1
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Kawai G, Nagai Y, Tsuji K, Okayasu Y, Abe J, Kobayashi Y. A Nonlinear Photochromic Reaction Based on Sensitizer-Free Triplet-Triplet Annihilation in a Perylene-Substituted Rhodamine Spirolactam. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404140. [PMID: 38596881 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Nonlinear photochromic reactions that work with weak incoherent light are important for molecular operations with high spatial resolution and multiple photofunctions based on single molecules. However, nonlinear photochromic compounds generally require complex molecular design, restricting accessibility in various fields. Herein, we report nonlinear photochromic properties in a perylene-substituted rhodamine spirolactam derivative (Rh-Pe), which is synthesized from rhodamine B in facile procedures. Direct excitation of Rh-Pe produces the triplet excited state via the charge-transfer (CT) state. The triplet excited state causes triplet-triplet annihilation to bring the generation of the intensely colored ring-open form with nonlinear behavior. Furthermore, green- and red-light-induced photochromism was achieved in Rh-Pe using triplet sensitizers, although Rh-Pe can be directly excited only by ultraviolet and blue light. Our findings are expected to contribute to the development of photofunctional materials showing nonlinear behavior and low-energy light responsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genki Kawai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, 525-8577, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yuki Nagai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, 525-8577, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Kanna Tsuji
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, 525-8577, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Okayasu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, 525-8577, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Jiro Abe
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, 252-5258, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoichi Kobayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, 525-8577, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
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2
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Zuo R, Ye Z, Liang H, Huo Y, Ji S. High-efficiency triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion microemulsion with facile preparation and decent air tolerance. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024:10.1007/s43630-024-00596-5. [PMID: 38839722 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-024-00596-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Current research of triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) faces difficulty such as overuse of organic solvents and quenching of excited triplet sensitizers by molecular oxygen. Herein, we propose an efficient and facile preparation strategy of TTA-UC microemulsion to overcome these issues. With simple device and short preparation process, air-stable TTA-UC with a high upconversion efficiency of 16.52% was achieved in microemulsion coassembled from TritonX114, tetrahydrofuran and upconverting chromophores (platinum octaethyl-porphyrin and 9,10-diphenylanthracene). This is comparable to the highest UC efficiency ever reported for TTA-UC microemulsion systems. The excellent UC performance of TX114-THF could be attributed to two perspectives. Firstly, small-size micelle accommodated chromophores up to high concentrations in organic phase, which promoted efficient molecular collision. Additionally, high absorbance at 532 nm ensured full use of excitation light, getting more long wavelength photons involved in the TTA-UC process. Moreover, air-stable TTA-UC also performed well in microemulsion with various surfactants, including nonionic surfactants (Tween 20, Tween 80, Triton X-110, Triton X-114), ionic surfactants (sodium dodecyl sulfate, cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide) and block copolymers (pluronic F127, pluronic P123), through three conjectural assembly models according to the structural characteristics of surfactant molecules (concentrated, uncompacted and scattered). These discoveries could provide estimable reference for selection of surfactants in relevant fields of TTA-UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Zuo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Jieyang, 515200, China
| | - Zecong Ye
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Jieyang, 515200, China.
| | - Hui Liang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yanping Huo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Jieyang, 515200, China
| | - Shaomin Ji
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Jieyang, 515200, China.
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3
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Prabhakaran A, Jha KK, Sia RCE, Arellano Reyes RA, Sarangi NK, Kogut M, Guthmuller J, Czub J, Dietzek-Ivanšić B, Keyes TE. Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconverting Liposomes: Mechanistic Insights into the Role of Membranes in Two-Dimensional TTA-UC. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:29324-29337. [PMID: 38776974 PMCID: PMC11163426 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c00990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) implemented in nanoparticle assemblies is of emerging interest in biomedical applications, including in drug delivery and imaging. As it is a bimolecular process, ensuring sufficient mobility of the sensitizer and annihilator to facilitate effective collision in the nanoparticle is key. Liposomes can provide the benefits of two-dimensional confinement and condensed concentration of the sensitizer and annihilator along with superior fluidity compared to other nanoparticle assemblies. They are also biocompatible and widely applied across drug delivery modalities. However, there are relatively few liposomal TTA-UC systems reported to date, so systematic studies of the influence of the liposomal environment on TTA-UC are currently lacking. Here, we report the first example of a BODIPY-based sensitizer TTA-UC system within liposomes and use this system to study TTA-UC generation and compare the relative intensity of the anti-Stokes signal for this system as a function of liposome composition and membrane fluidity. We report for the first time on time-resolved spectroscopic studies of TTA-UC in membranes. Nanosecond transient absorption data reveal the BODIPY-perylene dyad sensitizer has a long triplet lifetime in liposome with contributions from three triplet excited states, whose lifetimes are reduced upon coinclusion of the annihilator due to triplet-triplet energy transfer, to a greater extent than in solution. This indicates triplet energy transfer between the sensitizer and the annihilator is enhanced in the membrane system. Molecular dynamics simulations of the sensitizer and annihilator TTA collision complex are modeled in the membrane and confirm the co-orientation of the pair within the membrane structure and that the persistence time of the bound complex exceeds the TTA kinetics. Modeling also reliably predicted the diffusion coefficient for the sensitizer which matches closely with the experimental values from fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. The relative intensity of the TTA-UC output across nine liposomal systems of different lipid compositions was explored to examine the influence of membrane viscosity on upconversion (UC). UC showed the highest relative intensity for the most fluidic membranes and the weakest intensity for highly viscous membrane compositions, including a phase separation membrane. Overall, our study reveals that the co-orientation of the UC pair within the membrane is crucial for effective TTA-UC within a biomembrane and that the intensity of the TTA-UC output can be tuned in liposomal nanoparticles by modifying the phase and fluidity of the liposome. These new insights will aid in the design of liposomal TTA-UC systems for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrutha Prabhakaran
- School
of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Keshav Kumar Jha
- Research
Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz
Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Jena 07745, Germany
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Rengel Cane E. Sia
- Institute
of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Faculty of Applied Physics
and Mathematics, Gdańsk University
of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Ruben Arturo Arellano Reyes
- School
of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Nirod Kumar Sarangi
- School
of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Mateusz Kogut
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Gdańsk University
of Technology, Narutowicza
11/12, 80233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Julien Guthmuller
- Institute
of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Faculty of Applied Physics
and Mathematics, Gdańsk University
of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jacek Czub
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Gdańsk University
of Technology, Narutowicza
11/12, 80233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Benjamin Dietzek-Ivanšić
- Research
Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz
Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Tia E. Keyes
- School
of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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4
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Diaz-Andres A, Tonnelé C, Casanova D. Electronic Couplings for Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion in Crystal Rubrene. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:4288-4297. [PMID: 38743825 PMCID: PMC11137828 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion (TTA-UC) is a process able to repackage two low-frequency photons into light of higher energy. This transformation is typically orchestrated by the electronic degrees of freedom within organic compounds possessing suitable singlet and triplet energies and electronic couplings. In this work, we propose a computational protocol for the assessment of electronic couplings crucial to TTA-UC in molecular materials and apply it to the study of crystal rubrene. Our methodology integrates sophisticated yet computationally affordable approaches to quantify couplings in singlet and triplet energy transfer, the binding of triplet pairs, and the fusion to the singlet exciton. Of particular significance is the role played by charge-transfer states along the b-axis of rubrene crystal, acting as both partial quenchers of singlet energy transfer and mediators of triplet fusion. Our calculations identify the π-stacking direction as holding notable triplet energy transfer couplings, consistent with the experimentally observed anisotropic exciton diffusion. Finally, we have characterized the impact of thermally induced structural distortions, revealing their key role in the viability of triplet fusion and singlet fission. We posit that our approaches are transferable to a broad spectrum of organic molecular materials, offering a feasible means to quantify electronic couplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Diaz-Andres
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia 20018, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Claire Tonnelé
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia 20018, Euskadi, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48009, Euskadi, Spain
| | - David Casanova
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia 20018, Euskadi, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48009, Euskadi, Spain
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5
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Castellanos-Soriano J, Garnes-Portolés F, Jiménez MC, Leyva-Pérez A, Pérez-Ruiz R. In-Flow Heterogeneous Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion. ACS PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AU 2024; 4:242-246. [PMID: 38800722 PMCID: PMC11117689 DOI: 10.1021/acsphyschemau.3c00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Photon upconversion based on triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA-UC) is an attractive wavelength conversion with increasing use in organic synthesis in the homogeneous phase; however, this technology has not performed with canonical solid catalysts yet. Herein, a BOPHY dye covalently anchored on silica is successfully used as a sensitizer in a TTA system that efficiently catalyzes Mizoroki-Heck coupling reactions. This procedure has enabled the implementation of in-flow reaction conditions for the synthesis of a variety of aromatic compounds, and mechanistic proof has been obtained by means of transient absorption spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Castellanos-Soriano
- Departamento
de Química, Universitat Politècnica
de València (UPV), Camino de Vera, S/N 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Garnes-Portolés
- Instituto
de Tecnología Química (ITQ), Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior
de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Av. de los Naranjos, S/N 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - M. Consuelo Jiménez
- Departamento
de Química, Universitat Politècnica
de València (UPV), Camino de Vera, S/N 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Leyva-Pérez
- Instituto
de Tecnología Química (ITQ), Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior
de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Av. de los Naranjos, S/N 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Raúl Pérez-Ruiz
- Departamento
de Química, Universitat Politècnica
de València (UPV), Camino de Vera, S/N 46022 Valencia, Spain
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6
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He Q, Wei L, He C, Yang C, Wu W. Supramolecular Annihilator with DPA Parallelly Arranged by Multiple Hydrogen-Bonding Interactions for Enhanced Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion. Molecules 2024; 29:2203. [PMID: 38792064 PMCID: PMC11124113 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The triplet annihilator is a critical component for triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC); both the photophysical properties of the annihilator and the intermolecular orientation have pivotal effects on the overall efficiency of TTA-UC. Herein, we synthesized two supramolecular annihilators A-1 and A-2 by grafting 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA) fragments, which have been widely used as triplet annihilators for TTA-UC, on a macrocyclic host-pillar[5]arenes. In A-1, the orientation of the two DPA units was random, while, in A-2, the two DPA units were pushed to a parallel arrangement by intramolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions. The two compounds showed very similar photophysical properties and host-guest binding affinities toward electron-deficient guests, but showed totally different TTA-UC emissions. The UC quantum yield of A-2 could be optimized to 13.7% when an alkyl ammonia chain-attaching sensitizer S-2 was used, while, for A-1, only 5.1% was achieved. Destroying the hydrogen-bonding interactions by adding MeOH to A-2 significantly decreased the UC emissions, demonstrating that the parallel orientations of the two DPA units contributed greatly to the TTA-UC emissions. These results should be beneficial for annihilator designs and provide a new promising strategy for enhancing TTA-UC emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China; (Q.H.); (L.W.); (C.H.)
| | - Wanhua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China; (Q.H.); (L.W.); (C.H.)
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7
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Collins AR, Zhang B, Bennison MJ, Evans RC. Ambient solid-state triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion in ureasil organic-inorganic hybrid hosts. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2024; 12:6310-6318. [PMID: 38707254 PMCID: PMC11064974 DOI: 10.1039/d4tc00562g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Triplet-triplet-annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) has attracted significant attention as an approach to harvest low energy solar photons that cannot be captured by conventional photovoltaic devices. However, device integration requires the design of solid-state TTA-UC materials that combine high upconversion efficiency with long term stability. Herein, we report an efficient solid-state TTA-UC system based on organic-inorganic hybrid polymers known as ureasils as hosts for the archetypal sensitiser/emitter pair of palladium(ii) octaethylporphyrin and diphenylanthracene. The role of the ureasil structure on the TTA-UC performance was probed by varying the branching and molecular weight of the organic precursor to tune the structural, mechanical, and thermal properties. Solid-state green-to-blue UC quantum yields of up to 1.86% were observed under ambient conditions. Notably, depending on the ureasil structure, UC emission could be retained for >70 days without any special treatment, including deoxygenation. Detailed analysis of the structure-function trends revealed that while a low glass transition temperature is required to promote TTA-UC molecular collisions, a higher inorganic content is the primary factor that determines the UC efficiency and stability, due to the inherent oxygen barrier provided by the silica nanodomains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail R Collins
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge 27 Charles Babbage Road Cambridge CB3 0FS UK
| | - Bolong Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge 27 Charles Babbage Road Cambridge CB3 0FS UK
| | - Michael J Bennison
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge 27 Charles Babbage Road Cambridge CB3 0FS UK
| | - Rachel C Evans
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge 27 Charles Babbage Road Cambridge CB3 0FS UK
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8
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Zhang Q, Luo G, Hu R, Yang G, Chen J, Yu T, Zeng Y, Li Y. Crystalline hydrogen-bonded organic framework for air-tolerant triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:4475-4478. [PMID: 38563956 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00742e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
A hydrogen-bonded organic framework (HOF) consisting of a 9,10-diphenylanthracene carboxylic derivative, DPACOOH, was developed for solid state triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC). The HOF sample shows a 70% increase in upconversion quantum yield and a lower threshold value of 126.0 mW cm-2 compared to those of the disordered powder sample, due to a 43% longer triplet diffusion length in HOF than that in the powder sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guiwen Luo
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Rui Hu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Guoqiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jinping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Tianjun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Yi Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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9
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Gray V, Toolan DTW, Dowland S, Allardice JR, Weir MP, Zhang Z, Xiao J, Klimash A, Winkel JF, Holland EK, Fregoso GM, Anthony JE, Bronstein H, Friend R, Ryan AJ, Jones RAL, Greenham NC, Rao A. Ligand-Directed Self-Assembly of Organic-Semiconductor/Quantum-Dot Blend Films Enables Efficient Triplet Exciton-Photon Conversion. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7763-7770. [PMID: 38456418 PMCID: PMC10958494 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Blends comprising organic semiconductors and inorganic quantum dots (QDs) are relevant for many optoelectronic applications and devices. However, the individual components in organic-QD blends have a strong tendency to aggregate and phase-separate during film processing, compromising both their structural and electronic properties. Here, we demonstrate a QD surface engineering approach using electronically active, highly soluble semiconductor ligands that are matched to the organic semiconductor host material to achieve well-dispersed inorganic-organic blend films, as characterized by X-ray and neutron scattering, and electron microscopies. This approach preserves the electronic properties of the organic and QD phases and also creates an optimized interface between them. We exemplify this in two emerging applications, singlet-fission-based photon multiplication (SF-PM) and triplet-triplet annihilation-based photon upconversion (TTA-UC). Steady-state and time-resolved optical spectroscopy shows that triplet excitons can be transferred with near unity efficiently across the organic-inorganic interface, while the organic films maintain efficient SF (190% yield) in the organic phase. By changing the relative energy between organic and inorganic components, yellow upconverted emission is observed upon 790 nm NIR excitation. Overall, we provide a highly versatile approach to overcome longstanding challenges in the blending of organic semiconductors with QDs that have relevance for many optical and optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Gray
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 532, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel T. W. Toolan
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K.
- Department
of Materials, The University of Manchester, Engineering Building A, Booth Street
East, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Simon Dowland
- Cambridge
Photon Technology, J.
J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Jesse R. Allardice
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Michael P. Weir
- School of
Physics and Astronomy, The University of
Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Zhilong Zhang
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - James Xiao
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Anastasia Klimash
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield
Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Jurjen F. Winkel
- Cambridge
Photon Technology, J.
J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Emma K. Holland
- Center
for Applied Energy Research, University
of Kentucky, Research Park Drive, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, United States
| | - Garrett M. Fregoso
- Center
for Applied Energy Research, University
of Kentucky, Research Park Drive, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, United States
| | - John E. Anthony
- Center
for Applied Energy Research, University
of Kentucky, Research Park Drive, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, United States
| | - Hugo Bronstein
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield
Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Richard Friend
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Anthony J. Ryan
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - Richard A. L. Jones
- John
Owens Building, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Neil C. Greenham
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Akshay Rao
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
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10
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Cancelliere AM, Arrigo A, Galletta M, Nastasi F, Campagna S, La Ganga G. Photo-driven water oxidation performed by supramolecular photocatalysts made of Ru(II) photosensitizers and catalysts. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:084709. [PMID: 38421072 DOI: 10.1063/5.0189316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Two new supramolecular photocatalysts made of covalently linked Ru(II) polypyridine chromophore subunits ([Ru(bpy)3]2+-type species; bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) and [RuL(pic)2] (L = 2,2'-bipyridine-6,6'-dicarboxylic acid; pic = 4-picoline) water oxidation catalyst subunits have been prepared. The new species, 1 and 2, contain chromophore and catalyst subunits in the molecular ratios 1:1 and 1:2, respectively. The model chromophore species [Ru(bpy)2(L1)]2+ (RuP1; L1=4-[2-(4-pyridyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]-4-methyl-2,2'-bipyridine) and [Ru(bpy)2(L2)]2+ (RuP2; L2 = 4,4'-bis[2-(4-pyridyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]-2,2'-bipyridine) have also been prepared. The absorption spectra, oxidation behavior, and luminescent properties of 1 and 2 have been studied, and the results indicate that each subunit largely maintains its own properties in the supramolecular species. However, the luminescence of the chromophore subunits is significantly quenched in 1 and 2 in comparison with the luminescence of the respective model species. Both 1 and 2 exhibit catalytic water oxidation in the presence of cerium ammonium nitrate, exhibiting an I2M mechanism, with a better efficiency than the known catalyst [RuL(pic)2] under the same experimental conditions. Upon light irradiation, in the presence of persulfate as a sacrificial acceptor agent, 1 and 2 are more efficient photocatalysts than a system made of separated [Ru(bpy)3]2+ and [RuL(pic)2] species, highlighting the advantage of using multicomponent, supramolecular species with respect to isolated species. The O-O bond formation step is I2M, even in the photo-driven process. The photocatalytic process of 2 is more efficient than that of 1, with the turnover frequency reaching a value of 1.2 s-1. A possible reason could be an increased local concentration of catalytic subunits in the needed bimolecular assembly required for the I2M mechanism in 2 with respect to 1, a consequence of the presence of two catalytic subunits in each multicomponent species 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra M Cancelliere
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali, and Interuniversitary Research Center on Artificial Photosynthesis (SOLAR-CHEM, Messina Node), University of Messina, via F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonino Arrigo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali, and Interuniversitary Research Center on Artificial Photosynthesis (SOLAR-CHEM, Messina Node), University of Messina, via F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Maurilio Galletta
- URT LABSENS DSFTM CNR, via F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Nastasi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali, and Interuniversitary Research Center on Artificial Photosynthesis (SOLAR-CHEM, Messina Node), University of Messina, via F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Campagna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali, and Interuniversitary Research Center on Artificial Photosynthesis (SOLAR-CHEM, Messina Node), University of Messina, via F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppina La Ganga
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali, and Interuniversitary Research Center on Artificial Photosynthesis (SOLAR-CHEM, Messina Node), University of Messina, via F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
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11
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Yu S, Zhu RX, Niu KK, Han N, Liu H, Xing LB. Switchover from singlet oxygen to superoxide radical through a photoinduced two-step sequential energy transfer process. Chem Sci 2024; 15:1870-1878. [PMID: 38303940 PMCID: PMC10829035 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05820d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The competitive nature of type II photosensitizers in the transfer of excitation energy for the generation of singlet oxygen (1O2) presents significant challenges in the design of type I photosensitizers to produce the superoxide anion radical (O2˙-). In this study, we present an efficient method for the direct transformation of type II photosensitizers into type I photosensitizers through the implementation of an artificial light-harvesting system (ALHSs) involving a two-step sequential energy transfer process. The designed supramolecular complex (DNPY-SBE-β-CD) not only has the ability to generate 1O2 as type II photosensitizers, but also demonstrates remarkable fluorescence properties in aqueous solution, which renders it an efficient energy donor for the development of type I photosensitizers ALHSs, thereby enabling the efficient generation of O2˙-. Meanwhile, to ascertain the capability and practicality of this method, two organic reactions were conducted, namely the photooxidation reaction of thioanisole and oxidative hydroxylation of arylboronic acids, both of which display a high level of efficiency and exhibit significant catalytic performance. This work provides an efficient method for turning type II photosensitizers into type I photosensitizers by a two-step sequential energy transfer procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengsheng Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology Zibo Shandong 255000 P. R. China
| | - Rong-Xin Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology Zibo Shandong 255000 P. R. China
| | - Kai-Kai Niu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology Zibo Shandong 255000 P. R. China
| | - Ning Han
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven Leuven 3001 Belgium
| | - Hui Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology Zibo Shandong 255000 P. R. China
| | - Ling-Bao Xing
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology Zibo Shandong 255000 P. R. China
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12
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Glaser F, Schmitz M, Kerzig C. Coulomb interactions for mediator-enhanced sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion in solution. NANOSCALE 2023; 16:123-137. [PMID: 38054748 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05265f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion offers an attractive possibility to replace a high-energy photon by two photons with lower energy through the combination of a light-harvesting triplet sensitizer and an annihilator for the formation of a fluorescent singlet state. Typically, high annihilator concentrations are required to achieve an efficient initial energy transfer and as a direct consequence the most highly energetic emission is often not detectable due to intrinsic reabsorption by the annihilator itself. Herein, we demonstrate that the addition of a charge-adapted mediator drastically improves the energy transfer efficiency at low annihilator concentrations via an energy transfer cascade. Inspired by molecular dyads and recent developments in nanocrystal-sensitized upconversion, our system exploits a concept to minimize intrinsic filter effects, while boosting the upconversion quantum yield in solution. A sensitizer-annihilator combination consisting of a ruthenium-based complex and 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA) is explored as model system and a sulfonated pyrene serves as mediator. The impact of opposite charges between sensitizer and mediator - to induce coulombic attraction and subsequently result in accelerated energy transfer rate constants - is analyzed in detail by different spectroscopic methods. Ion pairing and the resulting static energy transfer in both directions is a minor process, resulting in an improved overall performance. Finally, the more intense upconverted emission in the presence of the mediator is used to drive two catalytic photoreactions in a two-chamber setup, illustrating the advantages of our approach, in particular for photoreactions requiring oxygen that would interfere with the upconversion system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Glaser
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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13
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Maiti S, Siebbeles LDA. Developments and Challenges Involving Triplet Transfer across Organic/Inorganic Heterojunctions for Singlet Fission and Photon Upconversion. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:11168-11176. [PMID: 38055348 PMCID: PMC10726386 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
In this Perspective, we provide an overview of recent advances in harvesting triplets for photovoltaic and photon upconversion applications from two angles. In singlet fission-sensitized solar cells, the triplets are harvested through a low band gap semiconductor such as Si. Recent literature has shown how a thin interlayer or orientation of the singlet fission molecule can successfully lead to triplet transfer. On the other hand, the integration of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) with suitable organic molecules has shown triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) of near-infrared photons. We consider the theoretical aspect of the triplet transfer process between a TMDC and organic semiconductors. We discuss possible bottlenecks that can limit the harvesting of energy from triplets and perspectives to overcome these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Maiti
- Central
Laser Facility, RCaH, STFC-Rutherford Appleton
Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, United
Kingdom
| | - Laurens D. A. Siebbeles
- Chemical
Engineering Department, Delft University
of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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14
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Bangle RE, Li H, Mikkelsen MH. Uncovering the Mechanisms of Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion Enhancement via Plasmonic Nanocavity Tuning. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 38014847 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c08915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The nonlinear conversion of photons from lower to higher energy is important for a wide range of applications, from quantum communications and optoelectronics to solar energy conversion and medicine. Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA UC), which utilizes an absorber/emitter molecular pair, is a promising tool for upconversion applications requiring low intensity light such as photovoltaics, photocatalysis, and bioimaging. Despite demonstrations of efficient TTA UC in solution, practical applications have proven difficult, as thin films retard the necessary energy transfer steps and result in low emission yields. In this work, TTA UC emission from a thin film is greatly enhanced through integration into plasmonic nanogap cavities consisting of a silver mirror, a nanometer-scale polymer spacer containing a TTA molecular pair, and colloidally synthesized silver nanocubes. Mechanistic studies performed by varying the nanocube side length (45-150 nm) to tune the nanogap cavity resonance paired with simulations reveal absorption rate enhancement to be the primary operative mechanism in overall TTA UC emission enhancement. This absorption enhancement decreases the TTA UC threshold intensity by an order of magnitude and allows TTA UC emission to be excited with light up to 120 nm redder than the usable wavelength range for the control samples. Further, combined nanogap cavities composed of two distinct nanocube sizes result in surfaces which simultaneously enhance the absorption rate and emission rate. These dual-size nanogap cavities result in 45-fold TTA UC emission enhancement. In total, these studies present TTA UC emission enhancement, illustrate how the usable portion of the spectrum can be expanded for a given sensitizer-emitter pair, and develop both mechanistic understanding and design rules for TTA UC emission enhancement by plasmonic nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Bangle
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Hengming Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Maiken H Mikkelsen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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15
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Hu M, Belliveau E, Wu Y, Narayanan P, Feng D, Hamid R, Murrietta N, Ahmed GH, Kats MA, Congreve DN. Bulk Heterojunction Upconversion Thin Films Fabricated via One-Step Solution Deposition. ACS NANO 2023; 17:22642-22655. [PMID: 37963265 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Upconversion of near-infrared light into the visible has achieved limited success in applications due to the difficulty of creating solid-state films with high external quantum efficiency (EQE). Recent developments have expanded the range of relevant materials for solid-state triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion through the use of a charge-transfer state sensitization process. Here, we report the single-step solution-processed deposition of a bulk heterojunction upconversion film using organic semiconductors. The use of a bulk heterojunction thin film enables a high contact area between sensitizer and annihilator materials in this interface-triplet-generation mechanism and allows for a facile single-step deposition process. Demonstrations of multiple deposition and patterning methods on glass and flexible substrates show the promise of this materials system for solid-state upconversion applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manchen Hu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Emma Belliveau
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yilei Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Pournima Narayanan
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Demeng Feng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Rabeeya Hamid
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Natalia Murrietta
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ghada H Ahmed
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Mikhail A Kats
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Daniel N Congreve
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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16
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Wang C, Wegeberg C, Wenger OS. First-Row d 6 Metal Complex Enables Photon Upconversion and Initiates Blue Light-Dependent Polymerization with Red Light. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311470. [PMID: 37681516 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Photosensitizers for sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (sTTA-UC) often rely on precious heavy metals, whereas coordination complexes based on abundant first-row transition metals are less common. This is mainly because long-lived triplet excited states are more difficult to obtain for 3d metals, particularly when the d-subshell is only partially filled. Here, we report the first example of sTTA-UC based on a 3d6 metal photosensitizer yielding an upconversion performance competitive with precious metal-based analogues. Using a newly developed Cr0 photosensitizer featuring equally good photophysical properties as an OsII benchmark complex in combination with an acetylene-decorated anthracene annihilator, red-to-blue upconversion is achievable. The upconversion efficiency under optimized conditions is 1.8 %, and the excitation power density threshold to reach the strong annihilation limit is 5.9 W/cm2 . These performance factors, along with high photostability, permit the initiation of acrylamide polymerization by red light, based on radiative energy transfer between delayed annihilator fluorescence and a blue light absorbing photo-initiator. Our study provides the proof-of-concept for photon upconversion with elusive first-row analogues of widely employed precious d6 metal photosensitizers, and for their application in photochemical reactions triggered by excitation wavelengths close to near-infrared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
- Current address: Department of Biology and Chemistry, Osnabrück University, Barbarastraße 7, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Christina Wegeberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
- Current address: Division of Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University Box 124, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Oliver S Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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17
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Bhuyan R, Mony J, Kotov O, Castellanos GW, Gómez Rivas J, Shegai TO, Börjesson K. The Rise and Current Status of Polaritonic Photochemistry and Photophysics. Chem Rev 2023; 123:10877-10919. [PMID: 37683254 PMCID: PMC10540218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between molecular electronic transitions and electromagnetic fields can be enlarged to the point where distinct hybrid light-matter states, polaritons, emerge. The photonic contribution to these states results in increased complexity as well as an opening to modify the photophysics and photochemistry beyond what normally can be seen in organic molecules. It is today evident that polaritons offer opportunities for molecular photochemistry and photophysics, which has caused an ever-rising interest in the field. Focusing on the experimental landmarks, this review takes its reader from the advent of the field of polaritonic chemistry, over the split into polariton chemistry and photochemistry, to present day status within polaritonic photochemistry and photophysics. To introduce the field, the review starts with a general description of light-matter interactions, how to enhance these, and what characterizes the coupling strength. Then the photochemistry and photophysics of strongly coupled systems using Fabry-Perot and plasmonic cavities are described. This is followed by a description of room-temperature Bose-Einstein condensation/polariton lasing in polaritonic systems. The review ends with a discussion on the benefits, limitations, and future developments of strong exciton-photon coupling using organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Bhuyan
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jürgen Mony
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Oleg Kotov
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Gabriel W. Castellanos
- Department
of Applied Physics and Science Education, Eindhoven Hendrik Casimir
Institute and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jaime Gómez Rivas
- Department
of Applied Physics and Science Education, Eindhoven Hendrik Casimir
Institute and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Timur O. Shegai
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Karl Börjesson
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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18
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Yin HJ, Xiao ZG, Feng Y, Yao CJ. Recent Progress in Photonic Upconversion Materials for Organic Lanthanide Complexes. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5642. [PMID: 37629933 PMCID: PMC10456671 DOI: 10.3390/ma16165642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Organic lanthanide complexes have garnered significant attention in various fields due to their intriguing energy transfer mechanism, enabling the upconversion (UC) of two or more low-energy photons into high-energy photons. In comparison to lanthanide-doped inorganic nanoparticles, organic UC complexes hold great promise for biological delivery applications due to their advantageous properties of controllable size and composition. This review aims to provide a summary of the fundamental concept and recent developments of organic lanthanide-based UC materials based on different mechanisms. Furthermore, we also detail recent applications in the fields of bioimaging and solar cells. The developments and forthcoming challenges in organic lanthanide-based UC offer readers valuable insights and opportunities to engage in further research endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ju Yin
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China; (H.-J.Y.); (Z.-G.X.)
| | - Zhong-Gui Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China; (H.-J.Y.); (Z.-G.X.)
| | - Yansong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chang-Jiang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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19
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Bertrams MS, Hermainski K, Mörsdorf JM, Ballmann J, Kerzig C. Triplet quenching pathway control with molecular dyads enables the identification of a highly oxidizing annihilator class. Chem Sci 2023; 14:8583-8591. [PMID: 37592982 PMCID: PMC10430750 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01725g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal complex - arene dyads typically act as more potent triplet energy donors compared to their parent metal complexes, which is frequently exploited for increasing the efficiencies of energy transfer applications. Using unexplored dicationic phosphonium-bridged ladder stilbenes (P-X2+) as quenchers, we exclusively observed photoinduced electron transfer photochemistry with commercial organic photosensitizers and photoactive metal complexes. In contrast, the corresponding pyrene dyads of the tested ruthenium complexes with the very same metal complex units efficiently sensitize the P-X2+ triplets. The long-lived and comparatively redox-inert pyrene donor triplet in the dyads thus provides an efficient access to acceptor triplet states that are otherwise very tricky to obtain. This dyad-enabled control over the quenching pathway allowed us to explore the P-X2+ photochemistry in detail using laser flash photolysis. The P-X2+ triplet undergoes annihilation producing the corresponding excited singlet, which is an extremely strong oxidant (+2.3 V vs. NHE) as demonstrated by halide quenching experiments. This behavior was observed for three P2+ derivatives allowing us to add a novel basic structure to the very limited number of annihilators for sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation in neat water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Sophie Bertrams
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Katharina Hermainski
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Jean-Marc Mörsdorf
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 276 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Joachim Ballmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 276 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
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20
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Murakami Y, Enomoto R. Stable and low-threshold photon upconversion in nondegassed water by organic crystals. Front Chem 2023; 11:1217260. [PMID: 37521013 PMCID: PMC10373875 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1217260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Photon upconversion (UC) is a technology that converts lower-energy photons (longer wavelength light) into higher-energy photons (shorter wavelength light), the opposite of fluorescence. Thus, UC is expected to open a vast domain of photonic applications that are not otherwise possible. Recently, UC by triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) between organic molecules has been studied because of its applicability to low-intensity light, although the majority of such studies have focused on liquid samples in the form of organic solvent solutions. To broaden the range of applications, solid-state UC materials have been an active area of research. We recently developed air-stable, high-performance molecular UC crystals that utilize a stable solid-solution phase of bicomponent organic crystals. This article begins with a brief overview of previous challenges in developing and improving solid-state TTA-UC materials. Then, we briefly review and explain the concept as well as advantages of our molecular solid-solution UC crystals. We applied these organic crystals for the first time to a water environment. We observed blue UC emission upon photoexcitation at 542 nm (green-yellow light) and then measured the excitation intensity dependence as well as the temporal stability of the UC emission in air-saturated water. In nondegassed water, these organic crystals were stable, functioned with a low excitation threshold intensity of a few milliwatts per square centimeter, and exhibited high photo-irradiation durability at least over 40 h; indicating that the developed organic crystals are also viable for aqueous conditions. Therefore, the organic crystals presented in this report are expected to extend the domain of UC-based photonic applications in practical water systems including in vivo diagnostic, clinical, and therapeutic applications.
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21
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Naimovičius L, Bharmoria P, Moth-Poulsen K. Triplet-triplet annihilation mediated photon upconversion solar energy systems. MATERIALS CHEMISTRY FRONTIERS 2023; 7:2297-2315. [PMID: 37313216 PMCID: PMC10259159 DOI: 10.1039/d3qm00069a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Solar energy harvesting is among the best solutions for a global transition toward carbon-neutral energy technologies. The existing solar energy harvesting technologies like photovoltaics (PV) and emerging molecular concepts such as solar fuels and molecular solar thermal energy storage (MOST) are rapidly developing. However, to realize their full potential, fundamental solar energy loss channels like photon transmission, recombination, and thermalization need to be addressed. Triplet-triplet annihilation mediated photon upconversion (TTA-UC) is emerging as a way to overcome losses due to the transmission of photons below the PV/chromophore band gap. However, there are several challenges related to the integration of efficient solid-state TTA-UC systems into efficient devices such as: wide band absorption, materials sustainability, and device architecture. In this article, we review existing work, identify and discuss challenges as well as present our perspective toward possible future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Naimovičius
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona Spain
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University Saulėtekio av. 3 LT-10257 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Pankaj Bharmoria
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona Spain
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research & Advanced Studies, ICREA Pg. Lluís Companys 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE Eduard Maristany 10-14 08019 Barcelona Spain
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivagen 4 Gothenburg 412 96 Sweden
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22
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Chen H, Roy I, Myong MS, Seale JSW, Cai K, Jiao Y, Liu W, Song B, Zhang L, Zhao X, Feng Y, Liu F, Young RM, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart JF. Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion in a Porphyrinic Molecular Container. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10061-10070. [PMID: 37098077 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation-based molecular photon upconversion (TTA-UC) is a photophysical phenomenon that can yield high-energy emitting photons from low-energy incident light. TTA-UC is believed to fuse two triplet excitons into a singlet exciton through several consecutive energy-conversion processes. When organic aromatic dyes─i.e., sensitizers and annihilators─are used in TTA-UC, intermolecular distances, as well as relative orientations between the two chromophores, are important in an attempt to attain high upconversion efficiencies. Herein, we demonstrate a host-guest strategy─e.g., a cage-like molecular container incorporating two porphyrinic sensitizers and encapsulating two perylene emitters inside its cavity─to harness photon upconversion. Central to this design is tailoring the cavity size (9.6-10.4 Å) of the molecular container so that it can host two annihilators with a suitable [π···π] distance (3.2-3.5 Å). The formation of a complex with a host:guest ratio of 1:2 between a porphyrinic molecular container and perylene was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) as well as by DFT calculations. We have obtained TTA-UC yielding blue emission at 470 nm when the complex is excited with low-energy photons. This proof-of-concept demonstrates that TTA-UC can take place in one supermolecule by bringing together the sensitizers and annihilators. Our investigations open up some new opportunities for addressing several issues associated with supramolecular photon upconversion, such as sample concentrations, molecular aggregation, and penetration depths, which have relevance to biological imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Indranil Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michele S Myong
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - James S W Seale
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kang Cai
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yang Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Wenqi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xingang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yuanning Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Fangjun Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Ryan M Young
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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23
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Schloemer TH, Sanders SN, Narayanan P, Zhou Q, Hu M, Congreve DN. Controlling the durability and optical properties of triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion nanocapsules. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:6880-6889. [PMID: 37000152 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr00067b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Deep penetration of high energy photons by direct irradiation is often not feasible due to absorption and scattering losses, which are generally exacerbated as photon energy increases. Precise generation of high energy photons beneath a surface can circumvent these losses and significantly transform optically controlled processes like photocatalysis or 3D printing. Using triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC), a nonlinear process, we can locally convert two transmissive low energy photons into one high energy photon. We recently demonstrated the use of nanocapsules for high energy photon generation at depth, with durability within a variety of chemical environments due to the formation of a dense, protective silica shell that prevents content leakage and nanocapsule aggregation. Here, we show the importance of the feed concentrations of the tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) monomer and the methoxy poly(ethyleneglycol) silane (PEG-silane) ligand used to synthesize these nanocapsules using spectroscopic and microscopy characterizations. At optimal TEOS and PEG-silane concentrations, minimal nanocapsule leakage can be obtained which maximizes UC photoluminescence. We also spectroscopically study the origin of inefficient upconversion from UCNCs made using sub-optimal conditions to probe how TEOS and PEG-silane concentrations impact the equilibrium between productive shell growth and side product formation, like amorphous silica. Furthermore, this optimized fabrication protocol can be applied to encapsulate multiple TTA-UC systems and other emissive dyes to generate anti-Stokes or Stokes shifted emission, respectively. These results show that simple synthetic controls can be tuned to obtain robust, well-dispersed, bright upconverting nanoparticles for subsequent integration in optically controlled technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy H Schloemer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Samuel N Sanders
- Rowland Institute at Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Pournima Narayanan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Manchen Hu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Daniel N Congreve
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
- Rowland Institute at Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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24
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Toolan DTW, Weir MP, Kilbride RC, Anthony JE, Greenham NC, Friend RH, Rao A, Mykhaylyk OO, Jones RAL, Ryan AJ. Mixed Small-Molecule Matrices Improve Nanoparticle Dispersibility in Organic Semiconductor-Nanoparticle Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:4799-4808. [PMID: 36940205 PMCID: PMC10077578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the dispersibility of nanocrystalline inorganic quantum dots (QDs) within organic semiconductor (OSC):QD nanocomposite films is critical for a wide range of optoelectronic devices. This work demonstrates how small changes to the OSC host molecule can have a dramatic detrimental effect on QD dispersibility within the host organic semiconductor matrix as quantified by grazing incidence X-ray scattering. It is commonplace to modify QD surface chemistry to enhance QD dispersibility within an OSC host. Here, an alternative route toward optimizing QD dispersibilities is demonstrated, which dramatically improves QD dispersibilities through blending two different OSCs to form a fully mixed OSC matrix phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T. W. Toolan
- Department
of Chemistry, Brook Hill, The University
of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - Michael P. Weir
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, The University
of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, U.K.
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, The University
of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Rachel C. Kilbride
- Department
of Chemistry, Brook Hill, The University
of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - John E. Anthony
- University
of Kentucky Center for Applied Energy Research, 2582 Research Park Drive, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, United States
| | - Neil C. Greenham
- Cavendish
Laboratory, Cambridge University, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Richard H. Friend
- Cavendish
Laboratory, Cambridge University, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Akshay Rao
- Cavendish
Laboratory, Cambridge University, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Oleksandr O. Mykhaylyk
- Department
of Chemistry, Brook Hill, The University
of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - Richard A. L. Jones
- John Owens
Building, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Anthony J. Ryan
- Department
of Chemistry, Brook Hill, The University
of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K.
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25
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Schloemer T, Narayanan P, Zhou Q, Belliveau E, Seitz M, Congreve DN. Nanoengineering Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion: From Materials to Real-World Applications. ACS NANO 2023; 17:3259-3288. [PMID: 36800310 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Using light to control matter has captured the imagination of scientists for generations, as there is an abundance of photons at our disposal. Yet delivering photons beyond the surface to many photoresponsive systems has proven challenging, particularly at scale, due to light attenuation via absorption and scattering losses. Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC), a process which allows for low energy photons to be converted to high energy photons, is poised to overcome these challenges by allowing for precise spatial generation of high energy photons due to its nonlinear nature. With a wide range of sensitizer and annihilator motifs available for TTA-UC, many researchers seek to integrate these materials in solution or solid-state applications. In this Review, we discuss nanoengineering deployment strategies and highlight their uses in recent state-of-the-art examples of TTA-UC integrated in both solution and solid-state applications. Considering both implementation tactics and application-specific requirements, we identify critical needs to push TTA-UC-based applications from an academic curiosity to a scalable technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Schloemer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Pournima Narayanan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Emma Belliveau
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Michael Seitz
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Daniel N Congreve
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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26
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Zhang J, Ruiz-Molina D, Novio F, Roscini C. Water-Stable Upconverting Coordination Polymer Nanoparticles for Transparent Films and Anticounterfeiting Patterns with Air-Stable Upconversion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:8377-8386. [PMID: 36722461 PMCID: PMC9940112 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c16354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Photon upconversion (UC) based on triplet-triplet annihilation is a very promising phenomenon with potential application in several areas, though, due to the intrinsic mechanism, the achievement of diffusion-limited solid materials with air-stable UC is still a challenge. Herein, we report UC coordination polymer nanoparticles (CPNs) combining sensitizer and emitter molecules especially designed with alkyl spacers that promote the amorphous character. Beyond the characteristic constraints of crystalline MOFs, amorphous CPNs facilitate high dye density and flexible ratio tunability. To show the universality of the approach, two types of UC-CPNs are reported, exhibiting highly photostable UC in two different visible spectral regions. Given their nanoscale, narrow size distribution, and good chemical/colloidal stability in water, the CPNs were also successfully printed as anticounterfeiting patterns and used to make highly transparent and photostable films for luminescent solar concentrators, both showing air-stable UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junda Zhang
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament
de Química, Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona (UAB), Campus
UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola
del Vallès, Spain
| | - Daniel Ruiz-Molina
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Novio
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament
de Química, Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona (UAB), Campus
UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola
del Vallès, Spain
| | - Claudio Roscini
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain
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27
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Sullivan CM, Nienhaus L. Generating spin-triplet states at the bulk perovskite/organic interface for photon upconversion. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:998-1013. [PMID: 36594272 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05767k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite-sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) upconversion (UC) holds potential for practical applications of solid-state UC ranging from photovoltaics to sensing and imaging technologies. As the triplet sensitizer, the underlying perovskite properties heavily influence the generation of spin-triplet states once interfaced with the organic annihilator molecule, typically polyacene derivatives. Presently, most reported perovskite TTA-UC systems have utilized rubrene doped with ∼1% dibenzotetraphenylperiflanthene (RubDBP) as the annihilator/emitter species. However, practical applications require a larger apparent anti-Stokes than is currently achievable with this system due to the inherent 0.4 eV energy loss during triplet generation. In this minireview, we present the current understanding of the triplet sensitization process at the perovskite/organic semiconductor interface and introduce additional promising annihilators based on anthracene derivatives into the discussion of future directions in perovskite-sensitized TTA-UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colette M Sullivan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - Lea Nienhaus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
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28
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Gray V, Drake W, Allardice JR, Zhang Z, Xiao J, Congrave DG, Royakkers J, Zeng W, Dowland S, Greenham NC, Bronstein H, Anthony JE, Rao A. Triplet transfer from PbS quantum dots to tetracene ligands: is faster always better? JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2022; 10:16321-16329. [PMID: 36562020 PMCID: PMC9648495 DOI: 10.1039/d2tc03470k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dot-organic semiconductor hybrid materials are gaining increasing attention as spin mixers for applications ranging from solar harvesting to spin memories. Triplet energy transfer between the inorganic quantum dot (QD) and organic semiconductor is a key step to understand in order to develop these applications. Here we report on the triplet energy transfer from PbS QDs to four energetically and structurally similar tetracene ligands. Even with similar ligands we find that the triplet energy transfer dynamics can vary significantly. For TIPS-tetracene derivatives with carboxylic acid, acetic acid and methanethiol anchoring groups on the short pro-cata side we find that triplet transfer occurs through a stepwise process, mediated via a surface state, whereas for monosubstituted TIPS-tetracene derivative 5-(4-benzoic acid)-12-triisopropylsilylethynyl tetracene (BAT) triplet transfer occurs directly, albeit slower, via a Dexter exchange mechanism. Even though triplet transfer is slower with BAT the overall yield is greater, as determined from upconverted emission using rubrene emitters. This work highlights that the surface-mediated transfer mechanism is plagued with parasitic loss pathways and that materials with direct Dexter-like triplet transfer are preferred for high-efficiency applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Gray
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge J. J. Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University Box 523 751 20 Uppsala Sweden
| | - William Drake
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge J. J. Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
| | - Jesse R Allardice
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge J. J. Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
| | - Zhilong Zhang
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge J. J. Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
| | - James Xiao
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge J. J. Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
| | - Daniel G Congrave
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Jeroen Royakkers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Weixuan Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Simon Dowland
- Cambridge Photon Technology J. J. Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
| | - Neil C Greenham
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge J. J. Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
| | - Hugo Bronstein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - John E Anthony
- University of Kentucky Center for Applied Energy Research 2582 Research Park Dr Lexington Kentucky 40511 USA
| | - Akshay Rao
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge J. J. Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
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29
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Ha DG, Wan R, Kim CA, Lin TA, Yang L, Van Voorhis T, Baldo MA, Dincă M. Exchange controlled triplet fusion in metal-organic frameworks. NATURE MATERIALS 2022; 21:1275-1281. [PMID: 36202994 PMCID: PMC9622415 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-022-01368-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Triplet-fusion-based photon upconversion holds promise for a wide range of applications, from photovoltaics to bioimaging. The efficiency of triplet fusion, however, is fundamentally limited in conventional molecular and polymeric systems by its spin dependence. Here, we show that the inherent tailorability of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), combined with their highly porous but ordered structure, minimizes intertriplet exchange coupling and engineers effective spin mixing between singlet and quintet triplet-triplet pair states. We demonstrate singlet-quintet coupling in a pyrene-based MOF, NU-1000. An anomalous magnetic field effect is observed from NU-1000 corresponding to an induced resonance between singlet and quintet states that yields an increased fusion rate at room temperature under a relatively low applied magnetic field of 0.14 T. Our results suggest that MOFs offer particular promise for engineering the spin dynamics of multiexcitonic processes and improving their upconversion performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Gwang Ha
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ruomeng Wan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Changhae Andrew Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ting-An Lin
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Luming Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Troy Van Voorhis
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marc A Baldo
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Mircea Dincă
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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30
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Mavrommati S, Skourtis SS. Molecular Wires for Efficient Long-Distance Triplet Energy Transfer. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:9679-9687. [PMID: 36215956 PMCID: PMC9589895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We propose design rules for building organic molecular bridges that enable coherent long-distance triplet-exciton transfer. Using these rules, we describe example polychromophoric structures with low inner-sphere exciton reorganization energies, low static and dynamic disorder, and enhanced π-stacking interactions between nearest-neighbor chromophores. These features lead to triplet-exciton eigenstates that are delocalized over several units at room temperature. The use of such bridges in donor-bridge-acceptor assemblies enables fast triplet-exciton transport over very long distances that is rate-limited by the donor-bridge injection and bridge-acceptor trapping rates.
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31
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Bharmoria P, Edhborg F, Bildirir H, Sasaki Y, Ghasemi S, Mårtensson A, Yanai N, Kimizuka N, Albinsson B, Börjesson K, Moth-Poulsen K. Recyclable optical bioplastics platform for solid state red light harvesting via triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. A 2022; 10:21279-21290. [PMID: 36325268 PMCID: PMC9578683 DOI: 10.1039/d2ta04810h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable photonics applications of solid-state triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion (TTA-UC) are limited by a small UC spectral window, low UC efficiency in air, and non-recyclability of polymeric materials used. In a step to overcome these issues, we have developed new recyclable TTA-UC bioplastics by encapsulating TTA-UC chromophores liquid inside the semicrystalline gelatin films showing broad-spectrum upconversion (red/far-red to blue) with high UC efficiency in air. For this, we synthesized a new anionic annihilator, sodium-TIPS-anthracene-2-sulfonate (TIPS-AnS), that combined with red/far-red sensitizers (PdTPBP/Os(m-peptpy)2(TFSI)2), a liquid surfactant Triton X-100 reduced (TXr) and protein gelatin (G) formed red/far-red to blue TTA-UC bioplastic films just by air drying of their aqueous solutions. The G-TXr-TIPS-AnS-PdTPBP film showed record red to blue (633 to 478 nm) TTA-UC quantum yield of 8.5% in air. The high UC quantum yield has been obtained due to the fluidity of dispersed TXr containing chromophores and oxygen blockage by gelatin fibers that allowed efficient diffusion of triplet excited chromophores. Further, the G-TXr-TIPS-AnS-Os(m-peptpy)2(TFSI)2 bioplastic film displayed far-red to blue (700-730 nm to 478 nm) TTA-UC, demonstrating broad-spectrum photon harvesting. Finally, we demonstrated the recycling of G-TXr-TIPS-AnS-PdTPBP bioplastics by developing a downstream approach that gives new directions for designing future recyclable photonics bioplastic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Bharmoria
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 4 Gothenburg 412 96 Sweden
| | - Fredrik Edhborg
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 4 Gothenburg 412 96 Sweden
| | - Hakan Bildirir
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 4 Gothenburg 412 96 Sweden
| | - Yoichi Sasaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Shima Ghasemi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 4 Gothenburg 412 96 Sweden
| | - Anders Mårtensson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 4 Gothenburg 412 96 Sweden
| | - Nobuhiro Yanai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Nobuo Kimizuka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Bo Albinsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 4 Gothenburg 412 96 Sweden
| | - Karl Börjesson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology Kemivägen 10 Gothenburg 412 96 Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 4 Gothenburg 412 96 Sweden
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC Bellaterra Barcelona, 08193 Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research & Advanced Studies, ICREA Pg. Lluís Companys 23 Barcelona Spain
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32
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Radiunas E, Dapkevičius M, Raišys S, Kazlauskas K. Triplet and singlet exciton diffusion in disordered rubrene films: implications for photon upconversion. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:24345-24352. [PMID: 36177992 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02798d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Triplet and singlet exciton diffusion plays a decisive role in triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) and singlet fission (SF) processes of rubrene (Rub) films at low excitation power, and therefore has an important implication for TTA-mediated photon upconversion (UC). Although triplet diffusion in crystalline Rub was studied before, there is no quantitative data on diffusion in disordered Rub films most widely employed for NIR-to-Vis UC. The lack of these data hinders the progress of TTA-UC applications relying on a Rub annihilator (emitter). Herein, a time-resolved PL bulk-quenching technique was employed to estimate the exciton diffusion coefficient (D) and diffusion length (LD) in the neat Rub films as well as Rub-doped PS films at 80 wt% doping concentration, previously reported to be optimal in terms of UC efficiency. The impact of commonly utilized singlet energy collector (sink) DBP on exciton diffusion was also assessed, highlighting its importance exclusively on the dynamics of singlets in Rub films. Our study revealed that triplet diffusion lengths (LTD) of 25-30 nm estimated for the disordered Rub films are sufficient for encountering triplets from the neighboring sensitizer molecules at a low sensitizer PdPc concentration (0.1 wt%), thereby enabling the desired TTA domination regime to be reached. Essentially, the performance of Rub-based UC systems was found to be limited by the modest maximal LTD (up to ∼55 nm) in disordered films resulting from a short maximum triplet lifetime τT (∼100 μs) inherent to this emitter. Thus, to enhance the NIR-to-Vis TTA-UC performance, new emitters with a longer triplet lifetime in the solid state are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edvinas Radiunas
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Manvydas Dapkevičius
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Steponas Raišys
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Karolis Kazlauskas
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
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DuBose JT, Szabó G, Chakkamalayath J, Kamat PV. Excited-State Transient Chemistry of Rubrene: A Whole Story. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:7147-7158. [PMID: 36074750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The ability to manipulate low-energy triplet excited states into higher-energy emissive singlet states, a process known as photon upconversion (UC), has potential applications in bioimaging, photocatalysis, and in increasing the efficiency of solar cells. However, the overall UC mechanism is complex and can involve many intermediate states, especially when semiconductors such as lead halide perovskites are used to sensitize the required triplet states. Using a combination of pulse radiolytic and electrochemical techniques, we have now explored the transient features of rubrene─a commonly employed triplet annihilator in UC systems. The rubrene triplet, radical anion, and radical cation species yield unique spectra that can serve as spectral fingerprints to distinguish between transient species formed during UC processes. Using detailed kinetic studies, we have succeeded in establishing that the rubrene triplets are susceptible to self-quenching (kquench = 3.6 × 108 M-1 s-1), and as the triplets decay, an additional transient feature is observed in the transient absorption spectra. This new feature indicates a net electron transfer process occurs to form the radical cation and anion as the triplets recombine. Taken together, this work provides a comprehensive picture of the excited state and transient features of rubrene and will be crucial for understanding the mechanism(s) of photon upconversion systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey T DuBose
- Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Gábor Szabó
- Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Jishnudas Chakkamalayath
- Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Prashant V Kamat
- Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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34
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Recent Advances in the Photoreactions Triggered by Porphyrin-Based Triplet–Triplet Annihilation Upconversion Systems: Molecular Innovations and Nanoarchitectonics. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23148041. [PMID: 35887385 PMCID: PMC9323209 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23148041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) is a very promising technology that could be used to convert low-energy photons to high-energy ones and has been proven to be of great value in various areas. Porphyrins have the characteristics of high molar absorbance, can form a complex with different metal ions and a high proportion of triplet states as well as tunable structures, and thus they are important sensitizers for TTA-UC. Porphyrin-based TTA-UC plays a pivotal role in the TTA-UC systems and has been widely used in many fields such as solar cells, sensing and circularly polarized luminescence. In recent years, applications of porphyrin-based TTA-UC systems for photoinduced reactions have emerged, but have been paid little attention. As a consequence, this review paid close attention to the recent advances in the photoreactions triggered by porphyrin-based TTA-UC systems. First of all, the photochemistry of porphyrin-based TTA-UC for chemical transformations, such as photoisomerization, photocatalytic synthesis, photopolymerization, photodegradation and photochemical/photoelectrochemical water splitting, was discussed in detail, which revealed the different mechanisms of TTA-UC and methods with which to carry out reasonable molecular innovations and nanoarchitectonics to solve the existing problems in practical application. Subsequently, photoreactions driven by porphyrin-based TTA-UC for biomedical applications were demonstrated. Finally, the future developments of porphyrin-based TTA-UC systems for photoreactions were briefly discussed.
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Sell AC, Wetzel JC, Schmitz M, Maijenburg AW, Woltersdorf G, Naumann R, Kerzig C. Water-soluble ruthenium complex-pyrene dyads with extended triplet lifetimes for efficient energy transfer applications. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:10799-10808. [PMID: 35788236 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01157c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Long triplet lifetimes of excited photosensitizers are essential for efficient energy transfer reactions in water, given that the concentrations of dissolved oxygen and suitable acceptors in aqueous media are typically much lower than in organic solvents. Herein, we report the design, synthesis and photochemical characterization of two structurally related water-soluble ruthenium complex-based dyads decorated with a covalently attached pyrene chromophore. The triplet energy of the latter is slightly below that of the metal complex enabling a so-called triplet reservoir and excited-state lifetime extensions of up to two orders of magnitude. The diimine co-ligands, which can be modified easily, have a major impact on both the ultrafast intramolecular energy transfer (iEnT) kinetics upon excitation with visible light and the lifetime of the resulting long-lived pyrene triplet. The phenanthroline-containing dyad shows fast triplet pyrene formation (25 ps) and an exceptionally long triplet lifetime beyond 50 microseconds in neat water. The iEnT process via the Dexter mechanism is slower by a factor of two when bipyridine co-ligands are employed, which is rationalized by a poor orbital overlap. Both dyads are very efficient sensitizers for the formation of singlet oxygen in air-saturated water as well as for the bimolecular generation of anthracene triplets that are key intermediates in upconversion mechanisms. This is demonstrated by the 5-hydroxymethylfurfural oxidation, which yields completely different main products depending on the pH value of the aqueous solution, as an initial application-related experiment and by time-resolved spectroscopy. Our findings are important in the greater contexts of photocatalysis and energy conversion in the "green" solvent water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne C Sell
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Julius C Wetzel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - A Wouter Maijenburg
- Center for Innovation Competence SiLi-Nano, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Karl-Freiherr-von-Fritsch-Straße 3, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Georg Woltersdorf
- Institute of Physics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 3, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Robert Naumann
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany. .,Center for Innovation Competence SiLi-Nano, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Karl-Freiherr-von-Fritsch-Straße 3, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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Gudem M, Kowalewski M. Triplet-triplet Annihilation Dynamics of Naphthalene. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200781. [PMID: 35612412 PMCID: PMC9401077 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) is a spin-allowed conversion of two triplet states into one singlet excited state, which provides an efficient route to generate a photon of higher frequency than the incident light. Multiple energy transfer steps between absorbing (sensitizer) and emitting (annihilator) molecular species are involved in the TTA based photon upconversion process. TTA compounds have recently been studied for solar energy applications, even though the maximum upconversion efficiency of 50 % is yet to be achieved. With the aid of quantum calculations and based on a few key requirements, several design principles have been established to develop the well-functioning annihilators. However, a complete molecular level understanding of triplet fusion dynamics is still missing. In this work, we have employed multi-reference electronic structure methods along with quantum dynamics to obtain a detailed and fundamental understanding of TTA mechanism in naphthalene. Our results suggest that the TTA process in naphthalene is mediated by conical intersections. In addition, we have explored the triplet fusion dynamics under the influence of strong light-matter coupling and found an increase of the TTA based upconversion efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Gudem
- Department of PhysicsStockholm UniversityAlbanova University CentreSE-106 91StockholmSweden
| | - Markus Kowalewski
- Department of PhysicsStockholm UniversityAlbanova University CentreSE-106 91StockholmSweden
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37
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Upconversion nanomaterials and delivery systems for smart photonic medicines and healthcare devices. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 188:114419. [PMID: 35810884 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, upconversion (UC) nanomaterials have been extensively investigated for the applications to photomedicines with their unique features including biocompatibility, near-infrared (NIR) to visible conversion, photostability, controllable emission bands, and facile multi-functionality. These characteristics of UC nanomaterials enable versatile light delivery for deep tissue biophotonic applications. Among various stimuli-responsive delivery systems, the light-responsive delivery process has been greatly advantageous to develop spatiotemporally controllable on-demand "smart" photonic medicines. UC nanomaterials are classified largely to two groups depending on the photon UC pathway and compositions: inorganic lanthanide-doped UC nanoparticles and organic triplet-triplet annihilation UC (TTA-UC) nanomaterials. Here, we review the current-state-of-art inorganic and organic UC nanomaterials for photo-medicinal applications including photothermal therapy (PTT), photodynamic therapy (PDT), photo-triggered chemo and gene therapy, multimodal immunotherapy, NIR mediated neuromodulations, and photochemical tissue bonding (PTB). We also discuss the future research direction of this field and the challenges for further clinical development.
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Wang C, Reichenauer F, Kitzmann WR, Kerzig C, Heinze K, Resch-Genger U. Efficient Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion Sensitized by a Chromium(III) Complex via an Underexplored Energy Transfer Mechanism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202238. [PMID: 35344256 PMCID: PMC9322448 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (sTTA-UC) mainly relies on precious metal complexes thanks to their high intersystem crossing (ISC) efficiencies, excited state energies, and lifetimes, while complexes of abundant first-row transition metals are only rarely utilized and with often moderate UC quantum yields. [Cr(bpmp)2 ]3+ (bpmp=2,6-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)pyridine) containing earth-abundant chromium possesses an absorption band suitable for green light excitation, a doublet excited state energy matching the triplet energy of 9,10-diphenyl anthracene (DPA), a close to millisecond excited state lifetime, and high photostability. Combined ISC and doublet-triplet energy transfer from excited [Cr(bpmp)2 ]3+ to DPA gives 3 DPA with close-to-unity quantum yield. TTA of 3 DPA furnishes green-to-blue UC with a quantum yield of 12.0 % (close to the theoretical maximum). Sterically less-hindered anthracenes undergo a [4+4] cycloaddition with [Cr(bpmp)2 ]3+ and green light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Wang
- Division Biophotonics, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University of Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Reichenauer
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Winald R Kitzmann
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katja Heinze
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ute Resch-Genger
- Division Biophotonics, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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39
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Wang C, Reichenauer F, Kitzmann WR, Kerzig C, Heinze K, Resch‐Genger U. Efficient Triplet‐Triplet Annihilation Upconversion Sensitized by a Chromium(III) Complex via an Underexplored Energy Transfer Mechanism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cui Wang
- Division Biophotonics Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11 12489 Berlin Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry Free University of Berlin Arnimallee 22 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Florian Reichenauer
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Winald R. Kitzmann
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Katja Heinze
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Ute Resch‐Genger
- Division Biophotonics Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11 12489 Berlin Germany
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40
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Vasilev A, Kostadinov A, Kandinska M, Landfester K, Baluschev S. Tetrathienothiophene Porphyrin as a Metal-Free Sensitizer for Room-Temperature Triplet–Triplet Annihilation Upconversion. Front Chem 2022; 10:809863. [PMID: 35559213 PMCID: PMC9086237 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.809863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Optically excited triplet states of organic molecules serve as an energy pool for the subsequent processes, either photon energy downhill, such as room temperature phosphorescence, or photon energy uphill process—the triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC). Manifestation of a high intersystem crossing coefficient is an unavoidable requirement for triplet state formation, following the absorption of a single photon. This requirement is even more inevitable if the excitation light is non-coherent, with moderate intensity and extremely low spectral power density, when compared with the light parameters of 1 Sun (1.5 AM). Coordination of a heavy atom increases substantially the probability of intersystem crossing. Nevertheless, having in mind the global shortage in precious and rare-earth metals, identification of metal-free organic moieties able to form triplet states becomes a prerequisite for environmental friendly optoelectronic technologies. This motivates us to synthesize a metal-free thienothiophene containing porphyrin, based on a condensation reaction between thienothiophene-2-carbaldehyde and pyrrole in an acidic medium by modified synthetic protocol. The upconversion couple tetrathienothiophene porphyrin/rubrene when excited at λ = 658 nm demonstrates bright, delayed fluorescence with a maximum emission at λ = 555 nm. This verifies our hypothesis that the ISC coefficient in thienothiophene porphyrin is efficient in order to create even at room temperature and low-intensity optical excitation densely populated organic triplet ensemble and is suitable for photon energy uphill processes, which makes this type of metal-free sensitizers even more important for optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey Vasilev
- University of Sofia “Saint Kliment Ohridski”, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Meglena Kandinska
- University of Sofia “Saint Kliment Ohridski”, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
- *Correspondence: Katharina Landfester, ; Stanislav Baluschev,
| | - Stanislav Baluschev
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
- University of Sofia “Saint Kliment Ohridski”, Faculty of Physics, Sofia, Bulgaria
- *Correspondence: Katharina Landfester, ; Stanislav Baluschev,
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41
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Fu Q, Rui J, Fang J, Ni Y, Fang L, Lu C, Xu Z. Triplet‐triplet Annihilation Up‐conversion Luminescent Assisted Free‐radical Reactions of Polymers Using Visible Light. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202200038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials‐Oriented Chemical Engineering College of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
| | - Jiaqiang Rui
- State Key Laboratory of Materials‐Oriented Chemical Engineering College of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
| | - Jiaojiao Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials‐Oriented Chemical Engineering College of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
| | - Yaru Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Materials‐Oriented Chemical Engineering College of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
| | - Liang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials‐Oriented Chemical Engineering College of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
| | - Chunhua Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials‐Oriented Chemical Engineering College of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
| | - Zhongzi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials‐Oriented Chemical Engineering College of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
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Best practice in determining key photophysical parameters in triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2022; 21:1143-1158. [PMID: 35441266 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00219-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion (TTA-UC) is a process in which low-energy light is transformed into light of higher energy. During the last two decades, it has gained increasing attention due to its potential in, e.g., biological applications and solar energy conversion. The highest efficiencies for TTA-UC systems have been achieved in liquid solution, owing to that several of the intermediate steps require close contact between the interacting species, something that is more easily achieved in diffusion-controlled environments. There is a good understanding of the kinetics dictating the performance in liquid TTA-UC systems, but so far, the community lacks cohesiveness in terms of how several important parameters are best determined experimentally. In this perspective, we discuss and present a "best practice" for the determination of several critical parameters in TTA-UC, namely triplet excited state energies, rate constants for triplet-triplet annihilation ([Formula: see text]), triplet excited-state lifetimes ([Formula: see text]), and excitation threshold intensity ([Formula: see text]). Finally, we introduce a newly developed method by which [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] may be determined simultaneously using the same set of time-resolved emission measurements. The experiment can be performed with a simple experimental setup, be ran under mild excitation conditions, and entirely circumvents the need for more challenging nanosecond transient absorption measurements, a technique that previously has been required to extract [Formula: see text]. Our hope is that the discussions and methodologies presented herein will aid the photon upconversion community in performing more efficient and manageable experiments while maintaining-and sometimes increasing-the accuracy and validity of the extracted parameters.
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Papadopoulos I, Gutiérrez-Moreno D, Bo Y, Casillas R, Greißel PM, Clark T, Fernández-Lázaro F, Guldi DM. Altering singlet fission pathways in perylene-dimers; perylene-diimide versus perylene-monoimide. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:5194-5203. [PMID: 35315470 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr08523a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We used a systematic approach to shed light on the inherent differences in perylenes, namely monoimides versus diimides, including coplanarity and dipole moment, and their impact on singlet fission (SF) by designing, synthesizing, and probing a full fledged series of phenylene- and naphthalene-linked dimers. Next to changing the functionality of the perylene core, we probed the effect of the spacers and their varying degrees of rotational freedom, molecular electrostatic potentials, and intramolecular interactions on the SF-mechanism and -efficiencies. An arsenal of spectroscopic techniques revealed that for perylene-monoimides, a strong charge-transfer mixing with the singlet and triplet excited states restricts SF and yields low triplet quantum yields. This is accompanied by an up-conversion channel that includes geminate triplet-triplet recombination. Using perylene-diimides alters the SF-mechanism by populating a charge-separated-state intermediate, which either favors or shuts-down SF. Napthylene-spacers bring about higher triplet quantum yields and overall better SF-performance for all perylene-monoimides and perylene-diimides. The key to better SF-performance is rotational freedom because it facilitates the overall excited-state polarization and amplifies intramolecular interactions between chromophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Papadopoulos
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - David Gutiérrez-Moreno
- Área de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03203 Elche, Spain.
| | - Yifan Bo
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
- Computer-Chemistry-Center, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nägelsbachstr. 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rubén Casillas
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
- Computer-Chemistry-Center, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nägelsbachstr. 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Phillip M Greißel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Timothy Clark
- Computer-Chemistry-Center, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nägelsbachstr. 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fernando Fernández-Lázaro
- Área de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03203 Elche, Spain.
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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Isokuortti J, Kiiski I, Sikanen T, Durandin N, Laaksonen T. Microfluidic oxygen tolerability screening of nanocarriers for triplet fusion photon upconversion. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2022; 10:4871-4877. [PMID: 35433006 PMCID: PMC8944590 DOI: 10.1039/d2tc00156j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The full potential of triplet fusion photon upconversion (TF-UC) of providing high-energy photons locally with low-energy excitation is limited in biomedicine and life sciences by its oxygen sensitivity. This hampers the applicability of TF-UC systems in sensors, imaging, optogenetics and drug release. Despite the advances in improving the oxygen tolerability of TF-UC systems, the evaluation of oxygen tolerability is based on comparing the performance at completely deoxygenated (0% oxygen) and ambient (20-21%) conditions, leaving the physiological oxygen levels (0.3-13.5%) neglected. This oversight is not deliberate and is only the result of the lack of simple and predictable methods to obtain and maintain these physiological oxygen levels in an optical setup. Herein, we demonstrate the use of microfluidic chips made of oxygen depleting materials to study the oxygen tolerability of four different micellar nanocarriers made of FDA-approved materials with various oxygen scavenging capabilities by screening their TF-UC performance over physiological oxygen levels. All nanocarriers were capable of efficient TF-UC even in ambient conditions. However, utilizing oxygen scavengers in the oil phase of the nanocarrier improves the oxygen tolerability considerably. For example, at the mean tumour oxygen level (1.4%), nanocarriers made of surfactants and oil phase both capable of oxygen scavenging retained remarkably 80% of their TF-UC emission. This microfluidic concept enables faster, simpler and more realistic evaluation of, not only TF-UC, but any micro or nanoscale oxygen-sensitive system and facilitates their development and implementation in biomedical and life science applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi Isokuortti
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University Tampere Finland
| | - Iiro Kiiski
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Drug Research Program, University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Tiina Sikanen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Drug Research Program, University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Nikita Durandin
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University Tampere Finland
| | - Timo Laaksonen
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University Tampere Finland
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Drug Research Program, University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
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45
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Carrod AJ, Cravcenco A, Ye C, Börjesson K. Modulating TTA efficiency through control of high energy triplet states. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2022; 10:4923-4928. [PMID: 35433005 PMCID: PMC8944256 DOI: 10.1039/d1tc05292f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
An ideal annihilator in triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion (TTA-UC) can achieve a maximum of 50% quantum efficiency. This spin statistical limit depends on the energies of the triplet states of the annihilator molecule, with only 20% quantum efficiencies possible in less-optimal energy configurations (E T2 ≤ 2E T1 ). Our work utilises three perylene analogues substituted with phenyl in sequential positions. When substituted in the bay position the isomer displays drastically lowered upconversion yields, which can be explained by the system going from an ideal to less-ideal energy configuration. We further concluded position 2 is the best site when functionalising perylene without a wish to affect its photophysics, thus demonstrating how molecular design can influence upconversion quantum efficiencies by controlling the energetics of triplet states through substitution. This will in turn help in the design of molecules that maximise upconversion efficiencies for materials applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Carrod
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg 41296 Sweden
| | - Alexei Cravcenco
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg 41296 Sweden
| | - Chen Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Uppsala University Uppsala 752 36 Sweden
| | - Karl Börjesson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg 41296 Sweden
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46
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Dimitriev OP. Dynamics of Excitons in Conjugated Molecules and Organic Semiconductor Systems. Chem Rev 2022; 122:8487-8593. [PMID: 35298145 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The exciton, an excited electron-hole pair bound by Coulomb attraction, plays a key role in photophysics of organic molecules and drives practically important phenomena such as photoinduced mechanical motions of a molecule, photochemical conversions, energy transfer, generation of free charge carriers, etc. Its behavior in extended π-conjugated molecules and disordered organic films is very different and very rich compared with exciton behavior in inorganic semiconductor crystals. Due to the high degree of variability of organic systems themselves, the exciton not only exerts changes on molecules that carry it but undergoes its own changes during all phases of its lifetime, that is, birth, conversion and transport, and decay. The goal of this review is to give a systematic and comprehensive view on exciton behavior in π-conjugated molecules and molecular assemblies at all phases of exciton evolution with emphasis on rates typical for this dynamic picture and various consequences of the above dynamics. To uncover the rich variety of exciton behavior, details of exciton formation, exciton transport, exciton energy conversion, direct and reverse intersystem crossing, and radiative and nonradiative decay are considered in different systems, where these processes lead to or are influenced by static and dynamic disorder, charge distribution symmetry breaking, photoinduced reactions, electron and proton transfer, structural rearrangements, exciton coupling with vibrations and intermediate particles, and exciton dissociation and annihilation as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg P Dimitriev
- V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics NAS of Ukraine, pr. Nauki 41, Kyiv 03028, Ukraine
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47
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Liu E, Liu X, Jin Z, Jian F. Study on the relationship between structure and fluorescence properties of anthracene derivatives. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.132029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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48
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Lee H, Lee MS, Uji M, Harada N, Park JM, Lee J, Seo SE, Park CS, Kim J, Park SJ, Bhang SH, Yanai N, Kimizuka N, Kwon OS, Kim JH. Nanoencapsulated Phase-Change Materials: Versatile and Air-Tolerant Platforms for Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:4132-4143. [PMID: 35019270 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Efficient and long-term stable triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) can be achieved by effectively protecting the excited organic triplet ensembles from photoinduced oxygen quenching, and discovery of a new material platform that promotes TTA-UC in ambient conditions is of paramount importance for practical applications. In this study, we present the first demonstration of an organic nonparaffin phase-change material (PCM) as an air-tolerant medium for TTA-UC with a unique solid-liquid phase transition in response to temperature variation. For the proposed concept, 2,4-hexadien-1-ol is used and extensively characterized with several key features, including good solvation capacity, mild melting point (30.5 °C), and exclusive antioxidant property, enabling a high-efficiency, low-threshold, and photostable TTA-UC system without energy-intensive degassing processes. In-depth characterization reveals that the triplet diffusion among the transient species, i.e., 3sensitizer* and 3acceptor*, is efficient and well protected from oxygen quenching in both aerated liquid- and solid-phase 2,4-hexadien-1-ol. We also propose a new strategy for the nanoencapsulation of PCM by employing hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles as vehicles. This scheme is applicable to both aqueous- and solid-phase TTA-UC systems as well as suitable for various applications, such as thermal energy storage and smart drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haklae Lee
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Myung-Soo Lee
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Masanori Uji
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Harada
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Jeong-Min Park
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Jiyeon Lee
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Sung Eun Seo
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Chul Soon Park
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Jinyeong Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Seon Joo Park
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Suk Ho Bhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Nobuhiro Yanai
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- PRESTO, JST, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kimizuka
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Oh Seok Kwon
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Nanobiotechnology and Bioinformatics (Major), University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hyuk Kim
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
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49
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Liang Z, Yan X, Cui H, Xie H, Li H, Yan D, Ye C, Wang X, Tao X. Triplet‐Triplet Annihilation Upconversion from Ru(II) Phenanthroline Complexes and 2‐Substituted Anthracene Derivatives. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zuo‐Qin Liang
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible & Printing Optoelectronic Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Suzhou University of Science and Technology Suzhou 215009 China
| | - Xu Yan
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible & Printing Optoelectronic Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Suzhou University of Science and Technology Suzhou 215009 China
| | - Hao Cui
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible & Printing Optoelectronic Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Suzhou University of Science and Technology Suzhou 215009 China
| | - Huan‐Ran Xie
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible & Printing Optoelectronic Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Suzhou University of Science and Technology Suzhou 215009 China
| | - Hui Li
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible & Printing Optoelectronic Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Suzhou University of Science and Technology Suzhou 215009 China
| | - Dong Yan
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible & Printing Optoelectronic Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Suzhou University of Science and Technology Suzhou 215009 China
| | - Chang‐Qing Ye
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible & Printing Optoelectronic Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Suzhou University of Science and Technology Suzhou 215009 China
| | - Xiao‐Mei Wang
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible & Printing Optoelectronic Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Suzhou University of Science and Technology Suzhou 215009 China
| | - Xu‐Tang Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials Shandong University Jinan 250100 China
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50
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Kashino T, Haruki R, Uji M, Harada N, Hosoyamada M, Yanai N, Kimizuka N. Design Guidelines for Rigid Epoxy Resins with High Photon Upconversion Efficiency: Critical Role of Emitter Concentration. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:22771-22780. [PMID: 35014267 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c17021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
For the practical application of triplet-triplet annihilation-based photon upconversion (TTA-UC), the development of rigid, transparent, air-stable, and moldable materials with a high TTA-UC efficiency remains a challenging issue. In addition to the noncovalent introduction of ionic liquid emitters into the epoxy network, we covalently introduce emitters with polymerization sites to increase the emitter concentration to 35.6 wt %. A TTA-UC quantum yield ΦUC of 5.7% (theoretical maximum: 50%) or a TTA-UC efficiency ηUC of 11.4% (theoretical maximum: 100%) is achieved, which is the highest value ever achieved for a rigid polymer material. More importantly, the high emitter concentration speeds up the triplet diffusion and suppresses the back energy transfer from the emitter to sensitizer so that the sensitized emitter triplet can be effectively utilized for TTA. The generality of our finding is also confirmed for epoxy resins of similar emitter unit concentrations without the ionic liquid. This work provides important design guidelines for achieving highly efficient TTA-UC in rigid solid materials, which has been very difficult to achieve in the past. Furthermore, the solid-state TTA-UC exhibits high air stability, reflecting the high oxygen barrier performance of epoxy resins. The high moldability of epoxy resins allows the construction of upconversion materials with complex geometries at nano- to macroscopic scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Kashino
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Nissan Chemical Corporation, Funabashi 274-0069, Japan
| | - Rena Haruki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Nissan Chemical Corporation, Funabashi 274-0069, Japan
| | - Masanori Uji
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Harada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masanori Hosoyamada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yanai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- JST-PRESTO, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kimizuka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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