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Wood MB, Nowak N, Fuchs PA. Damage-evoked signals in cochlear neurons and supporting cells. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1361747. [PMID: 38419694 PMCID: PMC10899329 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1361747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
In addition to hearing loss, damage to the cochlea can lead to gain of function pathologies such as hyperacusis. It has been proposed that painful hyperacusis, noxacusis, may be carried to the central nervous system by type II cochlear afferents, sparse, unmyelinated neurons that share morphological and neurochemical traits with nociceptive C-fibers of the somatic nervous system. Also like in skin, damage elicits spreading calcium waves within cochlear epithelia. These are mediated by extracellular ATP combined with IP3-driven release from intracellular calcium stores. Type II afferents are excited by ATP released from damaged epithelia. Thus, the genesis and propagation of epithelial calcium waves is central to cochlear pathology, and presumably hyperacusis. Damage-evoked signals in type II afferents and epithelial cells have been recorded in cochlear explants or semi-intact otic capsules. These efforts have included intracellular electrical recording, use of fluorescent calcium indicators, and visualization of an activity-dependent, intrinsic fluorescent signal. Of relevance to hyperacusis, prior noise-induced hearing loss leads to the generation of prolonged and repetitive activity in type II neurons and surrounding epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Beers Wood
- The Center for Hearing and Balance, Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Nate Nowak
- The Center for Hearing and Balance, Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baltimore, MD, United States
- The Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Paul Albert Fuchs
- The Center for Hearing and Balance, Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baltimore, MD, United States
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2
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O'Sullivan JDB, Bullen A, Mann ZF. Mitochondrial form and function in hair cells. Hear Res 2023; 428:108660. [PMID: 36525891 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2022.108660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Hair cells (HCs) are specialised sensory receptors residing in the neurosensory epithelia of inner ear sense organs. The precise morphological and physiological properties of HCs allow us to perceive sound and interact with the world around us. Mitochondria play a significant role in normal HC function and are also intricately involved in HC death. They generate ATP essential for sustaining the activity of ion pumps, Ca2+ transporters and the integrity of the stereociliary bundle during transduction as well as regulating cytosolic calcium homoeostasis during synaptic transmission. Advances in imaging techniques have allowed us to study mitochondrial populations throughout the HC, and how they interact with other organelles. These analyses have identified distinct mitochondrial populations between the apical and basolateral portions of the HC, in which mitochondrial morphology appears determined by the physiological processes in the different cellular compartments. Studies in HCs across species show that ototoxic agents, ageing and noise damage directly impact mitochondrial structure and function resulting in HC death. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying this mitochondrial sensitivity, and how their morphology relates to their function during HC death, requires that we first understand this relationship in the context of normal HC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D B O'Sullivan
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral, Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, U.K
| | - Anwen Bullen
- UCL Ear Institute, University College London, London WC1×8EE, U.K.
| | - Zoë F Mann
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral, Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, U.K.
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3
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Silva Dos Santos J, Gonçalves Cirino JP, de Oliveira Carvalho P, Ortega MM. The Pharmacological Action of Kaempferol in Central Nervous System Diseases: A Review. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:565700. [PMID: 33519431 PMCID: PMC7838523 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.565700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaempferol (KPF) is a flavonoid antioxidant found in fruits and vegetables. Many studies have described the beneficial effects of dietary KPF in reducing the risk of chronic diseases, especially cancer. Nevertheless, little is known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying KPF actions in the central nervous system (CNS). Also, the relationship between KPF structural properties and their glycosylation and the biological benefits of these compounds is unclear. The aim of this study was to review studies published in the PubMed database during the last 10 years (2010–2020), considering only experimental articles that addressed the isolated cell effect of KPF (C15H10O6) and its derivatives in neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson, ischemia stroke, epilepsy, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, neuropathic pain, and glioblastoma. 27 publications were included in the present review, which presented recent advances in the effects of KPF on the nervous system. KPF has presented a multipotential neuroprotective action through the modulation of several proinflammatory signaling pathways such as the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38MAPK), serine/threonine kinase (AKT), and β-catenin cascade. In addition, there are different biological benefits and pharmacokinetic behaviors between KPF aglycone and its glycosides. The antioxidant nature of KPF was observed in all neurological diseases through MMP2, MMP3, and MMP9 metalloproteinase inhibition; reactive oxygen species generation inhibition; endogenous antioxidants modulation as superoxide dismutase and glutathione; formation and aggregation of beta-amyloid (β-A) protein inhibition; and brain protective action through the modulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), important for neural plasticity. In conclusion, we suggest that KPF and some glycosylated derivatives (KPF-3-O-rhamnoside, KPF-3-O-glucoside, KPF-7-O-rutinoside, and KPF-4′-methyl ether) have a multipotential neuroprotective action in CNS diseases, and further studies may make the KPF effect mechanisms in those pathologies clearer. Future in vivo studies are needed to clarify the mechanism of KPF action in CNS diseases as well as the impact of glycosylation on KPF bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Silva Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Tumor Biology and Bioactive Compounds, Post Graduate Program in Health Science, São Francisco University (USF), Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - João Pedro Gonçalves Cirino
- Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, Post Graduate Program in Health Science, São Francisco University (USF), Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Patrícia de Oliveira Carvalho
- Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, Post Graduate Program in Health Science, São Francisco University (USF), Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Manoela Marques Ortega
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Tumor Biology and Bioactive Compounds, Post Graduate Program in Health Science, São Francisco University (USF), Bragança Paulista, Brazil
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Majumder P, Blacker TS, Nolan LS, Duchen MR, Gale JE. Multiphoton NAD(P)H FLIM reveals metabolic changes in individual cell types of the intact cochlea upon sensorineural hearing loss. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18907. [PMID: 31827194 PMCID: PMC6906381 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55329-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing volume of data suggests that changes in cellular metabolism have a major impact on the health of tissues and organs, including in the auditory system where metabolic alterations are implicated in both age-related and noise-induced hearing loss. However, the difficulty of access and the complex cyto-architecture of the organ of Corti has made interrogating the individual metabolic states of the diverse cell types present a major challenge. Multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) allows label-free measurements of the biochemical status of the intrinsically fluorescent metabolic cofactors NADH and NADPH with subcellular spatial resolution. However, the interpretation of NAD(P)H FLIM measurements in terms of the metabolic state of the sample are not completely understood. We have used this technique to explore changes in metabolism associated with hearing onset and with acquired (age-related and noise-induced) hearing loss. We show that these conditions are associated with altered NAD(P)H fluorescence lifetimes, use a simple cell model to confirm an inverse relationship between τbound and oxidative stress, and propose such changes as a potential index of oxidative stress applicable to all mammalian cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paromita Majumder
- UCL Ear Institute, University College London, Grays Inn Road, London, WC1X 8EE, UK.
| | - Thomas S Blacker
- Research Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK. .,Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK. .,Centre for Mathematics and Physics in the Life Sciences and Experimental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Lisa S Nolan
- UCL Ear Institute, University College London, Grays Inn Road, London, WC1X 8EE, UK
| | - Michael R Duchen
- Research Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jonathan E Gale
- UCL Ear Institute, University College London, Grays Inn Road, London, WC1X 8EE, UK.,Research Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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5
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Kelly JJ, Abitbol JM, Hulme S, Press ER, Laird DW, Allman BL. The connexin 30 A88V mutant reduces cochlear gap junction expression and confers long-term protection against hearing loss. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.224097. [PMID: 30559251 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.224097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the genes that encode the gap junction proteins connexin 26 (Cx26, encoded by GJB2) and Cx30 (GJB6) are the leading cause of hereditary hearing loss. That said, the Cx30 p.Ala88Val (A88V) mutant causes Clouston syndrome, but not hearing loss. Here, we report that the Cx30-A88V mutant, despite being toxic to inner ear-derived HEI-OC1 cells, conferred remarkable long-term protection against age-related high frequency hearing loss in Cx30A88V/A88V mice. During early development, there were no overt structural differences in the cochlea between genotypes, including a normal complement of hair cells; however, the supporting cell Cx30 gap junction plaques in mutant mice were reduced in size. In adulthood, Cx30A88V/A88V mutant mice had a reduction of cochlear Cx30 mRNA and protein, yet a full complement of hair cells. Conversely, the age-related high frequency hearing loss in Cx30+/+ and Cx30+/A88V mice was due to extensive loss of outer hair cells. Our data suggest that the Cx30-A88V mutant confers long-term hearing protection and prevention of hair cell death, possibly via a feedback mechanism that leads to the reduction of total Cx30 gap junction expression in the cochlea.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Kelly
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Julia M Abitbol
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Stephanie Hulme
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Eric R Press
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Dale W Laird
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Brian L Allman
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
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6
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Wang X, Zhu Y, Long H, Pan S, Xiong H, Fang Q, Hill K, Lai R, Yuan H, Sha SH. Mitochondrial Calcium Transporters Mediate Sensitivity to Noise-Induced Losses of Hair Cells and Cochlear Synapses. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 11:469. [PMID: 30670946 PMCID: PMC6331433 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria modulate cellular calcium homeostasis by the combined action of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU), a selective calcium entry channel, and the sodium calcium exchanger (NCLX), which extrudes calcium from mitochondria. In this study, we investigated MCU and NCLX in noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) using adult CBA/J mice and noise-induced alterations of inner hair cell (IHC) synapses in MCU knockout mice. Following noise exposure, immunoreactivity of MCU increased in cochlear sensory hair cells of the basal turn, while immunoreactivity of NCLX decreased in a time- and exposure-dependent manner. Inhibition of MCU activity via MCU siRNA pretreatment or the specific pharmacological inhibitor Ru360 attenuated noise-induced loss of sensory hair cells and synaptic ribbons, wave I amplitudes, and NIHL in CBA/J mice. This protection was afforded, at least in part, through reduced cleavage of caspase 9 (CC9). Furthermore, MCU knockout mice on a hybrid genetic CD1 and C57/B6 background showed resistance to noise-induced seizures compared to wild-type littermates. Owing to the CD1 background, MCU knockouts and littermates suffer genetic high frequency hearing loss, but their IHCs remain intact. Noise-induced loss of IHC synaptic connections and reduction of auditory brainstem response (ABR) wave I amplitude were recovered in MCU knockout mice. These results suggest that cellular calcium influx during noise exposure leads to mitochondrial calcium overload via MCU and NCLX. Mitochondrial calcium overload, in turn, initiates cell death pathways and subsequent loss of hair cells and synaptic connections, resulting in NIHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianren Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanping Zhu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haishan Long
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Song Pan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Hao Xiong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Qiaojun Fang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Kayla Hill
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Ruosha Lai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Hu Yuan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Su-Hua Sha
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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Mammano F, Bortolozzi M. Ca 2+ signaling, apoptosis and autophagy in the developing cochlea: Milestones to hearing acquisition. Cell Calcium 2017; 70:117-126. [PMID: 28578918 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, the sense of hearing arises through a complex sequence of morphogenetic events that drive the sculpting of the auditory sensory epithelium into its terminally functional three-dimensional shape. While the majority of the underlying mechanisms remain unknown, it has become increasingly clear that Ca2+ signaling is at center stage and plays numerous fundamental roles both in the sensory hair cells and in the matrix of non-sensory, epithelial and supporting cells, which embed them and are tightly interconnected by a dense network of gap junctions formed by connexin 26 (Cx26) and connexin 30 (Cx30) protein subunits. In this review, we discuss the intricate interplay between Ca2+ signaling, connexin expression and function, apoptosis and autophagy in the crucial steps that lead to hearing acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Mammano
- Department of Physics and Astronomy "G. Galilei", University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Foundation for Advanced Biomedical Research, 35129 Padua, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Italian National Research Council, 00015 Monterotondo, (RM), Italy.
| | - Mario Bortolozzi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy "G. Galilei", University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Foundation for Advanced Biomedical Research, 35129 Padua, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Italian National Research Council, 80131 Naples (NA), Italy
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8
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Kannurpatti SS. Mitochondrial calcium homeostasis: Implications for neurovascular and neurometabolic coupling. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:381-395. [PMID: 27879386 PMCID: PMC5381466 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16680637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial function is critical to maintain high rates of oxidative metabolism supporting energy demands of both spontaneous and evoked neuronal activity in the brain. Mitochondria not only regulate energy metabolism, but also influence neuronal signaling. Regulation of "energy metabolism" and "neuronal signaling" (i.e. neurometabolic coupling), which are coupled rather than independent can be understood through mitochondria's integrative functions of calcium ion (Ca2+) uptake and cycling. While mitochondrial Ca2+ do not affect hemodynamics directly, neuronal activity changes are mechanistically linked to functional hyperemic responses (i.e. neurovascular coupling). Early in vitro studies lay the foundation of mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis and its functional roles within cells. However, recent in vivo approaches indicate mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis as maintained by the role of mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (mCU) influences system-level brain activity as measured by a variety of techniques. Based on earlier evidence of subcellular cytoplasmic Ca2+ microdomains and cellular bioenergetic states, a mechanistic model of Ca2+ mobilization is presented to understand systems-level neurovascular and neurometabolic coupling. This integrated view from molecular and cellular to the systems level, where mCU plays a major role in mitochondrial and cellular Ca2+ homeostasis, may explain the wide range of activation-induced coupling across neuronal activity, hemodynamic, and metabolic responses.
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Scheitlin CG, Julian JA, Shanmughapriya S, Madesh M, Tsoukias NM, Alevriadou BR. Endothelial mitochondria regulate the intracellular Ca2+ response to fluid shear stress. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 310:C479-90. [PMID: 26739489 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00171.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Shear stress is known to stimulate an intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)]i) response in vascular endothelial cells (ECs). [Ca(2+)]i is a key second messenger for signaling that leads to vasodilation and EC survival. Although it is accepted that the shear-induced [Ca(2+)]i response is, in part, due to Ca(2+) release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the role of mitochondria (second largest Ca(2+) store) is unknown. We hypothesized that the mitochondria play a role in regulating [Ca(2+)]i in sheared ECs. Cultured ECs, loaded with a Ca(2+)-sensitive fluorophore, were exposed to physiological levels of shear stress. Shear stress elicited [Ca(2+)]i transients in a percentage of cells with a fraction of them displaying oscillations. Peak magnitudes, percentage of oscillating ECs, and oscillation frequencies depended on the shear level. [Ca(2+)]i transients/oscillations were present when experiments were conducted in Ca(2+)-free solution (plus lanthanum) but absent when ECs were treated with a phospholipase C inhibitor, suggesting that the ER inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor is responsible for the [Ca(2+)]i response. Either a mitochondrial uncoupler or an electron transport chain inhibitor, but not a mitochondrial ATP synthase inhibitor, prevented the occurrence of transients and especially inhibited the oscillations. Knockdown of the mitochondrial Ca(2+) uniporter also inhibited the shear-induced [Ca(2+)]i transients/oscillations compared with controls. Hence, EC mitochondria, through Ca(2+) uptake/release, regulate the temporal profile of shear-induced ER Ca(2+) release. [Ca(2+)]i oscillation frequencies detected were within the range for activation of mechanoresponsive kinases and transcription factors, suggesting that dysfunctional EC mitochondria may contribute to cardiovascular disease by deregulating the shear-induced [Ca(2+)]i response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Scheitlin
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, and Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Justin A Julian
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, and Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Santhanam Shanmughapriya
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry and Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Muniswamy Madesh
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry and Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Nikolaos M Tsoukias
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - B Rita Alevriadou
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, and Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio;
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10
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Kannurpatti SS, Sanganahalli BG, Herman P, Hyder F. Role of mitochondrial calcium uptake homeostasis in resting state fMRI brain networks. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2015; 28:1579-1588. [PMID: 26439799 PMCID: PMC4621005 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake influences both brain energy metabolism and neural signaling. Given that brain mitochondrial organelles are distributed in relation to vascular density, which varies considerably across brain regions, we hypothesized different physiological impacts of mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake across brain regions. We tested the hypothesis by monitoring brain "intrinsic activity" derived from the resting state functional MRI (fMRI) blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) fluctuations in different functional networks spanning the somatosensory cortex, caudate putamen, hippocampus and thalamus, in normal and perturbed mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake states. In anesthetized rats at 11.7 T, mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake was inhibited or enhanced respectively by treatments with Ru360 or kaempferol. Surprisingly, mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake inhibition by Ru360 and enhancement by kaempferol led to similar dose-dependent decreases in brain-wide intrinsic activities in both the frequency domain (spectral amplitude) and temporal domain (resting state functional connectivity; RSFC). The fact that there were similar dose-dependent decreases in the frequency and temporal domains of the resting state fMRI-BOLD fluctuations during mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake inhibition or enhancement indicated that mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake and its homeostasis may strongly influence the brain's functional organization at rest. Interestingly, the resting state fMRI-derived intrinsic activities in the caudate putamen and thalamic regions saturated much faster with increasing dosage of either drug treatment than the drug-induced trends observed in cortical and hippocampal regions. Regional differences in how the spectral amplitude and RSFC changed with treatment indicate distinct mitochondrion-mediated spontaneous neuronal activity coupling within the various RSFC networks determined by resting state fMRI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Basavaraju G. Sanganahalli
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-808
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-808
- Core Center for Quantitative Neuroscience with Magnetic Resonance (QNMR), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-808
| | - Peter Herman
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-808
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-808
- Core Center for Quantitative Neuroscience with Magnetic Resonance (QNMR), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-808
| | - Fahmeed Hyder
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-808
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-808
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-808
- Core Center for Quantitative Neuroscience with Magnetic Resonance (QNMR), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-808
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11
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Ohno Y, Otaki JM. Spontaneous long-range calcium waves in developing butterfly wings. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 15:17. [PMID: 25888365 PMCID: PMC4445562 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-015-0067-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Butterfly wing color patterns emerge as the result of a regular arrangement of scales produced by epithelial scale cells at the pupal stage. These color patterns and scale arrangements are coordinated throughout the wing. However, the mechanism by which the development of scale cells is controlled across the entire wing remains elusive. In the present study, we used pupal wings of the blue pansy butterfly, Junonia orithya, which has distinct eyespots, to examine the possible involvement of Ca2+ waves in wing development. Results Here, we demonstrate that the developing pupal wing tissue of the blue pansy butterfly displayed spontaneous low-frequency Ca2+ waves in vivo that propagated slowly over long distances. Some waves appeared to be released from the immediate peripheries of the prospective eyespot and discal spot, though it was often difficult to identify the specific origins of these waves. Physical damage, which is known to induce ectopic eyespots, led to the radiation of Ca2+ waves from the immediate periphery of the damaged site. Thapsigargin, which is a specific inhibitor of Ca2+-ATPases in the endoplasmic reticulum, induced an acute increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels and halted the spontaneous Ca2+ waves. Additionally, thapsigargin-treated wings showed incomplete scale development as well as other scale and color pattern abnormalities. Conclusions We identified a novel form of Ca2+ waves, spontaneous low-frequency slow waves, which travel over exceptionally long distances. Our results suggest that spontaneous Ca2+ waves play a critical role in the coordinated development of scale arrangements and possibly in color pattern formation in butterflies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12861-015-0067-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Ohno
- The BCPH Unit of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan.
| | - Joji M Otaki
- The BCPH Unit of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan.
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12
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13
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Blacker TS, Mann ZF, Gale JE, Ziegler M, Bain AJ, Szabadkai G, Duchen MR. Separating NADH and NADPH fluorescence in live cells and tissues using FLIM. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3936. [PMID: 24874098 PMCID: PMC4046109 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
NAD is a key determinant of cellular energy metabolism. In contrast, its phosphorylated form, NADP, plays a central role in biosynthetic pathways and antioxidant defence. The reduced forms of both pyridine nucleotides are fluorescent in living cells but they cannot be distinguished, as they are spectrally identical. Here, using genetic and pharmacological approaches to perturb NAD(P)H metabolism, we find that fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) differentiates quantitatively between the two cofactors. Systematic manipulations to change the balance between oxidative and glycolytic metabolism suggest that these states do not directly impact NAD(P)H fluorescence decay rates. The lifetime changes observed in cancers thus likely reflect shifts in the NADPH/NADH balance. Using a mathematical model, we use these experimental data to quantify the relative levels of NADH and NADPH in different cell types of a complex tissue, the mammalian cochlea. This reveals NADPH-enriched populations of cells, raising questions about their distinct metabolic roles. NAD and NADP play fundamentally different roles in cellular metabolism, and yet these pyridine nucleotides cannot be distinguished spectroscopically in living cells. Blacker et al. demonstrate that fluorescence lifetime imaging can be used to quantify NADPH/NADH balance in cultured cells and in the mammalian cochlea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Blacker
- 1] Centre for Mathematics and Physics in the Life Sciences and Experimental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK [2] Research Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK [3] Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Zoe F Mann
- 1] Research Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK [2] UCL Ear Institute, University College London, London WC1X 8EE, UK
| | - Jonathan E Gale
- 1] Research Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK [2] UCL Ear Institute, University College London, London WC1X 8EE, UK
| | - Mathias Ziegler
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, N-5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - Angus J Bain
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Gyorgy Szabadkai
- 1] Research Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK [2] Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua and CNR Neuroscience Institute, Padua 35121, Italy [3]
| | - Michael R Duchen
- 1] Research Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK [2]
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14
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Bereiter-Hahn J. Mitochondrial dynamics in aging and disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 127:93-131. [PMID: 25149215 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394625-6.00004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are self-replicating organelles but nevertheless strongly depend on supply coded in nuclear genes. They serve many physiological demands in living cells. Supply of the cytoplasm with ATP and engagement in Ca(2+) regulation belong to the main functions of mitochondria. In large eukaryotic cells, in particular in neurons, with their long dendrites and axons, mitochondria have to move to the sites of their action. This trafficking involves several motor molecules and mechanisms to sense the sites of requirements of mitochondria. With aging and as a consequence of some diseases, mitochondrial components may be rendered dysfunctional, and mtDNA mutations arise during the course of replication and by the action of reactive oxygen species. Mutants in motor molecules engaged in trafficking and in the machinery of fusion and fission are causing severe deficiencies on the cellular level; they support neurodegeneration and, thus, cause many diseases. Frequent fusion and fission events mediate the elimination of impaired parts from mitochondria which finally will be degraded by autophagosomes. Extensive fusion provides a basis for functional complementation. Mobility of proteins and small molecules within the mitochondria is necessary to reach the functional goals of fusion and fission, although cristae and a large fraction of proteins of the respiratory complexes proved to be stable for hours after fusion and perform slow exchange of material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Bereiter-Hahn
- Institute for Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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15
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Mitochondrial calcium uptake capacity modulates neocortical excitability. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013; 33:1115-26. [PMID: 23591650 PMCID: PMC3705442 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2013.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Local calcium (Ca(2+)) changes regulate central nervous system metabolism and communication integrated by subcellular processes including mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake. Mitochondria take up Ca(2+) through the calcium uniporter (mCU) aided by cytoplasmic microdomains of high Ca(2+). Known only in vitro, the in vivo impact of mCU activity may reveal Ca(2+)-mediated roles of mitochondria in brain signaling and metabolism. From in vitro studies of mitochondrial Ca(2+) sequestration and cycling in various cell types of the central nervous system, we evaluated ranges of spontaneous and activity-induced Ca(2+) distributions in multiple subcellular compartments in vivo. We hypothesized that inhibiting (or enhancing) mCU activity would attenuate (or augment) cortical neuronal activity as well as activity-induced hemodynamic responses in an overall cytoplasmic and mitochondrial Ca(2+)-dependent manner. Spontaneous and sensory-evoked cortical activities were measured by extracellular electrophysiology complemented with dynamic mapping of blood oxygen level dependence and cerebral blood flow. Calcium uniporter activity was inhibited and enhanced pharmacologically, and its impact on the multimodal measures were analyzed in an integrated manner. Ru360, an mCU inhibitor, reduced all stimulus-evoked responses, whereas Kaempferol, an mCU enhancer, augmented all evoked responses. Collectively, the results confirm aforementioned hypotheses and support the Ca(2+) uptake-mediated integrative role of in vivo mitochondria on neocortical activity.
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16
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Disruption of intracellular calcium regulation is integral to aminoglycoside-induced hair cell death. J Neurosci 2013; 33:7513-25. [PMID: 23616556 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4559-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular Ca(2+) is a key regulator of life or death decisions in cultured neurons and sensory cells. The role of Ca(2+) in these processes is less clear in vivo, as the location of these cells often impedes visualization of intracellular Ca(2+) dynamics. We generated transgenic zebrafish lines that express the genetically encoded Ca(2+) indicator GCaMP in mechanosensory hair cells of the lateral line. These lines allow us to monitor intracellular Ca(2+) dynamics in real time during aminoglycoside-induced hair cell death. After exposure of live larvae to aminoglycosides, dying hair cells undergo a transient increase in intracellular Ca(2+) that occurs shortly after mitochondrial membrane potential collapse. Inhibition of intracellular Ca(2+) elevation through either caged chelators or pharmacological inhibitors of Ca(2+) effectors mitigates toxic effects of aminoglycoside exposure. Conversely, artificial elevation of intracellular Ca(2+) by caged Ca(2+) release agents sensitizes hair cells to the toxic effects of aminoglycosides. These data suggest that alterations in intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis play an essential role in aminoglycoside-induced hair cell death, and indicate several potential therapeutic targets to stem ototoxicity.
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18
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Mammano F. ATP-dependent intercellular Ca2+ signaling in the developing cochlea: facts, fantasies and perspectives. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2012; 24:31-9. [PMID: 23022499 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Hearing relies on a sensitive mechanoelectrical transduction process in the cochlea of the inner ear. The cochlea contains sensory, secretory, neural, supporting and epithelial cells which are all essential to the sound transduction process. It is well known that a complex extracellular purinergic signaling system contributes to cochlear homeostasis, altering cochlear sensitivity and neural output via ATP-gated ion channels (P2X receptors) and G protein-coupled P2Y receptors. This review focuses on the emerging roles of ATP that are currently under investigation in the developing sensory epithelium, with particular emphasis on the link between ATP release, Ca(2+) signaling, the expression and function of gap junction proteins connexin26 and connexin30, and the acquisition of hearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Mammano
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia G. Galilei, Università di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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19
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Ceriani F, Mammano F. Calcium signaling in the cochlea - Molecular mechanisms and physiopathological implications. Cell Commun Signal 2012; 10:20. [PMID: 22788415 PMCID: PMC3408374 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-10-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium ions (Ca2+) regulate numerous and diverse aspects of cochlear and vestibular physiology. This review focuses on the Ca2+ control of mechanotransduction and synaptic transmission in sensory hair cells, as well as on Ca2+ signalling in non-sensory cells of the developing cochlea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Ceriani
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G, Galilei", Università di Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy.
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20
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Supporting cells eliminate dying sensory hair cells to maintain epithelial integrity in the avian inner ear. J Neurosci 2010; 30:12545-56. [PMID: 20844149 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3042-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial homeostasis is essential for sensory transduction in the auditory and vestibular organs of the inner ear, but how it is maintained during trauma is poorly understood. To examine potential repair mechanisms, we expressed β-actin-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) in the chick inner ear and used live-cell imaging to study how sensory epithelia responded during aminoglycoside-induced hair cell trauma. We found that glial-like supporting cells used two independent mechanisms to rapidly eliminate dying hair cells. Supporting cells assembled an actin cable at the luminal surface that extended around the pericuticular junction and constricted to excise the stereocilia bundle and cuticular plate from the hair cell soma. Hair bundle excision could occur within 3 min of actin-cable formation. After bundle excision, typically with a delay of up to 2-3 h, supporting cells engulfed and phagocytosed the remaining bundle-less hair cell. Dual-channel recordings with β-actin-EGFP and vital dyes revealed phagocytosis was concurrent with loss of hair cell integrity. We conclude that supporting cells repaired the epithelial barrier before hair cell plasmalemmal integrity was lost and that supporting cell activity was closely linked to hair cell death. Treatment with the Rho-kinase inhibitor Y-27632 did not prevent bundle excision but prolonged phagocytic engulfment and resulted in hair cell corpses accumulating within the epithelium. Our data show that supporting cells not only maintain epithelial integrity during trauma but suggest they may also be an integral part of the hair cell death process itself.
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Lahne M, Gale JE. Damage-induced cell-cell communication in different cochlear cell types via two distinct ATP-dependent Ca waves. Purinergic Signal 2010; 6:189-200. [PMID: 20806011 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-010-9193-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Intercellular Ca(2+) waves can coordinate the action of large numbers of cells over significant distances. Recent work in many different systems has indicated that the release of ATP is fundamental for the propagation of most Ca(2+) waves. In the organ of hearing, the cochlea, ATP release is involved in critical signalling events during tissue maturation. ATP-dependent signalling is also implicated in the normal hearing process and in sensing cochlear damage. Here, we show that two distinct Ca(2+) waves are triggered during damage to cochlear explants. Both Ca(2+) waves are elicited by extracellular ATP acting on P2 receptors, but they differ in their source of Ca(2+), their velocity, their extent of spread and the cell type through which they propagate. A slower Ca(2+) wave (14 mum/s) communicates between Deiters' cells and is mediated by P2Y receptors and Ca(2+) release from IP(3)-sensitive stores. In contrast, a faster Ca(2+) wave (41 mum/s) propagates through sensory hair cells and is mediated by Ca(2+) influx from the external environment. Using inhibitors and selective agonists of P2 receptors, we suggest that the faster Ca(2+) wave is mediated by P2X(4) receptors. Thus, in complex tissues, the expression of different receptors determines the propagation of distinct intercellular communication signals. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11302-010-9193-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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22
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Majumder P, Crispino G, Rodriguez L, Ciubotaru CD, Anselmi F, Piazza V, Bortolozzi M, Mammano F. ATP-mediated cell-cell signaling in the organ of Corti: the role of connexin channels. Purinergic Signal 2010; 6:167-87. [PMID: 20806010 PMCID: PMC2912995 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-010-9192-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/31/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Connexin 26 (Cx26) and connexin 30 (Cx30) form hemichannels that release ATP from the endolymphatic surface of cochlear supporting and epithelial cells and also form gap junction (GJ) channels that allow the concomitant intercellular diffusion of Ca(2+) mobilizing second messengers. Released ATP in turn activates G-protein coupled P2Y(2) and P2Y(4) receptors, PLC-dependent generation of IP(3), release of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores, instigating the regenerative propagation of intercellular Ca(2+) signals (ICS). The range of ICS propagation is sensitive to the concentration of extracellular divalent cations and activity of ectonucleotidases. Here, the expression patterns of Cx26 and Cx30 were characterized in postnatal cochlear tissues obtained from mice aged between P5 and P6. The expression gradient along the longitudinal axis of the cochlea, decreasing from the basal to the apical cochlear turn (CT), was more pronounced in outer sulcus (OS) cells than in inner sulcus (IS) cells. GJ-mediated dye coupling was maximal in OS cells of the basal CT, inhibited by the nonselective connexin channel blocker carbenoxolone (CBX) and absent in hair cells. Photostimulating OS cells with caged inositol (3,4,5) tri-phosphate (IP(3)) resulted in transfer of ICS in the lateral direction, from OS cells to IS cells across the hair cell region (HCR) of medial and basal CTs. ICS transfer in the opposite (medial) direction, from IS cells photostimulated with caged IP(3) to OS cells, occurred mostly in the basal CT. In addition, OS cells displayed impressive rhythmic activity with oscillations of cytosolic free Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) coordinated by the propagation of Ca(2+) wavefronts sweeping repeatedly through the same tissue area along the coiling axis of the cochlea. Oscillations evoked by uncaging IP(3) or by applying ATP differed greatly, by as much as one order of magnitude, in frequency and waveform rise time. ICS evoked by direct application of ATP propagated along convoluted cellular paths in the OS, which often branched and changed dynamically over time. Potential implications of these findings are discussed in the context of developmental regulation and cochlear pathophysiology. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11302-010-9192-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paromita Majumder
- Istituto Veneto di Medicina Molecolare, Fondazione per la Ricerca Biomedica Avanzata, via G. Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Giulia Crispino
- Istituto Veneto di Medicina Molecolare, Fondazione per la Ricerca Biomedica Avanzata, via G. Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Laura Rodriguez
- Istituto Veneto di Medicina Molecolare, Fondazione per la Ricerca Biomedica Avanzata, via G. Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Catalin Dacian Ciubotaru
- Istituto Veneto di Medicina Molecolare, Fondazione per la Ricerca Biomedica Avanzata, via G. Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Fabio Anselmi
- Istituto Veneto di Medicina Molecolare, Fondazione per la Ricerca Biomedica Avanzata, via G. Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Valeria Piazza
- Istituto Veneto di Medicina Molecolare, Fondazione per la Ricerca Biomedica Avanzata, via G. Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Mario Bortolozzi
- Dipartimento di Fisica “G. Galilei”, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35129 Padova, Italy
- Istituto di Neuroscienze, CNR, Padova, Italy
| | - Fabio Mammano
- Istituto Veneto di Medicina Molecolare, Fondazione per la Ricerca Biomedica Avanzata, via G. Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “G. Galilei”, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35129 Padova, Italy
- Istituto di Neuroscienze, CNR, Padova, Italy
- Centro Interdipartimentale per lo Studio dei Segnali Cellulari, Università di Padova, via G. Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
- VIMM, Via G. Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
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