Wang H, Matsumura K, Qian PY. Expression of calmodulin and myosin light chain kinase during larval settlement of the Barnacle Balanus amphitrite. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31337. [PMID: 22348072 PMCID: PMC3278446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Barnacles are one of the most common organisms in intertidal areas. Their life cycle includes seven free-swimming larval stages and sessile juvenile and adult stages. The transition from the swimming to the sessile stages, referred to as larval settlement, is crucial for their survivor success and subsequent population distribution. In this study, we focused on the involvement of calmodulin (CaM) and its binding proteins in the larval settlement of the barnacle, Balanus ( = Amphibalanus) amphitrite. The full length of CaM gene was cloned from stage II nauplii of B. amphitrite (referred to as Ba-CaM), encoding 149 amino acid residues that share a high similarity with published CaMs in other organisms. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that Ba-CaM was highly expressed in cyprids, the stage at which swimming larvae are competent to attach and undergo metamorphosis. In situ hybridization revealed that the expressed Ba-CaM gene was localized in compound eyes, posterior ganglion and cement glands, all of which may have essential functions during larval settlement. Larval settlement assays showed that both the CaM inhibitor compound 48/80 and the CaM-dependent myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) inhibitor ML-7 effectively blocked barnacle larval settlement, whereas Ca(2+)/CaM-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) inhibitors did not show any clear effects. The subsequent real-time PCR assay showed a higher expression level of Ba-MLCK gene in larval stages than in adults, suggesting an important role of Ba-MLCK gene in larval development and competency. Overall, the results suggest that CaM and CaM-dependent MLCK function during larval settlement of B. amphitrite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang-Fan Chen
- KAUST Global Collaborative Research Program, Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hao Wang
- KAUST Global Collaborative Research Program, Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kiyotaka Matsumura
- KAUST Global Collaborative Research Program, Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Pei-Yuan Qian
- KAUST Global Collaborative Research Program, Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Zeng LG, Wang JH, Li YJ, Sheng JQ, Gu Q, Hong YJ. Molecular characteristics and expression of calmodulin cDNA from the freshwater pearl mussel, Hyriopsis schlegelii. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2012; 11:42-52. [DOI: 10.4238/2012.january.9.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Fang D, Xu G, Hu Y, Pan C, Xie L, Zhang R. Identification of genes directly involved in shell formation and their functions in pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21860. [PMID: 21747964 PMCID: PMC3128620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mollusk shell formation is a fascinating aspect of biomineralization research. Shell matrix proteins play crucial roles in the control of calcium carbonate crystallization during shell formation in the pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata. Characterization of biomineralization-related genes during larval development could enhance our understanding of shell formation. Genes involved in shell biomineralization were isolated by constructing three suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) libraries that represented genes expressed at key points during larval shell formation. A total of 2,923 ESTs from these libraries were sequenced and gave 990 unigenes. Unigenes coding for secreted proteins and proteins with tandem-arranged repeat units were screened in the three SSH libraries. A set of sequences coding for genes involved in shell formation was obtained. RT-PCR and in situ hybridization assays were carried out on five genes to investigate their spatial expression in several tissues, especially the mantle tissue. They all showed a different expression pattern from known biomineralization-related genes. Inhibition of the five genes by RNA interference resulted in different defects of the nacreous layer, indicating that they all were involved in aragonite crystallization. Intriguingly, one gene (UD_Cluster94.seq.Singlet1) was restricted to the ‘aragonitic line’. The current data has yielded for the first time, to our knowledge, a suite of biomineralization-related genes active during the developmental stages of P.fucata, five of which were responsible for nacreous layer formation. This provides a useful starting point for isolating new genes involved in shell formation. The effects of genes on the formation of the ‘aragonitic line’, and other areas of the nacreous layer, suggests a different control mechanism for aragonite crystallization initiation from that of mature aragonite growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Fang
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Guangrui Xu
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yilin Hu
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Cong Pan
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Xie
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (LX); (RZ)
| | - Rongqing Zhang
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (LX); (RZ)
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Li C, Liang J, Ma Z, Hu Y, Yan Z, Li Q, Fang Z, Wang H, Zhang G, Xie L, Zhang R. Calcineurin mediates the immune response of hemocytes through NF-kappaB signaling pathway in pearl oyster (Pinctada fucata). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 28:253-260. [PMID: 19896536 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Revised: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Calcineurin (CN), a multifunctional protein, mediates the immune response through diverse signaling pathways in mammals, while the function of CN in the immune response of molluscan hemocytes still remains unclear. In the present study, we detected the distribution of CN in various tissues and the expression levels of Pf-CNA and Pf-CNB gene in hemocytes of Pinctada fucata. After the preparation of hemocyte monolayers, we checked the response of enzymatic activity of CN, the degradation level of IkappaBalpha, the activity of iNOS and the production of NO, and IL-2 to the challenge of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and cyclosporin A (CsA). CN activity in hemocytes was very sensitive to both the stimulation of LPS and the inhibition of CsA. Most importantly, IkappaBalpha degradation in hemocytes was induced by LPS and attenuated by CsA. Consequently, the activity of iNOS was elevated and the production of NO was increased. Additionally, we found that the synthesis of IL-2 was increased by LPS but was apparently weakened by CsA. In vivo bacterial clearance experiments showed that CsA significantly decreased the ability of in vivo bacteria clearance in pearl oyster. All the results revealed, for the first time, that CN mediated the immune response of molluscan hemocytes via activating NF-kappaB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changzhong Li
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Li C, Hu Y, Liang J, Kong Y, Huang J, Feng Q, Li S, Zhang G, Xie L, Zhang R. Calcineurin plays an important role in the shell formation of pearl oyster (Pinctada fucata). MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2010; 12:100-110. [PMID: 19593604 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-009-9204-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 05/31/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Calcineurin (CN) is a multifunctional protein involved in many important physiological processes in mammalians, but the function of CN in mollusks is still largely unknown. In the present study, through the shell regeneration system, the changes of enzymatic activity of CN were determined in the process of shell regeneration in pearl oyster Pinctada fucata. CN was activated immediately and continuously in the shell regeneration process. The speed of shell regeneration was measured and the ultrastructure of inner shell surface was observed by scanning electron microscopy after inhibiting CN by intramuscular injection of immunosuppresant cyclosporine A (CsA). The results showed that the speed of shell regeneration was delayed and the morphology of calcite and aragonite in the inner shell surface became abnormal when CN was inhibited by CsA. Meanwhile, RT-PCR analysis revealed that the expression of P. fucata BMP-2 in mantle tissue decreased with CsA injection. In vitro secretion level of proteoglycans (PGs) in primary cultures of mantle cells was also decreased when mantle cells were exposed to CsA. Taken together, our results, for the first time, show that CN is involved in the shell formation through regulating the expression of Pf-BMP-2 in mantle tissue, which controls the secretion of PGs/GAGs of the mantle epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changzhong Li
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Vujasinović-Stupar N, Novković S, Jezdić I. Supplementation with bio-calcium from shells Pinctada maxima in postmenopausal women with decreased mineral bone density--pilot study. SRP ARK CELOK LEK 2010; 137:518-23. [PMID: 19950759 DOI: 10.2298/sarh0910518v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Treatment of osteoporosis, in addition to a specific antiresorptive or anabolic treatment, requires supplementation with calcium and vitamin D. Widespread cultivation of pearl shells has made pearls available for commercial use for a very reasonable price. The main chemical compound of pearls from shells Pinctada maxima is calcium-carbonate (CaCO3). Recently developed technologies applied in a micronisation process have provided increased gastrointestinal resorption of calcium, estimated at over 90% of calcium intake. OBJECTIVE The paper is aimed at monitoring of efficacy and tolerance of six-month bio-calcium supplementation in postmenopausal women with reduced bone mineral density. METHODS Group 1 (30 patients) received, three times a day, capsules of pearl powder from shells Pinctada maxima (it is equal to 260 mg of elementary calcium); group II (20 patients) received a daily dose of 500 mg inorganic CaCO3. Both groups received 666 IU of cholecalciferol per day. In all patients, bone mineral density (BMD) of the spine or hip, serum blood and urine levels of Ca, phosphates and alkaline phosphatase, were measured before and after six months of the treatment. RESULTS Group I/Group II: average age 61.7/61.7 years; beginning of menopause: 48.32 /48 years; menopause duration 13.4/13.7 years; average body mass index 27.2/27 kg/m2. These two groups did not different significantly before supplementation. Six-month supplementation with CaCO3 of the biological origin led to the increase of BMD from 0.901 g/cm2 to 0.948 g/cm2 (p = 0.067), while BMD remained the same in the group supplemented with inorganic CaCO3 Gastrointestinal tolerability of bio-calcium was excellent, without any adverse events. CONCLUSION These data could not strongly support the hypothesis of better efficacy of bio-calcium taking into account a small number of patients and a short follow-up period in this pilot study. Tolerance of CaCO3 of the biological origin was excellent and free of any adverse events. The results of laboratory values were within normal range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Vujasinović-Stupar
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University in Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Li C, Huang J, Li S, Fan W, Hu Y, Wang Q, Zhu F, Xie L, Zhang R. Cloning, characterization and immunolocalization of two subunits of calcineurin from pearl oyster (Pinctada fucata). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 153:43-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2009.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Revised: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Light-dependent transcriptional regulation of genes of biogeochemical interest in the diploid and haploid life cycle stages of Emiliania huxleyi. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:3366-9. [PMID: 19304825 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02737-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of genes of biogeochemical interest in calcifying and noncalcifying life stages of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi was investigated. Transcripts potentially involved in calcification were tested through a light-dark cycle. These transcripts were more abundant in calcifying cells and were upregulated in the light. Their application as potential candidates for in situ biogeochemical proxies is also suggested.
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