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Miron RJ, Estrin NE, Sculean A, Zhang Y. Understanding exosomes: Part 2-Emerging leaders in regenerative medicine. Periodontol 2000 2024; 94:257-414. [PMID: 38591622 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes are the smallest subset of extracellular signaling vesicles secreted by most cells with the ability to communicate with other tissues and cell types over long distances. Their use in regenerative medicine has gained tremendous momentum recently due to their ability to be utilized as therapeutic options for a wide array of diseases/conditions. Over 5000 publications are currently being published yearly on this topic, and this number is only expected to dramatically increase as novel therapeutic strategies continue to be developed. Today exosomes have been applied in numerous contexts including neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer's disease, central nervous system, depression, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, post-traumatic stress disorders, traumatic brain injury, peripheral nerve injury), damaged organs (heart, kidney, liver, stroke, myocardial infarctions, myocardial infarctions, ovaries), degenerative processes (atherosclerosis, diabetes, hematology disorders, musculoskeletal degeneration, osteoradionecrosis, respiratory disease), infectious diseases (COVID-19, hepatitis), regenerative procedures (antiaging, bone regeneration, cartilage/joint regeneration, osteoarthritis, cutaneous wounds, dental regeneration, dermatology/skin regeneration, erectile dysfunction, hair regrowth, intervertebral disc repair, spinal cord injury, vascular regeneration), and cancer therapy (breast, colorectal, gastric cancer and osteosarcomas), immune function (allergy, autoimmune disorders, immune regulation, inflammatory diseases, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis). This scoping review is a first of its kind aimed at summarizing the extensive regenerative potential of exosomes over a broad range of diseases and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Miron
- Department of Periodontology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nathan E Estrin
- Advanced PRF Education, Venice, Florida, USA
- School of Dental Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, Florida, USA
| | - Anton Sculean
- Department of Periodontology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- Department of Oral Implantology, University of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
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Dianat B, La Torraca P, Manfredi A, Cassone G, Vacchi C, Sebastiani M, Pancaldi F. Classification of pulmonary sounds through deep learning for the diagnosis of interstitial lung diseases secondary to connective tissue diseases. Comput Biol Med 2023; 160:106928. [PMID: 37156223 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.106928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Early diagnosis of interstitial lung diseases secondary to connective tissue diseases is critical for the treatment and survival of patients. The symptoms, like dry cough and dyspnea, appear late in the clinical history and are not specific, moreover, the current approach to confirm the diagnosis of interstitial lung disease is based on high resolution computer tomography. However, computer tomography involves x-ray exposure for patients and high costs for the Health System, therefore preventing its use for a massive screening campaign in elder people. In this work we investigate the use of deep learning techniques for the classification of pulmonary sounds acquired from patients affected by connective tissue diseases. The novelty of the work consists of a suitably developed pre-processing pipeline for de-noising and data augmentation. The proposed approach is combined with a clinical study where the ground truth is represented by high resolution computer tomography. Various convolutional neural networks have provided an overall accuracy as high as 91% in the classification of lung sounds and have led to an overwhelming diagnostic accuracy in the range 91%-93%. Modern high performance hardware for edge computing can easily support our algorithms. This solution paves the way for a vast screening campaign of interstitial lung diseases in elder people on the basis of a non-invasive and cheap thoracic auscultation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnood Dianat
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Department of Sciences and Methods for Engineering, Via G. Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Artificial Intelligence Research and Innovation Center (AIRI), Via Pietro Vivarelli 10, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Paolo La Torraca
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Department of Sciences and Methods for Engineering, Via G. Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Andreina Manfredi
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Transplant Surgery, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine Relevance, via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy; Azienda Policlinico di Modena, Rheumatology Unit, via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Giulia Cassone
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Transplant Surgery, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine Relevance, via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy; Azienda Policlinico di Modena, Rheumatology Unit, via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Caterina Vacchi
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Transplant Surgery, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine Relevance, via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy; Azienda Policlinico di Modena, Rheumatology Unit, via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Marco Sebastiani
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Transplant Surgery, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine Relevance, via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy; Azienda Policlinico di Modena, Rheumatology Unit, via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Pancaldi
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Department of Sciences and Methods for Engineering, Via G. Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Artificial Intelligence Research and Innovation Center (AIRI), Via Pietro Vivarelli 10, 41125 Modena, Italy.
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Durán Barata D, Jaureguizar Oriol A, Loarce Martos J, Morell Hita JL, de la Puente Bujidos C, Rigual Bobillo J. Progressive pulmonary fibrosis in systemic autoimmune diseases. A real life study. REUMATOLOGÍA CLÍNICA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2023; 19:211-214. [PMID: 37005131 DOI: 10.1016/j.reumae.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Interstitial lung diseases associated with systemic autoimmune diseases (ILD-SAD) can progress to a fibrotic form that can benefit from antifibrotic treatment. The aim of the study is to describe a cohort of patients with ILD-SAD who manifest progressive pulmonary fibrosis treated with antifibrotics. METHODS Single-centre retrospective observational study from a tertiary care hospital on a cohort of patients with ILD-SAD with progressive pulmonary fibrosis evaluated in a joint pulmonology and rheumatology clinic that initiated treatment with antifibrotic drugs between 01/01/2019 and 01/12/2021. Clinical characteristics were analysed. The evolution of pulmonary function test and adverse effects during treatment were described. RESULTS 18 patients were included. The mean age was 66.7 ± 12.7 years, with a higher frequency of females (66.7%). Systemic sclerosis (SS) was the most frequent systemic autoimmune disease (36.8%). The majority of patients were receiving systemic glucocorticoid treatment (88.9%), 72.2% of patients were receiving treatment with disease-modifying drugs, the most frequent being mycophenolate mofetil (38.9%), and 22.2% with rituximab. Functional stability was observed after the start of antifibrotic treatment. Two patients died during follow-up, one due to progression of ILD. CONCLUSION Our study suggests a beneficial effect of antifibrotic treatment added to immunomodulatory treatment in patients with fibrotic ILD-SAD in real life. In our cohort, patients with ILD-SAD with progressive fibrosing involvement show functional stability after starting antifibrotic treatment. Treatment tolerance was relatively good with a side effect profile similar to that described in the medical literature.
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Lu M, Gong L, Huang C, Ye M, Wang H, Liu Y, Liu D. Analysis of Clinical Characteristics of Connective Tissue Disease-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease in 161 Patients: A Retrospective Study. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:8617-8625. [PMID: 36545245 PMCID: PMC9762753 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s391146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study was conducted to retrospectively analyze the clinical characteristics of CTD-ILD patients to provide strategies for clinical management. Methods This study collected and analyzed the clinical data and relevant examination results of 161 patients diagnosed with CTD-ILD between 01 January 2018 and 01 January 2021. Results A total of 161 CTD-ILD patients, 74.53% were females and 25.47% were males, 32.92% were elderly and 67.08% were non-elderly. The main clinical symptoms of CTD-ILD patients were cough (44.72%), decreased activity tolerance (40.37%). RA-ILD was the most common one in the non-elderly and the elderly CTD-ILD patients (48.15% and 50.94%, respectively). Compared with non-elderly, elderly patients with CTD-ILD had a longer duration of CTD (p=0.04). However, fatigue (p=0.005), activity tolerance (p=0.029), the incidence of pulmonary diffusion dysfunction (p=0.047), and systemic immunoinflammatory index (SII, p=0.014) (platelet × NLR) were all decreased. The standard deviation of red blood cell distribution width (RDW) (p=0.024) and immunoglobulin (IgA) (p=0.033) was significantly increased. The smoking index was significantly higher in men than in women with CTD-ILD (p=0.000), but symptoms of reduced activity tolerance were less pronounced than in women (p<0.05). Elderly CTD-ILD patients (p=0.003) and women from non-elderly patients were prone to lower hemoglobin (p=0.000). Among the elderly, the lymphocyte ratio was more significantly elevated in female CTD-ILD patients than in males (p=0.018). In contrast, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and SII were lower in female (p=0.038) than in male CTD-ILD patients (p=0.043). Conclusion CTD-ILD mainly affects non-elderly and women. Age may not be involved with decreased activity tolerance and increased lung function impairment in CTD-ILD patients. However, the elderly patients with CTD-ILD, especially the elderly female patients with low inflammation levels and high immune disorders, have a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Lu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Zunyi), Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Gong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Zunyi), Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengyan Huang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Zunyi), Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meng Ye
- Scientific Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Zunyi), Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongping Wang
- Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Liu
- Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Daishun Liu
- Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Daishun Liu, Zunyi Medical University, No. 6 Xuefu West Road, Xinpu New District, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, People’s Republic of China, Email
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Yao L, Huang Y, Xu A. Prognostic factors of severe pneumonia in patients treated with rituximab in the intensive care unit. J Int Med Res 2022; 50:3000605211063281. [PMID: 35350908 PMCID: PMC8973072 DOI: 10.1177/03000605211063281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics and prognostic factors of patients treated with rituximab (RTX) who developed severe pneumonia in the intensive care unit (ICU). Methods We systematically reviewed the medical records of 40 patients who received RTX and developed severe pneumonia in the ICU at our hospital from January 2009 to January 2019 to evaluate the underlying conditions, clinical course, and possible prognostic factors. Results Most patients had underlying hematologic malignancies (n = 21, 52.5%), followed by rheumatologic diseases (n = 17, 42.5%). The most frequent causative pathogens were fungi (n = 11, 27.5%), followed by bacteria (n = 9, 22.5%) and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (n = 8, 20%). Thirty patients (75%) died, and the other 10 patients (25%) survived. Compared with survivors, patients who died were significantly older (60.6 ± 10.6 vs 44.4 ± 18.3 years) and had chronic lung disease (40% vs 0%). Conclusion Older age and chronic lung disease were significantly associated with mortality in patients treated with RTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Yao
- Department of Nephrology, Lishui Central Hospital; Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University; the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou University, Lishui, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Andi Xu
- Department of Rheumatology, Lishui central hospital, Lishui hospital of Zhejiang University, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
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Acosta Fernández O, Aburto Barrenetxea M, Llanos González AB, Rodríguez Nieto MJ, Molina Molina M, Valenzuela C. Manejo de las enfermedades pulmonares intersticiales difusas (EPID) asociadas a enfermedades autoinmunes, por el neumólogo en las diferentes unidades de EPID en España. OPEN RESPIRATORY ARCHIVES 2022. [PMID: 37497172 PMCID: PMC10369650 DOI: 10.1016/j.opresp.2022.100160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of the study was to know the management of patients with diffuse interstitial lung disease (ILD) associated with a systemic autoimmune diseases (SAD) in pulmonology outpatient clinics in Spain. Methodology The ILD work area of the Spanish Society of Pulmonology and Thoracic Surgery (SEPAR) designed a self-completed questionnaire of 25 questions, on aspects related to the diagnosis and treatment of ILD-SAD. This was distributed among the attendees of the winter meeting of the ILD Area and later via e-mail to all the members of the ILD area of SEPAR. Participation was anonymous, voluntary and without consideration. Results 74 pulmonologists from 58 hospitals participated. 77% had a specialized ILD consultation. All Units with SEPAR accreditation had a committee made up of pulmonologists and radiologists and a majority participation of pathologists and rheumatologists. In 75% of the centers there was a close collaboration with Rheumatology for the management of ILD-SAD. 85% considered that the frequency of ILD-SAD consults is increasing, the most frequent being ILD associated with rheumatoid arthritis. The treatment of ILD-SAD is decided by consensus between pulmonologist and rheumatologist in 91.3% of the cases. 67% of pulmonologists consider that immunosuppressants and biological therapies can slow down the progression of ILD-SAD. 51% use antifibrotics therapies in these pathologies. Conclusions Almost all of the accredited Spanish ILD Units by SEPAR have established collaborations with Rheumatology for the adequate management of patients with ILD-SAD, this practice having been extended to units not yet accredited.
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Chiu YH, Spierings J, de Jong PA, Hoesein FM, Grutters JC, van Laar JM, Voortman M. Predictors for progressive fibrosis in patients with connective tissue disease associated interstitial lung diseases. Respir Med 2021; 187:106579. [PMID: 34438351 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2021.106579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Connective tissue disease associated interstitial lung disease (CTD-ILD) is associated with decreased quality of life and high mortality risk. Outcome and treatment response is unpredictable. This study aimed to identify clinical predictors for CTD-ILD with poor outcome. METHODS We performed a retrospective single centre cohort study in outpatients with CTD-ILD seen between 2004 and 2018. Clinical and biochemical data, pulmonary function tests (PFT) and high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) results were analysed. Overall survival and progressive fibrosing ILD (PF-ILD, defined as a significant deterioration of PFT or HRCT) after two years of follow-up were assessed. RESULTS In total, 150 patients with CTD-ILD were included. Thirty (20%) deaths occurred during a median follow-up of 40 months (IQR 27.3-60.8), which were attributed to pulmonary infection in six (4%), respiratory failure due to PF-ILD in ten (7%) and due to other causes in fourteen patients. PF-ILD occurred in 76 (50.7%) patients and was associated with poor overall survival (adjusted HR 5.73, 95%CI 1.17-28.11). Age, smoking, C-reactive protein, and steroid-use were independently associated with increased mortality risk as well. Furthermore, patients with diabetes mellitus (adjusted OR 4.52, 95%CI 1.10-18.51), steroid-use (adjusted OR 2.26, 95%CI 1.04-4.93), and a fibrotic HRCT pattern at baseline (adjusted OR 3.11, 95%CI 1.15-8.38) had a higher risk of PF-ILD. CONCLUSION PF-ILD is associated with increased mortality in patients with CTD-ILD. Patients with a fibrotic HRCT pattern at baseline, diabetes mellitus and steroid-use have a higher risk of developing PF-ILD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsiang Chiu
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Division of Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Julia Spierings
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Pim A de Jong
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jan C Grutters
- Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Pulmonology, ILD Center of Excellence, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Jacob M van Laar
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Mareye Voortman
- Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Ibrahim A, Ibrahim A, Parimon T. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications of Extracellular Vesicles in Interstitial Lung Diseases. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11010087. [PMID: 33430301 PMCID: PMC7825759 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) are chronic irreversible pulmonary conditions with significant morbidity and mortality. Diagnostic approaches to ILDs are complex and multifactorial. Effective therapeutic interventions are continuously investigated and explored with substantial progress, thanks to advances in basic understanding and translational efforts. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) offer a new paradigm in diagnosis and treatment. This leads to two significant implications: new disease biomarker discovery that enables reliable diagnosis and disease assessment and the development of regenerative medicine therapeutics that target fibroproliferative processes in diseased lung tissue. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the role of diseased tissue-derived EVs in the development of interstitial lung diseases, the utility of these EVs as diagnostic and prognostic tools, and the existing therapeutic utility of EVs. Furthermore, we review the potential therapeutic application of EVs derived from various cellular sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman Ibrahim
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland/Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans, LA 70121, USA;
| | - Ahmed Ibrahim
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
| | - Tanyalak Parimon
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-310-248-8069
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Manfredi A, Cassone G, Vacchi C, Pancaldi F, Della Casa G, Cerri S, De Pasquale L, Luppi F, Salvarani C, Sebastiani M. Usefulness of digital velcro crackles detection in identification of interstitial lung disease in patients with connective tissue diseases. Arch Rheumatol 2020; 36:19-25. [PMID: 34046565 PMCID: PMC8140864 DOI: 10.46497/archrheumatol.2021.7975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives
This study aims to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the VECTOR software in patients with connective tissue diseases (CTDs), compared with the reference standard of high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT). Patients and methods
The study included 98 consecutive patients of CTD (24 males, 74 females; median age 66 years; range, 24 to 85 years) with a recent HRCT. Patients were evaluated in a blindly manner by VECTOR and the results obtained by the algorithm were compared with the presence of interstitial lung disease (ILD) according to HRCT. Results
Interstitial lung disease was detected in 42.8% of subjects. VECTOR correctly classified 81/98 patients, with a diagnostic accuracy of 82.6%; sensitivity and specificity were 88.1% and 78.6%, respectively. Only 5/42 patients with ILD were not correctly classified by VECTOR, while false positive cases were 21.4%. No significant differences were observed according to the radiologic pattern of ILD. Conclusion VECTOR showed high sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy, allowing selecting patients to be investigated with HRCT. The relatively high frequency rate of false positive results is acceptable if compared with the lack of effective screening methods for this complication of CTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreina Manfredi
- Rheumatology Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giulia Cassone
- Department of Sciences and Methods For Engineering, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Caterina Vacchi
- Department of Sciences and Methods For Engineering, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Pancaldi
- Radiology Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Stefania Cerri
- Respiratory Unit, University of Milan-bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Lisa De Pasquale
- Rheumatology Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Luppi
- Rheumatology Unit, Irccs Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-irccs Di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Carlo Salvarani
- PhD Program In Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Marco Sebastiani
- Rheumatology Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- E. L. Nasonov
- V.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology;
I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Ministry of Health of Russia
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