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Sun J, Yates C, Dingwall S, Ongtengco C, Power D, Gray P, Prowse A. Analysis of three characterization assays reveals ddPCR of LIN28A as the most sensitive for the detection of residual pluripotent stem cells in cellular therapy products. Cytotherapy 2024:S1465-3249(24)00726-6. [PMID: 38934983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2024.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS With the continuous development and advancement of human pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived cell therapies, an ever-increasing number of clinical indications can benefit from their application. Due to the capacity for PSCs to form teratomas, safety testing is required to ensure the absence of residual PSCs in a cell product. To mitigate these limitations, in vitro analytical methods can be utilized as quality control after the production of a PSC-derived cell product. Sensitivity of these analytic methods is critical in accurately quantifying residual PSC in the final cell product. In this study, we compared the sensitivity of three in vitro assays: qPCR, ddPCR and RT-LAMP. METHODS The spike-in samples were produced from three independent experiments, each spiked with different PSC lines (PSC1, NH50191, and WA09 referred to as H9) into a background of primary fibroblasts (Hs68). These samples were then subjected to qPCR, ddPCR and RT-LAMP to determine their detection limit in measuring a commonly used PSC marker, LIN28A. RESULTS The results indicated that the three analytic methods all exhibited consistent results across different cell-line spiked samples, with ddPCR demonstrating the highest sensitivity of the three methods. The LIN28A ddPCR assay could confidently detect 10 residual PSCs in a million fibroblasts. DISCUSSION In our hand, ddPCR LIN28A assay demonstrated the highest sensitivity for detection of residual PSCs compared to the other two assays. Correlating such in vitro safety results with corresponding in vivo studies demonstrating the tumorigenicity profile of PSC-derived cell therapy could accelerate the safe clinical translation of cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinda Sun
- Australia Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Clarissa Yates
- Australia Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Ketim Therapeutics, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Steve Dingwall
- Australia Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Cherica Ongtengco
- Australia Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Dominique Power
- Australia Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Viatris, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter Gray
- Australia Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Andrew Prowse
- Australia Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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Yang J, Xu H, Ke Z, Kan N, Zheng E, Qiu Y, Huang M. Absolute quantification of viable Vibrio cholerae in seawater samples using multiplex droplet digital PCR combined with propidium monoazide. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1149981. [PMID: 37362935 PMCID: PMC10288211 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1149981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1 and O139 are the pathogens responsible for the global cholera epidemic. V. cholerae can settle in the water and spread via the fecal-oral route. Rapid and accurate monitoring of live V. cholerae in environmental water has become an important strategy to prevent and control cholera transmission. Conventional plate counting is widely used to detect viable bacteria but requires time and effort. Methods This study aims to develop a new assay that combines triplex droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) with propidium monoazide (PMA) treatment for quantitatively detecting live V. cholerae O1/O139 and cholera enterotoxin. Specific primers and probes were designed according to the conserved regions of gene rfb O1, rfb O139, and ctxA. The amplification procedures and PMA treatment conditions were optimized. The specificity, sensitivity, and ability of PMA-ddPCR to detect viable bacteria-derived DNA were evaluated in simulated seawater samples. Results and Discussion The results revealed that the optimal primer concentrations of rfb O1, rfb O139, and ctxA were 1 μM, while the concentrations of the three probes were 0.25, 0.25, and 0.4 μM, respectively. The best annealing temperature was 58°C to obtain the most accurate results. The optimal strategy for distinguishing dead and live bacteria from PMA treatment was incubation at the concentration of 20 μM for 15 min, followed by exposure to a 650-W halogen lamp for 20 min. In pure culture solutions, the limit of detection (LODs) of V. cholerae O1 and O139, and ctxA were 127.91, 120.23 CFU/mL, and 1.5 copies/reaction in PMA-triplex ddPCR, respectively, while the LODs of the three targets were 150.66, 147.57 CFU/mL, and 2 copies/reaction in seawater samples. The PMA-ddPCR sensitivity was about 10 times higher than that of PMA-qPCR. When detecting spiked seawater samples with live bacterial concentrations of 1.53 × 102 and 1.53 × 105 CFU/mL, the assay presented a higher sensitivity (100%, 16/16) than qPCR (50.00%, 8/16) and a perfect specificity (100%, 9/9). These results indicate that the developed PMA-triplex ddPCR is superior to the qPCR regarding sensitivity and specificity and can be used to rapidly detect viable toxigenic V. cholerae O1 and O139 in suspicious seawater samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Yang
- Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Haibin Xu
- Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zili Ke
- Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, China
| | - Naipeng Kan
- Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, China
| | - Enhui Zheng
- Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yufeng Qiu
- Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mengying Huang
- Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, China
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Muacevic A, Adler JR, Nanda R, Shah S, Mohapatra E. Processing Validation Metrics of Syva Enzyme-Multiplied Immunoassay Technique (EMIT) Methotrexate Assay for Beckman Coulter System. Cureus 2023; 15:e34025. [PMID: 36814748 PMCID: PMC9939913 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.34025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-dose methotrexate (HDMTX), defined as a dose greater than 500 mg/m2, is used to treat a variety of cancers; and though safe, it can cause major toxicity. Syva enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT) methotrexate (MTX) assay (Gurgaon, India: Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Ltd.) uses a homogeneous enzyme immunoassay method. Low-end precision performances are very important for laboratory methods, especially when their results have clinical significance at these levels. METHODOLOGY A total of 25 replicates (five replicates per run, for five runs) were analyzed for profiling. Precision, accuracy, linearity, limit of blank, limit of detection, and limit of quantification were determined using existing guidelines. Imprecision profile and limit of quantitation (LoQ) at 10% were determined by fitting data with hyperbolic regression. RESULTS The coefficient of variation percentage (CV%) for low, mid, and high-level internal quality control (IQC) was 1.25%, 3.45%, and 1.55%, respectively. Similarly, estimated bias was -4.58%, -3.54%, -7.21% for each level. The assay linearity was maintained from a range of 0.041-1.993 mmol/L with an R2 of 0.959. The limit of detection was estimated to be 0.07 mmol/L. CONCLUSION Syva EMIT MTX assay can be precisely and accurately used to measure low levels of serum methotrexate at levels lower than claimed by the manufacturer, aiding in the monitoring of toxicity in patients.
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Du Y, Yan Z, Song K, Jin J, Xiao L, Sun Z, Tan Y, Zhang P, Du Z, Yang R, Zhao Y, Song Y. Development and evaluation of a multiplex droplet digital polymerase chain reaction method for simultaneous detection of five biothreat pathogens. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:970973. [PMID: 35966705 PMCID: PMC9366144 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.970973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biothreat agents pose a huge threat to human and public health, necessitating the development of rapid and highly sensitive detection approaches. This study establishes a multiplex droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) method for simultaneously detecting five high-risk bacterial biothreats: Yersinia pestis, Bacillus anthracis, Brucella spp., Burkholderia pseudomallei, and Francisella tularensis. Unlike conventional multiplex real-time PCR (qPCR) methods, the multiplex ddPCR assay was developed using two types of probe fluorophores, allowing the assay to perform with a common two-color ddPCR system. After optimization, the assay performance was evaluated, showing a lower limit of detection (LOD) (0.1–1.0 pg/μL) and good selectivity for the five bacteria targets. The multiplex assay’s ability to simultaneously detect two or more kinds of targets in a sample was also demonstrated. The assay showed strong sample tolerance when testing simulated soil samples; the LOD for bacteria in soil was 2 × 102–2 × 103 colony-forming unit (CFU)/100 mg soil (around 5–50 CFU/reaction), which was 10-fold lower than that of the single-target qPCR method. When testing simulated soil samples at bacterial concentrations of 2 × 103–2 × 104 CFU/100 mg soil, the assay presented a higher sensitivity (100%, 35/35) than that of the qPCR method (65.71%, 23/35) and a good specificity (100%, 15/15). These results suggest that the developed 5-plex ddPCR method is more sensitive than conventional qPCR methods and is potentially suitable for rapidly detecting or screening the five selected bacterial biothreats in suspicious samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
- The First Department, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Ziheng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Kai Song
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Junyan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Liting Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhulin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yafang Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Pingping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Zongmin Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Ruifu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yong Zhao,
| | - Yajun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
- Yajun Song,
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Pali M, Jagannath B, Lin KC, Upasham S, Sankhalab D, Upashama S, Muthukumar S, Prasad S. CATCH (Cortisol Apta WATCH): ‘Bio-mimic alarm’ to track Anxiety, Stress, Immunity in human sweat. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Upasham S, Osborne O, Prasad S. Demonstration of sweat-based circadian diagnostic capability of SLOCK using electrochemical detection modalities. RSC Adv 2021; 11:7750-7765. [PMID: 35423234 PMCID: PMC8695047 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10561a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SLOCK is a sweat-based circadian diagnostic platform used for mapping the user's chronobiology via cortisol and DHEA. In this work, we have demonstrated the detection capabilities of this sweat-based sensing platform using two electrochemical sensing modalities: Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and chronoamperometry. Wicking simulations for vertical versus horizontal flow patterns under potential bias were evaluated using COMSOL Multiphysics®. This work also highlights the biorecognition element characterization using Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) and FTIR. Sensor platform was evaluated for biomarker concentrations using doses spanning physiological ranges of 8-141 ng ml-1 and 2-131 ng ml-1 for cortisol and DHEA, respectively. Detailed analysis of impedance data is supported with electrochemical fitting of circuit components related to the biosensing process. Finally, human subject-based studies have been performed to understand the effect of sweating rate with respect to gland density on biosensing. Also, on-body mechanical resiliency studies have been performed to highlight the flexibility of this serpentine electrode-based sensing platform. The platform responds sensitively to the amount of circadian relevant biomarkers in the system with a limit of detection of 0.1 ng ml-1 for both cortisol and DHEA. Thus, the SLOCK platform offers to be an attractive vessel for facilitating the electrochemical detection of circadian relevant biomarkers and for self-monitoring of user's chronobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayali Upasham
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas Richardson TX-75080 USA
| | - Olivia Osborne
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas Richardson TX-75080 USA
| | - Shalini Prasad
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas Richardson TX-75080 USA
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Ganguly A, Lin KC, Muthukumar S, Prasad S. Autonomous, Real-Time Monitoring Electrochemical Aptasensor for Circadian Tracking of Cortisol Hormone in Sub-microliter Volumes of Passively Eluted Human Sweat. ACS Sens 2021; 6:63-72. [PMID: 33382251 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c01754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The proposed work involves the development of an autonomous, label-free electrochemical sensor for real-time monitoring of cortisol levels expressed naturally in sub-microliter sweat volumes, for prolonged sensing periods of ∼8 h. Highly specific single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) aptamer is used for affinity capture of cortisol hormone eluted in sweat dynamically. The cortisol present in sweat binds to the aptamer capture probe that changes conformation and modulates electrochemical properties at the electrode-buffer interface, which was studied using dynamic light scattering studies for the entire physiological sweat pH. Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and UV-vis spectroscopy were used to optimize the binding chemistry of the elements of the sensor stack. Nonfaradaic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to calibrate the sensor for a dynamic range of 1-256 ng/mL. An R2 of 0.97 with an output signal range of 20-50% was obtained. Dynamic cortisol level variation tracking was studied using continuous dosing experiments to calibrate the sensor for temporal variation. The sensor did not show significant susceptibility to noise due to cross-reactive interferents and nonspecific buffer constituents. The performance of the developed aptasensor was compared with the previously established cortisol immunosensor in terms of surface charge behavior and nonfaradaic biosensing. The aptamer sensor shows a higher signal-to-noise ratio, better resolution, and has a larger output range for the same input range as the cortisol immunosensor. The feasibility of deploying the developed aptasensing scheme as continuous lifestyle and performance monitors was validated through human subject studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antra Ganguly
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Kai Chun Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Sriram Muthukumar
- Enlisense LLC, 1813 Audubon Pond Way, Allen, Texas 75013, United States
| | - Shalini Prasad
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
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8
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Upasham S, Bhide A, Lin KC, Prasad S. Point-of-use sweat biosensor to track the endocrine-inflammation relationship for chronic disease monitoring. Future Sci OA 2020; 7:FSO628. [PMID: 33437501 PMCID: PMC7787138 DOI: 10.2144/fsoa-2020-0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is involved in maintaining homeostasis by engaging with the parasympathetic nervous system. During the process of disease affliction, this relationship is disturbed and there is an imbalance driven response observed. MATERIALS & METHODS By monitoring the two key components involved in these pathways, cortisol and TNF-α, the manifestations of chronic stress on the body's homeostasis can be evaluated in a comprehensive manner. This work highlights the development of an electrochemical detection system for the two biomarkers through human sweat. RESULTS Limit of detection and dynamic ranges are 1 ng/ml, 1-200 ng/ml for cortisol and 1 pg/ml, 1-1000 pg/ml for TNF-α. CONCLUSION This wearable system is designed to be a point of use, chronic disease self-monitoring and management platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayali Upasham
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Ashlesha Bhide
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Kai-Chun Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Shalini Prasad
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
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Upasham S, Prasad S. SLOCK (sensor for circadian clock): passive sweat-based chronobiology tracker. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:1947-1960. [PMID: 32323689 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00134a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
SLOCK is a human sweat based platform for circadian relevant biomarkers- cortisol and DHEA. It monitors passively expressed eccrine and apocrine sweat towards measuring and reporting cortisol and DHEA concentrations over multiple time points in humans. The sensor works on the principle of affinity based electrochemical detection. The novelty lies in the usage of a hybrid porosity platform for enhancing multibiomarker detection ability through sweat. The platform is the first demonstration of chronobiology tracking using multiple biomarkers supported by human subject based study. The sensor performance is evaluated on a set of six healthy human subjects, which are varied by age, gender, and ethnicity. Following this, the sensor performance is confirmed using ELISA, a commercially used diagnostic technique. From the results, it can be observed that the sensor is highly sensitive to the target biomarker concentrations in the physiological range of 8-141 ng ml-1. The platform is also able to capture the biomarker rise and fall (i.e., going from a low concentration of 1 ng ml-1 to a high concentration of 100 ng ml-1 and back down to 10 ng ml-1). This is reflected by a percentage change of cumulative sensor response by 10%, 20%, and 22%, respectively from baseline, for cortisol. Similarly for DHEA, the sensor shows sensitivity to rising and falling changes with percentage changes of 45%, 55%, and 56% for 1, 100, and 10 ng ml-1 biomarker concentrations. This sensitivity is crucial in order to develop the circadian profile for the user. Thus, the sensor offers a first time demonstration of the potential of a passive self-monitoring approach for managing circadian abnormalities and is a good platform for tracking chronobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayali Upasham
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX-75080, USA.
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Kosović E, Topiař M, Cuřínová P, Sajfrtová M. Stability testing of resveratrol and viniferin obtained from Vitis vinifera L. by various extraction methods considering the industrial viewpoint. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5564. [PMID: 32221407 PMCID: PMC7101313 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62603-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid by-products generated in the winemaking process, can comprise valuable bioactive substances such as resveratrol and viniferin, which can be used in whole range of sectors including medicine, pharmacy, cosmetic industry etc. The changes in content of those stilbenes in extracts obtained by maceration and Soxhlet extraction were monitored using newly modified and validated high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method which was proved to be accurate, reproducible, and efficient for their determination. The yields of individual bioactive compounds isolated from winery by-products are crucially dependent on the conditions of used extraction techniques. From this point of view, stability testing including light exposure, elevated temperature, and storage for longer time periods in the solution, represents the basis for optimizing conditions of extraction methods of resveratrol and trans-ε-viniferin. High temperature is beneficial for better release of thermally more stable stilbenes such as trans-resveratrol and trans-ε-viniferin but its application for prolonged time periods can be destructive. Light stress conditions cause the formation of otherwise unavailable cis-ε-viniferin by dimerization and photoisomerization of trans- stilbenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ema Kosović
- University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, Prague, 6, 16 628, Czech Republic. .,Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of CAS v.v.i., Rozvojová 135, Prague, 6, 16502, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Topiař
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of CAS v.v.i., Rozvojová 135, Prague, 6, 16502, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Cuřínová
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of CAS v.v.i., Rozvojová 135, Prague, 6, 16502, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Sajfrtová
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of CAS v.v.i., Rozvojová 135, Prague, 6, 16502, Czech Republic
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Mintah Churcher NK, Upasham S, Rice P, Bhadsavle S, Prasad S. Development of a flexible, sweat-based neuropeptide Y detection platform. RSC Adv 2020; 10:23173-23186. [PMID: 35520310 PMCID: PMC9054693 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03729j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) biomarker levels have a close association with the diagnosis of Major Depression Disorder (MDD) and anxiety disorders. Quantifying NPY in correlation to self-reported symptoms will be an important measure to ensure a relatively uniform diagnosis and help with disease prognosis of these disorders. The work presented is a novel, passive eccrine sweat based, electrochemical detection platform for quantification of NPY biomarker levels. The paper offers a comparison between non-porous and porous sensor platforms using various electrochemical detection techniques. This work uses a novel strategy towards designing an optimal nanobioelectronic interface to measure NPY. The portability aspect of this detection platform is discussed by the demonstration a novel, portable EmStat Pico based electronic platform. The detection limit of the sensor is 10 pg mL−1 and its range is 20–500 pg mL−1. The NPY detection platform is envisioned to be a wearable point-of need monitoring system for management of chronic anxiety disorders and MDD. Novel wearable NPY biomarker tracking system, envisioned to be a chronic anxiety and MDD management platform via self-monitoring.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sayali Upasham
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of Texas at Dallas
- Richardson
- USA
| | - Paul Rice
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of Texas at Dallas
- Richardson
- USA
| | - Serena Bhadsavle
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of Texas at Dallas
- Richardson
- USA
| | - Shalini Prasad
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of Texas at Dallas
- Richardson
- USA
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Upasham S, Thai K, Muthyala R, Prasad S. Flexible, low volume detection of chronobiology biomarkers from human sweat. Analyst 2020; 145:784-796. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an01968e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The work demonstrates the development of a chronobiology tracking system using an affinity-based electrochemical detection modality. This serpentine electrode based system is non-invasive, label free, and economical enabling passive sweat tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayali Upasham
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of Texas at Dallas
- Richardson
- USA
| | - Kevin Thai
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of Texas at Dallas
- Richardson
- USA
| | - Ritika Muthyala
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of Texas at Dallas
- Richardson
- USA
| | - Shalini Prasad
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of Texas at Dallas
- Richardson
- USA
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Bitounis D, Barnier V, Guibert C, Pourchez J, Forest V, Boudard D, Hochepied JF, Chelle P, Vergnon JM, Cottier M. A method for the quantitative extraction of gold nanoparticles from human bronchoalveolar lavage fluids through a glycerol gradient. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:2955-2969. [PMID: 29372197 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr04484d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a diagnostic procedure which samples the cellular and non-cellular components of the pulmonary epithelial surface. The inherent biological noise of BAL fluids inhibits their direct mineralogical analysis while currently available particle retrieval protocols are suspected to impose quantitative and qualitative bias on the studied particle load. This study presents a simple method for the near-lossless extraction of citrate-capped gold nanoparticles from human BAL fluids at sub-ppm levels which enables their quantitation and surface characterization. This procedure was modeled according to fundamental principles of particle sedimentation and liquid-liquid interdiffusion and was evaluated by a battery of analytical techniques. The extraction yield of gold nanoparticles ranged from 61 to 86%, with a quantitation limit at 0.5 μg ml-1, as measured by inductively-coupled optical emission spectroscopy. Dynamic light scattering could resolve the hydrodynamic size distribution of extracted particles which returned significantly different photon count rates at various concentrations. Their shape and primary size were easily observable by electron microscopy while atomic force microscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy could respectively probe the particles' biomolecular corona, detect surface-adsorbed S- and N- species, and identify carbon-based covalent bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Bitounis
- Université de Lyon, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U1059 SAINBIOSE, F-42270 Saint-Etienne, France.
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14
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Tsai CT, Mukai K, Robinson PV, Gray MA, Waschmann MB, Lyu SC, Tsai M, Chinthrajah RS, Nadeau KC, Bertozzi CR, Galli SJ. Isotype-specific agglutination-PCR (ISAP): A sensitive and multiplex method for measuring allergen-specific IgE. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 141:1901-1904.e15. [PMID: 29248495 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Ting Tsai
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University School of Humanities and Sciences, Stanford, Calif
| | - Kaori Mukai
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | | | - Melissa A Gray
- Department of Chemical Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Malika B Waschmann
- Department of Human Biology, Stanford University School of Humanities and Sciences, Stanford, Calif
| | - Shu-Chen Lyu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford, Calif
| | - Mindy Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford, Calif
| | - Rebecca S Chinthrajah
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford, Calif
| | - Kari C Nadeau
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford, Calif
| | - Carolyn R Bertozzi
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University School of Humanities and Sciences, Stanford, Calif; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif.
| | - Stephen J Galli
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford, Calif; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif.
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15
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Schick SF, Blount BC, Jacob P, Saliba NA, Bernert JT, El Hellani A, Jatlow P, Pappas RS, Wang L, Foulds J, Ghosh A, Hecht SS, Gomez JC, Martin JR, Mesaros C, Srivastava S, St Helen G, Tarran R, Lorkiewicz PK, Blair IA, Kimmel HL, Doerschuk CM, Benowitz NL, Bhatnagar A. Biomarkers of exposure to new and emerging tobacco delivery products. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 313:L425-L452. [PMID: 28522563 PMCID: PMC5626373 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00343.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate and reliable measurements of exposure to tobacco products are essential for identifying and confirming patterns of tobacco product use and for assessing their potential biological effects in both human populations and experimental systems. Due to the introduction of new tobacco-derived products and the development of novel ways to modify and use conventional tobacco products, precise and specific assessments of exposure to tobacco are now more important than ever. Biomarkers that were developed and validated to measure exposure to cigarettes are being evaluated to assess their use for measuring exposure to these new products. Here, we review current methods for measuring exposure to new and emerging tobacco products, such as electronic cigarettes, little cigars, water pipes, and cigarillos. Rigorously validated biomarkers specific to these new products have not yet been identified. Here, we discuss the strengths and limitations of current approaches, including whether they provide reliable exposure estimates for new and emerging products. We provide specific guidance for choosing practical and economical biomarkers for different study designs and experimental conditions. Our goal is to help both new and experienced investigators measure exposure to tobacco products accurately and avoid common experimental errors. With the identification of the capacity gaps in biomarker research on new and emerging tobacco products, we hope to provide researchers, policymakers, and funding agencies with a clear action plan for conducting and promoting research on the patterns of use and health effects of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzaynn F Schick
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California;
| | | | - Peyton Jacob
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Najat A Saliba
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - John T Bernert
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ahmad El Hellani
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Peter Jatlow
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - R Steven Pappas
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lanqing Wang
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jonathan Foulds
- Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Arunava Ghosh
- Marsico Lung Institute, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - John C Gomez
- Marsico Lung Institute, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jessica R Martin
- Marsico Lung Institute, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Clementina Mesaros
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sanjay Srivastava
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Cardiology and Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Gideon St Helen
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Robert Tarran
- Marsico Lung Institute, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Pawel K Lorkiewicz
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Cardiology and Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Ian A Blair
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Heather L Kimmel
- Division of Epidemiology, Services and Prevention Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Claire M Doerschuk
- Marsico Lung Institute, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California; and
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Cardiology and Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- American Heart Association Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
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16
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Usta M, Aral H, Mete Çilingirtürk A, Kural A, Topaç I, Semerci T, Hicri Köseoğlu M. Assessment of average of normals (AON) procedure for outlier-free datasets including qualitative values below limit of detection (LoD): an application within tumor markers such as CA 15-3, CA 125, and CA 19-9. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2016; 76:553-560. [PMID: 27687786 DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2016.1210225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Average of normals (AON) is a quality control procedure that is sensitive only to systematic errors that can occur in an analytical process in which patient test results are used. The aim of this study was to develop an alternative model in order to apply the AON quality control procedure to datasets that include qualitative values below limit of detection (LoD). The reported patient test results for tumor markers, such as CA 15-3, CA 125, and CA 19-9, analyzed by two instruments, were retrieved from the information system over a period of 5 months, using the calibrator and control materials with the same lot numbers. The median as a measure of central tendency and the median absolute deviation (MAD) as a measure of dispersion were used for the complementary model of AON quality control procedure. The ubias values, which were determined for the bias component of the measurement uncertainty, were partially linked to the percentages of the daily median values of the test results that fall within the control limits. The results for these tumor markers, in which lower limits of reference intervals are not medically important for clinical diagnosis and management, showed that the AON quality control procedure, using the MAD around the median, can be applied for datasets including qualitative values below LoD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Usta
- a Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Giresun University , Giresun , Turkey
| | - Hale Aral
- b Department of Medical Biochemistry , Ministry of Health Istanbul Research and Training Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey
| | | | - Alev Kural
- d Department of Medical Biochemistry , Ministry of Health Sadi Konuk Research and Training Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Topaç
- b Department of Medical Biochemistry , Ministry of Health Istanbul Research and Training Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Tuna Semerci
- a Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Giresun University , Giresun , Turkey
| | - Mehmet Hicri Köseoğlu
- e Department of Medical Biochemistry , Ministry of Health İzmir Atatürk Research and Training Hospital , Izmir , Turkey
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17
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Hirtz C, Vialaret J, Gabelle A, Nowak N, Dauvilliers Y, Lehmann S. From radioimmunoassay to mass spectrometry: a new method to quantify orexin-A (hypocretin-1) in cerebrospinal fluid. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25162. [PMID: 27165941 PMCID: PMC4863245 DOI: 10.1038/srep25162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
I125 radioimmunoassay (RIA) is currently the standard technique for quantifying cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) orexin-A/hypocretin-1, a biomarker used to diagnose narcolepsy type 1. However, orexin-A RIA is liable to undergo cross-reactions with matrix constituents generating interference, high variability between batches, low precision and accuracy, and requires special radioactivity precautions. Here we developed the first quantitative mass spectrometry assay of orexin-A based on a multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) approach. This method was tested in keeping with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines and its clinical relevance was confirmed by comparing patients with narcolepsy type 1 versus patients with other neurological conditions. The results obtained using MRM and RIA methods were highly correlated, and Bland–Altman analysis established their interchangeability. However, the MRM values had a wider distribution and were 2.5 time lower than the RIA findings. In conclusion, this method of assay provides a useful alternative to RIA to quantify orexin-A, and may well replace it not only in narcolepsy type 1, but also in the increasing number of pathologies in which the quantification of this analyte is relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Hirtz
- CHU Montpellier, Institut de Recherche en Biothérapie, hôpital St Eloi, Laboratoire de Biochimie Protéomique Clinique et CRB, Montpellier, F-34000 France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34000 France. INSERM U1183, Montpellier, F-34000 France
| | - Jérôme Vialaret
- CHU Montpellier, Institut de Recherche en Biothérapie, hôpital St Eloi, Laboratoire de Biochimie Protéomique Clinique et CRB, Montpellier, F-34000 France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34000 France. INSERM U1183, Montpellier, F-34000 France
| | - Audrey Gabelle
- CHU Montpellier, Institut de Recherche en Biothérapie, hôpital St Eloi, Laboratoire de Biochimie Protéomique Clinique et CRB, Montpellier, F-34000 France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34000 France. INSERM U1183, Montpellier, F-34000 France.,Memory Research Resources center, Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, Montpellier University Hospital, F-34000 France
| | - Nora Nowak
- CHU Montpellier, Institut de Recherche en Biothérapie, hôpital St Eloi, Laboratoire de Biochimie Protéomique Clinique et CRB, Montpellier, F-34000 France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34000 France. INSERM U1183, Montpellier, F-34000 France
| | - Yves Dauvilliers
- National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic hypersomnia and Kleine-Levin Syndrome, France.,Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier, Inserm U1061, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvain Lehmann
- CHU Montpellier, Institut de Recherche en Biothérapie, hôpital St Eloi, Laboratoire de Biochimie Protéomique Clinique et CRB, Montpellier, F-34000 France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34000 France. INSERM U1183, Montpellier, F-34000 France
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18
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Breitbart A, Scharf GM, Duncker D, Widera C, Gottlieb J, Vogel A, Schmidt S, Brandes G, Heuft HG, Lichtinghagen R, Kempf T, Wollert KC, Bauersachs J, Heineke J. Highly specific detection of myostatin prodomain by an immunoradiometric sandwich assay in serum of healthy individuals and patients. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80454. [PMID: 24260393 PMCID: PMC3829884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Myostatin is a muscle derived factor that functions as a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth. Induction of myostatin expression was observed in rodent models of muscle wasting and in cachectic patients with cancer or pulmonary disease. Therefore, there is an increasing interest to use serum myostatin as a biomarker. Methods We established an immunoradiometric sandwich assay (IRMA), which uses a commercially available chicken polyclonal, affinity purified antibody directed against human myostatin prodomain. We determined the serum concentrations of myostatin prodomain in 249 healthy individuals as well as 169 patients with heart failure, 53 patients with cancer and 44 patients with chronic pulmonary disease. Results The IRMA had a detection limit of 0.7ng/ml, an intraassay imprecision of ≤14.1% and an interassay imprecision of ≤ 18.9%. The specificity of our assay was demonstrated by size exclusion chromatography, detection of myostatin by Western-blotting and a SMAD-dependent transcriptional-reporter assay in the signal-rich serum fractions, as well as lack of interference by unspecific substances like albumin, hemoglobin or lipids. Myostatin prodomain was stable at room temperature and resistant to freeze-thaw cycles. Apparently healthy individuals over the age of 55 had a median myostatin prodomain serum concentration of 3.9ng/ml (25th-75th percentiles, 2-7ng/ml) and we could not detect increased levels in patients with stable chronic heart failure or cancer related weight loss. In contrast, we found strongly elevated concentrations of myostatin prodomain (median 26.9ng/ml, 25th-75th percentiles, 7-100ng/ml) in the serum of underweight patients with chronic pulmonary disease. Conclusions We established a highly specific IRMA for the quantification of myostatin prodomain concentration in human serum. Our assay could be useful to study myostatin as a biomarker for example in patients with chronic pulmonary disease, as we detected highly elevated myostatin prodomain serum levels in underweight individuals of this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Breitbart
- Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gesine M. Scharf
- Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - David Duncker
- Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Widera
- Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens Gottlieb
- Klinik für Pneumologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Arndt Vogel
- Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie und Endokrinologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schmidt
- Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie und Endokrinologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gudrun Brandes
- Institut für Zellbiologie im Zentrum Anatomie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hans-Gert Heuft
- Institut für Transfusionsmedizin, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ralf Lichtinghagen
- Institut für Klinische Chemie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tibor Kempf
- Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kai C. Wollert
- Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Johann Bauersachs
- Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Joerg Heineke
- Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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