Gender differences in the association between smoking and dyslipidemia: 2005 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Trends in cardiovascular risk factors control among US adults by glycemic statuses, 2007-2018

AIMS

Understanding the national trends in cardiovascular risk factors control of individuals with prediabetes and diabetes is critical for diabetes prevention and management. Our study aims to estimate how cardiovascular risk factors changed in US adults with different glycemic statuses between 2007-2008 and 2017-2018.

METHODS AND RESULTS

This was a serial cross-sectional study based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (between 2007-2008 and 2017-2018 cycle). Non-pregnant American participants aged 20 years or older were included. Cardiovascular risk factors including weight, blood pressure, plasma cholesterol, and smoking by glycemic statuses were estimated. A total of 33 040 American adults were included. From 2007-2008 to 2017-2018, the age-adjusted proportions of individuals who reached weight control (body mass index <30 kg/m2) of both normoglycemia group and prediabetes group had a significant decrease over the study period, while the trend in participants with diabetes was not significant (mean difference: -5.34%, 95% confidence interval: -15.28%, 4.59%; P for trend = 0.298). The age-adjusted means of total cholesterol of all three groups decreased during the study decade (P for trend < 0.010), with participants with diabetes maintaining the lowest level. Individuals with high total cholesterol were more likely to receive statin therapy in the diabetes group. Notably, prediabetes participants had the highest level of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and were less likely to achieve lipid control with statin therapy. Sensitivity analysis with the second definition of prediabetes and diabetes resulted in a consistent trend.

CONCLUSIONS

In this nationally representative cross-sectional study, we systematically estimated the cardiovascular risk factors control in American adults and found poor weight control in the normoglycemia and prediabetes group. Despite the significant decrease trend of plasma total cholesterol in all groups, the high cholesterol level in the prediabetes group deserves special concern.

Elevated atherogenic index and higher triglyceride increase risk of kidney function decline: a 7-year cohort study in Chinese adults

Objective

This study explored whether lipid disorders or an elevated atherogenic index of plasma (AIP, a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases) could predict major kidney function decline.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective 7-year cohort study of 3712 Chinese adults followed up between 2010 and 2017. Major kidney function decline was defined as a ≥ 30% reduction in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) from baseline. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to evaluate the relationship between lipid profiles and major kidney function decline. Smoking habits, waist circumference, and physical activity were not assessed.

Results

During the 7-year follow-up, 1.70% (n = 63) of the participants developed major kidney function decline. After adjustment for potential confounders, the odds ratios (ORs) for developing eGFR decline with per standard deviation increase were 1.23 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06–1.43] for triglyceride and 2.55 (95% CI: 1.01–6.42) for AIP in all participants. Furthermore, in the stratified analysis, we found sex-related differences; triglyceride and AIP were only independently associated with the risk of eGFR decline in men (OR, 1.27, 95% CI: 1.08–1.48; OR, 3.98, 95% CI: 1.22–12.99, respectively). When the participants were divided into groups according to the baseline lipid status, association was observed only between abnormal AIP and eGFR decline (all p values < 0.05).

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that a higher serum triglyceride level or an elevated AIP increases the risk of major kidney function decline in Chinese men with normal kidney function. Thus, assessment of AIP may help identify the risk of eGFR decline.

6-Year trends in lipids among adults in Shenzhen, China

BACKGROUND

There may be a beneficial effect on lipid levels in Shenzhen in recent years. In this study, we aimed to examine trends in serum lipids in population in Shenzhen between 2009 and 2015.

METHODS

We enrolled 2210 adults aged 18-70 years from two independent cross-sectional studies conducted in 2009 and 2015. Blood lipid profiles, such as total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), were measured. Chi-square test, t-test and multivariate logistic regression analysis were applied for data analysis.

RESULTS

From 2009 to 2015, mean LDL-C declined from 3.05 ± 0.76 mmol/L in 2009 to 2.27 ± 0.75 mmol/L in 2015 (P < 0.001). Similarly, a significant 7.09% decrease in the prevalence of high LDL-C was observed over the same period (P < 0.001). There was an increasing trend in the prevalence of low HDL-C among adults in Shenzhen (P < 0.001). A no-significant increase in prevalence of dyslipidemia was also observed over this 6-year interval (P = 0.139). The prevalence of dyslipidemia was closely related with increasing age, male gender, current smoker, diabetes, obesity and overweight.

CONCLUSION

This study shows a favourable downward trend in LDL-C concentration in Shenzhen. However, more intense strategies are needed to control dyslipidemia.

Prevalence of dyslipidemia and associated risk factors among newly diagnosed Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients in Kushtia, Bangladesh

Dyslipidemia is considered a significant modifiable risk factor for type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and has become one of the emerging health problems throughout the world. In Bangladesh, data on dyslipidemia among newly diagnosed T2DM patients are comparatively inadequate. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of dyslipidemia and its associated risk factors in newly diagnosed T2DM patients. This cross-sectional study was conducted by a well-structured questionnaire from 132 newly diagnosed type-2 diabetic patients attending the Mujibur Rahman Memorial Diabetic Hospital in Kushtia, Bangladesh. Data regarding socio-demographic, anthropometric, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were collected from all the respondents. The association between dyslipidemia and its associated factors was analyzed using the multivariate logit regression model. The findings suggest that the prevalence rate of dyslipidemia was 75.7% in female and 72.6% in male T2DM patients. The odds of having dyslipidemia were 1.74 (95% Cl: 1.58-1.87) times significantly higher in female (p<0.001). The other factors associated with dyslipidemia encompassed age between 30-39 years (OR: 2.32, 95% CI: 1.97-2.69), obesity (OR: 2.63, 95% CI: 2.27-2.90), waist circumferences of male ≥90 and female ≥80 (OR: 1.65, 95% CI: 1.59-1.89), hypertensive patients (OR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.45-1.74), physically inactive (OR: 3.25, 95% CI: 1.84-4.68), and current smoker or tobacco user (OR: 1.93, 95% CI: 1.85-2.13). This study concluded that the high prevalence of dyslipidemia was found among newly diagnosed type-2 diabetes patients and associated with gender, age, BMI, waist circumference, poor physical activity, and smoking, or tobacco use. This result will support increase awareness of dyslipidemia and its associated risk factors among type-2 diabetes patients.

Gender-biased kidney damage in mice following exposure to tobacco cigarette smoke: More protection in premenopausal females

Multiple clinical studies documented renal damage in chronic cigarette smokers (CS) irrespective of their age and gender. Premenopausal female smokers are known to exert a certain cardiovascular and renal protection with undefined mechanisms. Given the multiple demographic variables within clinical studies, this experimental study was designed to be the first to assess whether gender‐biased CS‐induced kidney damage truly exists between premenopausal female and age‐matched C57Bl6J male mice when compared to their relative control groups. Following 6 weeks of CS exposure, cardiac function, inflammatory marker production, fibrosis formation, total and glomerular ROS levels, and glomerulotubular homeostasis were assessed in both genders. Although both CS‐exposed male and female mice exhibited comparable ROS fold change relative to their respective control groups, CS‐exposed male mice showed a more pronounced fibrotic deposition, inflammation, and glomerulotubular damage profile. However, the protection observed in CS‐exposed female group was not absolute. CS‐exposed female mice exhibited a significant increase in fibrosis, ROS production, and glomerulotubular alteration but with a pronounced anti‐inflammatory profile when compared to their relative control groups. Although both CS‐exposed genders presented with altered glomerulotubular homeostasis, the alteration phenotype between genders was different. CS‐exposed males showed a significant decrease in Bowman's space along with reduced tubular diameter consistent with an endocrinization pattern of chronic tubular atrophy, suggestive of an advanced stage of glomerulotubular damage. CS‐exposed female group, on the other hand, displayed glomerular hypertrophy with a mild tubular dilatation profile suggestive of an early stage of glomerulotubular damage that generally precedes collapse. In conclusion, both genders are prone to CS‐induced kidney damage with pronounced female protection due to a milder damage slope.

An Age-Period-Cohort Analysis of Prevalence and Consultation Rate for Dyslipidemia in Japan

This study involved an age-period-cohort analysis of the consultation rate and prevalence of dyslipidemia in Japan, based on Patient Survey data from 1999 to 2017 and open data of national database of health insurance claims and specific health checkups in Japan from 2013 to 2016. Our results showed that the consultation rates were lower than the prevalence, regardless of age, year, and sex, and particularly among middle-aged and male respondents. Additionally, both the consultation rate and prevalence increased with increasing age to a greater extent among women than men, and the degree of increase in the consultation rate was larger than that in prevalence among women. Furthermore, although the cohort effect on prevalence began to decrease among men in cohorts born in approximately 1960, the effect decreased among women in cohorts born between the 1930s and 1960s and exhibited an increasing trend thereafter.

Assessment of Mental Health Factors among Health Professionals Depending on Their Contact with COVID-19 Patients

It seems that the medical personnel in contact with patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 are at an especially high risk of adverse psychological effects. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the mental health factors among healthcare workers by quantifying the severity of anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders during the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, while taking into account coexisting diseases. The study involved 441 healthcare professionals including 206 healthcare workers at emergency wards, infectious wards, and intensive care units. The control group consisted of 235 healthcare workers working in wards other than those where individuals from the study group worked. Regression adjusted by age, gender, the occurrence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, asthma, autoimmune diseases, and cigarette smoking showed the elevated risk of anxiety on the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scale (OR = 1.934; p < 0.001), depression on the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) scale (OR = 2.623; p < 0.001), and sleep disorders on the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) scale (OR = 3.078; p < 0.001). Our study showed that healthcare workers who are exposed to SARS-CoV-2-infected patients at emergency wards, infectious wards, and intensive care units are at a much higher risk of showing symptoms of anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders than healthcare workers working in other wards.

Association between dyslipidemia and blood lipids concentration with smoking habits in the Kurdish population of Iran

BACKGROUND

Smoking is the most preventable cause of most chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease (CVD). Dyslipidemia is also an important risk factor for CVD. Yet, research has provided contradicting findings regarding the association between smoking and blood lipids. This paper examines the relationship between dyslipidemia and smoking based on the results of a cross-sectional sample of a Kurdish population in western Iran.

METHODS

This population-based study was derived from the recruitment phase of Ravansar Non-Communicable Disease (RaNCD) cohort study. Logistic regression model adjusted by confounding variables was used to determine the relationship between smoking and blood lipid components. In addition, dose-response relationship between blood lipids and the number of smoked cigarettes was evaluated.

RESULTS

For the purpose of this study, 7586 participants were examined. The lifetime prevalence of smoking was 19.9%, and 11.8% were current smokers. The prevalence of dyslipidemia in current smokers (54.9%) was higher than former smokers (43.9%) and in turn former smokers higher than non-smokers (38.0%). Current smokers had greater risk of abnormal HDL cholesterol [OR (95% CI), 2.28(1.98 -2.62)] and triglyceride [OR (95% CI), 1.37(1.15 -1.67)] compared to non-smokers. There was no significant difference in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol between the two groups. A dose-response relationship was found between the number of cigarettes smoked and HDL-C and TG but no relationship was observed in terms of total cholesterol and LDL-C.

CONCLUSIONS

As compared to non-smokers, current smokers and former smokers had abnormal HDL-C and triglyceride and abnormal total cholesterol and triglyceride, respectively. After quitting smoking, heavy smokers showed a more normal HDL-C and total cholesterol levels than the people who tended to smoke a lower number of cigarettes per day.

Effects of cigarette smoking on blood lipids in Korean men: Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Etiology Research Center cohort

BACKGROUND/AIMS

Cigarette smoking and abnormal blood lipids are major risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The results of previous studies on the relationship between cigarette smoking and dyslipidemia are controversial. In the present study, we investigated the independent association between cigarette smoking and blood lipid levels in a male Korean population.

METHODS

A total of 1,932 men aged from 30 to 64 years old participated in the Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Etiology Research Center cohort study. Smoking history was obtained by in-person interviews. In all regression models, measurements of triglyceride levels were log-transformed.

RESULTS

Triglyceride levels were higher in current smokers than in never-smokers (median: 149 mg/dL vs. 115 mg/dL, p < 0.001) even after adjusting age, body mass index, alcohol intake, systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, physical activity, and nutrition intake (β = 0.14, p < 0.001). We further divided people into heavy and light smokers using 20 pack-years as the cut-off. Higher triglyceride were found in current heavy smokers (β = 0.18, p < 0.001), current light smokers (β = 0.13, p < 0.001), as well as in past heavy smokers (β = 0.08, p = 0.037), as compared to never-smokers. Moreover, significantly lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were observed in current heavy smokers (β = -2.27 mg/dL, p = 0.009).

CONCLUSION

Cigarette smoking is associated with higher triglyceride in Korean men, with the most dramatic effect seen in current smokers with a smoking history of more than 20 pack-years. HDL-C were also lower in current smokers with more than 20 pack-years.

Prevalence of dyslipidemia associated with complications in diabetic patients: a nationwide study in Thailand

Background

Dyslipidemia is an important modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. It is diagnosed by the presence of an abnormal lipid profile, primarily with elevated levels of plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, or both, or reduced levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. However, some studies have reported increased risk of ischemic stroke with elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and increased risk of cardiovascular mortality independent of LDL-C levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients.

Methods

In this cross-sectional study, data were included for Thai adults with diabetes from the Diabetes Mellitus/ Hypertension (DM/HT) study, 2010–2014 (data was collected by the Medical Research Network of the Consortium of Thai Medical Schools). The target population comprised T2DM patients who were treated at a hospital for more than 12 months. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to determine factors associated with dyslipidemia.

Results

In total, 140,557 participants (average age, 60 years) were enrolled, with a dyslipidemia prevalence of 88.9% in the cohort. The factors associated with dyslipidemia included female sex (aOR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.38–1.56); age < 50 years (aOR: 1.16, 95% CI: 1.10–1.22); waist circumference ≥ 90 cm in males and ≥ 80 cm in females (aOR: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.16–1.31); treatment at a primary care unit (aOR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.23–1.33); and a history of unknown stroke (aOR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.02–1.19), coronary revascularization (aOR: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.79–0.91), diabetic nephropathy (aOR: 1.06, 95% CI: 1.01–1.12), or renal insufficiency (aOR: 1.08, 95% CI: 1.02–1.13).

Conclusions

Dyslipidemia is prevalent among Thai T2DMpatients and is associated with gender; age; obesity; central obesity; treatment at a primary care unit; and a history of unknown stroke, coronary revascularization, diabetic nephropathy, and renal insufficiency. Our study results will help increase the awareness of healthcare providers regarding dyslipidemia in diabetic patients. To reduce cardiovascular risk, healthcare professionals should provide regular follow-up and proper advice and ensure primary prevention of vascular complications. Improved education and increased self-awareness regarding the need to change behaviors and regular intake of medication would help decrease dyslipidemia prevalence among diabetic patients.

Evaluating the prevalence, awareness, and control of hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia in Korea using the NHIS-NSC database: A cross-sectional analysis

This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence, awareness, and control of hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia in Korea according to sex and age, and to identify factors that were associated with the prevalence, awareness, and control of these cardiovascular risk factors among middle-aged Koreans.A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using 2013 data from the National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort (NHIS-NSC) database. A total of 136,755 individuals were considered eligible based on no history of stroke or heart disease, age of 40 to 64 years at the examination, and completion of health examinations. Data regarding demographic factors and cardiovascular risk factors had been obtained using questionnaires, physical examinations, and blood tests.Hypertension was the most prevalent condition among middle-aged Koreans (25.76%), followed by dyslipidemia (16.58%) and diabetes (10.22%). Among these three conditions, dyslipidemia was associated with the lowest awareness rates (24.14%). Hypertension and diabetes were more prevalent among men than among women, although the prevalence of dyslipidemia was higher among women > 50 years old. The prevalence of hypertension and diabetes increased with advancing age among men and women, although the prevalence of dyslipidemia decreased with age among men (highest prevalence: 50.59% among men aged between 40 and 44 years). Among Korean men (relative to women), the odds ratios were 1.50 for hypertension, 1.96 for diabetes, and 0.82 for dyslipidemia. Age, central obesity, and body mass index were significantly associated with the development of all 3 conditions.There are sex- and age-specific patterns in the prevalence, awareness, and control of hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia in Korea. Dyslipidemia is becoming increasingly common although most middle-aged Koreans are not aware of this condition leading to low control rate. These results may help identify population subgroups at a high risk of hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia, and may guide the management of cardiovascular disease in Korea.

Cardiovascular risk assessment of dyslipidemic middle-aged adults without overt cardiovascular disease over the period of 2009-2016 in Lithuania

BACKGROUND

Cardiovascular mortality in Lithuania is extremely high and abnormal lipid levels are very common among Lithuanian adults. Dyslipidemia is one of the main independent risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) leading to high absolute CVD risk. The aim of this study was to assess CVD risk in dyslipidemic middle-aged subjects.

METHODS

During the period of 2009-2016 a total of 92,373 people (58.4% women and 41.6% men) were evaluated. This study included men aged 40-54 and women aged 50-64 without overt CVD.

RESULTS

Any type of dyslipidemia was present in 89.7% of all study population. 7.5% of dyslipidemic patients did not have any other conventional risk factors. Three and more risk factors were detected in 60.1% of dyslipidemic subjects. All analyzed risk factors, except smoking, were more common in dyslipidemic adults compared to subjects without dyslipidemia: arterial hypertension (55.8% vs. 43.3%, p < 0.001), diabetes (11.1% vs. 7.3%, p < 0.001), abdominal obesity (45.3% vs. 30.2%, p < 0.001), BMI ≥30 kg/m2 (35.8% vs. 23.7%, p < 0.001), metabolic syndrome (34.0% vs. 9.2%, p < 0.001), family history of coronary heart disease (26.3% vs. 23.1%, p < 0.001), unbalanced diet (62.5% vs. 52.9%, p < 0.001) and insufficient physical activity (52.0% vs. 44.2%, p < 0.001). The prevalence of all evaluated risk factors, except smoking, increased with age. Average SCORE index was 1.87 in all study population, while dyslipidemic subjects had higher SCORE compared to control group (1.95 vs 1.20, p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Almost two thirds of dyslipidemic middle-aged Lithuanian adults without overt cardiovascular disease had three or more other CVD risk factors, which synergistically increase absolute risk of CVD. The average 10-year risk of CVD death in patients with dyslipidemia was 1.95%. The importance of managing dyslipidemia as well as other risk factors in order to reduce burden of cardiovascular disease in Lithuania is evident.

Effects of smoking and alcohol consumption on lipid profile in male adults in northwest rural China

OBJECTIVES

To determine the individual and combined influences of smoking and alcohol consumption on lipid profile in male adults in northwest rural China.

DESIGN

Cross-sectional study.

METHODS

In total, 4614 subjects were enrolled in the cross-sectional study, performed between 2008 and 2012. The present study examined males aged ≥18 years from northwest rural China (n = 707). Data on current smoking and drinking status were collected. Logistic regression was used to estimate the individual and combined influences of smoking and alcohol consumption on lipid profile. Age, ethnic group, educational background, smoking (or alcohol consumption), waist circumference, body mass index, blood pressure and fasting blood glucose were adjusted as confounders.

RESULTS

Total cholesterol (TC)/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio, triglycerides (TG)/HDL-C ratio, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)/HDL-C ratio and visceral adiposity index (VAI) were significantly higher in smokers than in non-smokers, whereas HDL-C was lower in smokers. TG/HDL-C ratio, LDL-C/HDL-C ratio, TG, lipid accumulation product and VAI were significantly higher in drinkers than non-drinkers. After adjustment for confounders, significant relationships were observed between smoking status and any dyslipidemia, low HDL-C and high VAI (odds ratios [ORs]: 2.53 [95% confidence interval {CI}: 1.25-5.15], 6.13 [95% CI: 2.84-13.25] and 4.39 [95% CI: 2.02-9.54], respectively). The OR for any dyslipidaemia was 1.94 (95% CI: 1.09-3.48) for subjects who smoke and drank alcohol compared with subjects who did not smoke or drink alcohol.

CONCLUSIONS

Abnormalities in lipid profile are correlated with smoking and alcohol consumption, which calls for intervention strategies to prevent dyslipidaemia and control risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

Metabolomic profiles of current cigarette smokers

Smoking-related biomarkers for lung cancer and other diseases are needed to enhance early detection strategies and to provide a science base for tobacco product regulation. An untargeted metabolomics approach by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF MS) totaling 957 assays was used in a novel experimental design where 105 current smokers smoked two cigarettes 1 h apart. Blood was collected immediately before and after each cigarette allowing for within-subject replication. Dynamic changes of the metabolomic profiles from smokers' four blood samples were observed and biomarkers affected by cigarette smoking were identified. Thirty-one metabolites were definitively shown to be affected by acute effect of cigarette smoking, uniquely including menthol-glucuronide, the reduction of glutamate, oleamide, and 13 glycerophospholipids. This first time identification of a menthol metabolite in smokers' blood serves as proof-of-principle for using metabolomics to identify new tobacco-exposure biomarkers, and also provides new opportunities in studying menthol-containing tobacco products in humans. Gender and race differences also were observed. Network analysis revealed 12 molecules involved in cancer, notably inhibition of cAMP. These novel tobacco-related biomarkers provide new insights to the effects of smoking which may be important in carcinogenesis but not previously linked with tobacco-related diseases. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Prevalence of dyslipidemia and associated factors among the hypertensive population from rural Northeast China

BACKGROUND

Our latest study reported the grim status of hypertension in rural China with the prevalence of hypertension reached 51.1%. However, we lack the latest data about the prevalence and epidemiological features of dyslipidemia among hypertensive residents in rural China.

METHODS

A cross-sectional survey was conducted from July 2012 to August 2013 through a cluster multistage sampling to a resident group of 4048 individuals (2152 men, 2896 women) with hypertension, age ≥ 35 years, in the rural Northeast China. Serum lipids level were proposed by National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III.

RESULTS

Of the hypertension residents without antihypertension treatment, 34.5% had borderline high total cholesterol, 19.2% had high total cholesterol, 11.4% had low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and 37.4% had high non HDL-C. The population with borderline high, high, and very high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was 20.9, 6.7 and 2.3%, respectively. In addition, 14.3% had borderline high triglycerides, 17.4% had high TG and 2.4% had very high TG. The awareness rate of dyslipidemia among the study population was 5.9%. After adjusting for independent variables, fasting plasma glucose, body mass index, Han nationality, current drinking and smoking, higher annual income and classification of blood pressure were risk factors for dyslipidemia while moderate physical activity was protective factor for dyslipidemia. On the contrary, gender and current drinking decrease the risk of HDL-C.

CONCLUSION

The prevalence of dyslipidemia was dramatically high and dyslipidemia screening was in-need in all diagnosed hypertensive individuals.

Serum lipids and associated factors of dyslipidemia in the adult population in Shenzhen

BACKGROUND

Dyslipidemia is one of the most important independent modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors for dyslipidemia in Shenzhen, a special economic zone and large metropolitan area neighboring Hong Kong.

METHODS

A cross-sectional survey of 1,995 adults with a mean age of 46.56 years was conducted between February and July 2011 using a multistage stratified cluster random sampling. All the subjects were administered questionnaires regarding socio-demographic characteristics and other possible factors associated with the prevalence of dyslipidemia. Fasting venous blood samples were collected to assess the lipid profile. Weight, height, waist circumference, and blood pressure were measured.

RESULTS

The mean concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were 5.11 ± 1.15 mmol/L, 1.59 ± 1.47 mmol/L, 1.42 ± 0.33 mmol/L, and 3.22 ± 0.84 mmol/L, respectively. High values of TC, TG, low HDL-C, and high LDL-C were obtained in 14.49%, 16.14%, 8.82%, and 12.13 % of the 1,995 participants, respectively. The prevalence of dyslipidemia was 34.64%, among which 25.04% of subjects were aware. Presence of dyslipidemia was significantly associated with increasing age, smoking status, hypertension, diabetes, and body mass index.

CONCLUSIONS

High prevalence of dyslipidemia with relative low awareness in Shenzhen was found. A comprehensive strategy is required for the prevention, screening, treatment, and control of dyslipidemia in Shenzhen.

Evidence of sex differences in the relationship between current tobacco use and past-year serious psychological distress: 2005-2008 National Survey on Drug Use and Health

PURPOSE

Cigarette use is highly prevalent in psychiatric populations. Studies suggest that smokeless tobacco use is not significantly associated with past-year psychiatric morbidity, with evidence that tobacco use differ among sexes. The relationships between current tobacco use and past-year serious psychological distress, major depressive episode and anxiety disorder were therefore examined. Sex differences in the aforementioned relationship were also examined.

METHODS

A total of 133,221 adults from four successive independent samples of the 2005-2008 National Survey on Drug Use and Health were included. Prevalence odds ratios and 95 % confidence intervals were calculated using multivariable logistic regression adjusting for demographic factors, survey year, pregnancy (women only), past-year medical morbidity, past-year psychiatric comorbidity, and past-year substance use disorders.

RESULTS

No associations were demonstrated among smokeless tobacco users. Statistically significant sex differences were found for current tobacco use and serious psychological distress (p < 0.001). Both male and female smokers were significantly more likely to have serious psychological distress and anxiety disorder compared to never users, while only female smokers were more likely to have major depressive episode. The strongest associations were found for anxiety disorder among all adults as well as both sexes.

CONCLUSIONS

The null associations for both sexes for smokeless tobacco may support a reduced risk profile. Female cigarette smokers may be more vulnerable to subclinical distress and depression than males. Studies using other nationally representative samples are needed to confirm these data.

Cigarette smoking and its association with serum lipid/lipoprotein among Chinese nonagenarians/centenarians

Objective

Cigarette smoking had been confirmed as an increased risk for dyslipidemia, but none of the evidence was from long-lived population. In present study, we detected relationship between cigarette smoking habits and serum lipid/lipoprotein (serum Triglyceride (TG), Total cholesterol (TC), Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)) among Chinese Nonagenarians/Centenarian.

Methods

The present study analyzed data from the survey that was conducted on all residents aged 90 years or more in a district, there were 2,311,709 inhabitants in 2005. Unpaired Student’s t test, χ² test, and multiple logistic regression were used to analyze datas.

Results

The individuals included in the statistical analysis were 216 men and 445 women. Current smokers had lower level of TC (4.05 ± 0.81 vs. 4.21 ± 0.87, t = 2.403, P = 0.017) and lower prevalence of hypercholesteremia (9.62% vs. 15.13%, χ² = 3.018,P = 0.049) than nonsmokers. Unadjusted and adjusted multiple logistic regressions showed that cigarette smoking was not associated with risk for abnormal serum lipid/lipoprotein.

Conclusions

In summary, we found that among Chinese nonagenarians/centenarians, cigarette smoking habits were not associated with increased risk for dyslipidemia, which was different from the association of smoking habits with dyslipidemia in general population.