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Rota Graziosi E, François S, Nasser F, Gauthier M, Oger M, Favier AL, Drouet M, Jullien N, Riccobono D. Comparison of Three Antagonists of Hedgehog Pathway to Promote Skeletal Muscle Regeneration after High Dose Irradiation. Radiat Res 2024; 201:429-439. [PMID: 38253061 DOI: 10.1667/rade-23-00140.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The current geopolitical context has brought the radiological nuclear risk to the forefront of concerns. High-dose localized radiation exposure leads to the development of a musculocutaneous radiation syndrome affecting the skin and subcutaneous muscles. Despite the implementation of a gold standard treatment based on an invasive surgical procedure coupled with autologous cell therapy, a muscular defect frequently persists. Targeting the modulation of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway appears to be a promising therapeutic approach. Activation of this pathway enhances cell survival and promotes proliferation after irradiation, while inhibition by Cyclopamine facilitates differentiation. In this study, we compared the effects of three antagonists of Hh, Cyclopamine (CA), Vismodegib (VDG) and Sonidegib (SDG) on differentiation. A stable cell line of murine myoblasts, C2C12, was exposed to X-ray radiation (5 Gy) and treated with CA, VDG or SDG. Analysis of proliferation, survival (apoptosis), morphology, myogenesis genes expression and proteins production were performed. According to the results, VDG does not have a significant impact on C2C12 cells. SDG increases the expression/production of differentiation markers to a similar extent as CA, while morphologically, SDG proves to be more effective than CA. To conclude, SDG can be used in the same way as CA but already has a marketing authorization with an indication against basal cell cancers, facilitating their use in vivo. This proof of concept demonstrates that SDG represents a promising alternative to CA to promotes differentiation of murine myoblasts. Future studies on isolated and cultured satellite cells and in vivo will test this proof of concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Rota Graziosi
- IRBA, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, Radiobiology unit, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Sabine François
- IRBA, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, Radiobiology unit, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
- INSERM, UMR1296, Radiations: Defense, Health, Environment, Lyon and Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Farah Nasser
- IRBA, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, Radiobiology unit, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Michel Gauthier
- IRBA, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, Radiobiology unit, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Myriam Oger
- IRBA, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, Imagery Unit, Department of Platforms and Technology Research, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Anne-Laure Favier
- IRBA, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, Imagery Unit, Department of Platforms and Technology Research, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Michel Drouet
- INSERM, UMR1296, Radiations: Defense, Health, Environment, Lyon and Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
- IRBA, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, Radiations Bioeffects Department, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Nicolas Jullien
- IRBA, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, Radiobiology unit, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Diane Riccobono
- INSERM, UMR1296, Radiations: Defense, Health, Environment, Lyon and Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
- IRBA, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, Radiations Bioeffects Department, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
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2
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Kumari S, Mitra A, Bulusu G. Putative Role of Cholesterol in Shaping the Structural and Functional Dynamics of Smoothened (SMO). J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:9476-9495. [PMID: 37878627 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c02255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
The smoothened (SMO) receptor belongs to the superfamily of class F G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and is a potential drug target in several types of cancer. It has two ligand binding sites, respectively, in the cysteine-rich domain (CRD) and the transmembrane domain (TMD). It has been shown that cholesterol is important for its activation and function. However, the molecular-level understanding of SMO dynamics in the presence of cholesterol has not been explored in sufficient detail. In this work, we have carried out atomistic molecular dynamics simulations totaling 3.6 μs to analyze the effect of cholesterol binding to TMD and/or CRD on the structure and dynamics of the SMO receptor. Our results show that the presence of cholesterol in the CRD and TMD, respectively, alters the conformational dynamics of SMO differently. We reported that the reorganization of the D-R-E network at the extracellular end of the TMD is important for the high activity of SMO. In general, the transmembrane helices 5, 6, and 7 and helix 8 are most affected, which, in turn, leads to changes in the CRD and intracellular cytoplasmic domain (ICD) dynamics patterns depending on the presence or absence of cholesterol in the CRD and/or the TMD. We have also reported that the interaction of membrane lipids with SMO is different in different SMO states. These results agree with the experimental structural observations and data of cholesterol-bound and unbound structures of SMO and add to our molecular understanding of the SMO-cholesterol interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Kumari
- Center for Computational Natural Sciences and Bioinformatics, International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad 500032, India
| | - Abhijit Mitra
- Center for Computational Natural Sciences and Bioinformatics, International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad 500032, India
| | - Gopalakrishnan Bulusu
- Center for Computational Natural Sciences and Bioinformatics, International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad 500032, India
- IHub-Data, International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad 500032, India
- Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500046, India
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3
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Zhang J, Liu Y, Wang C, Vander Kooi CW, Jia J. Phosphatidic acid binding to Patched contributes to the inhibition of Smoothened and Hedgehog signaling in Drosophila wing development. Sci Signal 2023; 16:eadd6834. [PMID: 37847757 PMCID: PMC10661859 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.add6834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling controls growth and patterning during embryonic development and homeostasis in adult tissues. Hh binding to the receptor Patched (Ptc) elicits intracellular signaling by relieving Ptc-mediated inhibition of the transmembrane protein Smoothened (Smo). We uncovered a role for the lipid phosphatidic acid (PA) in the regulation of the Hh pathway in Drosophila melanogaster. Deleting the Ptc C-terminal tail or mutating the predicted PA-binding sites within it prevented Ptc from inhibiting Smo in wing discs and in cultured cells. The C-terminal tail of Ptc directly interacted with PA in vitro, an association that was reduced by Hh, and increased the amount of PA at the plasma membrane in cultured cells. Smo also interacted with PA in vitro through a binding pocket located in the transmembrane region, and mutating residues in this pocket reduced Smo activity in vivo and in cells. By genetically manipulating PA amounts in vivo or treating cultured cells with PA, we demonstrated that PA promoted Smo activation. Our findings suggest that Ptc may sequester PA in the absence of Hh and release it in the presence of Hh, thereby increasing the amount of PA that is locally available to promote Smo activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Yajuan Liu
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Chi Wang
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Craig W. Vander Kooi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jianhang Jia
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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Jing J, Wu Z, Wang J, Luo G, Lin H, Fan Y, Zhou C. Hedgehog signaling in tissue homeostasis, cancers, and targeted therapies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:315. [PMID: 37596267 PMCID: PMC10439210 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01559-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The past decade has seen significant advances in our understanding of Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway in various biological events. HH signaling pathway exerts its biological effects through a complex signaling cascade involved with primary cilium. HH signaling pathway has important functions in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. It plays a central role in the regulation of the proliferation and differentiation of adult stem cells. Importantly, it has become increasingly clear that HH signaling pathway is associated with increased cancer prevalence, malignant progression, poor prognosis and even increased mortality. Understanding the integrative nature of HH signaling pathway has opened up the potential for new therapeutic targets for cancer. A variety of drugs have been developed, including small molecule inhibitors, natural compounds, and long non-coding RNA (LncRNA), some of which are approved for clinical use. This review outlines recent discoveries of HH signaling in tissue homeostasis and cancer and discusses how these advances are paving the way for the development of new biologically based therapies for cancer. Furthermore, we address status quo and limitations of targeted therapies of HH signaling pathway. Insights from this review will help readers understand the function of HH signaling in homeostasis and cancer, as well as opportunities and challenges of therapeutic targets for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhuoxuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiahe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Guowen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hengyi Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yi Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Chenchen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Daggubati V, Vykunta A, Choudhury A, Qadeer Z, Mirchia K, Saulnier O, Zakimi N, Hines K, Paul M, Wang L, Jura N, Xu L, Reiter J, Taylor M, Weiss W, Raleigh D. Hedgehog target genes regulate lipid metabolism to drive basal cell carcinoma and medulloblastoma. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3058335. [PMID: 37577529 PMCID: PMC10418546 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3058335/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is essential for development, homeostasis, and regeneration1. Misactivation of the Hh pathway underlies medulloblastoma, the most common malignant brain tumor in children, and basal cell carcinoma (BCC), the most common cancer in the United States2. Primary cilia regulate Hh signal transduction3, but target genes that drive cell fate decisions in response to ciliary ligands or oncogenic Hh signaling are incompletely understood. Here we define the Hh gene expression program using RNA sequencing of cultured cells treated with ciliary ligands, BCCs from humans, and Hh-associated medulloblastomas from humans and mice (Fig. 1a). To validate our results, we integrate lipidomic mass spectrometry and bacterial metabolite labeling of free sterols with genetic and pharmacologic approaches in cells and mice. Our results reveal novel Hh target genes such as the oxysterol synthase Hsd11β1 and the adipokine Retnla that regulate lipid metabolism to drive cell fate decisions in response to Hh pathway activation. These data provide insights into cellular mechanisms underlying ciliary and oncogenic Hh signaling and elucidate targets to treat Hh-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeremy Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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Kumari S, Mitra A, Bulusu G. Structural dynamics of Smoothened (SMO) in the ciliary membrane and its interaction with membrane lipids. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2022; 1864:183946. [PMID: 35483421 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.183946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Smoothened receptor (SMO, a 7 pass transmembrane domain, Class F GPCR family protein) plays a crucial role in the Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway, which is involved in embryonic development and is implicated in various types of cancer throughout the animal kingdom. In the absence of HH signaling, SMO is inhibited by Patched 1 (PTC1; a 12 pass transmembrane domain protein), which is localized in the primary cilia. HH binding leads to the dislocation of PTC1 from the cilia, thus making way for SMO to localize in the primary cilia, as an essential prerequisite for its activation. We have carried out MARTINI coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations of SMO in POPC and in ciliary membrane models, respectively, to study the interactions of SMO with cholesterol and other lipid molecules in the ciliary membrane, and to gain molecular-level insights into the role of the primary cilia in shaping the functional dynamics of SMO. We are able to identify the interaction of membrane cholesterols with definite sites and domains within SMO and relate them with known cholesterol-binding sequence and structure motifs. We show that cholesterol interactions with the transmembrane domain TMD, unlike those with the cysteine-rich domain (CRD) and the intracellular domain (ICD), are through residues belonging to known cholesterol-binding motifs. Notably, a few persistent interactions of cholesterol with lower TM cholesterol-binding domains are governed by the presence of multiple cholesterol-binding motifs. These analyses have also helped to identify and define a strict cholesterol consensus motif (CCM), which may well steer cholesterol into the hitherto identified binding sites within the TMD of SMO. We have also reported the interaction of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate with the intracellular region of transmembrane (TM) helices (TM1, TM3, TM4, and TM5), intracellular loop1, helix8, and Arg/Lys clusters of the ICD. Structural analysis of SMO domains shows significant changes in the CRD and ICD, during the course of the simulation. Further detailed analysis of the dynamics of the TMD reveals the movements of TM5, TM6, and TM7, linked with the helix8, which are possibly involved in shaping the conformational disposition of the ICD. The movement of these TM helices could possibly be a consequence of interactions involving the extracellular domain and extracellular loops. In addition, our analysis also shows that phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI4P), along with some ICD cholesterols, are implicated in anchoring SMO in the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Kumari
- Center for Computational Natural Sciences and Bioinformatics, International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad 500 032, India
| | - Abhijit Mitra
- Center for Computational Natural Sciences and Bioinformatics, International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad 500 032, India
| | - Gopalakrishnan Bulusu
- Center for Computational Natural Sciences and Bioinformatics, International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad 500 032, India; Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500 046, India.
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7
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Mohanasundaram B, Dodds A, Kukshal V, Jez JM, Pandey S. Distribution and the evolutionary history of G-protein components in plant and algal lineages. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:1519-1535. [PMID: 35377452 PMCID: PMC9237705 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G-protein complexes comprising Gα-, Gβ-, and Gγ-subunits and the regulator of G-protein signaling (RGS) are conserved across most eukaryotic lineages. Signaling pathways mediated by these proteins influence overall growth, development, and physiology. In plants, this protein complex has been characterized primarily from angiosperms with the exception of spreading-leaved earth moss (Physcomitrium patens) and Chara braunii (charophytic algae). Even within angiosperms, specific G-protein components are missing in certain species, whereas unique plant-specific variants-the extra-large Gα (XLGα) and the cysteine-rich Gγ proteins-also exist. The distribution and evolutionary history of G-proteins and their function in nonangiosperm lineages remain mostly unknown. We explored this using the wealth of available sequence data spanning algae to angiosperms representing extant species that diverged approximately 1,500 million years ago, using BLAST, synteny analysis, and custom-built Hidden Markov Model profile searches. We show that a minimal set of components forming the XLGαβγ trimer exists in the entire land plant lineage, but their presence is sporadic in algae. Additionally, individual components have distinct evolutionary histories. The XLGα exhibits many lineage-specific gene duplications, whereas Gα and RGS show several instances of gene loss. Similarly, Gβ remained constant in both number and structure, but Gγ diverged before the emergence of land plants and underwent changes in protein domains, which led to three distinct subtypes. These results highlight the evolutionary oddities and summarize the phyletic patterns of this conserved signaling pathway in plants. They also provide a framework to formulate pertinent questions on plant G-protein signaling within an evolutionary context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Audrey Dodds
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
| | - Vandna Kukshal
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Joseph M Jez
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) proteins constitute one family of a small number of secreted signaling proteins that together regulate multiple aspects of animal development, tissue homeostasis and regeneration. Originally uncovered through genetic analyses in Drosophila, their subsequent discovery in vertebrates has provided a paradigm for the role of morphogens in positional specification. Most strikingly, the Sonic hedgehog protein was shown to mediate the activity of two classic embryonic organizing centers in vertebrates and subsequent studies have implicated it and its paralogs in a myriad of processes. Moreover, dysfunction of the signaling pathway has been shown to underlie numerous human congenital abnormalities and diseases, especially certain types of cancer. This review focusses on the genetic studies that uncovered the key components of the Hh signaling system and the subsequent, biochemical, cell and structural biology analyses of their functions. These studies have revealed several novel processes and principles, shedding new light on the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying cell-cell communication. Notable amongst these are the involvement of cholesterol both in modifying the Hh proteins and in activating its transduction pathway, the role of cytonemes, filipodia-like extensions, in conveying Hh signals between cells; and the central importance of the Primary Cilium as a cellular compartment within which the components of the signaling pathway are sequestered and interact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip William Ingham
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
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Xu S, Tang C. Cholesterol and Hedgehog Signaling: Mutual Regulation and Beyond. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:774291. [PMID: 35573688 PMCID: PMC9091300 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.774291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (HH) signaling is one of the key agents that govern the precisely regulated developmental processes of multicellular organisms in vertebrates and invertebrates. The HH pathway in the receiving cell includes Patched1, a twelve-pass transmembrane receptor, and Smoothened, a seven-transmembrane G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR), and the downstream GLI family of three transcriptional factors (GLI1-GLI3). Mutations of HH gene and the main components in HH signaling are also associated with numerous types of diseases. Before secretion, the HH protein undergoes post-translational cholesterol modification to gain full activity, and cholesterol is believed to be essential for proper HH signaling transduction. In addition, results from recent studies show the reciprocal effect that HH signaling functions in cholesterol metabolism as well as in cholesterol homeostasis, which provides feedback to HH pathway. Here, we hope to provide new insights into HH signaling function by discussing the role of cholesterol in HH protein maturation, secretion and HH signaling transduction, and the potential role of HH in regulation of cholesterol as well.
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Del Giovane A, Russo M, Tirou L, Faure H, Ruat M, Balestri S, Sposato C, Basoli F, Rainer A, Kassoussi A, Traiffort E, Ragnini-Wilson A. Smoothened/AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling in Oligodendroglial Cell Maturation. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15:801704. [PMID: 35082605 PMCID: PMC8784884 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.801704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The regeneration of myelin is known to restore axonal conduction velocity after a demyelinating event. Remyelination failure in the central nervous system contributes to the severity and progression of demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Remyelination is controlled by many signaling pathways, such as the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway, as shown by the canonical activation of its key effector Smoothened (Smo), which increases the proliferation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells via the upregulation of the transcription factor Gli1. On the other hand, the inhibition of Gli1 was also found to promote the recruitment of a subset of adult neural stem cells and their subsequent differentiation into oligodendrocytes. Since Smo is also able to transduce Shh signals via various non-canonical pathways such as the blockade of Gli1, we addressed the potential of non-canonical Smo signaling to contribute to oligodendroglial cell maturation in myelinating cells using the non-canonical Smo agonist GSA-10, which downregulates Gli1. Using the Oli-neuM cell line, we show that GSA-10 promotes Gli2 upregulation, MBP and MAL/OPALIN expression via Smo/AMP-activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) signaling, and efficiently increases the number of axonal contact/ensheathment for each oligodendroglial cell. Moreover, GSA-10 promotes the recruitment and differentiation of oligodendroglial progenitors into the demyelinated corpus callosum in vivo. Altogether, our data indicate that non-canonical signaling involving Smo/AMPK modulation and Gli1 downregulation promotes oligodendroglia maturation until axon engagement. Thus, GSA-10, by activation of this signaling pathway, represents a novel potential remyelinating agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Del Giovane
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariagiovanna Russo
- CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Linda Tirou
- CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Hélène Faure
- CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Martial Ruat
- CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Sonia Balestri
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Carola Sposato
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Basoli
- Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Rainer
- Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Nanotechnology (NANOTEC), National Research Council, Lecce, Italy
| | | | - Elisabeth Traiffort
- INSERM, U1195, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- *Correspondence: Elisabeth Traiffort,
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Akhshi T, Shannon R, Trimble WS. The complex web of canonical and non-canonical Hedgehog signaling. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2100183. [PMID: 35001404 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is a widely studied signaling pathway because of its critical roles during development and in cell homeostasis. Vertebrate canonical and non-canonical Hh signaling are typically assumed to be distinct and occur in different cellular compartments. While research has primarily focused on the canonical form of Hh signaling and its dependency on primary cilia - microtubule-based signaling hubs - an extensive list of crucial functions mediated by non-canonical Hh signaling has emerged. Moreover, amounting evidence indicates that canonical and non-canonical modes of Hh signaling are interlinked, and that they can overlap spatially, and in many cases interact functionally. Here, we discuss some of the many cellular effects of non-canonical signaling and discuss new evidence indicating inter-relationships with canonical signaling. We discuss how Smoothened (Smo), a key component of the Hh pathway, might coordinate such diverse downstream effects. Collectively, pursuit of questions such as those proposed here will aid in elucidating the full extent of Smo function in development and advance its use as a target for cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Akhshi
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rachel Shannon
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - William S Trimble
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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The presynaptic glycine transporter GlyT2 is regulated by the Hedgehog pathway in vitro and in vivo. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1197. [PMID: 34663888 PMCID: PMC8523746 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02718-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The identity of a glycinergic synapse is maintained presynaptically by the activity of a surface glycine transporter, GlyT2, which recaptures glycine back to presynaptic terminals to preserve vesicular glycine content. GlyT2 loss-of-function mutations cause Hyperekplexia, a rare neurological disease in which loss of glycinergic neurotransmission causes generalized stiffness and strong motor alterations. However, the molecular underpinnings controlling GlyT2 activity remain poorly understood. In this work, we identify the Hedgehog pathway as a robust controller of GlyT2 expression and transport activity. Modulating the activation state of the Hedgehog pathway in vitro in rodent primary spinal cord neurons or in vivo in zebrafish embryos induced a selective control in GlyT2 expression, regulating GlyT2 transport activity. Our results indicate that activation of Hedgehog reduces GlyT2 expression by increasing its ubiquitination and degradation. This work describes a new molecular link between the Hedgehog signaling pathway and presynaptic glycine availability. By modulating the activation state of the Hedgehog pathway, de la Rocha-Muñoz et al demonstrate that Hedgehog signaling controls the expression and transport activity of the neuronal glycine transporter GlyT2. This work begins to reveal a potential link between the Hedgehog signaling pathway and presynaptic glycine availability.
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13
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Liu Y, Zhou F, Ding K, Xue D, Zhu Z, Li C, Li F, Xu Y, Xu F, Le Z, Zhao S, Tao H. Structure-Activity Relationship Studies of Hydantoin-Cored Ligands for Smoothened Receptor. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:1028-1032. [PMID: 34648230 PMCID: PMC8515922 DOI: 10.1002/open.202100216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
An underside binding site was recently identified in the transmembrane domain of smoothened receptor (SMO). Herein, we report efforts in the exploration of new insights into the interactions between the ligand and SMO. The hydantoin core in the middle of the parent compound was found to be highly conservative in chirality, ring size, and substituents. On each benzene at two ends, a plethora of variations, particularly halogen substitutions, were introduced and investigated. Analysis of the structure-activity relationship revealed miscellaneous halogen effects. The ligands with double halogen substituents exhibit remarkably enhanced potency, providing promising candidates that potentially overcome the common drug resistance and useful heavy-atom labeled chemical tools for co-crystallization studies of SMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- iHuman InstituteShanghaiTech University393 Middle Huaxia RoadShanghai201210China
| | - Fang Zhou
- iHuman InstituteShanghaiTech University393 Middle Huaxia RoadShanghai201210China
| | - Kang Ding
- iHuman InstituteShanghaiTech University393 Middle Huaxia RoadShanghai201210China
| | - Dongxiang Xue
- iHuman InstituteShanghaiTech University393 Middle Huaxia RoadShanghai201210China
| | - Zhihao Zhu
- Department of ChemistryNanchang University999 Xuefu AvenueNanchang330031China
| | - Cuixia Li
- iHuman InstituteShanghaiTech University393 Middle Huaxia RoadShanghai201210China
- School of Life Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech University393 Middle Huaxia RoadShanghai201210China
| | - Fei Li
- iHuman InstituteShanghaiTech University393 Middle Huaxia RoadShanghai201210China
| | - Yueming Xu
- iHuman InstituteShanghaiTech University393 Middle Huaxia RoadShanghai201210China
| | - Fei Xu
- iHuman InstituteShanghaiTech University393 Middle Huaxia RoadShanghai201210China
- School of Life Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech University393 Middle Huaxia RoadShanghai201210China
| | - Zhiping Le
- Department of ChemistryNanchang University999 Xuefu AvenueNanchang330031China
| | - Suwen Zhao
- iHuman InstituteShanghaiTech University393 Middle Huaxia RoadShanghai201210China
- School of Life Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech University393 Middle Huaxia RoadShanghai201210China
| | - Houchao Tao
- iHuman InstituteShanghaiTech University393 Middle Huaxia RoadShanghai201210China
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14
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Zhao F, Wu Y, Zhou F, Xue D, Zhao S, Lu W, Liu X, Hu T, Qiu Y, Li R, Gu T, Xu Y, Xu F, Zhong G, Jiang Z, Zhao S, Tao H. Elucidation of Distinct Modular Assemblies of Smoothened Receptor by Bitopic Ligand Measurement. J Med Chem 2021; 64:13830-13840. [PMID: 34492176 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Class F G protein-coupled receptors are characterized by a large extracellular domain (ECD) in addition to the common transmembrane domain (TMD) with seven α-helixes. For smoothened receptor (SMO), structural studies revealed dissected ECD and TMD, and their integrated assemblies. However, distinct assemblies were reported under different circumstances. Using an unbiased approach based on four series of cross-conjugated bitopic ligands, we explore the relationship between the active status and receptor assembly. Different activity dependency on the linker length for these bitopic ligands corroborates the various occurrences of SMO assembly. These results reveal a rigid "near" assembly for active SMO, which is in contrast to previous results. Conversely, inactive SMO adopts a free ECD, which would be remotely captured at "far" assembly by cholesterol. Altogether, we propose a mechanism of cholesterol flow-caused SMO activation involving an erection of ECD from far to near assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhao
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Ren Building, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yiran Wu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Ren Building, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Fang Zhou
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Ren Building, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Dongxiang Xue
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Ren Building, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Simeng Zhao
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Ren Building, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wanglong Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Ren Building, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Tao Hu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Ren Building, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yanli Qiu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Ren Building, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Rongyan Li
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Ren Building, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Tangjie Gu
- School of Physics Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yueming Xu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Ren Building, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Fei Xu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Ren Building, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Guisheng Zhong
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Ren Building, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Zhongxing Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Suwen Zhao
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Ren Building, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Houchao Tao
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Ren Building, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China
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15
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Qiu ZP, Hu A, Song BL. The 3-beta-hydroxysteroid-Delta(8), Delta(7)-isomerase EBP inhibits cholesterylation of Smoothened. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:159041. [PMID: 34450268 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.159041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) pathway plays a central role in vertebrate embryonic development and carcinogenesis. The G-protein coupled receptor-like protein Smoothened (SMO) is one of the major members in Hh pathway. Covalent modification of cholesterol on the 95th asparagine (D95) of human SMO, which is regulated by Hh and PTCH1, is critical for SMO activation. However, it is not known whether SMO cholesterylation is regulated by other proteins. In this study, we identified Emopamil binding protein (EBP, also known as 3-beta-hydroxysteroid-Delta(8),Delta(7)-isomerase) as a SMO-interacting protein. Overexpression of EBP suppressed SMO cholesterylation and Hh pathway activity, whereas genetic disruption of EBP enhanced SMO cholesterylation and the downstream signaling. EBP-mediated inhibition of SMO cholesterylation was independent of its isomerase activity, but dependent on the C-terminus of EBP that was required for SMO binding. The X-linked dominant chondrodysplasia punctate 2 (CDPX2)-associated EBP mutants inhibited SMO cholesterylation too. Together, this study shows that EBP modulates SMO cholesterylation through direct binding and suggests a possible mechanism of CDPX2 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ping Qiu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ao Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bao-Liang Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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16
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Mechanisms of Smoothened Regulation in Hedgehog Signaling. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082138. [PMID: 34440907 PMCID: PMC8391454 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The seven-transmembrane protein, Smoothened (SMO), has shown to be critical for the hedgehog (HH) signal transduction on the cell membrane (and the cilium in vertebrates). SMO is subjected to multiple types of post-translational regulations, including phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and sumoylation, which alter SMO intracellular trafficking and cell surface accumulation. Recently, SMO is also shown to be regulated by small molecules, such as oxysterol, cholesterol, and phospholipid. The activity of SMO must be very well balanced by these different mechanisms in vivo because the malfunction of SMO will not only cause developmental defects in early stages, but also induce cancers in late stages. Here, we discuss the activation and inactivation of SMO by different mechanisms to better understand how SMO is regulated by the graded HH signaling activity that eventually governs distinct development outcomes.
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17
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Kothandapani A, Jefcoate CR, Jorgensen JS. Cholesterol Contributes to Male Sex Differentiation Through Its Developmental Role in Androgen Synthesis and Hedgehog Signaling. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6204698. [PMID: 33784378 PMCID: PMC8168945 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Two specialized functions of cholesterol during fetal development include serving as a precursor to androgen synthesis and supporting hedgehog (HH) signaling activity. Androgens are produced by the testes to facilitate masculinization of the fetus. Recent evidence shows that intricate interactions between the HH and androgen signaling pathways are required for optimal male sex differentiation and defects of either can cause birth anomalies indicative of 46,XY male variations of sex development (VSD). Further, perturbations in cholesterol synthesis can cause developmental defects, including VSD, that phenocopy those caused by disrupted androgen or HH signaling, highlighting the functional role of cholesterol in promoting male sex differentiation. In this review, we focus on the role of cholesterol in systemic androgen and local HH signaling events during fetal masculinization and their collective contributions to pediatric VSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anbarasi Kothandapani
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
- Correspondence: Anbarasi Kothandapani, PhD, Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53705, USA. E-mail:
| | - Colin R Jefcoate
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - Joan S Jorgensen
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
- Correspondence: Joan S. Jorgensen, DVM, PhD, Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53705, USA. E-mail:
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18
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Bonandi E, Mori M, Infante P, Basili I, Di Marcotullio L, Calcaterra A, Catti F, Botta B, Passarella D. Design and Synthesis of New Withaferin A Inspired Hedgehog Pathway Inhibitors. Chemistry 2021; 27:8350-8357. [PMID: 33811701 PMCID: PMC8251939 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Withanolides constitute a well-known family of plant-based alkaloids characterised by widespread biological properties, including the ability of interfering with Hedgehog (Hh) signalling pathway. Following our interest in natural products and in anticancer compounds, we report here the synthesis of a new class of Hh signalling pathway inhibitors, inspired by withaferin A, the first isolated member of withanolides. The decoration of our scaffolds was rationally supported by in silico studies, while functional evaluation revealed promising candidates, confirming once again the importance of natural products as inspiration source for the discovery of novel bioactive compounds. A stereoselective approach, based on Brown chemistry, allowed the obtainment and the functional evaluation of the enantiopure hit compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Bonandi
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di MilanoVia Golgi 1920133MilanItaly
| | - Mattia Mori
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy Università degli Studi di SienaVia Aldo Moro 253100SienaItaly
| | - Paola Infante
- Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaViale Regina Elena 29100161RomeItaly
| | - Irene Basili
- Department of Molecular MedicineUniversity La Sapienza, RomaViale Regina Elena 29100161RomaItaly
| | - Lucia Di Marcotullio
- Department of Molecular MedicineUniversity La Sapienza, RomaViale Regina Elena 29100161RomaItaly
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci BolognettiDepartment of Molecular MedicineUniversity La SapienzaViale Regina Elena 29100161RomaItaly
| | - Andrea Calcaterra
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of DrugsUniversity La Sapienza, RomaPiazzale Aldo Moro 500185RomeItaly
| | - Federica Catti
- Arkansas State UniversityCampus Querétaro Carretera Estatal 100, km 17.5. C.P.76270 Municipio de ColónQuerétaroMéxico
| | - Bruno Botta
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of DrugsUniversity La Sapienza, RomaPiazzale Aldo Moro 500185RomeItaly
| | - Daniele Passarella
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di MilanoVia Golgi 1920133MilanItaly
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19
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Akhshi T, Trimble WS. A non-canonical Hedgehog pathway initiates ciliogenesis and autophagy. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211568. [PMID: 33258871 PMCID: PMC7714386 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202004179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia function as critical signaling hubs whose absence leads to severe disorders collectively known as ciliopathies; our knowledge of ciliogenesis remains limited. We show that Smo induces ciliogenesis through two distinct yet essential noncanonical Hh pathways in several cell types, including neurons. Surprisingly, ligand activation of Smo induces autophagy via an LKB1-AMPK axis to remove the satellite pool of OFD1. This is required, but not sufficient, for ciliogenesis. Additionally, Smo activates the Gαi-LGN-NuMA-dynein axis, causing accumulation of a portion of OFD1 at centrioles in early ciliogenesis. Both pathways are critical for redistribution of BBS4 from satellites to centrioles, which is also mediated by OFD1 centriolar translocation. Notably, different Smo agonists, which activate Smo distinctly, activate one or the other of these pathways; only in combination they recapitulate the activity of Hh ligand. These studies provide new insight into physiological stimuli (Hh) that activate autophagy and promote ciliogenesis and introduce a novel role for the Gαi-LGN-NuMA-dynein complex in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Akhshi
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - William S Trimble
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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20
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Zhou F, Zhou Y, Guo Z, Yu X, Deng Z. Review of 10,11-Dehydrocurvularin: Synthesis, Structural Diversity, Bioactivities and Mechanisms. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 22:836-847. [PMID: 33913403 DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666210428132256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
10,11-Dehydrocurvularin is a natural benzenediol lactone (BDL) with a 12-membered macrolide fused to resorcinol ring produced as secondary metabolite by many fungi. In this review, we summarized literatures regarding the biosynthesis, chemical synthesis, biological activities and assumed work mechanisms of 10,11-dehydrocurvularin, which presented potential for agricultural and pharmaceutical uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- FuGui Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Yiqing Zhou
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - ZhiYong Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - XianJun Yu
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research,Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research,Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Zhangshuang Deng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
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21
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Spannl S, Buhl T, Nellas I, Zeidan SA, Iyer KV, Khaliullina H, Schultz C, Nadler A, Dye NA, Eaton S. Glycolysis regulates Hedgehog signalling via the plasma membrane potential. EMBO J 2020; 39:e101767. [PMID: 33021744 PMCID: PMC7604625 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019101767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in cell metabolism and plasma membrane potential have been linked to shifts between tissue growth and differentiation, and to developmental patterning. How such changes mediate these effects is poorly understood. Here, we use the developing wing of Drosophila to investigate the interplay between cell metabolism and a key developmental regulator-the Hedgehog (Hh) signalling pathway. We show that reducing glycolysis both lowers steady-state levels of ATP and stabilizes Smoothened (Smo), the 7-pass transmembrane protein that transduces the Hh signal. As a result, the transcription factor Cubitus interruptus accumulates in its full-length, transcription activating form. We show that glycolysis is required to maintain the plasma membrane potential and that plasma membrane depolarization blocks cellular uptake of N-acylethanolamides-lipoprotein-borne Hh pathway inhibitors required for Smo destabilization. Similarly, pharmacological inhibition of glycolysis in mammalian cells induces ciliary translocation of Smo-a key step in pathway activation-in the absence of Hh. Thus, changes in cell metabolism alter Hh signalling through their effects on plasma membrane potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Spannl
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- Present address:
Department of BiochemistryFaculty of MedicineUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - Tomasz Buhl
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- Biotechnologisches ZentrumTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Ioannis Nellas
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- Biotechnologisches ZentrumTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Salma A Zeidan
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- Biotechnologisches ZentrumTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - K Venkatesan Iyer
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex SystemsDresdenGermany
| | - Helena Khaliullina
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- Present address:
Department of PhysiologyDevelopment and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Carsten Schultz
- Cell Biology and Biophysics UnitEuropean Molecular Biology LaboratoryHeidelbergGermany
- Department of Chemical Physiology and BiochemistryOregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandORUSA
| | - André Nadler
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
| | - Natalie A Dye
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
| | - Suzanne Eaton
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- Biotechnologisches ZentrumTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
- Center for Systems Biology DresdenDresdenGermany
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22
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Nagai-Tanima M, Hong S, Hu P, Carrington B, Sood R, Roessler E, Muenke M. Rare hypomorphic human variation in the heptahelical domain of SMO contributes to holoprosencephaly phenotypes. Hum Mutat 2020; 41:2105-2118. [PMID: 32906187 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is the most common congenital anomaly affecting the forebrain and face in humans and occurs as frequently as 1:250 conceptions or 1:10,000 livebirths. Sonic Hedgehog signaling molecule is one of the best characterized HPE genes that plays crucial roles in numerous developmental processes including midline neural patterning and craniofacial development. The Frizzled class G-protein coupled receptor Smoothened (SMO), whose signaling activity is tightly regulated, is the sole obligate transducer of Hedgehog-related signals. However, except for previous reports of somatic oncogenic driver mutations in human cancers (or mosaic tumors in rare syndromes), any potential disease-related role of SMO genetic variation in humans is largely unknown. To our knowledge, ours is the first report of a human hypomorphic variant revealed by functional testing of seven distinct nonsynonymous SMO variants derived from HPE molecular and clinical data. Here we describe several zebrafish bioassays developed and guided by a systems biology analysis. This analysis strategy, and detection of hypomorphic variation in human SMO, demonstrates the necessity of integrating the genomic variant findings in HPE probands with other components of the Hedgehog gene regulatory network in overall medical interpretations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Nagai-Tanima
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sungkook Hong
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ping Hu
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Blake Carrington
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Zebrafish Core, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Raman Sood
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Zebrafish Core, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Erich Roessler
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Maximilian Muenke
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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23
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Grund-Gröschke S, Stockmaier G, Aberger F. Hedgehog/GLI signaling in tumor immunity - new therapeutic opportunities and clinical implications. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:172. [PMID: 31878932 PMCID: PMC6933925 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0459-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled activation of the Hedgehog/Glioma-associated oncogene (HH/GLI) pathway is a potent oncogenic driver signal promoting numerous cancer hallmarks such as proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, metastasis and metabolic rewiring. Several HH pathway inhibitors have already been approved for medical therapy of advanced and metastatic basal cell carcinoma and acute myeloid leukemia with partially impressive therapeutic activity. However, de novo and acquired resistance as well as severe side effects and unexplained lack of therapeutic efficacy are major challenges that urgently call for improved treatment options with more durable responses. The recent breakthroughs in cancer immunotherapy have changed our current understanding of targeted therapy and opened up promising therapeutic opportunities including combinations of selective cancer pathway and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Although HH/GLI signaling has been intensely studied with respect to the classical hallmarks of cancer, its role in the modulation of the anti-tumoral immune response has only become evident in recent studies. These have uncovered HH/GLI regulated immunosuppressive mechanisms such as enhanced regulatory T-cell formation and production of immunosuppressive cytokines. In light of these exciting novel data on oncogenic HH/GLI signaling in immune cross-talk and modulation, we summarize and connect in this review the existing knowledge from different HH-related cancers and chronic inflammatory diseases. This is to provide a basis for the investigation and evaluation of novel treatments combining immunotherapeutic strategies with approved as well as next-generation HH/GLI inhibitors. Further, we also critically discuss recent studies demonstrating a possible negative impact of current HH/GLI pathway inhibitors on the anti-tumoral immune response, which may explain some of the disappointing results of several oncological trials with anti-HH drugs. Video abstract. (9500 kb)
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Grund-Gröschke
- Department of Biosciences, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse, 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Georg Stockmaier
- Department of Biosciences, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse, 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Fritz Aberger
- Department of Biosciences, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse, 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
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24
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Xue D, Ye L, Zheng J, Wu Y, Zhang X, Xu Y, Li T, Stevens RC, Xu F, Zhuang M, Zhao S, Zhao F, Tao H. The structure-based traceless specific fluorescence labeling of the smoothened receptor. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:6136-6142. [PMID: 31180094 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00654k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The smoothened receptor (SMO) mediates the hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway and plays a vital role in embryonic development and tumorigenesis. The visualization of SMO has the potential to provide new insights into its enigmatic mechanisms and associated disease pathogenesis. Based on recent progress in structural studies of SMO, we have designed and characterized a group of affinity probes to facilitate the turn-on fluorescence labeling of SMO at the ε-amine of K395. These chemical probes were derived from a potent SMO antagonist skeleton by the conjugation of a small non-fluorescent unit, O-nitrobenzoxadiazole (O-NBD). In this context, optimal probes were developed to be capable of efficiently and selectively lighting up SMO regardless of whether it is in micelles or in native membranes. More importantly, the resulting labeled SMO only bears a very small fluorophore and allows for the recovery of the unoccupied pocket by dissociation of the residual ligand module. These advantages should allow the probe to serve as a potential tool for monitoring SMO trafficking, understanding Hh activation mechanisms, and even the diagnosis of tumorigenesis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxiang Xue
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Ren Building, 393 Middle Huaxia Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201210, China.
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25
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Crick PJ, Yutuc E, Abdel-Khalik J, Saeed A, Betsholtz C, Genove G, Björkhem I, Wang Y, Griffiths WJ. Formation and metabolism of oxysterols and cholestenoic acids found in the mouse circulation: Lessons learnt from deuterium-enrichment experiments and the CYP46A1 transgenic mouse. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 195:105475. [PMID: 31541728 PMCID: PMC6880786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
While the presence and abundance of the major oxysterols and cholestenoic acids in the circulation is well established, minor cholesterol metabolites may also have biological importance and be of value to investigate. In this study by observing the metabolism of deuterium-labelled cholesterol in the pdgfbret/ret mouse, a mouse model with increased vascular permeability in brain, and by studying the sterol content of plasma from the CYP46A1 transgenic mouse overexpressing the human cholesterol 24S-hydroxylase enzyme we have been able to identify a number of minor cholesterol metabolites found in the circulation, make approximate-quantitative measurements and postulate pathways for their formation. These "proof of principle" data may have relevance when using mouse models to mimic human disease and in respect of the increasing possibility of treating human neurodegenerative diseases with pharmaceuticals designed to enhance the activity of CYP46A1 or by adeno-associated virus delivery of CYP46A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Crick
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Eylan Yutuc
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Jonas Abdel-Khalik
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Ahmed Saeed
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | - Guillem Genove
- ICMC Karolinska Institutet, Novum, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Ingemar Björkhem
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK.
| | - William J Griffiths
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK.
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26
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Kinnebrew M, Iverson EJ, Patel BB, Pusapati GV, Kong JH, Johnson KA, Luchetti G, Eckert KM, McDonald JG, Covey DF, Siebold C, Radhakrishnan A, Rohatgi R. Cholesterol accessibility at the ciliary membrane controls hedgehog signaling. eLife 2019; 8:e50051. [PMID: 31657721 PMCID: PMC6850779 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we proposed that transmission of the hedgehog signal across the plasma membrane by Smoothened is triggered by its interaction with cholesterol (Luchetti et al., 2016). But how is cholesterol, an abundant lipid, regulated tightly enough to control a signaling system that can cause birth defects and cancer? Using toxin-based sensors that distinguish between distinct pools of cholesterol, we find that Smoothened activation and Hedgehog signaling are driven by a biochemically-defined, small fraction of membrane cholesterol, termed accessible cholesterol. Increasing cholesterol accessibility by depletion of sphingomyelin, which sequesters cholesterol in complexes, amplifies Hedgehog signaling. Hedgehog ligands increase cholesterol accessibility in the membrane of the primary cilium by inactivating the transporter-like protein Patched 1. Trapping this accessible cholesterol blocks Hedgehog signal transmission across the membrane. Our work shows that the organization of cholesterol in the ciliary membrane can be modified by extracellular ligands to control the activity of cilia-localized signaling proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maia Kinnebrew
- Department of BiochemistryStanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Ellen J Iverson
- Department of BiochemistryStanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Bhaven B Patel
- Department of BiochemistryStanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Ganesh V Pusapati
- Department of BiochemistryStanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Jennifer H Kong
- Department of BiochemistryStanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Kristen A Johnson
- Department of Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Giovanni Luchetti
- Department of BiochemistryStanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Kaitlyn M Eckert
- Center for Human NutritionUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Jeffrey G McDonald
- Department of Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
- Center for Human NutritionUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Douglas F Covey
- Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric ResearchWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Department of Developmental BiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Christian Siebold
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Arun Radhakrishnan
- Department of Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Department of BiochemistryStanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
- Department of MedicineStanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
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27
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Zhou F, Ding K, Zhou Y, Liu Y, Liu X, Zhao F, Wu Y, Zhang X, Tan Q, Xu F, Tan W, Xiao Y, Zhao S, Tao H. Colocalization Strategy Unveils an Underside Binding Site in the Transmembrane Domain of Smoothened Receptor. J Med Chem 2019; 62:9983-9989. [PMID: 31408335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We unveiled an underside binding site on smoothened receptor (SMO) by a colocalization strategy using two structurally complementary photoaffinity probes derived from a known ligand Allo-1. Docking study and structural dissection identified key interactions within the site, including hydrogen bonding, π-π interactions, and hydrophobic interactions between Allo-1 and its contacting residues. Taken together, our results reveal the molecular base of Allo-1 binding and provide a basis for the design of new-generation ligands to overcome drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhou
- iHuman Institute , ShanghaiTech University , Ren Building, 393 Middle Huaxia Road , Pudong New District, Shanghai 201210 , China.,Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Building 3, Room 426 , Shanghai 201203 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19A, Yuquan Road , Beijing 100049 , China.,School of Life Science and Technology , ShanghaiTech University , Shanghai 201210 , China
| | - Kang Ding
- iHuman Institute , ShanghaiTech University , Ren Building, 393 Middle Huaxia Road , Pudong New District, Shanghai 201210 , China.,Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology , Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200031 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19A, Yuquan Road , Beijing 100049 , China.,School of Life Science and Technology , ShanghaiTech University , Shanghai 201210 , China
| | - Yiqing Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology , Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200032 , China.,School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering , Changshu Institute of Technology , Suzhou , Jiangsu 215500 , China
| | - Yang Liu
- iHuman Institute , ShanghaiTech University , Ren Building, 393 Middle Huaxia Road , Pudong New District, Shanghai 201210 , China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- iHuman Institute , ShanghaiTech University , Ren Building, 393 Middle Huaxia Road , Pudong New District, Shanghai 201210 , China
| | - Fei Zhao
- iHuman Institute , ShanghaiTech University , Ren Building, 393 Middle Huaxia Road , Pudong New District, Shanghai 201210 , China
| | - Yiran Wu
- iHuman Institute , ShanghaiTech University , Ren Building, 393 Middle Huaxia Road , Pudong New District, Shanghai 201210 , China
| | - Xianjun Zhang
- iHuman Institute , ShanghaiTech University , Ren Building, 393 Middle Huaxia Road , Pudong New District, Shanghai 201210 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19A, Yuquan Road , Beijing 100049 , China.,School of Life Science and Technology , ShanghaiTech University , Shanghai 201210 , China.,Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology , Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200031 , China
| | - Qiwen Tan
- iHuman Institute , ShanghaiTech University , Ren Building, 393 Middle Huaxia Road , Pudong New District, Shanghai 201210 , China
| | - Fei Xu
- iHuman Institute , ShanghaiTech University , Ren Building, 393 Middle Huaxia Road , Pudong New District, Shanghai 201210 , China.,School of Life Science and Technology , ShanghaiTech University , Shanghai 201210 , China
| | - Wenfu Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy , Fudan University , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Youli Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology , Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200032 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19A, Yuquan Road , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Suwen Zhao
- iHuman Institute , ShanghaiTech University , Ren Building, 393 Middle Huaxia Road , Pudong New District, Shanghai 201210 , China.,School of Life Science and Technology , ShanghaiTech University , Shanghai 201210 , China
| | - Houchao Tao
- iHuman Institute , ShanghaiTech University , Ren Building, 393 Middle Huaxia Road , Pudong New District, Shanghai 201210 , China
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28
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Zhang J, Liu Y, Jiang K, Jia J. Hedgehog signaling promotes lipolysis in adipose tissue through directly regulating Bmm/ATGL lipase. Dev Biol 2019; 457:128-139. [PMID: 31550483 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling has been shown to regulate multiple developmental processes, however, it is unclear how it regulates lipid metabolism. Here, we demonstrate that Hh signaling exhibits potent activity in Drosophila fat body, which is induced by both locally expressed and midgut-derived Hh proteins. Inactivation of Hh signaling increases, whereas activation of Hh signaling decreases lipid accumulation. The major lipase Brummer (Bmm) acts downstream of Smoothened (Smo) in Hh signaling to promote lipolysis, therefore, the breakdown of triacylglycerol (TAG). We identify a critical Ci binding site in bmm promoter that is responsible to mediate Bmm expression induced by Hh signaling. Genomic mutation of the Ci binding site significantly reduces the expression of Bmm and dramatically decreases the responsiveness to Ci overexpression. Together, our findings provide a model for lipolysis to be regulated by Hh signaling, raising the possibility for Hh signaling to be involved in lipid metabolic and/or lipid storage diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Markey Cancer Center, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Yajuan Liu
- Markey Cancer Center, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Kai Jiang
- Markey Cancer Center, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Jianhang Jia
- Markey Cancer Center, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
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29
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Duncan AL, Song W, Sansom MSP. Lipid-Dependent Regulation of Ion Channels and G Protein-Coupled Receptors: Insights from Structures and Simulations. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 60:31-50. [PMID: 31506010 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010919-023411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ion channels and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are regulated by lipids in their membrane environment. Structural studies combined with biophysical and molecular simulation investigations reveal interaction sites for specific lipids on membrane protein structures. For K channels, PIP2 plays a key role in regulating Kv and Kir channels. Likewise, several recent cryo-EM structures of TRP channels have revealed bound lipids, including PIP2 and cholesterol. Among the pentameric ligand-gated ion channel family, structural and biophysical studies suggest the M4 TM helix may act as a lipid sensor, e.g., forming part of the binding sites for neurosteroids on the GABAA receptor. Structures of GPCRs have revealed multiple cholesterol sites, which may modulate both receptor dynamics and receptor oligomerization. PIP2 also interacts with GPCRs and may modulate their interactions with G proteins. Overall, it is evident that multiple lipid binding sites exist on channels and receptors that modulate their function allosterically and are potential druggable sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Duncan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom;
| | - Wanling Song
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom;
| | - Mark S P Sansom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom;
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30
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Duhachek-Muggy S, Bhat K, Medina P, Cheng F, He L, Alli C, Saki M, Muthukrishnan SD, Ruffenach G, Eghbali M, Vlashi E, Pajonk F. Radiation mitigation of the intestinal acute radiation injury in mice by 1-[(4-nitrophenyl)sulfonyl]-4-phenylpiperazine. Stem Cells Transl Med 2019; 9:106-119. [PMID: 31464098 PMCID: PMC6954722 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.19-0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to identify the mechanism of action for a radiation mitigator of the gastrointestinal (GI) acute radiation syndrome (ARS), identified in an unbiased high‐throughput screen. We used mice irradiated with a lethal dose of radiation and treated with daily injections of the radiation mitigator 1‐[(4‐nitrophenyl)sulfonyl]‐4‐phenylpiperazine to study its effects on key pathways involved in intestinal stem cell (ISC) maintenance. RNASeq, quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry were performed to identify pathways engaged after drug treatment. Target validation was performed with competition assays, reporter cells, and in silico docking. 1‐[(4‐Nitrophenyl)sulfonyl]‐4‐phenylpiperazine activates Hedgehog signaling by binding to the transmembrane domain of Smoothened, thereby expanding the ISC pool, increasing the number of regenerating crypts and preventing the GI‐ARS. We conclude that Smoothened is a target for radiation mitigation in the small intestine that could be explored for use in radiation accidents as well as to mitigate normal tissue toxicity during and after radiotherapy of the abdomen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Duhachek-Muggy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kruttika Bhat
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Paul Medina
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Fei Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ling He
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Claudia Alli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mohammad Saki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sree Deepthi Muthukrishnan
- Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute of Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Gregoire Ruffenach
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mansoureh Eghbali
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Erina Vlashi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Frank Pajonk
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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31
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Kowatsch C, Woolley RE, Kinnebrew M, Rohatgi R, Siebold C. Structures of vertebrate Patched and Smoothened reveal intimate links between cholesterol and Hedgehog signalling. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2019; 57:204-214. [PMID: 31247512 PMCID: PMC6744280 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (HH) signalling pathway is a cell-cell communication system that controls the patterning of multiple tissues during embryogenesis in metazoans. In adults, HH signals regulate tissue stem cells and regenerative responses. Abnormal signalling can cause birth defects and cancer. The HH signal is received on target cells by Patched (PTCH1), the receptor for HH ligands, and then transmitted across the plasma membrane by Smoothened (SMO). Recent structural and biochemical studies have pointed to a sterol lipid, likely cholesterol itself, as the elusive second messenger that communicates the HH signal between PTCH1 and SMO, thus linking ligand reception to transmembrane signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Kowatsch
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rachel E Woolley
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Maia Kinnebrew
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.
| | - Christian Siebold
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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32
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Hu A, Song BL. The interplay of Patched, Smoothened and cholesterol in Hedgehog signaling. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 61:31-38. [PMID: 31369952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (HH) pathway plays a pivotal role in regulating a diverse array of events from embryonic tissue patterning to adult organ self-renewal. Aberrant activation of the pathway is linked to carcinogenesis. Key factors in the HH pathway include the signaling ligand HH, the receptor Patched (PTCH), and the G-protein-coupled receptor-like transducer Smoothened (SMO). A long-lasting question about this pathway is how PTCH prevents SMO from being activated. Recent high-resolution structural studies provide insight into the molecular basis of HH recognition by PTCH. Moreover, cholesterol stands out as the endogenous ligand of SMO and acts by binding and/or covalently linking to SMO. In this review, we discuss current advances in HH signaling, the interplay of PTCH, SMO and cholesterol, and propose putative models of SMO activation by cholesterol binding and/or modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bao-Liang Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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33
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Deshpande I, Liang J, Hedeen D, Roberts KJ, Zhang Y, Ha B, Latorraca NR, Faust B, Dror RO, Beachy PA, Myers BR, Manglik A. Smoothened stimulation by membrane sterols drives Hedgehog pathway activity. Nature 2019; 571:284-288. [PMID: 31263273 PMCID: PMC6709672 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1355-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog signalling is fundamental to embryonic development and postnatal tissue regeneration1. Aberrant postnatal Hedgehog signalling leads to several malignancies, including basal cell carcinoma and paediatric medulloblastoma2. Hedgehog proteins bind to and inhibit the transmembrane cholesterol transporter Patched-1 (PTCH1), which permits activation of the seven-transmembrane transducer Smoothened (SMO) via a mechanism that is poorly understood. Here we report the crystal structure of active mouse SMO bound to both the agonist SAG21k and to an intracellular binding nanobody that stabilizes a physiologically relevant active state. Analogous to other G protein-coupled receptors, the activation of SMO is associated with subtle motions in the extracellular domain, and larger intracellular changes. In contrast to recent models3-5, a cholesterol molecule that is critical for SMO activation is bound deep within the seven-transmembrane pocket. We propose that the inactivation of PTCH1 by Hedgehog allows a transmembrane sterol to access this seven-transmembrane site (potentially through a hydrophobic tunnel), which drives the activation of SMO. These results-combined with signalling studies and molecular dynamics simulations-delineate the structural basis for PTCH1-SMO regulation, and suggest a strategy for overcoming clinical resistance to SMO inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishan Deshpande
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jiahao Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Danielle Hedeen
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kelsey J Roberts
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yunxiao Zhang
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Betty Ha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Naomi R Latorraca
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bryan Faust
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ron O Dror
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Philip A Beachy
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin R Myers
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Aashish Manglik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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34
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Abstract
Signaling pathways that mediate cell-cell communication are essential for collective cell behaviors in multicellular systems. The hedgehog (HH) pathway, first discovered and elucidated in Drosophila, is one of these iconic signaling systems that plays many roles during embryogenesis and in adults; abnormal HH signaling can lead to birth defects and cancer. We review recent structural and biochemical studies that have advanced our understanding of the vertebrate HH pathway, focusing on the mechanisms by which the HH signal is received by patched on target cells, transduced across the cell membrane by smoothened, and transmitted to the nucleus by GLI proteins to influence gene-expression programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Kong
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Christian Siebold
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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35
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Oxysterol research: a brief review. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:517-526. [PMID: 30936243 PMCID: PMC6490702 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we discuss the recent developments in oxysterol research. Exciting results have been reported relating to the involvement of oxysterols in the fields of neurodegenerative disease, especially in Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease; in signalling and development, in particular, in relation to Hedgehog signalling; and in cancer, with a special focus on (25R)26-hydroxycholesterol. Methods for the measurement of oxysterols, essential for understanding their mechanism of action in vivo, and valuable for diagnosing rare diseases of cholesterol biosynthesis and metabolism are briefly considered.
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36
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Alfonso-Prieto M, Giorgetti A, Carloni P. Multiscale simulations on human Frizzled and Taste2 GPCRs. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2019; 55:8-16. [PMID: 30933747 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Recently, molecular dynamics simulations, from all atom and coarse grained to hybrid methods bridging the two scales, have provided exciting functional insights into class F (Frizzled and Taste2) GPCRs (about 40 members in humans). Findings include: (i) The activation of one member of the Frizzled receptors (FZD4) involves a bending of transmembrane helix TM7 far larger than that in class A GPCRs. (ii) The affinity of an anticancer drug targeting another member (Smoothened receptor) decreases in a specific drug-resistant variant, because the mutation ultimately disrupts the binding cavity and affects TM6. (iii) A novel two-state recognition mechanism explains the very large agonist diversity for at least one member of the Taste2 GPCRs, hTAS2R46.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Alfonso-Prieto
- Computational Biomedicine, Institute for Advanced Simulations IAS-5 and Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-9, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany; Cécile and Oskar Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alejandro Giorgetti
- Computational Biomedicine, Institute for Advanced Simulations IAS-5 and Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-9, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany; Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Paolo Carloni
- Computational Biomedicine, Institute for Advanced Simulations IAS-5 and Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-9, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany; Department of Physics, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany; JARA Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging (INM-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany; VNU Key Laboratory "Multiscale Simulation of Complex Systems", VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
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37
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Hedger G, Koldsø H, Chavent M, Siebold C, Rohatgi R, Sansom MSP. Cholesterol Interaction Sites on the Transmembrane Domain of the Hedgehog Signal Transducer and Class F G Protein-Coupled Receptor Smoothened. Structure 2019; 27:549-559.e2. [PMID: 30595453 PMCID: PMC6408332 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transduction of Hedgehog signals across the plasma membrane is facilitated by the class F G-protein-coupled-receptor (GPCR) Smoothened (SMO). Recent studies suggest that SMO is modulated via interactions of its transmembrane (TM) domain with cholesterol. We apply molecular dynamics simulations of SMO embedded in cholesterol containing lipid bilayers, revealing a direct interaction of cholesterol with the TM domain at regions distinct from those observed in class A GPCRs. In particular the extracellular tips of helices TM2 and TM3 form a well-defined cholesterol interaction site. Potential of mean force calculations yield a free energy landscape for cholesterol binding. Alongside analysis of equilibrium cholesterol occupancy, this reveals the existence of a dynamic "greasy patch" interaction with the TM domain of SMO, which may be compared with previously identified lipid interaction sites on other membrane proteins. These predictions provide molecular-level insights into cholesterol interactions with a class F GPCR, suggesting potential druggable sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Hedger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Heidi Koldsø
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Matthieu Chavent
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Christian Siebold
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mark S P Sansom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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38
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Zhang X, Feng L, Qiao N, Liu Y, Zhang DC, Yin H. Cloning, expression pattern and functional characterization of fused, an important kinase of the Hedgehog signalling pathway from Locusta migratoria(Orthoptera: Acridoidea). BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2019.1637781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and the Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Li Feng
- College of Life Sciences and the Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Ning Qiao
- College of Life Sciences and the Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Yachao Liu
- College of Life Sciences and the Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Dao Chuan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and the Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Hong Yin
- College of Life Sciences and the Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, P. R. China
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39
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Bariwal J, Kumar V, Dong Y, Mahato RI. Design of Hedgehog pathway inhibitors for cancer treatment. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:1137-1204. [PMID: 30484872 DOI: 10.1002/med.21555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is involved in the initiation and progression of various cancers and is essential for embryonic and postnatal development. This pathway remains in the quiescent state in adult tissues but gets activated upon inflammation and injuries. Inhibition of Hh signaling pathway using natural and synthetic compounds has provided an attractive approach for treating cancer and inflammatory diseases. While the majority of Hh pathway inhibitors target the transmembrane protein Smoothened (SMO), some small molecules that target the signaling cascade downstream of SMO are of particular interest. Substantial efforts are being made to develop new molecules targeting various components of the Hh signaling pathway. Here, we have discussed the discovery of small molecules as Hh inhibitors from the diverse chemical background. Also, some of the recently identified natural products have been included as a separate section. Extensive structure-activity relationship (SAR) of each chemical class is the focus of this review. Also, clinically advanced molecules are discussed from the last 5 to 7 years. Nanomedicine-based delivery approaches for Hh pathway inhibitors are also discussed concisely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitender Bariwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Virender Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Yuxiang Dong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Ram I Mahato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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40
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Abstract
First described in Drosophila, Hedgehog signalling is a key regulator of embryonic development and tissue homeostasis and its dysfunction underlies a variety of human congenital anomalies and diseases. Although now recognised as a major target for cancer therapy as well as a mediator of directed stem cell differentiation, the unveiling of the function and mechanisms of Hedgehog signalling was driven largely by an interest in basic developmental biology rather than clinical need. Here, I describe how curiosity about embryonic patterning led to the identification of the family of Hedgehog signalling proteins and the pathway that transduces their activity, and ultimately to the development of drugs that block this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip W Ingham
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921
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41
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Abstract
New roles are discovered for cholesterol transport in a key developmental signaling pathway
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Affiliation(s)
- Anselm Sommer
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Yale Cancer Biology Institute, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Mark A Lemmon
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
- Yale Cancer Biology Institute, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
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42
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Giroux-Leprieur E, Costantini A, Ding VW, He B. Hedgehog Signaling in Lung Cancer: From Oncogenesis to Cancer Treatment Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2835. [PMID: 30235830 PMCID: PMC6165231 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog signaling pathway is physiologically activated during embryogenesis, especially in lung development. It is also reactivated in many solid tumors. In lung cancer, Hedgehog pathway is closely associated with cancer stem cells (CSCs). Recent works have shown that CSCs produced a full-length Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) protein, with paracrine activity and induction of tumor development. Hedgehog pathway is also involved in tumor drug resistance in lung cancer, as cytotoxic chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapies. This review proposes to describe the activation mechanisms of Hedgehog pathway in lung cancer, the clinical implications for overcoming drug resistance, and the perspectives for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Giroux-Leprieur
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Oncology, APHP-Hopital Ambroise Pare, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
- EA 4340, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
| | - Adrien Costantini
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Oncology, APHP-Hopital Ambroise Pare, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
- EA 4340, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
| | - Vivianne W Ding
- Thoracic Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Biao He
- Thoracic Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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43
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Sabol M, Trnski D, Musani V, Ozretić P, Levanat S. Role of GLI Transcription Factors in Pathogenesis and Their Potential as New Therapeutic Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2562. [PMID: 30158435 PMCID: PMC6163343 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
GLI transcription factors have important roles in intracellular signaling cascade, acting as the main mediators of the HH-GLI signaling pathway. This is one of the major developmental pathways, regulated both canonically and non-canonically. Deregulation of the pathway during development leads to a number of developmental malformations, depending on the deregulated pathway component. The HH-GLI pathway is mostly inactive in the adult organism but retains its function in stem cells. Aberrant activation in adult cells leads to carcinogenesis through overactivation of several tightly regulated cellular processes such as proliferation, angiogenesis, EMT. Targeting GLI transcription factors has recently become a major focus of potential therapeutic protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Sabol
- Laboratory for Hereditary Cancer, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Diana Trnski
- Laboratory for Hereditary Cancer, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Vesna Musani
- Laboratory for Hereditary Cancer, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Petar Ozretić
- Laboratory for Hereditary Cancer, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Sonja Levanat
- Laboratory for Hereditary Cancer, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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44
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Cavodeassi F, Creuzet S, Etchevers HC. The hedgehog pathway and ocular developmental anomalies. Hum Genet 2018; 138:917-936. [PMID: 30073412 PMCID: PMC6710239 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-018-1918-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in effectors of the hedgehog signaling pathway are responsible for a wide variety of ocular developmental anomalies. These range from massive malformations of the brain and ocular primordia, not always compatible with postnatal life, to subtle but damaging functional effects on specific eye components. This review will concentrate on the effects and effectors of the major vertebrate hedgehog ligand for eye and brain formation, Sonic hedgehog (SHH), in tissues that constitute the eye directly and also in those tissues that exert indirect influence on eye formation. After a brief overview of human eye development, the many roles of the SHH signaling pathway during both early and later morphogenetic processes in the brain and then eye and periocular primordia will be evoked. Some of the unique molecular biology of this pathway in vertebrates, particularly ciliary signal transduction, will also be broached within this developmental cellular context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Cavodeassi
- Institute for Medical and Biomedical Education, St. George´s University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Sophie Creuzet
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay (Neuro-PSI), UMR 9197, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Heather C Etchevers
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille Medical Genetics (MMG), INSERM, Faculté de Médecine, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.
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45
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Hong M, Krauss RS. Modeling the complex etiology of holoprosencephaly in mice. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2018; 178:140-150. [PMID: 29749693 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a common developmental defect caused by failure to define the midline of the forebrain and/or midface. HPE is associated with heterozygous mutations in Nodal and Sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway components, but clinical presentation is highly variable, and many mutation carriers are unaffected. It is therefore thought that such mutations interact with more common modifiers, genetic and/or environmental, to produce severe patterning defects. Modifiers are difficult to identify, as their effects are context-dependent and occur within the complex genetic and environmental landscapes that characterize human populations. This has made a full understanding of HPE etiology challenging. We discuss here the use of mice, a genetically tractable model sensitive to teratogens, as a system to address this challenge. Mice carrying mutations in human HPE genes often display wide variations in phenotypic penetrance and expressivity when placed on different genetic backgrounds, demonstrating the existence of silent HPE modifier genes. Studies with mouse lines carrying SHH pathway mutations on appropriate genetic backgrounds have led to identification of both genetic and environmental modifiers that synergize with the mutations to produce a spectrum of HPE phenotypes. These models favor a scenario in which multiple modifying influences-both genetic and environmental, sensitizing and protective-interact with bona fide HPE mutations to grade phenotypic outcomes. Despite the complex interplay of HPE risk factors, mouse models have helped establish some clear concepts in HPE etiology. A combination of mouse and human cohort studies should improve our understanding of this fascinating and medically important issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingi Hong
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Robert S Krauss
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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