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Qiu X, Zhang Y, Gao J, Cui Y, Dong K, Chen K, Shi Y. Exposure to thimerosal induces behavioral abnormality in the early life stages of zebrafish via altering amino acid homeostasis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 478:135548. [PMID: 39154483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Thimerosal (THI) has become a significant source of organic mercury pollutants in aquatic ecosystems, but there is limited information regarding its adverse effects on fish. In this study, zebrafish embryos were exposed to THI at 0 (control), 5.0, and 50 ng/L from 0-5 days post fertilization (dpf), and variations in their survival, development, behavior, free amino acid contents, and the biochemical responses involved in monoaminergic systems were examined. Although THI exposure did not significantly affect the survival, heart rate, or hatching time of zebrafish embryos, it substantially increased swimming velocity (136-154 % of the control) and reduced exploratory behavior (141-142 % of the control) in zebrafish larvae at 5 dpf. Exposure also significantly altered the amino acid contents (51-209 % of the control) and monoamine levels (70-154 % of the control) in zebrafish larvae, some of which displayed significant correlations with behavioral traits. THI significantly elevated dopamine receptor gene expression and monoamine oxidase activity in zebrafish larvae. Adding extra phenylalanine or tryptophan to the E3 medium facilitates the recovery of zebrafish larvae from the abnormal behaviors induced by THI. These findings reveal for the first time that THI exposure at the level of ng/L is sufficient to induce neurobehavioral toxic effects in the early life stages of zebrafish, and disrupting amino acid homeostasis is a critical underlying mechanism. This study provides valuable insights into the toxicity of THI to fish and highlights the importance of assessing its potential risks to aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuchun Qiu
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China.
| | - Yibing Zhang
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Jiarui Gao
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Yiming Cui
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Kejun Dong
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Kun Chen
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Yanhong Shi
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
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2
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Farmani R, Mehrpour O, Kooshki A, Nakhaee S. Exploring the link between toxic metal exposure and ADHD: a systematic review of pb and hg. J Neurodev Disord 2024; 16:44. [PMID: 39090571 PMCID: PMC11292919 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-024-09555-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a recognized neurodevelopmental disorder with a complex, multifactorial origin. Lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) are highly toxic substances that can potentially impair brain development and have been implicated in the development of ADHD. This systematic review aims to analyze the epidemiological literature regarding the association between Pb and Hg exposure and the diagnosis of ADHD. METHODS From November 1983 to June 2, 2023, a comprehensive search was conducted in multiple databases and search engines, including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Observational studies (case-control, cohort, and cross-sectional) measuring Pb and Hg levels in various biological samples (blood, hair, urine, nail, saliva, teeth, and bone) of children with ADHD or their parents and their association with ADHD symptoms were included. RESULTS Out of 2059 studies, 87 met the inclusion criteria and were included in this systematic review. Approximately two-thirds of the 74 studies investigating Pb levels in different biological samples reported associations with at least one subtype of ADHD. However, most studies examining Hg levels in various biological samples found no significant association with any ADHD subtype, although there were variations in exposure periods and diagnostic criteria. CONCLUSION The evidence gathered from the included studies supports an association between Pb exposure and the diagnosis of ADHD, while no significant association was found with Hg exposure. Importantly, even low levels of Pb were found to elevate the risk of ADHD. Further research is needed to explore the comprehensive range of risk factors for ADHD in children, considering its significance as a neurodevelopmental disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhane Farmani
- Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Omid Mehrpour
- Michigan Poison & Drug Information Center, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Alireza Kooshki
- Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Samaneh Nakhaee
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
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Zambrano P, Manrique-Moreno M, Petit K, Colina JR, Jemiola-Rzeminska M, Suwalsky M, Strzalka K. Differential scanning calorimetry in drug-membrane interactions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 709:149806. [PMID: 38579619 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) is a central technique in investigating drug - membrane interactions, a critical component of pharmaceutical research. DSC measures the heat difference between a sample of interest and a reference as a function of temperature or time, contributing essential knowledge on the thermally induced phase changes in lipid membranes and how these changes are affected by incorporating pharmacological substances. The manuscript discusses the use of phospholipid bilayers, which can form structures like unilamellar and multilamellar vesicles, providing a simplified yet representative membrane model to investigate the complex dynamics of how drugs interact with and penetrate cellular barriers. The manuscript consolidates data from various studies, providing a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying drug - membrane interactions, the determinants that influence these interactions, and the crucial role of DSC in elucidating these components. It further explores the interactions of specific classes of drugs with phospholipid membranes, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, anticancer agents, natural products with antioxidant properties, and Alzheimer's disease therapeutics. The manuscript underscores the critical importance of DSC in this field and the need for continued research to improve our understanding of these interactions, acting as a valuable resource for researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Zambrano
- Department of Bioscience, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany.
| | - Marcela Manrique-Moreno
- Faculty of Natural of Exact Sciences, Chemistry Institute, University of Antioquia, A.A. 1226, Medellin, 050010, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Karla Petit
- LabMAT, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Bío-Bío, Concepción, Chile
| | - José R Colina
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Lientur 1457, Concepción 4080871, Chile
| | - Malgorzata Jemiola-Rzeminska
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland; Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mario Suwalsky
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica de La Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Kazimierz Strzalka
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland; Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
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Khattab NA, El-Kadem AH, Elblehi SS, Ahmed El-Mahdy N, El-Shitany NA. The emerging role of α7nAChRs/caspase-3/Nrf-2 signaling pathway in citicoline improved autistic behavior induced by thimerosal in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 130:111736. [PMID: 38401462 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a global concern,affecting around 75 million individuals.Various factors contribute to ASD,including mercury-containing preservatives like thimerosal (Thim) found in some vaccines.This study explored whether citicoline could be a therapeutic option for Thim-induced neuronal damage in a mouse model of ASD.Additionally,the study investigated the effects of citicoline on the α7nAChRs/Akt/Nrf2/caspase-3 pathway,which may be involved in the development of ASD. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study separated newborn mice into four groups.The control group received saline injections,while the Thim group received intramuscular injections of 3000 μg Hg/kg Thim on days 7,9,11,and 15 after birth.The two citicoline groups were administered Thim followed by intraperitoneal injections of 250 mg/kg or 500 mg/kg citicoline for three weeks.Afterward,various parameters were assessed, including growth,behavior,brain histopathology,oxidative stress,apoptotic,and inflammatory markers. KEY FINDINGS Untreated Thim-exposed mice exhibited significant brain damage,which was substantially alleviated by citicoline treatment.This beneficial effect was associated with increased expressions and concentrations of brain α7nAChRs and Akt, increased brain content of Nrf2, and the hippocampus contents of acetylcholine. Citicoline treatment decreased the brain levels of oxidative stress markers (MDA and NO),the apoptotic marker caspase-3,and pro-inflammatory markers (NF-κB,TNF-α,and IL-1β). The drug also increased the brain GPx activity. SIGNIFICANCE Based on the results of this study,the α7nAChRs pathway appears to be essential for the therapeutic effectiveness of citicoline in treating Thim-induced ASD in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nourhan A Khattab
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt.
| | - Aya H El-Kadem
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Samar S Elblehi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 22758, Egypt
| | - Nageh Ahmed El-Mahdy
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Nagla A El-Shitany
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
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Saito J, Nakamura H, Akabane M, Yamatani A. Quantitative Investigation on Exposure to Potentially Harmful Excipients by Injection Drug Administration in Children Under 2 Years of Age and Analysis of Association with Adverse Events: A Single-Center, Retrospective Observational Study. Ther Innov Regul Sci 2024; 58:316-335. [PMID: 38055156 DOI: 10.1007/s43441-023-00596-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Potentially harmful excipients (PHEs) for children have been reported and the need for information collection has been advocated. However, studies on the actual occurrence of adverse events are limited. This study investigated the quantitative exposure of PHEs via injection and their association with adverse events in children under 2 years of age. MATERIALS AND METHODS As a single-center observational study, children aged 0-23 months received injectable drugs from April 1, 2018, to March 31, 2023 were included. Information on PHE exposure and adverse events after administration were extracted from medical records. Sodium benzoate, benzyl alcohol, ethanol, glycerol, lactose, polyethylene glycol paraben, polysorbate, propylene glycol, sorbitol, sucrose, sulfite, and thimerosal were selected as PHEs. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 6265 cases, 333,694 prescriptions, and 368 drugs (264 ingredients) were analyzed. The median age was 0.63 years (interquartile range [IQR] 0.1-1.1). 72,133 prescriptions, 132 drugs and 99 ingredients contained PHE; 2,961 cases exposed to PHE and 1825 cases exceeding permitted daily exposure. The drug with the highest number of exposure cases was hydroxyzine, and the highest number of prescriptions was heparin (both drugs contain benzyl alcohol). In association between adverse events and PHE exposure, higher doses in cases of adverse event occurrence were found in benzyl alcohol, glycerol, polyethylene glycol, and polysorbate exposed cases. Among thimerosal-exposed cases, "developmental delay" was more frequent in exposed cases, but the causal relationship was unknown. Further investigation is needed to clarify the relationship between adverse events and PHE exposure. Additionally, more precise information on PDE for pediatrics including neonates is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumpei Saito
- Department of Pharmacy, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1, Okura, Setagayaku, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan.
| | - Hidefumi Nakamura
- Department of Research and Development Supervision, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1, Okura, Setagayaku, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Miki Akabane
- Department of Pharmacy, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1, Okura, Setagayaku, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Akimasa Yamatani
- Department of Pharmacy, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1, Okura, Setagayaku, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
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da Rocha Junior ER, Porto VA, Crispim AC, Ursulino JS, de Jesus LWO, de Souza Bento E, Santos JCC, de Aquino TM. Assessment of thimerosal effects in sublethal concentrations on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos exploring NMR-based metabolomics profile. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 106:104361. [PMID: 38211665 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Thimerosal, a preservative commonly used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry, has raised concerns regarding its potentially toxic effects as an organic mercury compound. Within this context, using an NMR-based metabolomics profile and chemometric analysis, zebrafish embryos were used as an in vivo model to study the effects of thimerosal in metabolic profiles after exposure to sublethal concentrations of the mercury compound. The thimerosal concentrations of 40 and 80 nM were employed, corresponding to 40% and 80% of the LC50, respectively, for zebrafish embryos. The most significant alterations in the metabolic profile included changes in carbohydrates, amino acids, nucleotides, trimethylamine-N-oxide, ethanolamine, betaine, and ethanol. Furthermore, thimerosal exposure affects various metabolic pathways, impairing the nervous system, disrupting protein metabolism, and potentially causing oxidative damage. Therefore, adopting a metabolomics approach in this investigation provided insights into the potentially implicated metabolic pathways contributing to the deleterious effects of thimerosal in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmilson Rodrigues da Rocha Junior
- Nucleus of Analysis and Research in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance - NAPRMN, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Viviane Amaral Porto
- Nucleus of Analysis and Research in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance - NAPRMN, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Alessandre Carmo Crispim
- Nucleus of Analysis and Research in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance - NAPRMN, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Santana Ursulino
- Nucleus of Analysis and Research in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance - NAPRMN, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | | | - Edson de Souza Bento
- Nucleus of Analysis and Research in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance - NAPRMN, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | | | - Thiago Mendonça de Aquino
- Nucleus of Analysis and Research in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance - NAPRMN, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil.
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Hassan A, Mohsen R, Rezk A, Bangay G, Rijo P, Soliman MFM, G. A. Hablas M, Swidan KAK, Mohammed TS, Zoair MA, Mohamed AAK, Abdalrhman TI, Abdel-aleem Desoky AM, Mohamed DD, Mohamed DD, Abd El Maksoud AI, Mohamed AF. Enhancement of Vitamin C's Protective Effect against Thimerosal-Induced Neurotoxicity in the Cerebral Cortex of Wistar Albino Rats: An In Vivo and Computational Study. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:8973-8984. [PMID: 38434836 PMCID: PMC10905602 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Vitamin C was examined to ameliorate the neurotoxicity of thimerosal (THIM) in an animal model (Wistar albino rats). In our work, oxidative and antioxidative biomarkers such as SOD, LPO, and GSH were investigated at various doses of THIM with or without concurrent vitamin C administration. Furthermore, the adverse effects of THIM on hepatic tissue and cerebral cortex morphology were examined in the absence or presence of associated vitamin C administration. Also, we studied the effect of vitamin C on the metallothionein isoforms (MT-1, MT-2, and MT-3) in silico and in vivo using the RT-PCR assay. The results showed that the antioxidant biomarker was reduced as the THIM dose was raised and vice versa. THIM-associated vitamin C reduced the adverse effects of the THIM dose. The computation studies demonstrated that vitamin C has a lower ΔG of -4.9 kcal/mol compared to -4.1 kcal/mol for THIM to bind to the MT-2 protein, which demonstrated that vitamin C has a greater ability to bind with MT-2 than THIM. This is due to multiple hydrogen bonds that exist between vitamin C and MT-2 residues Lys31, Gln23, Cys24, and Cys29, and the sodium ion represents key stabilizing interactions. Hydrogen bonds involve electrostatic interactions between hydrogen atom donors (e.g., hydroxyl groups) and acceptors (e.g., carbonyl oxygens). The distances between heavy atoms are typically 2.5-3.5 Å. H-bonds provide directed, high-affinity interactions to anchor the ligand to the binding site. The five H-bonds formed by vitamin C allow it to form a stable complex with MT, while THIM can form two H-bonds with Gln23 and Cys24. This provides less stabilization in the binding pocket, contributing to the lower affinity compared to vitamin C. The histopathological morphologies in hepatic tissue displayed an expansion in the portal tract and the hepatocytes surrounding the portal tract, including apoptosis, binucleation, and karyomegaly. The histopathological morphologies in the brain tissue revealed a significant decrease in the number of Purkinje cells due to THIM toxicity. Interestingly, THIM toxicity was associated with hemorrhage and astrogliosis. Both intracellular and vasogenic edema appeared as the concentrations of THIM rose. Finally, vitamin C ameliorated the adverse effect on the cerebral cortex in Wistar albino rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Hassan
- Department
of Bioinformatics, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research
Institute (GEBRI), University of Sadat City, Sadat 32897, Egypt
| | - Reham Mohsen
- College
of Biotechnology, October University for Modern Science and Arts (MSA), University Giza, Giza 11456, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Rezk
- College
of Biotechnology, October University for Modern Science and Arts (MSA), University Giza, Giza 11456, Egypt
| | - Gabrielle Bangay
- CBIOS—Research
Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Lisboa 1749-024, Portugal
- Facultad
de Farmacia, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas (Área
de Farmacología; Nuevos agentes antitumorales, Acción
tóxica sobre células leucémicas), Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km. 33, Alcalá de Henares 600 28805, Madrid, Espana
| | - Patrícia Rijo
- CBIOS—Research
Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Lisboa 1749-024, Portugal
- Instituto
de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade
de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon 1749-024, Portugal
| | - Mona F. M. Soliman
- Department
of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed G. A. Hablas
- Department
of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez University, Suez 43221, Egypt
| | | | - Tahseen S. Mohammed
- Department
of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Mohammad A. Zoair
- Department
of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar
University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Abir A. Khalil Mohamed
- Department
of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Girls Branch, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Tamer I. Abdalrhman
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | | | - Dalia D. Mohamed
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology,
Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
Research Institute (GEBRI), University of
Sadat City, Sadat 32897, Egypt
| | - Doaa D. Mohamed
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology,
Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
Research Institute (GEBRI), University of
Sadat City, Sadat 32897, Egypt
| | - Ahmed I. Abd El Maksoud
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology,
Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
Research Institute (GEBRI), University of
Sadat City, Sadat 32897, Egypt
| | - Aly F. Mohamed
- Holding
Company for Vaccine and Sera Production (VACSERA), Giza 22311, Egypt
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Galiciolli MEA, Silva JF, Prodocimo MM, Laureano HA, Calado SLDM, Oliveira CS, Guiloski IC. Toxicological Effects of Thimerosal and Aluminum in the Liver, Kidney, and Brain of Zebrafish ( Danio rerio). Metabolites 2023; 13:975. [PMID: 37755255 PMCID: PMC10537066 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13090975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination programs in the first years of a child's life are effective and extremely important strategies for the successful eradication of diseases. However, as no intervention is without risks, the metal-based components of some vaccines, such as thimerosal (TMS), a preservative composed of ethylmercury, and aluminum (Al), have begun to generate distrust on the part of the population. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of exposure to thimerosal and aluminum hydroxide (alone or in mixture) on Danio rerio (zebrafish) specimens. The fish were exposed to thimerosal and/or aluminum hydroxide intraperitoneally. The liver, kidney, and brain were removed for a biochemical biomarker analysis, histopathological analysis, and metal quantification. As a result, we observed changes in the activity of the analyzed enzymes (SOD, GST, GPx) in the kidney and brain of the zebrafish, a reduction in GSH levels in all analyzed tissues, and a reduction in MT levels in the kidney and liver as well as in the brain. Changes in AChE enzyme activity were observed. The biochemical results corroborate the changes observed in the lesion index and histomorphology sections. We emphasize the importance of joint research on these compounds to increase the population's safety against their possible toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eduarda Andrade Galiciolli
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Avenida Silva Jardim, 1632, Água Verde, Curitiba 80250-200, PR, Brazil; (M.E.A.G.); (J.F.S.)
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba 80230-020, PR, Brazil
| | - Juliana Ferreira Silva
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Avenida Silva Jardim, 1632, Água Verde, Curitiba 80250-200, PR, Brazil; (M.E.A.G.); (J.F.S.)
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba 80230-020, PR, Brazil
| | - Maritana Mela Prodocimo
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Avenida Cel. Francisco H. dos Santos, 100—Jardim das Américas, Curitiba—PR, Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil;
| | - Henrique Aparecido Laureano
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Avenida Silva Jardim, 1632, Água Verde, Curitiba 80250-200, PR, Brazil; (M.E.A.G.); (J.F.S.)
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba 80230-020, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Claudia Sirlene Oliveira
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Avenida Silva Jardim, 1632, Água Verde, Curitiba 80250-200, PR, Brazil; (M.E.A.G.); (J.F.S.)
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba 80230-020, PR, Brazil
| | - Izonete Cristina Guiloski
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Avenida Silva Jardim, 1632, Água Verde, Curitiba 80250-200, PR, Brazil; (M.E.A.G.); (J.F.S.)
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba 80230-020, PR, Brazil
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9
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Chamani S, Mobasheri L, Rostami Z, Zare I, Naghizadeh A, Mostafavi E. Heavy metals in contact dermatitis: A review. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2023; 79:127240. [PMID: 37331278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Contact dermatitis is an inflammatory skin reaction caused by direct contact with chemical substances in the environment and can either be irritant or allergic in nature. The clinical symptoms of contact dermatitis, include local skin rash, itching, redness, swelling, and lesions. Nowadays, 15-20% of people have some degree of contact dermatitis, which can be more or less severe. Immune responses in allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) are due to the effects of cytokines and allergen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells on the skin. Acids and alkalis such as drain cleaners, plants such as poinsettias, hair colors, and nail polish remover, are all prominent causes of irritant contact dermatitis (ICDs). Heavy metals are metallic elements with a high atomic weight that are hazardous in low quantities and are known to cause dermatitis after systemic or local exposure. Nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), and copper (Cu) are among the most common heavy metals used in various industries. Metal allergies may cause ACD and also systemic contact dermatitis (SCD). Contact dermatitis is detected by laboratory tests such as patch testing, lymphocyte stimulation test (LST), and evaluation of cytokine production by primary cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. This article presents an update on the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of ACD and SCD caused by three heavy metals (Cr, Cu, and Pb). Ni is not discussed due to recent coverage. Furthermore, the effects of contact sensitivity to some other heavy metals, such as gold (Au), cobalt (Co), palladium (Pd), and mercury (Hg) are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Chamani
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Leila Mobasheri
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zeinab Rostami
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Iman Zare
- Research and Development Department, Sina Medical Biochemistry Technologies Co. Ltd., Shiraz 7178795844, Iran
| | - Ali Naghizadeh
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
| | - Ebrahim Mostafavi
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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10
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Rahimian A, Lakzaei M, Askari H, Dostdari S, Khafri A, Aminian M. In vitro assessment of Thimerosal cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2023; 77:127129. [PMID: 36630761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thimerosal (Merthiolate) is a well-known preservative used in pharmaceutical products, the safety of which was a matter of controversy for decades. Thimerosal is a mercury compound, and there is a debate as to whether Thimerosal exposure from vaccination can contribute to the incidence of mercury-driven disorders. To date, there is no consensus on Thimerosal safety in Vaccines. In 1977, a maximum safe dose of 200 μg/ml (0.5 mM) was recommended for Thimerosal by the WHO experts committee on biological standardization. Up-to-date guidelines, however, urge national control authorities to establish their own standards for the concentration of vaccine preservatives. We believe such safety limits must be studied at the cellular level first. The present study seeks a safe yet efficient dose of Thimerosal exposure for human and animal cells and control microorganism strains. METHODS The safety of Thimerosal exposure on cells was analyzed through an MTT cell toxicity assay. The viability of four cell types, including HepG2, C2C12, Vero Cells, and Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), was examined in the presence of different Thimerosal concentrations and the maximum tolerable dose (MTD) and the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values for each cell line were determined. The antimicrobial effectiveness of Thimerosal was evaluated on four control strains, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus brasiliensis, to obtain the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Thimerosal. The MIC test was performed in culture media and under optimal growth conditions of microorganisms in the presence of different Thimerosal concentrations. RESULTS The viability of all examined cell lines was suppressed entirely in the presence of 4.6 μg/ml (12.5 μM) of Thimerosal. The MTD for HepG2, C2C12, PBMC, and Vero cells was 2, 1.6, 1, and 0.29 μg/ml (5.5, 4.3, 2.7 and 0.8 μM), respectively. The IC50 of Thimerosal exposure for HepG2, C2C12, PBMC, and Vero cells was 2.62, 3.17, 1.27, and 0.86 μg/ml (7.1, 8.5, 3.5 and 2.4 μM), respectively. As for antimicrobial effectiveness, the growth capability of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus was suppressed entirely in the presence of 6.25 µg/ml (17 μM) Thimerosal. The complete growth inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in culture media was achieved in 100 µg/ml (250 µM) Thimerosal concentration. This value was 12.5 µg/ml (30 μM) for Aspergillus brasiliensis. CONCLUSION According to our results Thimerosal should be present in culture media at 100 μg/ml (250 µM) concentration to achieve an effective antimicrobial activity. We showed that this amount of Thimerosal is toxic for human and animal cells in vitro since the viability of all examined cell lines was suppressed in the presence of less than 5 μg/ml (12.5 μM) of Thimerosal. Overall, our study revealed Thimerosal was 333-fold more cytotoxic to human and animal cells as compared to bacterial and fungal cells. Our results promote more study on Thimerosal toxicity and its antimicrobial effectiveness to obtain more safe concentrations in biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliasghar Rahimian
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Lakzaei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hooman Askari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Dostdari
- Department of Bacterial Vaccines Quality Control, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Khafri
- Department of Bacterial Vaccines Quality Control, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.
| | - Mahdi Aminian
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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11
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Azevedo LF, Karpova N, Rocha BA, Barbosa Junior F, Gobe GC, Hornos Carneiro MF. Evidence on Neurotoxicity after Intrauterine and Childhood Exposure to Organomercurials. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1070. [PMID: 36673825 PMCID: PMC9858833 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Although the molecular mechanisms underlying methylmercury toxicity are not entirely understood, the observed neurotoxicity in early-life is attributed to the covalent binding of methylmercury to sulfhydryl (thiol) groups of proteins and other molecules being able to affect protein post-translational modifications from numerous molecular pathways, such as glutamate signaling, heat-shock chaperones and the antioxidant glutaredoxin/glutathione system. However, for other organomercurials such as ethylmercury or thimerosal, there is not much information available. Therefore, this review critically discusses current knowledge about organomercurials neurotoxicity-both methylmercury and ethylmercury-following intrauterine and childhood exposure, as well as the prospects and future needs for research in this area. Contrasting with the amount of epidemiological evidence available for methylmercury, there are only a few in vivo studies reporting neurotoxic outcomes and mechanisms of toxicity for ethylmercury or thimerosal. There is also a lack of studies on mechanistic approaches to better investigate the pathways involved in the potential neurotoxicity caused by both organomercurials. More impactful follow-up studies, especially following intrauterine and childhood exposure to ethylmercury, are necessary. Childhood vaccination is critically important for controlling infectious diseases; however, the safety of mercury-containing thimerosal and, notably, its effectiveness as preservative in vaccines are still under debate regarding its potential dose-response effects to the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Ferreira Azevedo
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Nina Karpova
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Alves Rocha
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Barbosa Junior
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Glenda Carolyn Gobe
- Kidney Disease Research Group, School of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Maria Fernanda Hornos Carneiro
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
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12
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Basiry D, Entezari Heravi N, Uluseker C, Kaster KM, Kommedal R, Pala-Ozkok I. The effect of disinfectants and antiseptics on co- and cross-selection of resistance to antibiotics in aquatic environments and wastewater treatment plants. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1050558. [PMID: 36583052 PMCID: PMC9793094 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1050558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic led to increased use of disinfectants and antiseptics (DAs), resulting in higher concentrations of these compounds in wastewaters, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents and receiving water bodies. Their constant presence in water bodies may lead to development and acquisition of resistance against the DAs. In addition, they may also promote antibiotic resistance (AR) due to cross- and co-selection of AR among bacteria that are exposed to the DAs, which is a highly important issue with regards to human and environmental health. This review addresses this issue and provides an overview of DAs structure together with their modes of action against microorganisms. Relevant examples of the most effective treatment techniques to increase the DAs removal efficiency from wastewater are discussed. Moreover, insight on the resistance mechanisms to DAs and the mechanism of DAs enhancement of cross- and co-selection of ARs are presented. Furthermore, this review discusses the impact of DAs on resistance against antibiotics, the occurrence of DAs in aquatic systems, and DA removal mechanisms in WWTPs, which in principle serve as the final barrier before releasing these compounds into the receiving environment. By recognition of important research gaps, research needs to determine the impact of the majority of DAs in WWTPs and the consequences of their presence and spread of antibiotic resistance were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Basiry
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Nooshin Entezari Heravi
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Cansu Uluseker
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Krista Michelle Kaster
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Roald Kommedal
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Ilke Pala-Ozkok
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
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13
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Cirri D, Chiaverini L, Pratesi A, Marzo T. Is the Next Cisplatin Already in Our Laboratory? COMMENT INORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/02603594.2022.2152016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Cirri
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi, 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Chiaverini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano, 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pratesi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi, 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Tiziano Marzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano, 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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14
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Baj J, Flieger W, Flieger M, Forma A, Sitarz E, Skórzyńska-Dziduszko K, Grochowski C, Maciejewski R, Karakuła-Juchnowicz H. Autism spectrum disorder: Trace elements imbalances and the pathogenesis and severity of autistic symptoms. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 129:117-132. [PMID: 34339708 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The identification of biomarkers as diagnostic tools and predictors of response to treatment of neurological developmental disorders (NDD) such as schizophrenia (SZ), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or autism spectrum disorder (ASD), still remains an important challenge for clinical medicine. Metallomic profiles of ASD patients cover, besides essential elements such as cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, zinc, selenium, also toxic metals burden of: aluminum, arsenic, mercury, lead, beryllium, nickel, cadmium. Performed studies indicate that children with ASD present a reduced ability of eliminating toxic metals, which leads to these metals' accumulation and aggravation of autistic symptoms. Extensive metallomic studies allow a better understanding of the importance of trace elements as environmental factors in the pathogenesis of ASD. Even though a mineral imbalance is a fact in ASD, we are still expecting relevant tests and the elaboration of reference levels of trace elements as potential biomarkers useful in diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Baj
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego Street 8b, 20-400, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Flieger
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Aleje Racławickie 1, 20-059, Lublin, Poland
| | - Michał Flieger
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Aleje Racławickie 1, 20-059, Lublin, Poland
| | - Alicja Forma
- Chair and Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego Street 8b, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Sitarz
- Chair and 1st Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, Gluska Street 1, 20-439, Lublin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Skórzyńska-Dziduszko
- Chair and Department of Human Physiology, Medical University of Lublin, Radziwillowska Street 11, Lublin, 20-080, Poland
| | - Cezary Grochowski
- Laboratory of Virtual Man, Chair of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego Street 8b, 20-400, Lublin, Poland
| | - Ryszard Maciejewski
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego Street 8b, 20-400, Lublin, Poland
| | - Hanna Karakuła-Juchnowicz
- Chair and 1st Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, Gluska Street 1, 20-439, Lublin, Poland; Department of Clinical Neuropsychiatry, Medical University of Lublin, Gluska Street 1, 20-439, Lublin, Poland
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15
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Dórea JG. Neurodevelopment and exposure to neurotoxic metal(loid)s in environments polluted by mining, metal scrapping and smelters, and e-waste recycling in low and middle-income countries. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 197:111124. [PMID: 33861977 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This review covers a wide body of literature to gain an understanding of the impacts of informal activities related to metal extraction (primary mining and recycling) on early life exposure to neurotoxicants and on neurodevelopment. In primary mining, gold extraction with Hg amalgamation is the main environmental cause of Hg pollution in most artisanal small-scale gold mining (ASGM) activities around the world. Nevertheless, in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), Pb disrupted from gold-related ores, mining, and artisanal cookware production are an important neurotoxicant that seriously contaminates the affected population, with devastating effects on children. In e-waste recycling settings, the range of neurotoxic substances that contaminate mothers and children is wider than in primary mining environments. Thus, Hg and Pb are major pre- and postnatal neurotoxicants affecting children in the informal metal extraction activities and SSA countries show the highest record of human contamination and of neurotoxic effects on children. There are additional sources of neurotoxic contamination from mining and metal processing activities (cyanide tailing in South America and SSA) and/or co-exposure to Hg-containing products such as cosmetics (soaps and Hg-based skin lightning creams in Africa) and pediatric Thimerosal-containing vaccines (TCVs, that breaks down to ethyl-mercury) in current use in middle and low income countries. However, the action of these neurotoxicants (per se or in combination) on children needs more attention and research. Studies show a negative association between biomarkers of all environmental metal(loid)s (As, Cd, Hg, Mn, and Pb) studied and neurodevelopment in young children. Sadly, in many unregulated activities, child labor is widely employed, thus presenting an additional occupational exposure. Children living in polluted environments related to metal processing are disproportionately exposed to a wide range of co-occurring neurotoxic substances. The review showed compelling evidence from highly representative parts of the world (Africa, Asia, and Latin America) that the studied neurotoxic substances negatively affected areas of the brain associated with language, memory and executive function, as well as psychosocial behavior. Protecting the environment and children from unregulated and highly polluting metal extraction and processing are inextricably intertwined and deserve urgent attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- José G Dórea
- Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, 70919-970, DF, Brazil.
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16
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Hemida M, Vuori KA, Moore R, Anturaniemi J, Hielm-Björkman A. Early Life Modifiable Exposures and Their Association With Owner Reported Inflammatory Bowel Disease Symptoms in Adult Dogs. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:552350. [PMID: 33598486 PMCID: PMC7882719 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.552350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an idiopathic multifactorial disease in humans and dogs, usually assigned to the interactions between genes, gut microbiota, diet, environment, and the immune system. We aimed to investigate the modifiable early life exposures associated with IBD in dogs. Materials and Methods: The study data was extracted from the validated owner-reported DogRisk food frequency questionnaire. This was a cross-sectional questionnaire-based study that tested 21 different early life dietary and environmental, demographic and genetic variables for their association with IBD or not, in adult dogs. A total of 7,015 dogs participated in this study. The study covered early life periods; prenatal, neonatal, early, and late postnatal periods. Two feeding patterns, a non-processed meat-based diet (NPMD) and an ultra-processed carbohydrate-based diet (UPCD) were studied. Data was analyzed using logistic regression analysis with a backward stepwise deletion. Results: From the final models we found that the NPMD during early and late postnatal periods were significantly associated with lower IBD risk later in life. The UPCD during the same periods was associated with a higher risk of IBD incidence. Also, the maternal diet during the neonatal period showed a non-significant trend of lower IBD risk in the offspring with the NPMD and a higher IBD risk with the UPCD. Additionally, the normal body weight of puppies during the first 6 months of age was associated with a lower risk of IBD in adulthood while, slim puppies associated significantly with IBD in adulthood. From the non-modifiable background variables, we identified the maternal history of IBD as the strongest risk factor for later incidence of IBD. Furthermore, male dogs were twice as likely to develop IBD as female dogs were. Conclusions: It is reassuring for owners to know that they themselves can have an impact on their dog's health. A high-fat, low-carbohydrate NPMD exposure during early life, and a normal body condition in puppyhood were significantly associated with less IBD in adult dogs. The opposite was true for UPCD exposure and abnormal body condition score in 6 month old puppies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal Hemida
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Kristiina A Vuori
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Robin Moore
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Anturaniemi
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Hielm-Björkman
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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17
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Dórea JG. Exposure to environmental neurotoxic substances and neurodevelopment in children from Latin America and the Caribbean. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 192:110199. [PMID: 32941839 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Environmental (and occupational) exposure to neurotoxic substances is a worldwide problem that can affect children's neurodevelopment (ND). In Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries there are over 300 million children living under the threat of neurodevelopmental delays due to toxic environmental exposure. Large industrial centers, intense mining and agricultural activities, along with changing complex ecosystems constitute a mosaic that drives contamination of air, water and the food chain. Neurotoxic contaminants such as pesticides (organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, neonicotinoids, and manganese fungicides), chemicals of industrial use (phthalates), and metals (Hg, Pb, Al, As, F, Cd, Mo, Mn) are at the center of environmental exposure studies. Exposure to neurotoxic substances singly or in combination with other compounds or socioeconomic stressors (maternal education, socio-economic and nutritional status) intertwined with occupational and para-occupational exposure can affect ND (motor, cognition, behavior) of children. Significant negative effects of pesticides and neurotoxic elements on ND were found in all studied countries, affecting especially the less-privileged children from laboring families. Studies showed that exposures to the neurotoxicants in human milk are secondary to their more lasting effects during prenatal exposure. This review integrates exposure (prenatal and breastfeeding), metabolism, and ND effects of neurotoxicants. It highlights the overwhelming evidence showing that current levels of exposures are hazardous and detrimental to children's ND in LAC countries. The evidence indicates that a reduction in neurotoxicant exposure is essential to protect children's ND. Therefore, it is urgent to adopt policies and actions that prevent and remediate region-specific children's ND issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- José G Dórea
- Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, 70919-970, DF, Brazil.
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18
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Geier DA, Kern JK, Homme KG, Geier MR. A Cross-Sectional Study of Blood Ethylmercury Levels and Cognitive Decline Among Older Adults and the Elderly in the United States. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 72:901-910. [PMID: 31658062 PMCID: PMC6918911 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive health is an emerging public health concern for the aging American population. Mercury (Hg) is a toxic element that can cause nervous system damage. This hypothesis-testing study evaluated the relationship between blood ethyl-Hg levels and cognitive decline in an older adult and elderly American population. A total of 1,821,663 weighted-persons between 60-80 years old with detectable blood ethyl-Hg levels within the 2011-2012 National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey were examined. Those persons with blood ethyl-Hg levels greater than the median were deemed the higher ethyl-Hg exposure group and those with ethyl-Hg levels less than the median were deemed the lower ethyl-Hg exposure group. Three tests were utilized to measure cognitive function: 1) Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease - Word List Learning (CERAD W-L) delayed recall test, 2) animal fluency test, and 3) Digit Symbol Substitution Test. Each cognitive test score was categorized as higher for those with scores greater than the median and lower for those with scores less than the median. Survey logistic regression modeling with covariates was used to analyze the data for the relationship between blood ethyl-Hg levels and cognitive function scores. Significantly increased risks for lower animal fluency test (odds ratio (OR) = 13.652, p = 0.0029) and CERAD W-L delayed recall test (OR = 6.401, p = 0.0433) scores were observed among the higher ethyl-Hg exposure group as compared to the lower ethyl-Hg exposure group. This study supports the hypothesis that increased ethyl-Hg exposure is associated with significant cognitive decline in older adult and elderly Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Geier
- Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Inc., Silver Spring, MD, USA.,CoMeD, Inc., Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Janet K Kern
- Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Inc., Silver Spring, MD, USA.,CoMeD, Inc., Silver Spring, MD, USA.,CONEM US Autism Research Group, Allen, TX, USA
| | - Kristin G Homme
- International Academy of Oral Medicine and Toxicology, ChampionsGate, FL, USA
| | - Mark R Geier
- Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Inc., Silver Spring, MD, USA.,CoMeD, Inc., Silver Spring, MD, USA
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19
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Karri R, Das R, Rai RK, Gopalakrishnan A, Roy G. Hg-C bond protonolysis by a functional model of bacterial enzyme organomercurial lyase MerB. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:9280-9283. [PMID: 32558833 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02232b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a novel synthetic compound 1, having a highly nucleophilic selenolate (Se-) moiety and a thiol (-SH) functional group, which showed efficient Hg-C bond protonolysis of various R-Hg-X molecules including neurotoxic methylmercury and thimerosal, via direct -SH proton transfer to the highly activated C-atom of a departed R group with low activation energy barrier at room temperature (21 °C), in the absence of any external proton source and, thus, acts as a functional model of MerB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Karri
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, NH91, Dadri, Gautam Buddha Nagar, UP 201314, India
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20
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Sonne C, Lam SS, Kim KH, Rinklebe J, Ok YS. Be cautious applying carbon-fluorine bonds in drug delivery. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 248:125971. [PMID: 32035380 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As reported in Chemosphere by Colles et al. (2020), there are multiple pathways for human exposure to poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Now, a new chemical formation of C-F bonds in drug delivery lead to concerns for human exposure as these inert chemical formations are resistance to metabolic degradation and excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Sonne
- Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark; Henan Agricultural University, China.
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia; Henan Agricultural University, China
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Henan Agricultural University, China
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany; Sejong University, Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinformatics, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Henan Agricultural University, China; Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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21
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Abdelzaher LA, Hussein OA, Ashry IEM. The Novel Potential Therapeutic Utility of Montelukast in Alleviating Autistic Behavior Induced by Early Postnatal Administration of Thimerosal in Mice. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 41:129-150. [PMID: 32303879 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00841-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM: Thimerosal (THIM) is a mercury-containing preservative widely used in many biological and medical products including many vaccines. It has been accused of being a possible etiological factor for some neurodevelopmental disorders such as autistic spectrum disorders (ASDs). In our study, the potential therapeutic effect of montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist used to treat seasonal allergies and asthma, on THIM mice model (ASDs model) was examined. METHODOLOGY Newborn mice were randomly distributed into three groups: (Group 1) Control (Cont.) group received saline injections. (Group 2) THIM-treated (THIM) group received THIM intramuscular (IM) at a dose of 3000 μg Hg/kg on postnatal days 7, 9, 11, and 15. (Group 3) Montelukast-treated (Monte) group received THIM followed by montelukast sodium (10 mg/kg/day) intraperitoneal (IP) for 3 weeks. Mice were evaluated for growth development, social interactions, anxiety, locomotor activity, and cognitive function. Brain histopathology, alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAChRs), nuclear factor kappa B p65 (NF-κB p65), apoptotic factor (Bax), and brain injury markers were evaluated as well. RESULTS THIIM significantly impaired social activity and growth development. Montelukast mitigated THIM-induced social deficit probably through α7nAChRs upregulation, NF-κB p65, Bax, and brain injury markers downregulation, thus suppressing THIM-induced neuronal toxicity and inflammation. CONCLUSION Neonatal exposure to THIM can induce growth retardation and abnormal social interactions similar to those observed in ASDs. Some of these abnormalities could be ameliorated by montelukast via upregulation of α7nAChRs that inhibited NF-κB activation and significant suppression of neuronal injury and the associated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lobna A Abdelzaher
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Ola A Hussein
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - I E M Ashry
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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Wittayapipath K, Yenjai C, Prariyachatigul C, Hamal P. Evaluation of antifungal effect and toxicity of xanthyletin and two bacterial metabolites against Thai isolates of Pythium insidiosum. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4495. [PMID: 32161276 PMCID: PMC7066183 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61271-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pythiosis is a harmful disease caused by Pythium insidiosum, an aquatic oomycete. Therapeutic protocols based on antifungal drugs are often ineffective because the cytoplasmic membrane of P. insidiosum does not contain ergosterol. Therefore, the treatment of pythiosis is still challenging, particularly making use of natural products and secondary metabolites from bacteria. In this study, xanthyletin and substances obtained from Pseudomonas stutzeri ST1302 and Klebsiella pneumoniae ST2501 exhibited anti-P. insidiosum activity and, moreover, xanthyletin was non-toxic against human cell lines. The hyphae of P. insidiosum treated with these three substances exhibited lysis holes on a rough surface and release of anamorphic material. Therefore, xanthyletin could be considered a promising alternative agent for treating cutaneous pythiosis in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kittiya Wittayapipath
- Medical Science Program, Graduate School, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnosis Laboratories, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chavi Yenjai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chularut Prariyachatigul
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnosis Laboratories, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Petr Hamal
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Hnevotinska 3, 77515, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Thimerosal-containing vaccines and deficit in child development: Population-based study in southern Brazil. Vaccine 2020; 38:2216-2220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Chen S, Huang X, Li Y, Wang X, Pan H, Lin Z, Zheng Q, Li S, Zhang J, Xia N, Zhao Q. Altered antigenicity and immunogenicity of human papillomavirus virus-like particles in the presence of thimerosal. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 141:221-231. [PMID: 31154067 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Thimerosal has been widely used as a preservative in human vaccines for decades. Thimerosal, a thiol capping agent with ethyl mercury being the active degradant, could have impacts on the vaccine potency due to potential thiol modification. The effects on the antigenicity and immunogenicity of human papillomavirus (HPV) virus-like particles (VLPs) in the presence of thimerosal was studied. In general, reduced binding activity was observed between HPV antigens and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) upon thimerosal treatment, accompanied by reduced protein conformational stability. The immunogenicity of a pentavalent vaccine formulation (HPV6, HPV11, HPV16, HPV18 and hepatitis E virus) with or without thimerosal was studied in mice. The functional antibody titres, as well as the binding titres, were determined, showing a substantial decrease for vaccine formulations containing thimerosal for HPV16/18. Similarly, epitope-specific competition assays using specific and functional mAbs as tracers also showed a significant reduction in immunogenicity for HPV16/18 in the presence of thimerosal. Structural alterations in the capsid protein for HPV18 were observed with cryo-electron microscopy and 3-dimensional reconstruction in the comparative structural analysis. The results should alert scientists in formulation development field on the choice for vaccine preservatives, in particular for thiol-containing antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Chen
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaofen Huang
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yike Li
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xin Wang
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Huirong Pan
- Xiamen Innovax Biotech Company, Ltd, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhijie Lin
- Xiamen Innovax Biotech Company, Ltd, Xiamen, China
| | - Qingbing Zheng
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shaowei Li
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
| | - Qinjian Zhao
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
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Sivaev IB, Stogniy MY. Mercury derivatives of polyhedral boranes, carboranes, and metallacarboranes. Russ Chem Bull 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-019-2379-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Geier DA, Kern JK, Homme KG, Geier MR. A critique that misses the mark. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2019; 222:309-310. [PMID: 30850066 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David A Geier
- The Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Inc, Silver Spring, MD, USA; CoMeD, Inc, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Janet K Kern
- The Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Inc, Silver Spring, MD, USA; CoMeD, Inc, Silver Spring, MD, USA; CONEM US Autism Research Group, Allen, TX, USA.
| | - Kristin G Homme
- International Academy of Oral Medicine and Toxicology, Champions Gate, FL, USA
| | - Mark R Geier
- The Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Inc, Silver Spring, MD, USA; CoMeD, Inc, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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Dórea JG. Low-dose Thimerosal (ethyl-mercury) is still used in infants` vaccines: Should we be concerned with this form of exposure? J Trace Elem Med Biol 2018; 49:134-139. [PMID: 29895363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In developing countries, Thimerosal-containing vaccines (TCV) are the main causes of organic Hg exposure for newborns, neonates, and infants immunized with TCV. This article addresses early-life exposure to this unique organic mercury compound (ethylmercury-EtHg) and the risks of its exposure. English language studies pertaining to Thimerosal/EtHg toxicity and exposure during early life were searched in PubMed; and, those publications judged to be relevant to the topic of this review were selected. The risk from the neurotoxic effects of pre- and post-natal Hg exposures depend, in part, on aggravating or attenuating environmental and/or genetic-associated factors. Health authorities in charge of controlling infectious disease dismiss the toxicology of mercury (immunological and subtle neurological effects as insignificant) related to low-dose Thimerosal. The review addresses the evidence that brings into question the safety of Thimerosal that is still present in vaccines given to pregnant women, infants, and children in developing countries, and recognizes the ethical imperative to extend the use of Thimerosal-free vaccines to developing countries, not just developed countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- José G Dórea
- Health Sciences, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, 70919-970, DF, Brazil.
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Santos JCN, da Silva IM, Braga TC, de Fátima Â, Figueiredo IM, Santos JCC. Thimerosal changes protein conformation and increase the rate of fibrillation in physiological conditions: Spectroscopic studies using bovine serum albumin (BSA). Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 113:1032-1040. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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The risk of neurodevelopmental disorders following Thimerosal-containing Hib vaccine in comparison to Thimerosal-free Hib vaccine administered from 1995 to 1999 in the United States. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2018; 221:677-683. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Aaseth J, Ajsuvakova OP, Skalny AV, Skalnaya MG, Tinkov AA. Chelator combination as therapeutic strategy in mercury and lead poisonings. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Geier DA, Kern JK, Homme KG, Geier MR. A cross-sectional study of the relationship between infant Thimerosal-containing hepatitis B vaccine exposure and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2018; 46:1-9. [PMID: 29413097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by a marked pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that is inconsistent with developmental level and interferes with normal functioning in at least two settings. This study evaluated the hypothesis that infant Thimerosal-containing hepatitis B vaccine (T-HepB) exposure would increase the risk of an ADHD diagnosis. This cross-sectional study examined 4393 persons between 13 and 19 years of age from the combined 1999-2004 National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) by analyzing demographic, immunization, socioeconomic, and health-related variables using the SAS system. Three doses of T-HepB exposure in comparison to no exposure significantly increased the risk of an ADHD diagnosis using logistic regression (adjusted odds ratio=1.980), linear regression (adjusted beta-coefficient=0.04747), Spearman's rank (Rho=0.04807), and 2×2 contingency table (rate ratio=1.8353) statistical modeling even when considering other covariates such as gender, race, and socioeconomic status. Current health status outcomes selected on an a priori basis to not be biologically plausibly linked to T-HepB exposure showed no relationship with T-HepB. The observed study results are biologically plausible and supported by numerous previous epidemiological studies, but because the NHANES data is collected on a cross-sectional basis, it is not possible to ascribe a direct cause-effect relationship between exposure to T-HepB and an ADHD diagnosis. During the decade from 1991 to 2001 that infants were routinely exposed to T-HepB in the United States (US), an estimated 1.3-2.5 million children were diagnosed with ADHD with excess lifetime costs estimated at US $350-$660 billion as a consequence of T-HepB. Although Thimerosal use in the HepB in the US has been discontinued, Thimerosal remains in the HepB in developing countries. Routine vaccination is an important public health tool to prevent infectious diseases, but every effort should be made to eliminate Thimerosal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Geier
- Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Inc, Silver Spring, MD, USA; CoMeD, Inc., Silver Spring, MD, USA.
| | - Janet K Kern
- Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Inc, Silver Spring, MD, USA; CoMeD, Inc., Silver Spring, MD, USA; CONEM US Autism Research Group, Allen, TX, USA.
| | - Kristin G Homme
- International Academy of Oral Medicine and Toxicology, ChampionsGate, FL, USA.
| | - Mark R Geier
- Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Inc, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
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Namvarpour Z, Nasehi M, Amini A, Zarrindast MR. Protective role of alpha-lipoic acid in impairments of social and stereotyped behaviors induced by early postnatal administration of thimerosal in male rat. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2018; 67:1-9. [PMID: 29481853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aim Thimerosal, a mercury-containing preservative has been widely used in a number of biological and drug products, including many vaccines, and has been studied as a possible etiological factor for some neurodevelopmental disabilities. Here, the protective effects of Alpha Lipoic Acid (ALA), an organosulfur compound derived from Octanoic Acid, on Thimerosal-induced behavioral abnormalities in rat were examined. METHODS 108 male Wistar rats were divided into three cohorts and treated as follows: 1) Thimerosal at different doses (30, 300, or 3000 μg Hg/kg) in four i.m. injections on 7, 9, 11, 15postnatal days. 2) ALA (at doses of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg), following the same order; 3) single dose of Thimerosal (3000 μg Hg/kg) plus ALA at different doses (5, 10 or 20 mg/kg), by the previously described method. A saline treated control group and a ALA vehicle control (0.1% NaOH) were also included. At 5 and 8 weeks after birth, rats were evaluated with behavioral tests, to assess locomotor activity, social interactions and stereotyped behaviors, respectively. RESULTS The data showed that Thimerosal at all doses (30, 300 and 3000 μg Hg/kg) significantly impacted locomotor activity. Thimerosal at doses of 300 and 3000 but not 30 μg Hg/kg impaired social and stereotyped behaviors. In contrast, ALA (at doses of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) did not alter behaviors by itself, at doses of 20 mg/kg, it reduced social interaction deficits induced by the highest dose of Thimerosal (3000 μg Hg/kg). Moreover, ALA, at all doses prevented the adverse effects of Thimerosal on stereotyped behaviors. CONCLUSIONS the results of this preclinical study, consistent with previous studies on mice and rats, reveals that neonatal dose-dependent exposure to Thimerosal mimicking the childhood vaccine schedule can induce abnormal social interactions and stereotyped behaviors similar to those observed in neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism, and, for the first time, revealed that these abnormalities may be ameliorated by ALA. This indicates that ALA may protect against mercurial-induced abnormal behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Nasehi
- Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran; Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abdollah Amini
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Zarrindast
- Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Geier DA, Kern JK, Homme KG, Geier MR. A Cross-Sectional Study of the Association between Infant Hepatitis B Vaccine Exposure in Boys and the Risk of Adverse Effects as Measured by Receipt of Special Education Services. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15010123. [PMID: 29329213 PMCID: PMC5800222 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15010123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The National Center for Education Statistics reported that between 1990–2005 the number of children receiving special education services (SES) rose significantly, and then, from 2004–2012, the number declined significantly. This coincided with the introduction of Thimerosal-containing hepatitis B vaccine in 1991, and the subsequent introduction of Thimerosal-reduced hepatitis B vaccine in the early 2000s. This study examined the potential relationship between infant exposure to mercury from three doses of Thimerosal-containing hepatitis B vaccine and the risk of boys being adversely affected (as measured by receipt of SES). This cross-sectional study examined 1192 boys (weighted n = 24,537,123) 7–8 years of age (born: 1994–2007) from the combined 2001–2014 National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES). Survey logistic regression modeling revealed that an exposed population receiving three doses of infant Thimerosal-containing hepatitis B vaccine (weighted n = 11,186,579), in comparison to an unexposed population (weighted n = 704,254), were at an increased risk of receipt of SES. This association was robust (crude odds ratio = 10.143, p = 0.0232), even when considering covariates, such as race and socioeconomic status (adjusted odds ratio = 9.234, p = 0.0259). Survey frequency modeling revealed that receipt of SES for the population that was exposed to three doses of Thimerosal-containing hepatitis B vaccine in infancy (12.91%) was significantly higher than the unexposed population (1.44%) (prevalence ratio = 8.96, p = 0.006, prevalence attributable rate = 0.1147). Despite the limitation of this cross-sectional study not being able to ascribe a direct cause-and-effect relationship between exposure and outcome, it is estimated that an additional 1.2 million boys received SES with excess education costs of about United States (US) $180 billion associated with exposure to Thimerosal-containing hepatitis B vaccine. By contrast, exposure to Thimerosal-reduced hepatitis B vaccine was not associated with an increased risk of receiving SES. Therefore, routine childhood vaccination is important to reduce the morbidity and mortality of infectious diseases, but every effort should be made to eliminate Thimerosal from all vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Geier
- Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Inc., Silver Spring, MD 20905, USA.
- CoMeD, Inc., Silver Spring, MD 20905, USA.
| | - Janet K Kern
- Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Inc., Silver Spring, MD 20905, USA.
- CoMeD, Inc., Silver Spring, MD 20905, USA.
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), US Autism Research Group, Allen, TX 75013, USA.
| | - Kristin G Homme
- International Academy of Oral Medicine and Toxicology, Champions Gate, FL 33896, USA.
| | - Mark R Geier
- Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Inc., Silver Spring, MD 20905, USA.
- CoMeD, Inc., Silver Spring, MD 20905, USA.
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Pantaleão TU, Ferreira ACF, Santos MCS, Figueiredo ÁSP, Louzada RAN, Rosenthal D, Carvalho DP, Corrêa da Costa VM. Effect of thimerosal on thyroid hormones metabolism in rats. Endocr Connect 2017; 6:741-747. [PMID: 29101249 PMCID: PMC5670274 DOI: 10.1530/ec-17-0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mercury seems to exert an inhibitory effect on deiodinases, but there are few studies using Thimerosal (TM) as the mercury source. We aimed to elucidate the effect of TM on thyroid hormones peripheral metabolism. Adult Wistar female rats received 0.25 µg or 250 µg TM/100 g BW, IM, twice a week, for a month. We evaluated serum total T3 and T4, D1 activity using 125I-rT3 as tracer, and D2 activity using 125I-T4 NADPH oxidase activity was measured by Amplex-red/HRP method and mRNA levels by real time PCR. Serum T4 was increased and T3 decreased by the greatest dose of TM. Even though D1 activity in pituitary and kidney was reduced by the highest dose of TM, hepatic D1 activity and D1 mRNA levels remained unchanged. D2 activity was also significantly decreased by the highest dose of TM in all CNS samples tested, except cerebellum, but D2 mRNA was unaltered. mRNA levels of the tested NADPH oxidases were not affected by TM and NADPH oxidase activity was either unaltered or decreased. Our results indicate that TM might directly interact with deiodinases, inhibiting their activity probably by binding to their selenium catalytic site, without changes in enzyme expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago U Pantaleão
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris RosenthalInstituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andrea C F Ferreira
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris RosenthalInstituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- NUMPEXPólo de Xerém, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria C S Santos
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris RosenthalInstituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Álvaro S P Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris RosenthalInstituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ruy A N Louzada
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris RosenthalInstituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Doris Rosenthal
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris RosenthalInstituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Denise P Carvalho
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris RosenthalInstituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vânia M Corrêa da Costa
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris RosenthalInstituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Shakoor Z, Al-Mutairi AS, Al-Shenaifi AM, Al-Abdulsalam AM, Al-Shirah BZ, Al-Harbi SA. Screening for skin-sensitizing allergens among patients with clinically suspected allergic contact dermatitis. Saudi Med J 2017; 38:922-927. [PMID: 28889150 PMCID: PMC5654026 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2017.9.19864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To detect common skin-sensitizing agents among patients experiencing allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). Methods: This was a retrospective study of 152 patients with clinically suspected ACD who underwent patch testing in an allergy clinic at King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia between January 2012 and February 2015. Of these patients, only 74 (48%) patients reacted to one or more contact allergens. This group of patients included 58 (78.4%) women and 16 (21.6%) men (mean age: 37.8±13.8 years). Patch testing was performed using the thin-layer rapid-use epicutaneous patch test panels. Results: Nickel sulfate was the most common sensitizing agent, with 26 (35.1%) patients yielding a positive result; followed by p-phenylenediamine in 17 (22.9%), butyl-tetra-phenol formaldehyde in 12 (16.2%), gold sodium thiosulfate in 10 (13.5%), and thimerosal in 6 (8.1%) patients. Nickel reactivity was significantly higher among women (41.4%) than among men (12.5%) (p<0.0001). Similarly, gold reactivity among women (15.5%) was also higher than among men (6.2%) (p≤0.02). Conclusion: The high level of skin sensitization due to nickel, PPD, and gold in patients with ACD emphasizes the need for measures to decrease exposure to these sensitizing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Shakoor
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail.
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Dórea JG. Abating Mercury Exposure in Young Children Should Include Thimerosal-Free Vaccines. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:2673-2685. [PMID: 28439753 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2277-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric immunization is essential to prevent, control and eradicate children`s infectious diseases. Newborns and infants in less developed countries have a concentrated schedule of Thimerosal-containing vaccines (TCVs); pregnant mothers are also immunized with TCVs. Metabolic changes during early development are demonstrably an important risk factor for ethylmercury (EtHg) effects on neurodevelopment, while exposure to Thimerosal sensitizes susceptible individuals to life-long contact dermatitis. Concerns regarding toxicity of Hg have moved rich nations to withdraw it from medicines and, in particular, Thimerosal from pediatric vaccines; it has been more than 20 years since rich countries started using Thimerosal-free vaccines. TCVs and Thimerosal-free vaccines show dissimilar profiles of adverse effects. Thimerosal-free vaccines have shown a decrease in contact dermatitis, while TCVs showed a significant association with increased risk of tic disorders; in some circumstances, EtHg in combination with other neurotoxic substances negatively impacted neurobehavioral tests. In studies that explored vaccines and risk of tics, Thimerosal was a necessary factor. However, when the binary exposure to organic Hg forms (TCV-EtHg and fish-MeHg) was considered, effects on neurobehavioral tests were inconsistent. CONCLUSIONS (a) The indiscriminate use of pediatric-TCVs in less developed countries carries an unjustifiable and excessive EtHg exposure with an unnecessary risk of neurotoxicity to the developing brain; (b) measurable benefits (of Thimerosal-free) and measurable risks of tic disorders have been associated with the (Thimerosal-containing) type of vaccine;
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Affiliation(s)
- José G Dórea
- Professor Emeritus, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidade de Brasília, 70919-970, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
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Chellini E, Maurello MT, Cortini B, Aprea C. Human bio-monitoring study around a plant that recycles and refines precious metals in Central Italy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 584-585:348-354. [PMID: 28185735 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In an area characterized by the presence of a plant that recycles and refines precious metals the study aims to evaluate the exposure to the plant emissions of the residents in the neighbourhood using human urinary biomarkers, in comparison with those obtained in a reference and in an urban area and with the data concerning dispersions of plant emissions obtained through a specific diffusional model. 153 subjects in the study area, 95 in the urban area and 55 in the reference area, aged 18-60years, answered to a self-administered questionnaire and collected their 24-h urine. Urinary concentrations of antimony, silver, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, mercury, nickel, platinum, creatinine, and the porphyrin patterns were detected. The results for the 3 areas were compared using parametric and non-parametric tests. Significant higher concentrations of mercury, cadmium, silver and nickel are observed in the study area in comparison with the reference area, but no differential distribution was observed by different levels of environmental pollution defined by the study's diffusion model, and no correlation was found between the concentrations of altered urinary porphyrin and metals. Life styles being equal, residents in the study area as well as residents in the urban area have high urinary levels of mercury, silver and nickel in comparison with the reference area, suggesting common environmental pressures probably related to diffuse gold processing activities, suggesting common environmental pressures. The excess of cadmium only in the study area suggests a role played by exposure to plant emissions, even if a differential distribution was not observed by different levels of environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Chellini
- Unit of Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology, Cancer Prevention and Research Institute (ISPO), Florence, Italy.
| | - Maria Teresa Maurello
- Hygiene and Public Health Service, Local Health Administration South-East Tuscany, Arezzo, Italy
| | - Barbara Cortini
- Unit of Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology, Cancer Prevention and Research Institute (ISPO), Florence, Italy
| | - Cristina Aprea
- Public Health Laboratory, Local Health Administration South-East Tuscany, Siena, Italy
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Bjørklund G, Aaseth J, Ajsuvakova OP, Nikonorov AA, Skalny AV, Skalnaya MG, Tinkov AA. Molecular interaction between mercury and selenium in neurotoxicity. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Geier DA, Kern JK, Homme KG, Geier MR. Abnormal Brain Connectivity Spectrum Disorders Following Thimerosal Administration: A Prospective Longitudinal Case-Control Assessment of Medical Records in the Vaccine Safety Datalink. Dose Response 2017; 15:1559325817690849. [PMID: 28539852 PMCID: PMC5433557 DOI: 10.1177/1559325817690849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), tic disorder (TD), and hyperkinetic syndrome of childhood (attention deficit disorder [ADD]/attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [ADHD]) are disorders recently defined as abnormal connectivity spectrum disorders (ACSDs) because they show a similar pattern of abnormal brain connectivity. This study examines whether these disorders are associated with exposure to thimerosal, a mercury (Hg)-based preservative. METHODS A hypothesis testing case-control study evaluated the Vaccine Safety Datalink for the potential dose-dependent odds ratios (ORs) for diagnoses of ASD, TD, and ADD/ADHD compared to controls, following exposure to Hg from thimerosal-containing Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines administrated within the first 15 months of life. Febrile seizures, cerebral degeneration, and unspecified disorders of metabolism, which are not biologically plausibly linked to thimerosal, were examined as control outcomes. RESULTS On a per 25 μg Hg basis, cases diagnosed with ASD (OR = 1.493), TD (OR = 1.428), or ADD/ADHD (OR = 1.503) were significantly (P < .001) more likely than controls to have received increased Hg exposure. Similar relationships were observed when separated by gender. Cases diagnosed with control outcomes were no more likely than controls to have received increased Hg exposure. CONCLUSION The results suggest that Hg exposure from thimerosal is significantly associated with the ACSDs of ASD, TD, and ADD/ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Geier
- Department of Research, The Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Inc, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- CoMeD, Inc, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Janet K. Kern
- Department of Research, The Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Inc, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- CoMeD, Inc, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- CONEM US Autism Research Group, Allen, TX, USA
| | - Kristin G. Homme
- International Academy of Oral Medicine and Toxicology, ChampionsGate, FL, USA
| | - Mark R. Geier
- Department of Research, The Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Inc, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- CoMeD, Inc, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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Kern JK, Geier DA, Homme KG, King PG, Bjørklund G, Chirumbolo S, Geier MR. Developmental neurotoxicants and the vulnerable male brain: a systematic review of suspected neurotoxicants that disproportionally affect males. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2017. [DOI: 10.21307/ane-2017-061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Lohren H, Bornhorst J, Fitkau R, Pohl G, Galla HJ, Schwerdtle T. Effects on and transfer across the blood-brain barrier in vitro-Comparison of organic and inorganic mercury species. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2016; 17:63. [PMID: 27978854 PMCID: PMC5159962 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-016-0106-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Transport of methylmercury (MeHg) across the blood-brain barrier towards the brain side is well discussed in literature, while ethylmercury (EtHg) and inorganic mercury are not adequately characterized regarding their entry into the brain. Studies investigating a possible efflux out of the brain are not described to our knowledge. Methods This study compares, for the first time, effects of organic methylmercury chloride (MeHgCl), EtHg-containing thiomersal and inorganic Hg chloride (HgCl2) on as well as their transfer across a primary porcine in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier. Results With respect to the barrier integrity, the barrier model exhibited a much higher sensitivity towards HgCl2 following basolateral incubation (brain-facing side) as compared to apical application (blood-facing side). These HgCl2 induced effects on the barrier integrity after brain side incubation are comparable to that of the organic species, although MeHgCl and thiomersal exerted much higher cytotoxic effects in the barrier building cells. Hg transfer rates following exposure to organic species in both directions argue for diffusion as transfer mechanism. Inorganic Hg application surprisingly resulted in a Hg transfer out of the brain-facing compartment. Conclusions In case of MeHgCl and thiomersal incubation, mercury crossed the barrier in both directions, with a slight accumulation in the basolateral, brain-facing compartment, after simultaneous incubation in both compartments. For HgCl2, our data provide first evidence that the blood-brain barrier transfers mercury out of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Lohren
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, Univeristy of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Julia Bornhorst
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, Univeristy of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Romy Fitkau
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, Univeristy of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Gabriele Pohl
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, Univeristy of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Tanja Schwerdtle
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, Univeristy of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
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Effects of Thimerosal on Lipid Bilayers and Human Erythrocytes: An In Vitro Study. J Membr Biol 2016; 249:823-831. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-016-9933-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Kern JK, Geier DA, Sykes LK, Haley BE, Geier MR. The relationship between mercury and autism: A comprehensive review and discussion. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2016; 37:8-24. [PMID: 27473827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The brain pathology in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) indicates marked and ongoing inflammatory reactivity with concomitant neuronal damage. These findings are suggestive of neuronal insult as a result of external factors, rather than some type of developmental mishap. Various xenobiotics have been suggested as possible causes of this pathology. In a recent review, the top ten environmental compounds suspected of causing autism and learning disabilities were listed and they included: lead, methyl-mercury, polychorinated biphenyls, organophosphate pesticides, organochlorine pesticides, endocrine disruptors, automotive exhaust, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and perfluorinated compounds. This current review, however, will focus specifically on mercury exposure and ASD by conducting a comprehensive literature search of original studies in humans that examine the potential relationship between mercury and ASD, categorizing, summarizing, and discussing the published research that addresses this topic. This review found 91 studies that examine the potential relationship between mercury and ASD from 1999 to February 2016. Of these studies, the vast majority (74%) suggest that mercury is a risk factor for ASD, revealing both direct and indirect effects. The preponderance of the evidence indicates that mercury exposure is causal and/or contributory in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet K Kern
- Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Inc., 14 Redgate Court, Silver Spring, MD, 20905 USA; Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine, Mo i Rana, Norway; CoMeD, Inc., 14 Redgate Court, Silver Spring, MD, 20905 USA.
| | - David A Geier
- Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Inc., 14 Redgate Court, Silver Spring, MD, 20905 USA; CoMeD, Inc., 14 Redgate Court, Silver Spring, MD, 20905 USA
| | - Lisa K Sykes
- CoMeD, Inc., 14 Redgate Court, Silver Spring, MD, 20905 USA
| | - Boyd E Haley
- University of Kentucky, 410 Administration Drive, Lexington, KY, 40506 USA
| | - Mark R Geier
- Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Inc., 14 Redgate Court, Silver Spring, MD, 20905 USA; CoMeD, Inc., 14 Redgate Court, Silver Spring, MD, 20905 USA
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Research directives toward deciphering adverse outcome pathways induced by environmental metallotoxins. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Marques RC, Abreu L, Bernardi JVE, Dórea JG. Neurodevelopment of Amazonian children exposed to ethylmercury (from Thimerosal in vaccines) and methylmercury (from fish). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 149:259-265. [PMID: 26774584 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have addressed co-occurring methylmercury (MeHg) from maternal origin and ethylmercury (EtHg) from Thimerosal-containing vaccines (TCVs) during infant's neurodevelopment. We studied children (n=1139) from the Western Amazon based on combined (low, intermediate, and high) exposure to chronic MeHg from fish consumption and acute TCV- EtHg. Neurodevelopment outcomes were age of walking and age of talking, and the Bayley Scale of Infant Development (BSID). The Mental Developmental Index (MDI) and Psychomotor Developmental Index (PDI) were measured at six and 24 months of age. Median hair-Hg (HHg) at birth was 6.4µgg(-1) in mothers, and 1.94µgg(-1) in newborns; total (pregnancy and infancy) EtHg exposure ranged from 0 to 187.5µg. The combined (MeHg+EtHg) exposure showed significant differences for MDI but not for PDI; however, there was a significant decrease in both MDI and PDI scores at 24 months. The increase in BSID delays (scores <80) between six and 24 months was not discernible with regards to EtHg or MeHg exposure. We found a statistically significant increase in neurodevelopmental (BSID) delays related to the combined exposure to Hg (MeHg>EtHg). Neurodevelopment delays due to low-doses of organic mercury (albeit undiscernible) are not predictable but can be avoided by choosing low-Hg fish and providing Thimerosal-free vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rejane C Marques
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro CEP 27930-560, RJ, Brazil.
| | | | | | - José G Dórea
- Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, 7 0919-970, DF, Brazil.
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Geier DA, Kern JK, Homme KG, Sykes LK, Geier MR. Thimerosal-containing Hepatitis B Vaccine Exposure is Highly Associated with Childhood Obesity: A Case-control Study Using the Vaccine Safety Datalink. NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2016; 8:297-306. [PMID: 27583238 PMCID: PMC4982359 DOI: 10.4103/1947-2714.187148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity among children and adolescents in the United States has tripled since 1980, and has become a major public health concern. AIMS The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential relationship between exposure to organic mercury from Thimerosal-containing hepatitis B vaccines and the children's subsequent risk of an obesity diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A hypothesis-testing, case-control study was undertaken to evaluate exposure to organic mercury from Thimerosal-containing hepatitis B vaccines, which were administered at specific intervals in the first 6 months of life, among cases diagnosed with childhood obesity and controls by examining automated medical records for children born from 1991 to 2000 who were continuously enrolled in the Vaccine Safety Datalink database. RESULTS This study found highly significant associations as follows. Cases diagnosed with obesity were significantly (P < 0.00001) more likely to have received greater exposure to organic mercury from Thimerosal-containing hepatitis B vaccines administered within the first month of life (odds ratio (OR) =1.511), first 2 months of life (OR = 1.486), and first 6 months of life (OR = 3.795) than the controls. Similar outcomes were observed when the overall data were separated by gender. In a dose-response manner, cases diagnosed with obesity were significantly more likely than controls to have received greater exposure to organic mercury from Thimerosal-containing hepatitis B vaccines, which were administered within the first 6 months of life (OR = 1.0375 per μg of mercury, P < 0.00001). CONCLUSIONS In a dose-response manner, the present study associates an increased organic mercury exposure from Thimerosal-containing hepatitis B vaccines with an increased risk of obesity diagnosis, and suggests that Thimerosal is an obesogen. The results are biologically plausible and future studies are needed to examine this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Geier
- Department of Research, Institute of Chronic Illnesses Inc., MD, USA
- Department of Research, CoMeD, Inc., Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Janet K. Kern
- Department of Research, Institute of Chronic Illnesses Inc., MD, USA
- Department of Research, CoMeD, Inc., Silver Spring, MD, USA
- CONEM US Autism Research Group, Allen, TX, USA
| | - Kristin G. Homme
- International Academy of Oral Medicine and Toxicology, Champions Gate, FL, USA
| | - Lisa K. Sykes
- Department of Research, CoMeD, Inc., Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Mark R. Geier
- Department of Research, Institute of Chronic Illnesses Inc., MD, USA
- Department of Research, CoMeD, Inc., Silver Spring, MD, USA
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Bröker M, Berti F, Costantino P. Factors contributing to the immunogenicity of meningococcal conjugate vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:1808-24. [PMID: 26934310 PMCID: PMC4964817 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1153206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Various glycoprotein conjugate vaccines have been developed for the prevention of invasive meningococcal disease, having significant advantages over pure polysaccharide vaccines. One of the most important features of the conjugate vaccines is the induction of a T-cell dependent immune response, which enables both the induction of immune memory and a booster response after repeated immunization. The nature of the carrier protein to which the polysaccharides are chemically linked, is often regarded as the main component of the vaccine in determining its immunogenicity. However, other factors can have a significant impact on the vaccine's profile. In this review, we explore the physico-chemical properties of meningococcal conjugate vaccines, which can significantly contribute to the vaccine's immunogenicity. We demonstrate that the carrier is not the sole determining factor of the vaccine's profile, but, moreover, that the conjugate vaccine's immunogenicity is the result of multiple physico-chemical structures and characteristics.
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Heavy Metals and Human Health: Mechanistic Insight into Toxicity and Counter Defense System of Antioxidants. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:29592-630. [PMID: 26690422 PMCID: PMC4691126 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 511] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heavy metals, which have widespread environmental distribution and originate from natural and anthropogenic sources, are common environmental pollutants. In recent decades, their contamination has increased dramatically because of continuous discharge in sewage and untreated industrial effluents. Because they are non-degradable, they persist in the environment; accordingly, they have received a great deal of attention owing to their potential health and environmental risks. Although the toxic effects of metals depend on the forms and routes of exposure, interruptions of intracellular homeostasis include damage to lipids, proteins, enzymes and DNA via the production of free radicals. Following exposure to heavy metals, their metabolism and subsequent excretion from the body depends on the presence of antioxidants (glutathione, α-tocopherol, ascorbate, etc.) associated with the quenching of free radicals by suspending the activity of enzymes (catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase). Therefore, this review was written to provide a deep understanding of the mechanisms involved in eliciting their toxicity in order to highlight the necessity for development of strategies to decrease exposure to these metals, as well as to identify substances that contribute significantly to overcome their hazardous effects within the body of living organisms.
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Pigatto PD, Guzzi G. Thimerosal: An allergen for patch testing. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 468:230. [PMID: 26485254 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo D Pigatto
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Unit of Oral Pathology and Medicine, IRCCS Galeazzi Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Guzzi
- Italian Association for Metals and Biocompatibility Research - A.I.R.M.E.B., Milan, Italy.
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Vaccination and Risk for Developing Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Meta-Analysis of Case-Control and Cohort Studies. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 13:1405-15.e1; quiz e130. [PMID: 25956840 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2015.04.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Environmental factors may play a key role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Whether vaccination is associated causally with IBD is controversial. We performed a meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies on the association between vaccination and the risk for IBD. METHODS Studies and abstracts investigating the relationship between vaccination and subsequent risk for developing IBD were reviewed. Childhood or adult immunizations with any vaccine type, at any dose, and with any vaccine schedule were used as inclusion criteria. RESULTS Eleven studies were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis: 8 case-control studies and 3 cohort studies. Studied vaccines were bacille Calmette-Guérin), vaccines against diphtheria, tetanus, smallpox, poliomyelitis, pertussis, H1N1, measles, rubella, mumps, and the combined measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine. Only a few details about vaccine type or route of administration were found in studies. Overall, there was no association between childhood immunization and risk for developing IBD: bacille Calmette-Guérin, relative risk (RR) of 1.04 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.78-1.38), diphtheria, RR of 1.24 (95% CI, 0.80-1.94), tetanus, RR of 1.27 (95% CI, 0.77-2.08), smallpox, RR of 1.08 (95% CI, 0.70-1.67), poliomyelitis, RR of 1.79 (95% CI, 0.88-3.66), an measles containing vaccines, RR of 1.33 (95% CI, 0.31-5.80) in cohort studies, and RR of 0.85 (95% CI, 0.60-1.20) in case-control studies. Subgroup analysis for Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) found an association between the poliomyelitis vaccine and risk for developing CD (RR, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.12-4.63) or UC (RR, 3.48; 95% CI, 1.2-9.71). The RR of developing IBD after H1N1 vaccination was 1.13 (95% CI, 0.97-1.32). CONCLUSIONS Results of this meta-analysis show no evidence supporting an association between childhood immunization or H1N1 vaccination in adults and risk of developing IBD. The association between the poliomyelitis vaccine and the risk for CD or UC should be analyzed with caution because of study heterogeneity.
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