Nano-sized metal-organic frameworks: Synthesis and applications

Hierarchically porous MOF@COF structures with ultrafast gas diffusion rate for C2H6/C2H4 separation

For ethylene purification, C2H6-selective metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) show great potential to directly produce polymer-grade C2H4 from C2H6/C2H4 mixtures. Most C2H6-traping MOFs are ultra-microporous structures so as to strengthen multiple supramolecular interactions with C2H6. However, the narrowed pore channels of C2H6-traping MOFs cause large guest diffusion barriers, greatly hampering their practical applications. Herein, we present a feasible strategy by precisely constructing hierarchically porous MOF@COF core-shell structures to address this issue. Additional mesoporous diffusion channels were incorporated between MOF crystals through the construction of the COF shell, thereby enhancing the gas adsorption kinetics. Notably, designing a core-shell MOF@COF structure with an optimal coating amount of mesoporous COF shell will further improve the gas diffusion rate. Breakthrough experiments reveal that the tailored MOF@COF composites can effectively achieve C2H6/C2H4 separation and maintain its separation performance over five continuous measurement cycles. This investigation opens up a new avenue to solve the diffusion/transfer issues and provides more opportunities and potentials for MOF@COF composites in practical separation applications.

Wide temperature adaptive oxidase-like based on mesoporous manganese based metal-organic framework for detecting total antioxidant capacity

Overcoming the intense variation of enzymatic activity among different temperatures is very critical in catalytic medicine and catalytic biology. Here, Mn-based metal-organic framework-based wide-temperature-adaptive mesoporous artificial enzymes (Mn-TMA-MOF) were designed and synthesized. The oxidase-like Mn-TMA-MOF showed excellent catalytic activity at 0-50 °C and avoided the activity loss and instability due to temperature variation that occurred. The excellent oxidase-like properties of Mn-TMA-MOF with wide temperature adaptativeness are mainly ascribed to the mixed oxidized state (Mn3+/Mn2+) and high substrate affinity (Km = 0.034 mM) of Mn. Moreover, the mesopore-micropores two-level structure of Mn-TMA-MOF provides a large space and surface area for enzyme catalysis. Based on the stability of Mn-TMA-MOF, we developed a colorimetric sensor that can detect total antioxidant capacity in fruits with a limit of detection up to 0.59 μM.

Nanoscale Metal-Organic Frameworks as a Photoluminescent Platform for Bioimaging and Biosensing Applications

The tracking of nanomedicines in their concentration and location inside living systems has a pivotal effect on the understanding of the biological processes, early-stage diagnosis, and therapeutic monitoring of diseases. Nanoscale metal-organic frameworks (nano MOFs) possess high surface areas, definite structure, regulated optical properties, rich functionalized sites, and good biocompatibility that allow them to excel in a wide range of biomedical applications. Controllable syntheses and functionalization endow nano MOFs with better properties as imaging agents and sensing units for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. This minireview summarizes the tunable synthesis strategies of nano MOFs with controllable size, shape, and regulated luminescent performance, and pinpoints their recent advanced applications as optical elements in bioimaging and biosensing. The current limitations and future development directions of nano MOF-contained materials in bioimaging and biosensing applications are also discussed, aiming to expand the biological applications of nano MOF-based nanomedicine and facilitate their production or clinical translation.

The influence of HKUST-1 and MOF-76 hand grinding/mechanical activation on stability, particle size, textural properties and carbon dioxide sorption

In this study, we explore the mechanical treatment of two metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), HKUST-1 and MOF-76, applying various milling methods to assess their impact on stability, porosity, and CO2 adsorption capacity. The effects of different mechanical grinding techniques, such as high-energy ball milling and hand grinding, on these MOFs were compared. The impact of milling time, milling speed and ball size during high-energy ball milling was assessed via the Design of Experiments methodology, namely using a 33 Taguchi orthogonal array. The results highlight a marked improvement in CO2 adsorption capacity for HKUST-1 through hand milling, increasing from an initial 25.70 wt.% (5.84 mmol g-1) to 41.37 wt.% (9.40 mmol g-1), marking a significant 38% increase. In contrast, high-energy ball milling seems to worsen this property, diminishing the CO2 adsorption abilities of the materials. Notably, MOF-76 shows resistance to hand grinding, closely resembling the original sample's performance. Hand grinding also proved to be well reproducible. These findings clarify the complex effects of mechanical milling on MOF materials, emphasising the necessity of choosing the proper processing techniques to enhance their stability, texture, and performance in CO2 capture and storage applications.

Synthesis of Nanosized γ-Cyclodextrin Metal-Organic Frameworks as Carriers of Limonene for Fresh-Cut Fruit Preservation Based on Polycaprolactone Nanofibers

To address the issue of bacterial growth on fresh-cut fruits, this paper reports the synthesis of nanosized γ-cyclodextrin metal-organic frameworks (CD-MOFs) using an ultrasound-assisted method and their application as carriers of limonene for antibacterial active packaging. The effects of the processing parameters on the morphology and crystallinity of the CD-MOFs are investigated, and the results prove that the addition of methanol is the key to producing nanosized CD-MOFs. The limonene loading content of the nanosized CD-MOFs can reach approximately 170 mg g-1. The sustained-release behaviors of limonene in the CD-MOFs are evaluated. Molecular docking simulations reveal the distribution and binding sites of limonene in the CD-MOFs. CD-MOFs are deposited on the surfaces of polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibers via an immersion method, and limonene-loaded CD-MOF@PCL nanofibers are prepared. The morphology, crystallinity, thermal stability, mechanical properties, and antibacterial activity of the nanofibers are also studied. The nanofiber film effectively inhibits bacterial growth and prolongs the shelf life of fresh-cut apples. This study provides a novel strategy for developing antibacterial active packaging materials based on CD-MOFs and PCL nanofibers.

Ti-based MOFs with acetic acid pendings as an efficient catalyst in the preparation of new spiropyrans with biological moieties

The strategy of designing heterogeneous porous catalysts by a post-modification method is a smart strategy to increase the catalytic power of desired catalysts. Accordingly, in this report, metal-organic frameworks based on titanium with acetic acid pending were designed and synthesized via post-modification method. The structure of the target catalyst has been investigated using different techniques such as FT-IR, XRD, SEM, EDX, Mapping, and N2 adsorption/desorption (BET/the BJH) the correctness of its formation has been proven. The catalytic application of Ti-based MOFs functionalized with acetic acid was evaluated in the preparation of new spiropyrans, and the obtained results show that the catalytic performance is improved by this modification. The strategy of designing heterogeneous porous catalysts through post-modification methods presents a sophisticated approach to enhancing the catalytic efficacy of desired catalysts. In this context, our study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) based on titanium, functionalized with acetic acid pendants, using a post-modification method. Various characterization techniques, including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), mapping, and N2 adsorption/desorption (BET/BJH), were employed to investigate the structure and composition of the synthesized catalyst. These techniques collectively confirmed the successful formation and structural integrity of the target catalyst. The structure of the synthesized products was confirmed by melting point, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR and FT-IR techniques. Examining the general process of catalyst synthesis and its catalytic application shows that the mentioned modification is very useful for catalytic purposes. The presented catalyst was used in synthesis of a wide range of biologically active spiropyrans with good yields. The simultaneous presence of several biologically active cores in the synthesized products will highlight the biological properties of these compounds. The present study offers a promising insight into the rational design, synthesis, and application of task-specific porous catalysts, particularly in the context of synthesizing biologically active candidate molecules.

Nanoscale and chiral metal-organic frameworks for asymmetric reactions in water: bridging Lewis acid catalysis and biological systems

Nowadays, stereoselective control over the sheer variety of chemical transformations benefits from the multipotency of chiral Lewis acids. Their use under biocompatible conditions has long posed a challenge because profuse amounts of biogenic nucleophiles readily deactivate them. To bridge the gap between chiral Lewis acid catalysis and biocompatible chemistry, the conversion of UiO(BPY)-type nanosized metal-organic frameworks (NMOFs) into chiral variants was herein exemplified. The combination of an elongated 2,2'-bipyridyl linker and scandium salt with a hydrophobic anion proved essential to implement traits such as robustness, biocompatibility, and catalytic activity. The catalyst could construct sufficiently hydrophobic environments sequestered within the framework, catalyzing asymmetric ring-opening reactions of meso-epoxide with low catalyst loading to afford β-amino acid alcohols in high yield (up to >99%) with high enantioselectivity (up to 88%). Most impressively, it exhibited a tolerance to the ex vivo poisoning of chiral Lewis acid catalysis by biogenic nucleophiles in sharp contrast to conventional water-compatible Lewis acids.

Giant oligomeric porous cage-based molecules

Most reported porous materials are either extended networks or monomeric discrete cavities; indeed, porous structures of intermediate size have scarcely been explored. Herein, we present the stepwise linkage of discrete porous metal-organic cages or polyhedra (MOPs) into oligomeric structures with a finite number of MOP units. The synthesis of these new oligomeric porous molecules entails the preparation of 1-connected (1-c) MOPs with only one available azide reactive site on their surface. The azide-terminated 1-c MOP is linked through copper(i)-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition click chemistry with additional alkyne-terminated 1-c MOPs, 4-c clusters, or 24-c MOPs to yield three classes of giant oligomeric molecules: dimeric, tetrameric, or satellite-like, respectively. Importantly, all the giant molecules that we synthesised are soluble in water and permanently porous in the solid state.

AuNP/MIL-88B-NH2 Nanocomposite for the Valorization of Nitroarene by Green Catalytic Hydrogenation

The efficiency of a catalytic process is assessed based on conversion, yield, and time effectiveness. However, these parameters are insufficient for evaluating environmentally sustainable research. As the world is urged to shift towards green catalysis, additional factors such as reaction media, raw material availability, sustainability, waste minimization and catalyst biosafety, need to be considered to accurately determine the efficacy and sustainability of the process. By combining the high porosity and versatility of metal organic frameworks (MOFs) and the activity of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), efficient, cyclable and biosafe composite catalysts can be achieved. Thus, a composite based on AuNPs and the nanometric flexible porous iron(III) aminoterephthalate MIL-88B-NH2 was successfully synthesized and fully characterized. This nanocomposite was tested as catalyst in the reduction of nitroarenes, which were identified as anthropogenic water pollutants, reaching cyclable high conversion rates at short times for different nitroarenes. Both synthesis and catalytic reactions were performed using green conditions, and even further tested in a time-optimizing one-pot synthesis and catalysis experiment. The sustainability and environmental impact of the catalytic conditions were assessed by green metrics. Thus, this study provides an easily implementable synthesis, and efficient catalysis, while minimizing the environmental and health impact of the process.

Tumor targeted porphyrin-based metal-organic framework for photodynamic and checkpoint blockade immunotherapy

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has become a promising approach and non-invasive modality for cancer treatment, however the therapeutic effect of PDT is limited in tumor metastasis and local recurrence. Herein, a tumor targeted nanomedicine (designated as PCN@HA) is constructed for enhanced PDT against tumors. By modified with hyaluronic acid (HA), which could target the CD44 receptor that expressed on the cancer cells, the targeting ability of PCN@HA has been enhanced. Under light irradiation, PCN@HA can produce cytotoxic singlet oxygen (1O2) and kill cancer cells, then eliminate tumors. Furthermore, PCN@HA exhibits fluorescence (FL)/ photoacoustic (PA) effects for multimodal imaging-guided cancer treatment. And PCN@HA-mediated PDT also can induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) and stimulate adaptive immune responses by releasing of tumor antigens. By combining with anti-PD-L1 checkpoint blockade therapy, it can not only effectively suppress the growth of primary tumor, but also inhibit the metastatic tumor growth.

Highly defective ultra-small tetravalent MOF nanocrystals

The size and defects in crystalline inorganic materials are of importance in many applications, particularly catalysis, as it often results in enhanced/emerging properties. So far, applying the strategy of modulation chemistry has been unable to afford high-quality functional Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) nanocrystals with minimized size while exhibiting maximized defects. We report here a general sustainable strategy for the design of highly defective and ultra-small tetravalent MOFs (Zr, Hf) crystals (ca. 35% missing linker, 4-6 nm). Advanced characterizations have been performed to shed light on the main factors governing the crystallization mechanism and to identify the nature of the defects. The ultra-small nanoMOFs showed exceptional performance in peptide hydrolysis reaction, including high reactivity, selectivity, diffusion, stability, and show emerging tailorable reactivity and selectivity towards peptide bond formation simply by changing the reaction solvent. Therefore, these highly defective ultra-small M(IV)-MOFs particles open new perspectives for the development of heterogeneous MOF catalysts with dual functions.

Development of a Safe and Effective Bacillus thuringiensis-Based Nanobiopesticide for Controlling Tea Pests

Mg(OH)2 was used as the nanocarrier of the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry1Ac protein, and the synthesized Cry1Ac-Mg(OH)2 composites were regular and uniform nanosheets. Nano-Mg(OH)2 could effectively improve the insecticidal effect of the Cry1Ac protein toward Ectropis obliqua. It could enhance the damage degree of the Cry1Ac protein to intestinal epithelial cells and microvilli, induce and enrich the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the midgut, and enhance the degradation of the Cry1Ac protein into active fragments. Furthermore, an anti-rinsing assay showed that the Cry1Ac-Mg(OH)2 composites were bound to the notch structure of the tea leaf surface. The retention of the Cry1Ac protein increased by 11.45%, and sprayed nano-Mg(OH)2 was rapidly absorbed by different tissues of tea plants. Moreover, nano-Mg(OH)2 and composites did not significantly affect non-target organisms. These results show that nano-Mg(OH)2 can serve as a safe and effective biopesticide carrier, which provides a new approach for stable and efficient Bt preparation.

Fabrication of a ZIF-on-lamella-zeolite architecture as a highly efficient catalyst for aldol condensation

Designing composite catalysts that harness the strengths of individual components while mitigating their limitations is a fascinating yet challenging task in catalyst engineering. In this study, we aimed to enhance the catalytic performance by anchoring ZIF-67 nanoparticles of precise sizes onto lamella Si-MWW zeolite surfaces through a stepwise regrowth process. Co ions were initially grafted onto the zeolite surface using ultrasonication, followed by a seed-assisted secondary growth method. Si-MWW proved to be the ideal zeolite support due to its thin layered structure, large external surface area and substantial lateral dimensions. The abundant Si-OH groups on its surface played a crucial role in securely binding Co ions, limiting size growth and preventing undesirable ZIF-67 aggregation. The resulting ZIF-67/MWW composite with finely dispersed nano-scale ZIF-67 particles exhibited a remarkable catalytic performance and stability in the aldol condensation reactions involving acetone and various aldehydes. This approach holds promise for designing MOF/zeolite composite catalysts.

Highlights in Interface of Wastewater Treatment by Utilizing Metal Organic Frameworks: Purification and Adsorption Kinetics

Polluted water has become a concern for the scientific community as it causes many severe threats to living beings. Detection or removal of contaminants present in wastewater and attaining purity of water that can be used for various purposes are a primary responsibility. Different treatment methods have already been used for the purification of sewage. There is a need for low-cost, highly selective, and reusable materials that can efficiently remove pollutants or purify contaminated water. In this regard, MOFs have shown significant potential for applications such as supercapacitors, drug delivery, gas storage, pollutant adsorption, etc. The outstanding structural diversity, substantial surface areas, and adjustable pore sizes of MOFs make them superior candidates for wastewater treatment. This Review provides an overview of the interaction science and engineering (kinetic and thermodynamic aspects with interactions) underpinning MOFs for water purification. First, fundamental strategies for the synthesis methods of MOFs, different categories, and their applicability in wastewater treatment are summarized, followed by a detailed explanation of various interaction mechanisms. Finally, current challenges and future outlooks for research on MOF materials toward the adsorption of hazardous components are discussed. A new avenue for modifying their structural characteristics for the adsorption and separation of hazardous materials, which will undoubtedly direct future work, is also summarized.

A Manganese-Based Metal-Organic Framework as a Cold-Adapted Nanozyme

The development of cold-adapted enzymes with high efficiency and good stability is an advanced strategy to overcome the limitations of catalytic medicine in low and cryogenic temperatures. In this work, inspired by natural enzymes, a novel cold-adapted nanozyme based on a manganese-based nanosized metal-organic framework (nMnBTC) is designed and synthesized. The nMnBTC as an oxidase mimetic not only exhibits excellent activity at 0 °C, but also presents almost no observable activity loss as the temperature is increased to 45 °C. This breaks the traditional recognition that enzymes show maximum activity only under specific psychrophilic or thermophilic condition. The superior performance of nMnBTC as a cold-adapted nanozyme can be attributed to its high-catalytic efficiency at low temperature, good substrate affinity, and flexible conformation. Based on the robust performance of nMnBTC, a low-temperature antiviral strategy is developed to inactivate influenza virus H1N1 even at -20 °C. These results not only provide an important guide for the rational design of highly efficient artificial cold-adapted enzymes, but also pave a novel way for biomedical application in cryogenic fields.

Covalent-Organic Framework-Based Materials in Theranostic Applications: Insights into Their Advantages and Challenges

Nanomedicine has been essential in bioimaging and cancer therapy in recent years. Nanoscale covalent-organic frameworks (COFs) have been growing as an adequate classification of biomedical nanomaterials with practical application prospects because of their increased porosity, functionality, and biocompatibility. The high sponginess of COFs enables the incorporation of distinct imaging and therapeutic mechanisms with a better loading efficiency. Nevertheless, preliminary biocompatibility limits their possibility for clinical translation. Thus, cutting-edge nanomaterials with high biocompatibility and improved therapeutic efficiency are highly expected to fast-track the clinical translation of nanomedicines. The inherent effects of nanoscale COFs, such as proper size, modular pore geometry and porosity, and specific postsynthetic transformation through simple organic changes, make them particularly appealing for prospective nanomedicines. The organic building blocks of COFs may also be postmodified for particular binding to biomarkers. The exceptional features of COFs cause them to be an encouraging nanocarrier for bioimaging and therapeutic applications. In this review, we have systematically discussed the advances of COFs in the field of theranostics by providing essential features of COFs along with their synthetic methods. Further, the applications of COFs in the field of theranostics (such as drug delivery systems, photothermal, and photodynamic therapy) are discussed in detail with the help of available literature to date. Furthermore, the advantages of COFs over other materials for therapeutics and drug delivery are discussed. Finally, the review concludes with potential future COF applications in the theranostic field.

The controllable and efficient synthesis of two-dimensional metal-organic framework nanosheets for heterogeneous catalysis

Two-dimensional (2D) MOFs exhibit unique periodicity in surface structures and thus have attracted much interest in the fields of catalysis, energy, and sensors. However, the expanded production scale of 2D MOFs had remained a great challenge in most previous studies. Herein, a controllable and efficient crystallization method for synthesizing 2D MOF nanosheets using high-gravity reactive precipitation is proposed, significantly improving heterogeneous catalysis efficiency. The two-dimensional ZIF-L nanosheets prepared in a rotating packed bed (RPB) reactor show a smaller lateral and lamellar thickness and a higher BET surface area compared to ZIF-L nanosheets prepared in a conventional stirred tank reactor (STR), with a greatly shortened reaction time. Applying the ZIF-L-RPB nanosheets as a catalyst, the catalytic Knoevenagel condensation as a probe reaction displays a high conversion rate of benzaldehyde (99.3%) within 2 h at room temperature, greatly exceeding that displayed by ZIF-L-STR and other reported catalysts. Furthermore, ZIL-L-RPB nanosheets of only 0.2 wt% enhanced the catalytic activity for the glycolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) with a PET conversion and a monomer yield of 90% in a short period of 15 min at 195 °C and almost completely depolymerized PET with a monomer yield of 94% in 30 min, which was far above that achieved by ZIL-L-STR. These results indicate the promising prospects of a high-gravity reactive precipitation strategy with precise size control in an economical way to prepare high-activity 2D MOF nanosheets for a wide range of heterogeneous catalysis.

Recent advances in metal-organic frameworks: Synthesis, application and toxicity

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a new class of crystalline porous hybrid materials with high porosity, large specific surface area and adjustable channel structure and biocompatibility, which are being investigated with increasing interest for energy storage and conversion, gas adsorption/separation, catalysis, sensing and biomedicine. However, the practical applications of MOFs make them release into the environment inevitable, posing a threat to humans and organisms. In this article, we cover advances in the currently available MOFs synthesis methods and the emerging applications of MOFs, especially in the biomedical field (therapeutic agents and bioimaging). Additionally, after evaluating the current status of main exposure routes and affecting factors in the field of MOFs-toxicity, the molecular mechanism is also clarified and identified. Knowledge gaps are identified from such a summarization and frontier development are explored for MOFs. Afterwards, we also present the limitations, challenges, and future perspectives in the study of the entire life cycle of MOFs. This review emphasizes the need for a more targeted discussion of the latest, widely used and effective versatile material class in order to exploit the full potential of high-performance and non-toxicity MOFs in the future.

Self-Assembly Multivalent Fluorescence-Nanobody Coupled Multifunctional Nanomaterial with Colorimetric Fluorescence and Photothermal to Enhance Immunochromatographic Assay

The multimodal lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) has provided accurate and reliable results for fast and immediate detection. Nonetheless, multimodal LFIA remains challenging to develop biosensors with high sensitivity and tolerance to matrix interference in agro-food. In this study, we developed a self-assembled multivalent fluorescence-nanobody (Nb26-EGFP-H6) with 16.5-fold and 30-fold higher affinity and sensitivity than a monovalent nanobody (Nb26). Based on the Nb26-EGFP-H6, we synthesized enhanced immune-probes Zn-CN@Nb26-EGFP-H6 by pyrolyzing and oxidizing an imidazolating zeolite framework-8 (ZIF-8) to obtain photothermal metal-carbon nanomaterials (Zn-CN) for immobilizing Nb26-EGFP-H6. The rough and porous structure of Zn-CN with a large surface area facilitates the enrichment and immobilization of antibodies. A trimodal lateral flow immunoassay (tLFIA) with colorimetric, fluorescent, and photothermal triple signal outputs was constructed for the detection of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in maize. Attractively, the Zn-CN-based tLFIA's multiplex guarantees accurate and sensitive detection of AFB1, with triple signal detection limits of 0.0012 ng/mL (colorimetric signals), 0.0094 ng/mL (fluorescent signals), and 0.252 ng/mL (photothermal signals). The sensitivity of the trimode immunosensor was 628-fold and 42-fold higher than that of the original Nb26-based ELISA (IC50) and the unimodal LFIA (LOD). This work provides an idea for constructing a sensitive, tolerant matrix and efficient and accurate analytical platform for rapidly detecting AFB1 in food.

Sustained Releasable Copper and Zinc Biogenic Ions Co-Assembled in Metal-Organic Frameworks Reinforced Bacterial Eradication and Wound Mitigation in Diabetic Mice

The employment of metal-organic framework (MOF)-based nanomaterials has been rapidly increasing in bioapplications owing to their biocompatibility, drug degradation, tunable porosity, and intrinsic biodegradability. This evidence suggests that the multifunctional bimetallic ions can behave as remarkable candidates for infection control and wound healing. In this study, bimetallic MOFs (Zn-HKUST-1 and FolA-Zn-HKUST-1) embedded with and without folic acid were synthesized and used for tissue sealing and repairing incisional wound sites in mice models. For comparison, HKUST-1 and FolA-HKUST-1 were also synthesized. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area measured for HKUST-1, FolA-HKUST-1, Zn-HKUST-1, and FolA-Zn-HKUST-1 from N2 isotherms was found to be 1868, 1392, 1706, and 1179 m2/g, respectively. The measurements of contact angle values for Zn-HKUST-1, FolA-HKUST-1, and Zn-FolA-HKUST-1 were identified as 4.95 ± 0.8, 43.6 ± 3.4, and 60.62 ± 2.0°, respectively. For topical application in wound healing, they display a wide range of healing characteristics, including antibacterial and enhanced wound healing rates. In addition, in vitro cell migration and tubulogenic potentials were evaluated. The significant reduction in the wound gap and increased expression levels for CD31, eNOS, VEGF-A, and Ki67 were observed from immunohistological analyses to predict the angiogenesis behavior at the incision wound site. The wound healing rate was analyzed in the excisional dermal wounds of diabetic mice model in vivo. On account of antibacterial potentials and tissue-repairing characteristics of Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions, designing an innovative mixed metal ion-based biomaterial has wide applicability and is expected to modulate the growth of various gradient tissues.

Designs of metal-organic framework nanoparticles for protein delivery

Recently, there has been high interest in developing metal-organic framework (MOF) nanoparticles (NPs) for delivering therapeutic proteins, propelled mainly by the unique hierarchical porous structures of MOFs for protein encapsulation. Novel design strategies have emerged for broad therapeutic applications and clinical translations, leading to multifunctional MOF-NPs with improved biointerfacing capabilities and higher potency. This review summarizes recent MOF-NP designs specifically for protein delivery. The summary focuses on four design categories, including environment-responsive MOF-NPs for on-demand protein delivery, cell membrane-coated MOF-NPs for biomimetic protein delivery, cascade reaction-incorporated MOF-NPs for combinatorial protein delivery, and composite MOF-NPs for intelligent protein delivery. The major challenges and opportunities in using MOF-NPs for protein delivery are also discussed. Overall, this review will promote designs of MOF-NPs with unique properties to address unmet medical needs.

Size- and Emission-Controlled Synthesis of Full-Color Luminescent Metal-Organic Frameworks for Tryptophan Detection

The development of nanoscaled luminescent metal-organic frameworks (nano-LMOFs) with organic linker-based emission to explore their applications in sensing, bioimaging and photocatalysis is of great interest as material size and emission wavelength both have remarkable influence on their performances. However, there is lack of platforms that can systematically tune the emission and size of nano-LMOFs with customized linker design. Herein two series of fcu- and csq-type nano-LMOFs, with precise size control in a broad range and emission colors from blue to near-infrared, were prepared using 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole and its derivative based ditopic- and tetratopic carboxylic acids as the emission sources. The modification of tetratopic carboxylic acids using OH and NH2 as the substituent groups not only induces significant emission bathochromic shift of the resultant MOFs, but also endows interesting features for their potential applications. As one example, we show that the non-substituted and NH2 -substituted nano-LMOFs exhibit turn-off and turn-on responses for highly selective and sensitive detection of tryptophan over other nineteen natural amino acids. This work sheds light on the rational construction of nano-LMOFs with specific emission behaviours and sizes, which will undoubtedly facilitate their applications in related areas.

Constructing Physiological Defense Systems against Infectious Disease with Metal-Organic Frameworks: A Review

The swift and deadly spread of infectious diseases, alongside the rapid advancement of scientific technology in the past several centuries, has led to the invention of various methods for protecting people from infection. In recent years, a class of crystalline porous materials, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), has shown great potential in constructing defense systems against infectious diseases. This review addresses current approaches to combating infectious diseases through the utilization of MOFs in vaccine development, antiviral and antibacterial treatment, and personal protective equipment (PPE). Along with an updated account of MOFs used for designing defense systems against infectious diseases, directions are also suggested for expanding avenues of current MOF research to develop more effective approaches and tools to prevent the widespread nature of infectious diseases.

Gelothermal Synthesis of Monodisperse MIL-88A Nanoparticles with Tunable Sizes and Metal Centers for Potential Bioapplications

Developing novel synthetic strategies to downsize metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) from polydisperse crystals to monodisperse nanoparticles is of great importance for their potential bioapplications. In this work, a novel synthetic strategy termed gelothermal synthesis is proposed, in which coordination polymer gel is first prepared and followed by a thermal reaction to give the monodisperse MOF nanoparticles. This novel synthetic strategy successfully leads to the isolation of Materials of Institute Lavoisier (MIL-88), Cu(II)-fumarate MOFs (CufumDMF), and Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks (ZIF-8) nanoparticles. Focused on MIL-88A, the studies reveal that the size can be well-tuned from nanoscale to microscale without significant changes in polydispersity index (PDI) even in the case of in situ metal substitution. A possible mechanism is consequently proposed based on extensive studies on the gelothermal condition including sol-gel chemistry, thermal condition, kinds of solvents, and so on. The unique advantages of monodisperse MIL-88A nanoparticles over polydisperse ones are further demonstrated in terms of in vitro magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), cellular uptake, and drug-carrying properties.

Ce(IV)-Based Metal-Organic Gel for Ultrafast Removal of Trace Arsenate from Water

As a potential replacement for metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), constructing metal-organic gels (MOGs) is an appealing but challenging topic since MOGs are a kind of shapeable MOF gels. Also, the rapid adsorption of trace heavy metal ions in aqueous media remains a serious challenge. Herein, a simple strategy for the synthesis of Ce(IV)-based metal-organic gel (Ce-MOG) was first developed for the rapid adsorption of trace As(V). The (NH₄)₂Ce(NO₃)₆ obtains hydroxide bridges after adding apposite NaOH, leading to [Ce₆O₄(OH)₄]¹²⁺ clustering and inducing fast and excessive nucleation rates, which also leads to coordination disturbance of MOF nanocrystals to obtain Ce-MOG. The Ce-OH groups are the key to gel formation through hydrogen bonding and are the active site for the ultrafast adsorption of As(V). As expected, the resultant Ce-MOG has an excellent adsorption rate, making it possible to effectively decontaminate 500 ppb of As(V) to below the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended threshold for drinking water (10 ppb) within 1 min. It achieves equilibrium adsorption in 10 min, and the final arsenate-removing efficiency reaches 99.8%. For Ce-MOF, the effluent concentration of As(V) is higher than the drinking water standard, while equilibrium adsorption takes 60 min. The initial adsorption rate of Ce-MOG, h(k₂q_e²) is calculated and indicated to be 67.67 mg g^-1 min^-1, about 19.96 times that of Ce-MOF (3.39 mg g^-1 min^-1). As such, the excellent As(V) decontamination rate, selectivity, and reusability of Ce-MOG indicate its great potential for practical drinking water purification.

Recent strategies for constructing hierarchical multicomponent nanoparticles/metal-organic framework hybrids and their applications

Hybrid nanoparticles with unique tailored morphologies and compositions can be utilized for numerous applications owing to their combination of inherent properties as well as the structural and supportive functions of each component. Controlled encapsulation of nanoparticles within nanospaces (NPNSs) of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) (denoted as NPNS@MOF) can generate a large number of hybrid nanomaterials, facilitating superior activity in targeted applications. In this review, recent strategies for the fabrication of NPNS@MOFs with a hierarchical architecture, tailorability, unique intrinsic properties, and superior catalytic performance are summarized. In addition, the latest and most important examples in this sector are emphasized since they are more conducive to the practical applicability of NPNS@MOF nanohybrids.

Effect of modulator ligands on the growth of Co2(dobdc) nanorods

Control over the size, shape, uniformity, and external surface chemistry of metal-organic framework nanocrystals is important for a wide range of applications. Here, we investigate how monotopic modulators that mimic the coordination mode of native bridging ligands affect the growth of anisotropic Co2(dobdc) (dobdc4- = 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid) nanorods. Through a combination of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) studies, nanorod diameter was found to be strongly correlated to the acidity of the modulator and to the degree of modulator incorporation into the nanorod structure. Notably, highly acidic modulators allowed for the preparation of sub-10 nm nanorods, a previously elusive size regime for the M2(dobdc) family. More broadly, this study provides new insights into the mechanism of modulated growth of metal-organic framework nanoparticles.

Catalytic performance of PVP-coated CuO nanosheets under environmentally friendly conditions

Aromatic nitro compounds are an increasing concern worldwide due to their potential toxicity, prompting a quest for efficient removal approaches. This study established a simple and environmentally friendly method to synthesize a highly efficient, recoverable and stable CuO nanosheets catalyst to overcome public health and environmental problems caused by nitro aromatic compounds. In the current research, the effect of different concentrations of copper nitrate on the size and shape of CuO nanostructures in the chemical synthesis was studied. The CuO nanosheets were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry. It was found that at concentrations of 0.07 M and 0.1 M of copper nitrate, pure CuO was formed. The FTIR results showed that carbonyl group in PVP coordinated with CuO and formed a protective layer. The as-synthesized CuO nanosheets with an average width of 60 ± 23 nm and length of 579 ± 154 were used as a catalyst for highly selective and efficient reduction of aromatic nitro and aromatic carboxylic acid to the corresponding amine and alcohol compounds. The reduction reaction was monitored by either UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy or high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 4-Nitrophenol and 4-nitroaniline were reduced to corresponding amine compounds within 12 min and 6 min, respectively in the presence of a reasonable amount of catalyst and reducing agent. The CuO nanosheets also exhibited excellent stability. The catalyst can be reused without loss of its activity after ten runs.

Ultrasensitive Detection of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria Based on Boric Acid-Functionalized Fluorescent MOF@COF

The widespread use of antibiotics has made multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDRB) one of the greatest threats toward global health. Current conventional microbial detection methods are usually time-consuming, labor-intensive, expensive, and unable to detect low concentrations of bacteria, which cause great difficulties in clinical diagnosis and treatment. Herein, we constructed a versatile biosensing platform on the basis of boric acid-functionalized porous framework composites (MOF@COF-BA), which were able to realize highly efficient and sensitive label-free MDRB detection via fluorescence. In this design, MDRB were captured using aptamer-coated nanoparticles and the fluorescent probe MOF@COF-BA was tightly anchored onto the surface of MDRB due to interactions between boric acid groups and glycolipids on bacteria cells. Benefitting from the remarkable fluorescence performance of MOF@COF-BA, rapid and specific detection of MDRB, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Acinetobacter baumannii (AB), was realized with a detection range of 20-10⁸ CFU/mL (for both) and limits of detection of 7 CFU/mL (MRSA) and 5 CFU/mL (AB). The feasibility of using the developed platform to selectively detect MRSA and AB from complex urine, human serum, and cerebrospinal fluid samples was also demonstrated. This work provides a promising strategy for accurate MDRB diagnosis, avoiding serious infection using rational antibiotic therapy.

A bifunctionalised Pb-based MOF for iodine capture and dye removal

A 2-dimensional Pb(II) metal-organic framework, [Pb(bdc)_0.5(py-Phen)NO₃]_n (SM-3), was synthesized under solvothermal conditions using a mixed ligand approach. SM-3 was assembled using dinuclear SBUs [Pb₂(COO)₂]^2-, an oxygen donor H₂bdc = 1,4-benzene dicarboxylic acid, and nitrogen donor py-Phen = pyrazino[2,3-f][1,10]-phenanthroline linkers. SM-3 was characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, powder-X-ray diffraction, thermal gravimetric analysis, SEM, EDS, TEM, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. Crystallographic studies confirmed that SM-3 displays a 2D layered structure with unique anagostic (Pb⋯H) interactions. Interestingly, the presence of abundant π-electron-rich rings embellished with free -N donor sites in the framework makes SM-3 an excellent adsorbent that exhibits adsorption performance for iodine and dyes. The experimental results show that SM-3 reversibly adsorbs radioactive iodine in the solution and vapor phases and exhibits selective adsorption performance for hazardous cationic dyes, namely, methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine-B (Rh-B), from aqueous solution. Moreover, the possible mechanism of iodine and dye adsorption was also discussed in detail. Thus, this work is remarkable for coordination chemists to engineer layered MOFs for adsorption purposes and expands their potential characteristics by converting them into 2D MOF nanosheets to further enhance the adsorption of hazardous pollutants for environment protection.

Real-Time Quantifying Microdroplet Synthesis of Metal-Organic Framework Colloids Using Gas-Phase Electrophoresis

A hyphenated electrospray-differential mobility analysis (ES-DMA) was developed for providing a high-resolution, real-time quantitative analysis on the metal-organic framework (MOF) colloids produced via the concept of microfluidic flow chemistry. Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 was chosen as the representative MOF of the study. The results show that the physical size and number concentration of the MOF colloid were successfully characterized by the hyphenated ES-DMA during the microdroplet synthetic process, with 3 nm and 4% of measurement uncertainties, respectively. The effects of the synthetic temperature and the molar ratio of the organic linker to metal precursor were investigated, providing an opportunity for accurate control on the particle size (100-200 nm) of the microdroplet-synthesized MOF. The work demonstrates a powerful approach for the real-time quality assurance and material optimization in microdroplet synthesis of colloidal MOFs.

ZIF-8 Nanoparticles Evoke Pyroptosis for High-Efficiency Cancer Immunotherapy

Although zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) has been applied in various tumor therapies, the intrinsic immunogenicity remains unclear. Here, we initiatively discover that ZIF-8 nanoparticles (NPs) can intrinsically induce pyroptosis by a caspase-1/gasdermin D (GSDMD)-dependent pathway. The pyroptotic cell death is accompanied by necrosis and immunogenic cell death (ICD) simultaneously for efficient in situ immunity initiation. Meanwhile, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP), a mitochondrial depolarizing agent, is successfully loaded into ZIF-8 NPs and found to further enhance the pyroptosis process. Collectively, the obtained Pluronic F127-modified CCCP-incorporated ZIF-8 NPs (^F127 ZIF-8_CCCP NPs) activate antitumor immunity and reprogram immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), realizing high-efficiency tumor growth inhibition. This work will facilitate biomedicine applications of ZIF-8 and provide good inspiration for pyroptosis-induced cancer therapy.

Different Dimensional Copper-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks with Enzyme-Mimetic Activity for Antibacterial Therapy

Fighting against bacterial infection and accelerating wound healing remain important and challenging in infected wound care. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have received much attention for their optimized and enhanced catalytic performance in different dimensions of these challenges. The size and morphology of nanomaterials are important in their physiochemical properties and thereby their biological functions. Enzyme-mimicking catalysts, based on MOFs of different dimensions, display varying degrees of peroxidase (POD)-like activity toward hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) decomposition into toxic hydroxyl radicals (•OH) for bacterial inhibition and accelerating wound healing. In this study, we investigated the two most studied representatives of copper-based MOFs (Cu-MOFs), three-dimensional (3D) HKUST-1 and two-dimensional (2D) Cu-TCPP, for antibacterial therapy. HKUST-1, with a uniform and octahedral 3D structure, showed higher POD-like activity, resulting in H₂O₂ decomposition for •OH generation rather than Cu-TCPP. Because of the efficient generation of toxic •OH, both Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus could be eliminated under a lower concentration of H₂O₂. Animal experiments indicated that the as-prepared HKUST-1 effectively accelerated wound healing with good biocompatibility. These results reveal the multivariate dimensions of Cu-MOFs with high POD-like activity, providing good potential for further stimulation of specific bacterial binding therapies in the future.

Metal-Organic Framework-Based Colloidal Particle Synthesis, Assembly, and Application

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) assembled from metal nodes and organic ligands have received significant attention over the past two decades for their fascinating porous properties and broad applications. Colloidal MOFs (CMOFs) not only inherit the intrinsic properties of MOFs, but can also serve as building blocks for self-assembly to make functional materials. Compared to bulk MOFs, the colloidal size of CMOFs facilitates further manipulation of CMOF particles in a single or collective state in a liquid medium. The resulting crystalline order obtained by self-assembly in position and orientation can effectively improve performance. In this review, we summarize the latest developments of CMOFs in synthesis strategies, self-assembly methods, and related applications. Finally, we discuss future challenges and opportunities of CMOFs in synthesis and assembly, by which we hope that CMOFs can be further developed into new areas for a wider range of applications.

Catalytic Oxidation of Benzoins by Hydrogen Peroxide on Nanosized HKUST-1: Influence of Substituents on the Reaction Rates and DFT Modeling of the Reaction Path

In this research, the oxidation of a series of benzoins, R-C(=O)-CH(OH)-R, where R = phenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 4-bromophenyl, and 2-naphthyl, by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of nanostructured HKUST-1 (suspension in acetonitrile/water mixture) was studied. The respective benzoic acids were the only products of the reactions. The initial average reaction rates were experimentally determined at different concentrations of benzoin, H₂O₂ and an effective concentration of HKUST-1. The sorption of the isotherms of benzoin, dimethoxybenzoin and benzoic acid on HKUST-1, as well as their sorption kinetic curves, were measured. The increase in H₂O₂ concentration expectedly led to an acceleration of the reaction. The dependencies of the benzoin oxidation rates on the concentrations of both benzoin and HKUST-1 passed through the maxima. This finding could be explained by a counterplay between the increasing reaction rate and increasing benzoin sorption on the catalyst with the increase in the concentration. The electronic effect of the substituent in benzoin had a significant influence on the reaction rate, while no relation between the size of the substrate molecule and the rate of its oxidation was found. It was confirmed by DFT modeling that the reaction could pass through the Baeyer-Villiger mechanism, involving an attack by the HOO^- anion on the C atom of the activated C=O group.

Tryptophan-Modulated Nanoscale Metal-Organic Framework for Coordinated Loading of Biomolecules for Cascade Production of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species

Owing to the high surface area and porosity, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) could be utilized as both nanocarriers of biopharmaceuticals and nanoreactors to organize cascade biological reactions with great potential in cancer treatment. However, nanoscale MOFs suitable for biomedical applications rely on harsh preparation conditions. Here, we utilized tryptophan to modulate the morphology and optical properties of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) as nanocarrier to efficiently encapsulate the enzyme and mRNA. Under room temperature in an aqueous solution, tryptophan would coordinate with zinc ions to form ZIF-8:Trp with a decreased size from the μm range to sub-200 nm. In addition, cargo release could be monitored in real time via fluorescence red-shift effects. Besides being used as nanocarriers of biomolecules, ZIF-8:Trp could also be utilized as nanoreactors to induce cascade reactions to produce reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Overall, this nanosized ZIF-8:Trp could provide a new strategy for preparation of cascade bioreactions and provide new insight for gas therapy.

Review on Metal-Organic Framework Classification, Synthetic Approaches, and Influencing Factors: Applications in Energy, Drug Delivery, and Wastewater Treatment

Metal ions or clusters that have been bonded with organic linkers to create one- or more-dimensional structures are referred to as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Reticular synthesis also forms MOFs with properly designated components that can result in crystals with high porosities and great chemical and thermal stability. Due to the wider surface area, huge pore size, crystalline nature, and tunability, numerous MOFs have been shown to be potential candidates in various fields like gas storage and delivery, energy storage, catalysis, and chemical/biosensing. This study provides a quick overview of the current MOF synthesis techniques in order to familiarize newcomers in the chemical sciences field with the fast-growing MOF research. Beginning with the classification and nomenclature of MOFs, synthesis approaches of MOFs have been demonstrated. We also emphasize the potential applications of MOFs in numerous fields such as gas storage, drug delivery, rechargeable batteries, supercapacitors, and separation membranes. Lastly, the future scope is discussed along with prospective opportunities for the synthesis and application of nano-MOFs, which will help promote their uses in multidisciplinary research.

Reticular Chemistry with Art: A Case Study of Olympic Rings-Inspired Metal-Organic Frameworks

Herein, we demonstrate the successful utilization of reticular chemistry as an excellent designing strategy for the deliberate construction of a zirconium-tetracarboxylate metal-organic framework (MOF) inspired by the Olympic rings. HIAM-4017, with an unprecedented (4,8)-c underlying net topology termed jcs, was developed via insightful reconstruction of the rings and judicious design of a nonsymmetric organic linker. HIAM-4017 exhibits high porosity and excellent chemical and thermal stability. Furthermore, excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) was achieved in an isoreticular MOF, HIAM-4018, with a large Stokes shift of 155 nm as a result of introducing the hydroxyl group to the linker skeleton to induce OH···N interactions. Such interactions were analyzed thoroughly by employing the time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT). Because of their good thermal and chemical stability, and strong luminescence, nanosized HIAM-4017 and HIAM-4018 were fabricated and used for Cr₂O₇^2- detection. Both MOFs demonstrate excellent sensitivity and selectivity. This work represents a neat example of building structure- and property-specific MOFs guided by reticular chemistry.

Lanthanide-based MOFs: synthesis approaches and applications in cancer diagnosis and therapy

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted considerable attention as emerging nanomaterials. Based on their tunable size, high porosity, and large specific surface area, MOFs have a wide range of applications in the fields of chemistry, energy, and biomedicine. However, the MOF materials obtained from lanthanides with a unique electronic configuration as inorganic building units have unique properties such as optics, magnetism, and radioactivity. In this study, various synthetic methods for preparing MOF materials using lanthanides as inorganic building units are described. Combined with the characteristics of lanthanides, their application prospects of lanthanide-based MOFs in tumor diagnosis and treatment are emphasized. The authors hope to provide methodological reference for the construction of MOF materials of rare-earth elements, and to provide ideas and inspiration for their practical applications in the field of biomedicine.

Metal-Organic Frameworks as Intelligent Drug Nanocarriers for Cancer Therapy

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are crystalline porous materials with periodic network structures formed by self-assembly of metal ions and organic ligands. Attributed to their tunable composition and pore size, ultrahigh surface area (1000-7000 m²/g) and pore volume (1.04-4.40 cm³/g), easy surface modification, appropriate physiological stability, etc., MOFs have been widely used in biomedical applications in the last two decades, especially for the delivery of bioactive agents. In the initial stage, MOFs were widely used to load small molecule drugs with ultra-high doses. Whereafter, more recent work has focused on the load of biomacromolecules, such as nucleic acids and proteins. Over the past years, we have devoted extensive effort to investigate the function of MOF materials for bioactive agent delivery. MOFs can be used not only as an intelligent nanocarrier to deliver or protect bioactive agents but also as an activator for their release or activation in response to the different microenvironments. Altogether, this review details the current progress of MOF materials for bioactive agent delivery and looks into their future development.

Hierarchical porous melamine sponge@MIL-101-Fe-NH2 composite as Fenton-like catalyst for efficient and rapid tetracycline hydrochloride removal

Metal-organic frameworks have been investigated in Fenton-like catalysis for tetracycline hydrochloride degradation, a widely used antibiotic which threatens the growth and health of creatures. However, powder phase and absence of large pores limit the materials' degradation performance and application. In this work, a hierarchical macro-meso-microporous composite melamine sponge@MIL-101-Fe-NH₂ was firstly designed and constructed. While the micropores provided plenty of active sites to generate reactive oxygen species, the macropores and mesopores accelerated mass transfer. Besides, MIL-101-Fe-NH₂ particles dispersed on melamine sponge individually, exposing more catalytic sites and avoiding inactivation caused by aggregation compared to powder catalysts. Its catalysis performance for tetracycline hydrochloride degradation was evaluated through changing various influence factors like H₂O₂ concentration, catalyst amount, pH and coexisting ions. Different from the preference of homogenous Fenton catalysts for pH 2-4, the composite displayed the most effective degradation at a subacid environment closer to nature with 77.24% in 30 min. Owing to the synergistic effect of hierarchical porous structure and monodispersed nanoparticles, the composite exhibited faster reaction rate and longer persistence compared to powder MIL-101-Fe-NH₂. Easy recycling and less ion leaching made it advantages for practical application. •OH, •O₂^- and ¹O₂ active species contributed together to the degradation and two main possible degradation pathways were put forward based on 35 detected intermediates.

Impact of industrial effluents on the environment and human health and their remediation using MOFs-based hybrid membrane filtration techniques

The hazardous risk posed by industrial effluent discharge into the ecosystem has raised a plethora of environmental issues, public health, and safety concerns. The effluents from industries such as tanning, leather, petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, and textiles are create significant stress on the aquatic ecosystem, which induces significant toxicity, involved in endocrine disruptions, and inhibits reproductive functions. Therefore, this review presented an overall abridgment of the effects of these effluents and their ability to synergize with modern pollutants such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetic chemicals, nanoparticles, and heavy metals. We further emphasize the metal organic framework (MOF) based membrane filtration approach for remediation of industrial effluents in comparison to the traditional remediation process. The MOF based-hybrid membrane filters provide higher reusability, better adsorption, and superior removal rates through the implication of nanotechnology, while the traditional remediation process offers poorer filtration rates and stability.