1
|
Zupanc A, Install J, Weckman T, Melander MM, Heikkilä MJ, Kemell M, Honkala K, Repo T. Sequential Selective Dissolution of Coinage Metals in Recyclable Ionic Media. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202407147. [PMID: 38742485 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Coinage metals Cu, Ag, and Au are essential for modern electronics and their recycling from waste materials is becoming increasingly important to guarantee the security of their supply. Designing new sustainable and selective procedures that would substitute currently used processes is crucial. Here, we describe an unprecedented approach for the sequential dissolution of single metals from Cu, Ag, and Au mixtures using biomass-derived ionic solvents and green oxidants. First, Cu can be selectively dissolved in the presence of Ag and Au with a choline chloride/urea/H2O2 mixture, followed by the dissolution of Ag in lactic acid/H2O2. Finally, the metallic Au, which is not soluble in either solution above, is dissolved in choline chloride/urea/Oxone. Subsequently, the metals were simply and quantitatively recovered from dissolutions, and the solvents were recycled and reused. The applicability of the developed approach was demonstrated by recovering metals from electronic waste substrates such as printed circuit boards, gold fingers, and solar panels. The dissolution reactions and selectivity were explored with different analytical techniques and DFT calculations. We anticipate our approach will pave a new way for the contemporary and sustainable recycling of multi-metal waste substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anže Zupanc
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joseph Install
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Weckman
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Marko M Melander
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Mikko J Heikkilä
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marianna Kemell
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Karoliina Honkala
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Timo Repo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zupanc A, Install J, Jereb M, Repo T. Sustainable and Selective Modern Methods of Noble Metal Recycling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214453. [PMID: 36409274 PMCID: PMC10107291 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Noble metals exhibit broad arrange of applications in industry and several aspects of human life which are becoming more and more prevalent in modern times. Due to their limited sources and constantly and consistently expanding demand, recycling of secondary and waste materials must accompany the traditional mineral extractions. This Minireview covers the most recent solvometallurgical developments in regeneration of Pd, Pt, Rh, Ru, Ir, Os, Ag and Au with emphasis on sustainability and selectivity. Processing-by selective oxidative dissolution, reductive precipitation, solvent extraction, co-precipitation, membrane transfer and trapping to solid media-of eligible multi-metal substrates for recycling from waste printed circuit boards to end-of-life automotive catalysts are discussed. Outlook for possible future direction for noble metal recycling is proposed with emphasis on sustainable approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anže Zupanc
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55 (A. I. Virtasen aukio 1), 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Joseph Install
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55 (A. I. Virtasen aukio 1), 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjan Jereb
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Timo Repo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55 (A. I. Virtasen aukio 1), 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lobana TS, Thakur B, Aggarwal R, Butcher RJ, Zeller M, Jasinski JP. Synthesis and structures of dinuclear palladium complexes with 1,3-benzimidazolidine-2-thione and 1,3-imidazoline-2-thione. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2023; 79:79-84. [PMID: 36793404 PMCID: PMC9912462 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989023000166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and structures of dinuclear palladium complexes with 1,3-benz-imidazolidine-2-thione (bzimtH) and 1,3-imidazoline-2-thione (imtH) are reported, namely, bis-(μ-1H-benzimidazole-2-thiol-ato)-κ2 N 3:S;κ2 S:N 3-bis-[cyanido(tri-phenyl-phosphine-κP)palladium(II)], [Pd2(C7H5N2S)2(CN)2(C18H15P)2] or [Pd2(μ-N,S-bzimtH)2(CN)2(PPh3)2] (1), and bis-(μ-1H-imidazole-2-thiol-ato)-κ2 N 3:S;κ2 S:N 3-bis-[cyanido(tri-phenyl-phosphine-κP)palladium(II)] aceto-nitrile 0.58-solvate, [Pd2(C3H3N2S)2(CN)2(C18H15P)2]·0.58C2H3N or [Pd2(μ-N,S-imtH)2(CN)2(PPh3)2]·0.58C2H3N (2). The compound [Pd2(μ-N,S-bzimtH)2(CN)2(PPh3)2] is located on a crystallographic twofold axis while [Pd2(μ-N,S-imtH)2(CN)2(PPh3)2]. 0.58(C2H3N) contains two partially occupied aceto-nitrile solvent mol-ecules with occupancies of 0.25 and 0.33. In both of these compounds, the anionic bzimtH- and imtH- ligands coordinate through N,S-donor atoms in a bridging mode, covering four coordination sites of two metal centers and other two sites are occupied by two PPh3 ligand mol-ecules. Finally, the remaining two sites of two metal centers are occupied by cyano groups, abstracted by the metals from the solvent during reaction. In the packing of the 1,3-benzimidazolidine- 2-thione and 1,3-imidazoline-2-thione complexes, there are intra-molecular π-π inter-actions involving the thione moiety as well as an N-H⋯N hydrogen bond linking the thione and cyano ligands. In addition, in 2, as well as the π-π inter-action involving the thione moieties, there is an additional π-π inter-action involving one of the thione moieties and an adjacent phenyl ring from the tri-phenyl-phosphine ligand. There are also C-H⋯N inter-actions between the imidazoline rings and the aceto-nitrile N atoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tarlok S. Lobana
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143 005, India,Correspondence e-mail:
| | - Bandana Thakur
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143 005, India
| | - Rajni Aggarwal
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143 005, India
| | - Ray J. Butcher
- Department of Chemistry, Howard University, 525 College Street NW, Washington DC 20059, USA
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry X-ray Crystallography, Purdue University, Wetherill 101B 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2084, USA
| | - Jerry P. Jasinski
- Department of Chemistry, Keene State College, Keene NH 03435-2001, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rizzato S, Manca G, Lemée MH, Marchiò L, Cesare Marincola F, Guerri A, Ienco A, Serpe A, Deplano P. Halogen-Bonding-Mediated Radical Reactions: The Unexpected Behavior of Piperazine-Based Dithiooxamide Ligands in the Presence of Diiodine. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:694-705. [PMID: 36602377 PMCID: PMC9846695 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
N,N'-Dialkylpiperazine-2,3-dithiones (R2pipdt) were recognized as a class of hexa-atomic cyclic dithiooxamide ligands with peculiar charge-transfer donor properties toward soft electron-acceptors such as noble metal cations and diiodine. The latter interaction is nowadays better described as halogen bonding. In the reaction with diiodine, R2pipdt unexpectedly provides the corresponding triiodide salts, differently from the other dithiooxamides, which instead typically achieve ligand·nI2 halogen-bonded adducts. In this paper, we report a combined experimental and theoretical study that allows elucidation of the nature of the cited products and the reasons behind the unpredictable behavior of these ligands. Specifically, low-temperature single-crystal X-ray diffraction measurements on a series of synthetically obtained R2pipdt (R = Me, iPr, Bz)/I3 salts, complemented by neutron diffraction experiments, were able to experimentally highlight the formation of [R2pipdtH]+ cations with a -S-H bond on the dithionic moiety. Differently, with R = Ph, a benzothiazolylium cation, resulting from an intramolecular condensation reaction of the ligand, is obtained. Based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations, a reasonable reaction mechanism where diiodine plays the fundamental role of promoting a halogen-bonding-mediated radical reaction has been proposed. In addition, the comparison of combined experimental and computational results with the corresponding reactions of N,N'-dialkylperhydrodiazepine-2,3-dithione (R2dazdt, a hepta-atomic cyclic dithiooxamide), which provide neutral halogen-bonded adducts, pointed out that the difference in the torsion angle of the free ligands represents the structural key factor in determining the different reactivities of the two systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Rizzato
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi
di Milano, Via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Gabriele Manca
- Istituto
di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici ICCOM-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Marie-Hélène Lemée
- Institut
Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 20156, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Luciano Marchiò
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Scienze della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Flaminia Cesare Marincola
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università
di Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Guerri
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”, Università
di Firenze, Via della
Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Andrea Ienco
- Istituto
di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici ICCOM-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy,
| | - Angela Serpe
- Dipartimento
di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale e Architettura (DICAAR) and Research
Unit of INSTM, Università di Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy,Istituto
di Geologia Ambientale e Geoingegneria del Consiglio Nazionale delle
Ricerche (IGAG-CNR), Piazza d’Armi, 09123 Cagliari, Italy,
| | - Paola Deplano
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università
di Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy,Dipartimento
di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale e Architettura (DICAAR) and Research
Unit of INSTM, Università di Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
McCarthy S, Desaunay O, Jie ALW, Hassatzky M, White AJP, Deplano P, Braddock DC, Serpe A, Wilton-Ely JDET. Homogeneous Gold Catalysis Using Complexes Recovered from Waste Electronic Equipment. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2022; 10:15726-15734. [PMID: 36507095 PMCID: PMC9727779 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c04092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite the greater awareness of elemental sustainability and the benefits of the circular economy concept, much waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is still destined for landfill. Effective methods for valorizing this waste within our society are therefore imperative. In this contribution, two gold(III) complexes obtained as recovery products from WEEE and their anion metathesis products were investigated as homogenous catalysts. These four recovery products were successfully applied as catalysts for the cyclization of propargylic amides and the condensation of acetylacetone with o-iodoaniline. Impressive activity was also observed in the gold-catalyzed reaction between electron-rich arenes (2-methylfuran, 1,3-dimethoxybenzene, and azulene) and α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds (methyl vinyl ketone and cyclohexenone). These recovered compounds were also shown to be effective catalysts for the oxidative cross-coupling reaction of aryl silanes and arenes. When employed as Lewis acid catalysts for carbonyl-containing substrates, the WEEE-derived gold complexes could also be recovered at the end of the reaction and reused without loss in catalytic activity, enhancing still further the sustainability of the process. This is the first direct application in homogeneous catalysis of gold recovery products sourced from e-waste.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean McCarthy
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College, Molecular Sciences Research Hub,
White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Oriane Desaunay
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College, Molecular Sciences Research Hub,
White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Alvin Lee Wei Jie
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College, Molecular Sciences Research Hub,
White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Maximilian Hassatzky
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College, Molecular Sciences Research Hub,
White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Andrew J. P. White
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College, Molecular Sciences Research Hub,
White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Paola Deplano
- Department
of Chemical and Soil Sciences, University
of Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - D. Christopher Braddock
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College, Molecular Sciences Research Hub,
White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Angela Serpe
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture (DICAAR),
INSTM Unit, University of Cagliari, Via Marengo 2, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
- Environmental
Geology and Geoengineering Institute of the National Research Council
(IGAG-CNR), Via Marengo
2, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
| | - James D. E. T. Wilton-Ely
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College, Molecular Sciences Research Hub,
White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zupanc A, Heliövaara E, Moslova K, Eronen A, Kemell M, Podlipnik Č, Jereb M, Repo T. Iodine‐Catalysed Dissolution of Elemental Gold in Ethanol. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117587. [PMID: 35106899 PMCID: PMC9305299 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Gold is a scarce element in the Earth's crust but indispensable in modern electronic devices. New, sustainable methods of gold recycling are essential to meet the growing eco‐social demand of gold. Here, we describe a simple, inexpensive, and environmentally benign dissolution of gold under mild conditions. Gold dissolves quantitatively in ethanol using 2‐mercaptobenzimidazole as a ligand in the presence of a catalytic amount of iodine. Mechanistically, the dissolution of gold begins when I2 oxidizes Au0 and forms a [AuII2]− species, which undergoes subsequent ligand‐exchange reactions and forms a stable bis‐ligand AuI complex. H2O2 oxidizes free iodide and regenerated I2 returns back to the catalytic cycle. Addition of a reductant to the reaction mixture precipitates gold quantitatively and partially regenerates the ligand. We anticipate our work will open a new pathway to more sustainable metal recycling with the utilization of just catalytic amounts of reagents and green solvents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anže Zupanc
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Helsinki A. I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology University of Ljubljana Večna pot 113 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Eeva Heliövaara
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Helsinki A. I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Karina Moslova
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Helsinki A. I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Aleksi Eronen
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Helsinki A. I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Marianna Kemell
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Helsinki A. I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Črtomir Podlipnik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology University of Ljubljana Večna pot 113 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Marjan Jereb
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology University of Ljubljana Večna pot 113 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Timo Repo
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Helsinki A. I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zupanc A, Heliövaara E, Moslova K, Eronen A, Kemell M, Podlipnik Č, Jereb M, Repo T. Iodine‐Catalysed Dissolution of Elemental Gold in Ethanol. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202117587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anže Zupanc
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Helsinki A. I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology University of Ljubljana Večna pot 113 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Eeva Heliövaara
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Helsinki A. I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Karina Moslova
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Helsinki A. I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Aleksi Eronen
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Helsinki A. I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Marianna Kemell
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Helsinki A. I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Črtomir Podlipnik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology University of Ljubljana Večna pot 113 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Marjan Jereb
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology University of Ljubljana Večna pot 113 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Timo Repo
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Helsinki A. I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
McCarthy S, Lee Wei Jie A, Braddock DC, Serpe A, Wilton-Ely JDET. From Waste to Green Applications: The Use of Recovered Gold and Palladium in Catalysis. Molecules 2021; 26:5217. [PMID: 34500651 PMCID: PMC8434531 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct use in catalysis of precious metal recovery products from industrial and consumer waste is a very promising recent area of investigation. It represents a more sustainable, environmentally benign, and profitable way of managing the low abundance of precious metals, as well as encouraging new ways of exploiting their catalytic properties. This review demonstrates the feasibility and sustainability of this innovative approach, inspired by circular economy models, and aims to stimulate further research and industrial processes based on the valorisation of secondary resources of these raw materials. The overview of the use of recovered gold and palladium in catalytic processes will be complemented by critical appraisal of the recovery and reuse approaches that have been proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean McCarthy
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK;
| | - Alvin Lee Wei Jie
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture, INSTM Unit, University of Cagliari, Via Marengo 2, 09123 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - D. Christopher Braddock
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK;
| | - Angela Serpe
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture, INSTM Unit, University of Cagliari, Via Marengo 2, 09123 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - James D. E. T. Wilton-Ely
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Serpe A, Pilia L, Balestri D, Marchiò L, Deplano P. Characterization and Structural Insights of the Reaction Products by Direct Leaching of the Noble Metals Au, Pd and Cu with N, N'-Dimethyl-piperazine-2,3-dithione/I 2 Mixtures. Molecules 2021; 26:4721. [PMID: 34443309 PMCID: PMC8400658 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of new efficient and safe leaching agents for noble metals, this paper describes the capability of the Me2pipdt/I2 mixture (where Me2pipdt = N,N'-dimethyl-piperazine-2,3-dithione) in organic solutions to quantitatively dissolve Au, Pd, and Cu metal powders in mild conditions (room temperature and pressure) and short times (within 1 h in the reported conditions). A focus on the structural insights of the obtained coordination compounds is shown, namely [AuI2(Me2pipdt)]I3 (1), [Pd(Me2pipdt)2]I2 (2a) and [Cu(Me2pipdt)2]I3 (3), where the metals are found, respectively, in 3+, 2+ and 1+ oxidation states, and of [Cu(Me2pipdt)2]BF4 (4) and [Cu(Me2dazdt)2]I3 (5) (Me2dazdt = N,N'-dimethyl-perhydrodizepine-2,3-dithione) compared with 3. Au(III) and Pd(II) (d8 configuration) form square-planar complexes, whereas Cu(I) (d10) forms tetrahedral complexes. Density functional theory calculations performed on the cationic species of 1-5 help to highlight the nature of the bonding in the different complexes. Finally, the valorization of the noble metals-rich leachates is assessed. Specifically, gold metal is quantitatively recovered from the solution besides the ligands, showing the potential of these systems to promote metal recycling processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Serpe
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture, INSTM Unit, University of Cagliari, Via Marengo 2, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
- Environmental Geology and Geoengineering Institute of the National Research Council (IGAG-CNR), Via Marengo 2, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Luca Pilia
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Via Marengo 2, 09123 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Davide Balestri
- Department of Chemical, Life and Environmental Sustainability Sciences, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy;
| | - Luciano Marchiò
- Department of Chemical, Life and Environmental Sustainability Sciences, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy;
| | - Paola Deplano
- Department of Chemical and Soil Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lobana TS. Heterocyclic-2-thione derivatives of group 10–12 metals: Coordination versatility, activation of C S (thione) bonds and biochemical potential. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
12
|
Heliövaara E, Liljeqvist H, Muuronen M, Eronen A, Moslova K, Repo T. Cooperative Ligands in Dissolution of Gold. Chemistry 2021; 27:8668-8672. [PMID: 33881191 PMCID: PMC8251914 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Development of new, environmentally benign dissolution methods for metallic gold is driven by needs in the circular economy. Gold is widely used in consumer electronics, but sustainable and selective dissolution methods for Au are scarce. Herein, we describe a quantitative dissolution of gold in organic solution under mild conditions by using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant. In the dissolution reaction, two thiol ligands, pyridine-4-thiol and 2-mercaptobenzimidazole, work in a cooperative manner. The mechanistic investigations suggest that two pyridine-4-thiol molecules form a complex with Au0 that can be oxidized, whereas the role of inexpensive 2-mercaptobenzimidazole is to stabilize the formed AuI species through a ligand exchange process. Under optimized conditions, the reaction proceeds vigorously and gold dissolves quantitatively in two hours. The demonstrated ligand-exchange mechanism with two thiols allows to drastically reduce the thiol consumption and may lead to even more effective gold dissolution methods in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eeva Heliövaara
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiP.O. Box 55Helsinki00014Finland
| | - Henri Liljeqvist
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiP.O. Box 55Helsinki00014Finland
| | - Mikko Muuronen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiP.O. Box 55Helsinki00014Finland
- BASF SECarl-Bosch-Strasse 3867056LudwigshafenGermany)y
| | - Aleksi Eronen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiP.O. Box 55Helsinki00014Finland
| | - Karina Moslova
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiP.O. Box 55Helsinki00014Finland
| | - Timo Repo
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiP.O. Box 55Helsinki00014Finland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Dissolution of metals in organic solvents is relevant to various application fields, such as metal extraction from ores or secondary resources, surface etching or polishing of metals, direct synthesis of organometallic compounds, and separation of metals from other compounds. Organic solvents for dissolution of metals can offer a solution when aqueous systems fail, such as separation of metals from metal oxides, because both the metal and metal oxide could codissolve in aqueous acidic solutions. This review critically discusses organic media (conventional molecular organic solvents, ionic liquids, deep-eutectic solvents and supercritical carbon dioxide) for oxidative dissolution of metals in different application areas. The reaction mechanisms of dissolution processes are discussed for various lixiviant systems which generally consist of oxidizing agents, chelating agents, and solvents. Different oxidizing agents for dissolution of metals are reviewed such as halogens, halogenated organics, donor-acceptor electron-transfer systems, polyhalide ionic liquids, and others. Both chemical and electrochemical processes are included. The review can guide researchers to develop more efficient, economic, and environmentally friendly processes for dissolution of metals in their elemental state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Li
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box
2404, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Binnemans
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box
2404, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Forte F, Riaño S, Binnemans K. Dissolution of noble metals in highly concentrated acidic salt solutions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:8230-8232. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02298e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Highly concentrated solutions of AlCl3·6H2O and Al(NO3)3·9H2O are safer and more environmentally friendly alternatives to aqua regia for the dissolution of gold and platinum group metals (Pd, Pt, Rh).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Forte
- KU Leuven
- Department of Chemistry
- 3001 Leuven (Heverlee)
- Belgium
| | - Sofia Riaño
- KU Leuven
- Department of Chemistry
- 3001 Leuven (Heverlee)
- Belgium
| | - Koen Binnemans
- KU Leuven
- Department of Chemistry
- 3001 Leuven (Heverlee)
- Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nelson JJM, Schelter EJ. Sustainable Inorganic Chemistry: Metal Separations for Recycling. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:979-990. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J. M. Nelson
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Eric J. Schelter
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Räisänen M, Heliövaara E, Al‐Qaisi F, Muuronen M, Eronen A, Liljeqvist H, Nieger M, Kemell M, Moslova K, Hämäläinen J, Lagerblom K, Repo T. Pyridinethiol‐Assisted Dissolution of Elemental Gold in Organic Solutions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:17104-17109. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201810447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minna Räisänen
- Department of Chemistry University of Helsinki A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
- Current address: Academy of Finland Hakaniemenranta 6 00530 Helsinki Finland
| | - Eeva Heliövaara
- Department of Chemistry University of Helsinki A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Feda'a Al‐Qaisi
- Department of Chemistry University of Helsinki A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
- Current address: Department of Chemistry University of Petra 961343 Amman Jordan
| | - Mikko Muuronen
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Irvine 1102 Natural Sciences II Irvine CA 92697-2025 USA
- Current address: BASF SE Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38 Ludwigshafen Germany
| | - Aleksi Eronen
- Department of Chemistry University of Helsinki A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Henri Liljeqvist
- Department of Chemistry University of Helsinki A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Martin Nieger
- Department of Chemistry University of Helsinki A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Marianna Kemell
- Department of Chemistry University of Helsinki A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Karina Moslova
- Department of Chemistry University of Helsinki A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Jani Hämäläinen
- Department of Chemistry University of Helsinki A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Kalle Lagerblom
- Department of Chemistry University of Helsinki A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Timo Repo
- Department of Chemistry University of Helsinki A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Räisänen M, Heliövaara E, Al‐Qaisi F, Muuronen M, Eronen A, Liljeqvist H, Nieger M, Kemell M, Moslova K, Hämäläinen J, Lagerblom K, Repo T. Pyridinethiol‐Assisted Dissolution of Elemental Gold in Organic Solutions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201810447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minna Räisänen
- Department of Chemistry University of Helsinki A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
- Current address: Academy of Finland Hakaniemenranta 6 00530 Helsinki Finland
| | - Eeva Heliövaara
- Department of Chemistry University of Helsinki A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Feda'a Al‐Qaisi
- Department of Chemistry University of Helsinki A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
- Current address: Department of Chemistry University of Petra 961343 Amman Jordan
| | - Mikko Muuronen
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Irvine 1102 Natural Sciences II Irvine CA 92697-2025 USA
- Current address: BASF SE Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38 Ludwigshafen Germany
| | - Aleksi Eronen
- Department of Chemistry University of Helsinki A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Henri Liljeqvist
- Department of Chemistry University of Helsinki A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Martin Nieger
- Department of Chemistry University of Helsinki A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Marianna Kemell
- Department of Chemistry University of Helsinki A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Karina Moslova
- Department of Chemistry University of Helsinki A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Jani Hämäläinen
- Department of Chemistry University of Helsinki A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Kalle Lagerblom
- Department of Chemistry University of Helsinki A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Timo Repo
- Department of Chemistry University of Helsinki A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 00014 Helsinki Finland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pilia L, Espa D, Concas G, Congiu F, Marchiò L, Laura Mercuri M, Serpe A, Deplano P. Tuning the oxidation state and magnetic and coordination behaviour of iron and cobalt complexes by O/S variation in mono-thio and dithio-oxamide chelating ligands. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj00425j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A variety of iron and cobalt complexes which differ in coordination, metal oxidation state, and spin state is obtained with corresponding S,O and S,S′ title ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pilia
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica Chimica e dei Materiali
- Università di Cagliari
- Cagliari
- Italy
| | - Davide Espa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche
- Università di Cagliari
- I09042 Monserrato-Cagliari
- Italy
| | - Giorgio Concas
- Dipartimento di Fisica
- Università di Cagliari
- I09042 Monserrato
- Italy
| | - Francesco Congiu
- Dipartimento di Fisica
- Università di Cagliari
- I09042 Monserrato
- Italy
| | | | - M. Laura Mercuri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche
- Università di Cagliari
- I09042 Monserrato-Cagliari
- Italy
| | - Angela Serpe
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche
- Università di Cagliari
- I09042 Monserrato-Cagliari
- Italy
| | - Paola Deplano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche
- Università di Cagliari
- I09042 Monserrato-Cagliari
- Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Frański R, Zembald M, Zalas M, Gierczyk B, Cegłowski M, Schroeder G. Formation of the [M+Cu+4Cl]+ ion under laser desorption ionization conditions as a result of Cl addition to a C ≡ C bond (M - methyl or ethyl ester of 3,5-bis(2,2'-bipyridin-4-ylethynyl)benzoic acid). RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:2759-2762. [PMID: 25380499 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Frański
- Adam Mickiewicz University, Faculty of Chemistry, Umultowska 89B, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Espa D, Pilia L, Makedonas C, Marchiò L, Mercuri ML, Serpe A, Barsella A, Fort A, Mitsopoulou CA, Deplano P. Role of the acceptor in tuning the properties of metal [M(II) = Ni, Pd, Pt] dithiolato/dithione (donor/acceptor) second-order nonlinear chromophores: combined experimental and theoretical studies. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:1170-83. [PMID: 24405208 DOI: 10.1021/ic402738b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mixed-ligand complexes [M(II)(Et2dazdt)(mnt)] (M = Ni, 1; Pd, 2; Pt, 3) [Et2dazdt = N,N'-diethyl-perhydrodiazepine-2,3-dithione; mnt = maleonitrile-2,3-dithiolate] have been prepared and fully characterized. X-ray diffractometric studies on 1-3 (the structure of 1 was already known) show that the crystals are isostructural (triclinic, P-1), and two independent molecular entities are present in the unit cell. These entities differ in the orientation of the ethyl substituents with respect to the epta-atomic ring. In the C2S2MS2C2 dithiolene core the four sulfur atoms define a square-planar coordination environment of the metal where the M-S bond distances involving the two ligands are similar, while the C-S bond distances in the C2S2 units exhibit a significant difference in Et2dazdt (dithione) and mnt (dithiolato) ligands. 1-3 show in the visible region one or two moderately strong absorption peaks, having ligand-to-ligand charge-transfer (CT) character with some contribution of the metal, and show negative solvatochromism and molecular quadratic optical nonlinearity, which was determined by the EFISH (electric-field-induced second-harmonic generation) technique. These complexes are redox active and show two reversible reduction waves and one irreversible oxidation wave. Theoretical calculations based on DFT and TD-DFT calculations on complexes 1-3 as well as on [Pt(Bz2pipdt)(mnt)] (4) and [Pt(Bz2pipdt)(dmit)] (5) highlight the factors which affect the optical properties of these second-order redox-active NLO chromophores. Actually, the torsion angle of the dithione system (δ2) inversely correlates either with the oscillator strengths of the main transition of the complexes or with their beta values. The high beta value of 5 can be attributed both to its lowest torsion angles and to the extent of the π system of its dithiolate ligand, dmit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Espa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Cagliari , S.S. 554-Bivio per Sestu, I09042 Monserrato-Cagliari, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mercuri ML, Serpe A, Marchiò L, Artizzu F, Espa D, Deplano P. Effective one-step removal-inertization of hazardous metals (Cd and Hg) by environmental friendly reagents. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2013.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
22
|
Serpe A, Marchiò L, Artizzu F, Mercuri ML, Deplano P. Effective one-step gold dissolution using environmentally friendly low-cost reagents. Chemistry 2013; 19:10111-4. [PMID: 23788281 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Digging for gold: Mixtures of tetraethylthiuram disulfide (Et4TDS) and I2 in acetone are capable of dissolving elemental gold and forming valuable metal complexes, in which the stoichiometry depends on the mixture composition. These mixtures can also etch the gold layer homogeneously and selectively from Si/SiO2/Ti/Au thin-layered structures under mild conditions (see figure).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Serpe
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche and Spin Off 3R Metals Ltd, Research Unit of INSTM, Università di Cagliari, SS554, Bivio per Sestu, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Pilia L, Artizzu F, Espa D, Marchiò L, Mercuri ML, Serpe A, Deplano P. New sulfur-oxygen mixed-donor ligand N,N'-dimethyl-piperazine-3-oxo-2-thione (Me2pipto) and its Ni(ii) and Fe(ii) complexes. Dalton Trans 2010; 39:8139-42. [DOI: 10.1039/c0dt00803f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|