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Mohammadi-Bardbori A, Shadboorestan A, Niknahad H, Noorafshan A, Fardid R, Nadimi E, Bakhtari A, Omidi M. Disrupting Development: Unraveling the Interplay of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AHR) and Wnt/β-Catenin Pathways in Kidney Development Under the Influence of Environmental Pollutants. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:4482-4493. [PMID: 38117383 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-04009-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the intricate molecular mechanisms governing aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and Wnt/β-Catenin pathways crosstalk is of paramount importance for elucidating normal development. We investigated the repercussions of aberrant activation of these signaling pathways on kidney development. HEK-293 cells were subjected to AHR and Wnt activators and inhibitors for 3 and 24 h. Subsequently, pregnant adult female BALB/c mice were administered treatments at gestation day 9 (GD-9), and embryos were analyzed at GD-18 using a combination of cellular, molecular, stereological, and histopathological techniques. Our results demonstrated a noteworthy escalation in oxidative stress and gene expression endpoints associated with apoptosis. Moreover, stereological analyses exhibited alterations in cortex, proximal tubule, and kidney tissue vessels volumes. Remarkably, co-treatment with 6-formylindolo [3,2-b] carbazole (FICZ) and cadmium (Cd) resulted in a significant reduction in glomerulus volume, while elevating the volumes of distal tubule, Henle loop, and connective tissue, compared to the control group. Histopathological investigations further confirmed structural changes in the loop of Henle and proximal tubule, alongside a decline in glomerular volume. Additionally, the expression levels of AHR and Ctnnb1 genes significantly increased in the Cd-treated group compared to the control group. Enhanced expression of apoptosis-related genes, including Bcl-x, Bax, and Caspase3, along with alterations in mitochondrial membrane potential and cytochrome C release, was observed. In contrast, Gsk3 gene expression was significantly decreased. Our findings robustly establish that chemical pollutants, such as Cd, disrupt the AHR and Wnt/β-Catenin physiological roles during developmental stages by inhibiting the metabolic degradation of FICZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Mohammadi-Bardbori
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Shadboorestan
- Depertment of Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Niknahad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Noorafshan
- Histomorphometry and Stereology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Departments of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Fardid
- Department of Radiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Elham Nadimi
- Histomorphometry and Stereology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Azizollah Bakhtari
- Department of Reproductive Biology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Omidi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
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Zhang S, Gao R, Ding B, Li J, Wang T, Chen J, Li C, Jiao Y, Song L. Antihepatoma activity of Marsdenia tenacissima polysaccharide-decorated selenium nanoparticles by regulating the Bax/Bcl-2/caspases and p21/Akt/cyclin A2 signaling pathways. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 279:134981. [PMID: 39182863 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Combining selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) with bioactive polysaccharides is one of the effective ways to overcome the shortcomings of SeNPs and polysaccharides and obtain novel antitumor drug candidates. In this study, a heteropolysaccharide (MTP70) with moderate antihepatoma activity was isolated from the stems of Marsdenia tenacissima (Roxb.) Wight et Arn. To further improve the antihepatoma activity of MTP70 and the application of SeNPs, a novel stable nanoparticle (MTP-SeNP) was designed and fabricated. MTP-SeNPs (Se content of 8.25 %) were characterized as monodisperse spherical nanoparticles (50 nm) with MTP70 wrapped on the surface of the SeNPs by the formation of CO⋯Se bonds and possessed high stability and good dispersion in water for almost a month. In addition, MTP-SeNPs showed higher inhibitory effect compared with MTP70. MTP-SeNPs could effectively inhibit the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of HepG2 cells by inducing apoptosis and arresting the cell cycle at the S phase, which were closely related to the activation of the Bax/Bcl-2/Caspases and p21/Akt/Cyclin A2 signaling pathways. Our results provide a theoretical basis for further development and application of M. tenacissima polysaccharide, and show that MTP-SeNPs could be explored as a promising anti-hepatoma agent in the pharmaceutical and biomedical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Drugs, The Affiliated Dongguan Songshan Lake Central Hospital, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.
| | - Renjie Gao
- Taian City Central Hospital, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian 271099, China; Department of Geriatrics, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Baocong Ding
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Junhao Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Drugs, The Affiliated Dongguan Songshan Lake Central Hospital, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Tanggan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Drugs, The Affiliated Dongguan Songshan Lake Central Hospital, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Jiaheng Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530, China
| | - Chong Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530, China
| | - Yukun Jiao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Industry, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanchang 330000, China.
| | - Lijun Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Drugs, The Affiliated Dongguan Songshan Lake Central Hospital, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.
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Dong L, Luo L, Wang Z, Lian S, Wang M, Wu X, Fan J, Zeng Y, Li S, Lv S, Yang Y, Chen R, Shen E, Yang W, Li C, Wang K. Targeted degradation of NDUFS1 by agrimol B promotes mitochondrial ROS accumulation and cytotoxic autophagy arrest in hepatocellular carcinoma. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 220:111-124. [PMID: 38697493 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.04.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a global public health problem with increased morbidity and mortality. Agrimol B, a natural polyphenol, has been proved to be a potential anticancer drug. Our recent report showed a favorable anticancer effect of agrimol B in HCC, however, the mechanism of action remains unclear. Here, we found agrimol B inhibits the growth and proliferation of HCC cells in vitro as well as in an HCC patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model. Notably, agrimol B drives autophagy initiation and blocks autophagosome-lysosome fusion, resulting in autophagosome accumulation and autophagy arrest in HCC cells. Mechanistically, agrimol B downregulates the protein level of NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit S1 (NDUFS1) through caspase 3-mediated degradation, leading to mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) accumulation and autophagy arrest. NDUFS1 overexpression partially restores mROS overproduction, autophagosome accumulation, and growth inhibition induced by agrimol B, suggesting a cytotoxic role of agrimol B-induced autophagy arrest in HCC cells. Notably, agrimol B significantly enhances the sensitivity of HCC cells to sorafenib in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, our study uncovers the anticancer mechanism of agrimol B in HCC involving the regulation of oxidative stress and autophagy, and suggests agrimol B as a potential therapeutic drug for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Dong
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Li Luo
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China; Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Zihao Wang
- Colorectal Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, PR China
| | - Shan Lian
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Mao Wang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Xingyun Wu
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Jiawu Fan
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Yan Zeng
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Sijia Li
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Sinan Lv
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Yurong Yang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Rong Chen
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Enhao Shen
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Wenyong Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Research Center, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, the Second Chengdu Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China.
| | - Changlong Li
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China.
| | - Kui Wang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China.
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Malla S, Nyinawabera A, Neupane R, Pathak R, Lee D, Abou-Dahech M, Kumari S, Sinha S, Tang Y, Ray A, Ashby CR, Yang MQ, Babu RJ, Tiwari AK. Novel Thienopyrimidine-Hydrazinyl Compounds Induce DRP1-Mediated Non-Apoptotic Cell Death in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2621. [PMID: 39123351 PMCID: PMC11311031 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16152621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis induction with taxanes or anthracyclines is the primary therapy for TNBC. Cancer cells can develop resistance to anticancer drugs, causing them to recur and metastasize. Therefore, non-apoptotic cell death inducers could be a potential treatment to circumvent apoptotic drug resistance. In this study, we discovered two novel compounds, TPH104c and TPH104m, which induced non-apoptotic cell death in TNBC cells. These lead compounds were 15- to 30-fold more selective in TNBC cell lines and significantly decreased the proliferation of TNBC cells compared to that of normal mammary epithelial cell lines. TPH104c and TPH104m induced a unique type of non-apoptotic cell death, characterized by the absence of cellular shrinkage and the absence of nuclear fragmentation and apoptotic blebs. Although TPH104c and TPH104m induced the loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential, TPH104c- and TPH104m-induced cell death did not increase the levels of cytochrome c and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and caspase activation, and cell death was not rescued by incubating cells with the pan-caspase inhibitor, carbobenzoxy-valyl-alanyl-aspartyl-[O-methyl]-fluoromethylketone (Z-VAD-FMK). Furthermore, TPH104c and TPH104m significantly downregulated the expression of the mitochondrial fission protein, DRP1, and their levels determined their cytotoxic efficacy. Overall, TPH104c and TPH104m induced non-apoptotic cell death, and further determination of their cell death mechanisms will aid in the development of new potent and efficacious anticancer drugs to treat TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saloni Malla
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (S.M.); (A.N.); (R.N.); (D.L.); (M.A.-D.); (S.K.)
| | - Angelique Nyinawabera
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (S.M.); (A.N.); (R.N.); (D.L.); (M.A.-D.); (S.K.)
| | - Rabin Neupane
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (S.M.); (A.N.); (R.N.); (D.L.); (M.A.-D.); (S.K.)
| | - Rajiv Pathak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
| | - Donghyun Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (S.M.); (A.N.); (R.N.); (D.L.); (M.A.-D.); (S.K.)
| | - Mariam Abou-Dahech
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (S.M.); (A.N.); (R.N.); (D.L.); (M.A.-D.); (S.K.)
| | - Shikha Kumari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (S.M.); (A.N.); (R.N.); (D.L.); (M.A.-D.); (S.K.)
| | - Suman Sinha
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura 281406, UP, India;
| | - Yuan Tang
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA;
| | - Aniruddha Ray
- Department of Physics, College of Math’s and Natural Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA;
| | - Charles R. Ashby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, St. John’s University, Queens, NY 11439, USA;
| | - Mary Qu Yang
- MidSouth Bioinformatics Center and Joint Bioinformatics Graduate Program of University of Arkansas at Little Rock, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72204, USA;
| | - R. Jayachandra Babu
- Department of Drug Discovery & Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA;
| | - Amit K. Tiwari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (S.M.); (A.N.); (R.N.); (D.L.); (M.A.-D.); (S.K.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
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Sung E, Park W, Park J, Bazer FW, Song G, Lim W. Meptyldinocap induces implantation failure by forcing cell cycle arrest, mitochondrial dysfunction, and endoplasmic reticulum stress in porcine trophectoderm and endometrial luminal epithelial cells. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 924:171524. [PMID: 38453072 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Meptyldinocap is a dinitrophenol fungicide used to control powdery mildew. Although other dinitrophenol pesticides have been found to exhibit reproductive toxicity, studies of meptyldinocaps are scarce. This study investigated the adverse effects of meptyldinocap on porcine trophectoderm (pTr) and porcine endometrial luminal epithelial (pLE) cells, which play crucial roles in implantation. We confirmed that meptyldinocap decreased cell viability, induced apoptosis, and inhibited proliferation by decreasing proliferation-related gene expression and inducing changes in the cell cycle. Furthermore, meptyldinocap treatment caused mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and disruption of calcium homeostasis. Moreover, it induces alterations in mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascades and reduces the migration ability, leading to implantation failure. Our findings suggest that meptyldinocap reduces the cellular functions of pTr and pLE cells, which are important for the implantation process, and interferes with interactions between the two cell lines, potentially leading to implantation failure. We also propose a mechanism by which the understudied fungicide meptyldinocap exerts its cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunho Sung
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonhyoung Park
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Park
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Fuller W Bazer
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Animal Biotechnology and Genomics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Whasun Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Cigalotto L, Martinvalet D. Granzymes in health and diseases: the good, the bad and the ugly. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1371743. [PMID: 38646541 PMCID: PMC11026543 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1371743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Granzymes are a family of serine proteases, composed of five human members: GA, B, H, M and K. They were first discovered in the 1980s within cytotoxic granules released during NK cell- and T cell-mediated killing. Through their various proteolytic activities, granzymes can trigger different pathways within cells, all of which ultimately lead to the same result, cell death. Over the years, the initial consideration of granzymes as mere cytotoxic mediators has changed due to surprising findings demonstrating their expression in cells other than immune effectors as well as new intracellular and extracellular activities. Additional roles have been identified in the extracellular milieu, following granzyme escape from the immunological synapse or their release by specific cell types. Outside the cell, granzyme activities mediate extracellular matrix alteration via the degradation of matrix proteins or surface receptors. In certain contexts, these processes are essential for tissue homeostasis; in others, excessive matrix degradation and extensive cell death contribute to the onset of chronic diseases, inflammation, and autoimmunity. Here, we provide an overview of both the physiological and pathological roles of granzymes, highlighting their utility while also recognizing how their unregulated presence can trigger the development and/or worsening of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia Cigalotto
- Laboratory of Reactive Oxygen Species and Cytotoxic Immunity, Department Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute Of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Denis Martinvalet
- Laboratory of Reactive Oxygen Species and Cytotoxic Immunity, Department Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute Of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
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Boccellato C, Rehm M. TRAIL-induced apoptosis and proteasomal activity - Mechanisms, signalling and interplay. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119688. [PMID: 38368955 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2024.119688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Programmed cell death, in particular apoptosis, is essential during development and tissue homeostasis, and also is the primary strategy to induce cancer cell death by cytotoxic therapies. Precision therapeutics targeting TRAIL death receptors are being evaluated as novel anti-cancer agents, while in parallel highly specific proteasome inhibitors have gained approval as drugs. TRAIL-dependent signalling and proteasomal control of cellular proteostasis are intricate processes, and their interplay can be exploited to enhance therapeutic killing of cancer cells in combination therapies. This review provides detailed insights into the complex signalling of TRAIL-induced pathways and the activities of the proteasome. It explores their core mechanisms of action, pharmaceutical druggability, and describes how their interplay can be strategically leveraged to enhance cell death responses in cancer cells. Offering this comprehensive and timely overview will allow to navigate the complexity of the processes governing cell death mechanisms in TRAIL- and proteasome inhibitor-based treatment conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Boccellato
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, Stuttgart 70569, Germany.
| | - Markus Rehm
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, Stuttgart 70569, Germany; University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, Stuttgart 70569, Germany.
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Tripathi K, Ben-Shachar D. Mitochondria in the Central Nervous System in Health and Disease: The Puzzle of the Therapeutic Potential of Mitochondrial Transplantation. Cells 2024; 13:410. [PMID: 38474374 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria, the energy suppliers of the cells, play a central role in a variety of cellular processes essential for survival or leading to cell death. Consequently, mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in numerous general and CNS disorders. The clinical manifestations of mitochondrial dysfunction include metabolic disorders, dysfunction of the immune system, tumorigenesis, and neuronal and behavioral abnormalities. In this review, we focus on the mitochondrial role in the CNS, which has unique characteristics and is therefore highly dependent on the mitochondria. First, we review the role of mitochondria in neuronal development, synaptogenesis, plasticity, and behavior as well as their adaptation to the intricate connections between the different cell types in the brain. Then, we review the sparse knowledge of the mechanisms of exogenous mitochondrial uptake and describe attempts to determine their half-life and transplantation long-term effects on neuronal sprouting, cellular proteome, and behavior. We further discuss the potential of mitochondrial transplantation to serve as a tool to study the causal link between mitochondria and neuronal activity and behavior. Next, we describe mitochondrial transplantation's therapeutic potential in various CNS disorders. Finally, we discuss the basic and reverse-translation challenges of this approach that currently hinder the clinical use of mitochondrial transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Tripathi
- Laboratory of Psychobiology, Department of Neuroscience, The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 9649, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Dorit Ben-Shachar
- Laboratory of Psychobiology, Department of Neuroscience, The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 9649, Haifa 31096, Israel
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9
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Xie Y, Zhao G, Lei X, Cui N, Wang H. Advances in the regulatory mechanisms of mTOR in necroptosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1297408. [PMID: 38164133 PMCID: PMC10757967 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1297408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), an evolutionarily highly conserved serine/threonine protein kinase, plays a prominent role in controlling gene expression, metabolism, and cell death. Programmed cell death (PCD) is indispensable for maintaining homeostasis by removing senescent, defective, or malignant cells. Necroptosis, a type of PCD, relies on the interplay between receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinases (RIPKs) and the membrane perforation by mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL), which is distinguished from apoptosis. With the development of necroptosis-regulating mechanisms, the importance of mTOR in the complex network of intersecting signaling pathways that govern the process has become more evident. mTOR is directly responsible for the regulation of RIPKs. Autophagy is an indirect mechanism by which mTOR regulates the removal and interaction of RIPKs. Another necroptosis trigger is reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by oxidative stress; mTOR regulates necroptosis by exploiting ROS. Considering the intricacy of the signal network, it is reasonable to assume that mTOR exerts a bifacial effect on necroptosis. However, additional research is necessary to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. In this review, we summarized the mechanisms underlying mTOR activation and necroptosis and highlighted the signaling pathway through which mTOR regulates necroptosis. The development of therapeutic targets for various diseases has been greatly advanced by the expanding knowledge of how mTOR regulates necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Xie
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guoyu Zhao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xianli Lei
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Na Cui
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Stovall K, Patel M, Franklin JL. The intrinsic apoptotic pathway lies upstream of reactive species production in cortical neurons and age-related oxidative stress in the brain. Mol Cell Neurosci 2023; 127:103901. [PMID: 37729979 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2023.103901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A BAX- and mitochondria-dependent production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive species (reactive nitrogen species, RNS) lying downstream of these ROS occurs in apoptotic and nonapoptotic mouse sympathetic neurons and cerebellar granule cells in cell culture. These ROS have been shown to lie downstream of caspase 3 in mouse sympathetic neurons. Here we show that BAX is necessary for similar ROS production in apoptotic and nonapoptotic mouse cortical neurons in cell culture and that it also positively regulates oxidative stress in the brains of mice of different ages. Brains from mice with genetically reduced levels of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) exhibited elevated levels of DNA strand breaks consistent with oxidative damage. Lipid peroxides were also elevated at some ages in comparison to the brains of wild type animals. BAX deletion in these mice reduced both brain DNA strand breaks and lipid peroxide levels to well below those of wild type animals. Deletion of caspase 3 greatly reduced age-augmented levels of brain oxidative stress markers including lipid peroxides, oxidized DNA, and nitrosylated proteins. These findings indicate that BAX contributes to ROS production in mouse cortical neurons, to oxidative stress their brains, and that this effect is likely mediated via caspase 3 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyndra Stovall
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, 357 Wilson Pharmacy, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Mital Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, 357 Wilson Pharmacy, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - James L Franklin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, 357 Wilson Pharmacy, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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11
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Venkatesan D, Iyer M, Raj N, Gopalakrishnan AV, Narayanasamy A, Kumar NS, Vellingiri B. Assessment of tRNA Thr and tRNA Gln Variants and Mitochondrial Functionality in Parkinson's Disease (PD) Patients of Tamil Nadu Population. J Mol Neurosci 2023; 73:912-920. [PMID: 37845428 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-023-02154-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is speculated with genetic and environmental factors. At molecular level, the mitochondrial impact is stated to be one of the causative reasons for PD. In this study, we investigated the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels along with mitochondrial tRNA alterations among three age categories of PD. By determining the genetic and organellar functionality using molecular techniques, the ROS levels were reported to be high with decreased MMP and ATP in the late-onset age group than in other two age categories. Likewise, the tRNA significancy in tRNAThr and tRNAGln was noticed with C4335T and G15927A mutations in late-onset and early-onset PD groups respectively. Therefore, from the findings, ageing has shown a disruption in tRNA metabolism leading to critical functioning of ATP synthesis and MMP, causing oxidative stress in PD patients. These physiological outcomes show that ageing has a keen role in the divergence of mitochondrial function, thereby proving a correlation with ageing and maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhivya Venkatesan
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
- Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Biotechnology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Coimbatore, 641021, India
| | - Mahalaxmi Iyer
- Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Biotechnology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Coimbatore, 641021, India
| | - Neethu Raj
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, India
| | - Arul Narayanasamy
- Disease Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India.
- Human Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151401, India.
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12
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Xu K, Chang M, Wang Z, Yang H, Jia Y, Xu W, Zhao B, Chen Y, Yao F. Multienzyme-Mimicking LaCoO 3 Nanotrigger for Programming Cancer-Cell Pyroptosis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2302961. [PMID: 37227938 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Pyroptosis, a distinct paradigm of programmed cell death, is an efficient strategy against cancer by overcoming resistance to apoptosis. In this study, LaCoO3 (LCO) lanthanide-based nanocrystals with multienzyme characteristics are rationally designed and engineered to trigger the generation of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the release of lanthanum ions, ultimately inducing lung cancer cell pyroptosis. The peroxidase- and oxidase-mimicking activities of LCO nanocrystals endow LCO with ROS production capacity in tumor tissues with an acidic pH and high hydrogen peroxide content. Concurrently, the LCO nanoenzyme exhibits catalase- and glutathione peroxidase-like activities, reversing the hypoxic microenvironment, destroying the activated antioxidant system of tumor cells, and amplifying the sensitivity of tumor cells to ROS. The use of ultrasound further accelerates the enzymatic kinetic rate. Most importantly, the La3+ ions released by LCO robustly destroy the lysosomal membrane, finally inducing canonical pyroptotic cell death, together with ROS. LCO-nanocrystal-triggered programmed cell pyroptosis amplifies the therapeutic effects both in vitro and in vivo, effectively restraining lung cancer growth and metastasis. This study paves a new avenue for the efficient treatment of lung cancer and metastasis through US-enhanced lanthanum-based nanoenzyme platforms and pyroptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, P. R. China
| | - Meiqi Chang
- Laboratory Center, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, P. R. China
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Haitang Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, P. R. China
| | - Yunxuan Jia
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, P. R. China
| | - Weijiao Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, P. R. China
| | - Baicheng Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, P. R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Feng Yao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, P. R. China
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
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13
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Leventić M, Opačak-Bernardi T, Rastija V, Matić J, Pavlović Saftić D, Ban Ž, Žinić B, Glavaš-Obrovac L. The Mechanism of Anti-Tumor Activity of 6-Morpholino- and 6-Amino-9-Sulfonylpurine Derivatives on Human Leukemia Cells. Molecules 2023; 28:6136. [PMID: 37630388 PMCID: PMC10458232 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the mechanism of antitumor effect of (E)-6-morpholino-9-(styrylsulfonyl)-9H-purine (6-Morpholino-SPD) and (E)-6-amino-9-(styrylsulfonyl)-9H-purine (6-Amino-SPD). The effects on apoptosis induction, mitochondrial potential, and accumulation of ROS in treated K562 cells were determined by flow cytometry. The RT-PCR method was used to measure the expression of Akt, CA IX, caspase 3, and cytochrome c genes, as well as selected miRNAs. Western blot analysis was used to determine the expression of Akt, cytochrome c, and caspase 3. The results demonstrate the potential of the tested derivatives as effective antitumor agents with apoptotic-inducing properties. In leukemic cells treated with 6-Amino-SPD, increased expression of caspase 3 and cytochrome c genes was observed, indicating involvement of the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway in the induction of apoptosis. Conversely, leukemic cells treated with 6-Morpholino-SPD showed reduced expression of these genes. The observed downregulation of miR-21 by 6-Morpholino-SPD may contribute to the induction of apoptosis and disruption of mitochondrial function. In addition, both derivatives exhibited increased expression of Akt and CA IX genes, suggesting activation of the Akt/HIF pathway. However, the exact mechanism and its relations to the observed overexpression of miR-210 need further investigation. The acceptable absorption and distribution properties predicted by ADMET analysis suggest favorable pharmacokinetic properties for these derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijana Leventić
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Huttlerova 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (M.L.); (T.O.-B.)
| | - Teuta Opačak-Bernardi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Huttlerova 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (M.L.); (T.O.-B.)
| | - Vesna Rastija
- Department of Agroecology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia;
| | - Josipa Matić
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Interactions and Spectroscopy, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (J.M.); (D.P.S.); (Ž.B.); (B.Ž.)
| | - Dijana Pavlović Saftić
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Interactions and Spectroscopy, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (J.M.); (D.P.S.); (Ž.B.); (B.Ž.)
| | - Željka Ban
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Interactions and Spectroscopy, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (J.M.); (D.P.S.); (Ž.B.); (B.Ž.)
| | - Biserka Žinić
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Interactions and Spectroscopy, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (J.M.); (D.P.S.); (Ž.B.); (B.Ž.)
| | - Ljubica Glavaš-Obrovac
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Huttlerova 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (M.L.); (T.O.-B.)
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14
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Socha MW, Flis W, Wartęga M, Szambelan M, Pietrus M, Kazdepka-Ziemińska A. Raspberry Leaves and Extracts-Molecular Mechanism of Action and Its Effectiveness on Human Cervical Ripening and the Induction of Labor. Nutrients 2023; 15:3206. [PMID: 37513625 PMCID: PMC10383074 DOI: 10.3390/nu15143206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The gestational period is an incredibly stressful time for a pregnant woman. Pregnant patients constantly seek effective and reliable compounds in order to achieve a healthy labor. Nowadays, increasing numbers of women use herbal preparations and supplements during pregnancy. One of the most popular and most frequently chosen herbs during pregnancy is the raspberry leaf (Rubus idaeus). Raspberry extracts are allegedly associated with a positive effect on childbirth through the induction of uterine contractions, acceleration of the cervical ripening, and shortening of childbirth. The history of the consumption of raspberry leaves throughout pregnancy is vast. This review shows the current status of the use of raspberry leaves in pregnancy, emphasizing the effect on the cervix, and the safety profile of this herb. The majority of women apply raspberry leaves during pregnancy to induce and ease labor. However, it has not been possible to determine the exact effect of using raspberry extracts on the course of childbirth and the perinatal period. Additionally, it is unclear whether this herb has only positive effects. The currently available data indicate a weak effect of raspberry leaf extracts on labor induction and, at the same time, their possible negative impact on cervical ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej W Socha
- Department of Perinatology, Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Łukasiewicza 1, 85-821 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Adalbert's Hospital in Gdańsk, Copernicus Healthcare Entity, Jana Pawła II 50, 80-462 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Wojciech Flis
- Department of Perinatology, Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Łukasiewicza 1, 85-821 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Adalbert's Hospital in Gdańsk, Copernicus Healthcare Entity, Jana Pawła II 50, 80-462 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mateusz Wartęga
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Monika Szambelan
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Miłosz Pietrus
- Department of Gynecology and Oncology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-501 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anita Kazdepka-Ziemińska
- Department of Perinatology, Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Łukasiewicza 1, 85-821 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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15
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Kalkavan H, Rühl S, Shaw JJP, Green DR. Non-lethal outcomes of engaging regulated cell death pathways in cancer. NATURE CANCER 2023; 4:795-806. [PMID: 37277528 PMCID: PMC10416134 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-023-00571-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Regulated cell death (RCD) is essential for successful systemic cancer therapy. Yet, the engagement of RCD pathways does not inevitably result in cell death. Instead, RCD pathways can take part in diverse biological processes if the cells survive. Consequently, these surviving cells, for which we propose the term 'flatliners', harbor important functions. These evolutionarily conserved responses can be exploited by cancer cells to promote their own survival and growth, with challenges and opportunities for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halime Kalkavan
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- West German Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Rühl
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- T3 Pharmaceuticals AG, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy J P Shaw
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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16
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Bukowski K, Marciniak B, Kciuk M, Mujwar S, Mojzych M, Kontek R. Pyrazolo[4,3- e]tetrazolo[1,5- b][1,2,4]triazine Sulfonamides as Novel Potential Anticancer Agents: Apoptosis, Oxidative Stress, and Cell Cycle Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108504. [PMID: 37239848 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study continues the evaluation of the anticancer potential of three de novo synthesized pyrazolo[4,3-e]tetrazolo[1,5-b][1,2,4]triazine sulfonamides-MM129, MM130, and MM131-against human cancer cells of HeLa, HCT 116, PC-3, and BxPC-3 lines. The pro-apoptotic activity of the investigated sulfonamides was shown by observations of changes in the mitochondrial transmembrane potential of the tested cells, externalization of phosphatidylserine on the cellular membrane surface, and cell morphology in microscopic imaging. The computational studies have shown that MM129 exhibited the lowest binding energy values when docked against CDK enzymes. In addition, the highest stability was shown for complexes formed between MM129 and CDK5/8 enzymes. All examined compounds induced cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase in the BxPC-3 and PC-3 cells and simultaneously caused the accumulation of cells in the S phase in the HCT 116 cells. In addition, the increase in the subG1 fraction was observed in PC-3 and HeLa cells. The application of a fluorescent H2DCFDA probe revealed the high pro-oxidative properties of the tested triazine derivatives, especially MM131. In conclusion, the obtained results suggest that MM129, MM130, and MM131 exhibited strong pro-apoptotic properties towards investigated cells, mainly against the HeLa and HCT 116 cell lines, and high pro-oxidative potential as well. Moreover, it is suggested that the anticancer activity of the tested compounds may be associated with their ability to inhibit CDK enzymes activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Bukowski
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Beata Marciniak
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Mateusz Kciuk
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Somdutt Mujwar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India
| | - Mariusz Mojzych
- Department of Chemistry, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
| | - Renata Kontek
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
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17
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Otsuka T, Matsui H. Fish Models for Exploring Mitochondrial Dysfunction Affecting Neurodegenerative Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087079. [PMID: 37108237 PMCID: PMC10138900 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by the progressive loss of neuronal structure or function, resulting in memory loss and movement disorders. Although the detailed pathogenic mechanism has not been elucidated, it is thought to be related to the loss of mitochondrial function in the process of aging. Animal models that mimic the pathology of a disease are essential for understanding human diseases. In recent years, small fish have become ideal vertebrate models for human disease due to their high genetic and histological homology to humans, ease of in vivo imaging, and ease of genetic manipulation. In this review, we first outline the impact of mitochondrial dysfunction on the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Then, we highlight the advantages of small fish as model organisms, and present examples of previous studies regarding mitochondria-related neuronal disorders. Lastly, we discuss the applicability of the turquoise killifish, a unique model for aging research, as a model for neurodegenerative diseases. Small fish models are expected to advance our understanding of the mitochondrial function in vivo, the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, and be important tools for developing therapies to treat diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Otsuka
- Department of Neuroscience of Disease, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Hideaki Matsui
- Department of Neuroscience of Disease, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
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18
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Alharthy RD, Rashid F, Ashraf A, Shafiq Z, Ford S, Al-Rashida M, Yaqub M, Iqbal J. Pyrazole derivatives of pyridine and naphthyridine as proapoptotic agents in cervical and breast cancer cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5370. [PMID: 37005457 PMCID: PMC10067956 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32489-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. The increasing prevalence and resistance to chemotherapy is responsible for driving the search of novel molecules to combat this disease. In search of novel compounds with pro-apoptotic potential, pyrazolo-pyridine and pyrazolo-naphthyridine derivatives were investigated against cervical cancer (HeLa) and breast cancer (MCF-7) cells. The anti-proliferative activity was determined through the MTT assay. Potent compounds were then analyzed for their cytotoxic and apoptotic activity through a lactate dehydrogenase assay and fluorescence microscopy after propidium iodide and DAPI staining. Flow cytometry was used to determine cell cycle arrest in treated cells and pro-apoptotic effect was verified through measurement of mitochondrial membrane potential and activation of caspases. Compounds 5j and 5k were found to be most active against HeLa and MCF-7 cells, respectively. G0/G1 cell cycle arrest was observed in treated cancer cells. Morphological features of apoptosis were also confirmed, and an increased oxidative stress indicated the involvement of reactive oxygen species in apoptosis. The compound-DNA interaction studies demonstrated an intercalative mode of binding and the comet assay confirmed the DNA damaging effects. Finally, potent compounds demonstrated a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential and increased levels of activated caspase-9 and -3/7 confirmed the induction of apoptosis in treated HeLa and MCF-7 cells. The present work concludes that the active compounds 5j and 5k may be used as lead candidates for the development of lead drug molecules against cervical and breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima D Alharthy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, 21911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal Rashid
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Abida Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, Kutchery Campus, The Women University Multan, Multan, 60000, Pakistan
| | - Zahid Shafiq
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Steven Ford
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mariya Al-Rashida
- Department of Chemistry, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Yaqub
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Jamshed Iqbal
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, 22060, Pakistan.
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19
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Mitochondrial Damage Induced by T-2 Mycotoxin on Human Skin-Fibroblast Hs68 Cell Line. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052408. [PMID: 36903658 PMCID: PMC10005480 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
T-2 toxin is produced by different Fusarium species and belongs to the group of type A trichothecene mycotoxins. T-2 toxin contaminates various grains, such as wheat, barley, maize, or rice, thus posing a risk to human and animal health. The toxin has toxicological effects on human and animal digestive, immune, nervous and reproductive systems. In addition, the most significant toxic effect can be observed on the skin. This in vitro study focused on T-2 toxicity on human skin fibroblast Hs68 cell line mitochondria. In the first step of this study, T-2 toxin's effect on the cell mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was determined. The cells were exposed to T-2 toxin, which resulted in dose- and time-dependent changes and a decrease in MMP. The obtained results revealed that the changes of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the Hs68 cells were not affected by T-2 toxin. A further mitochondrial genome analysis showed that T-2 toxin in a dose- and time-dependent manner decreased the number of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copies in cells. In addition, T-2 toxin genotoxicity causing mtDNA damage was evaluated. It was found that incubation of Hs68 cells in the presence of T-2 toxin, in a dose- and time-dependent manner, increased the level of mtDNA damage in both tested mtDNA regions: NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (ND5). In conclusion, the results of the in vitro study revealed that T-2 toxin shows adverse effects on Hs68 cell mitochondria. T-2 toxin induces mitochondrial dysfunction and mtDNA damage, which may cause the disruption of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis and, in consequence, cell death.
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20
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Schneider L, Kalt M, Koch S, Sithamparanathan S, Villiger V, Mattiat J, Kradolfer F, Slyshkina E, Luber S, Bonmarin M, Maake C, Spingler B. BODIPY-Based Photothermal Agents with Excellent Phototoxic Indices for Cancer Treatment. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:4534-4544. [PMID: 36780327 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report six novel, easily accessible BODIPY-based agents for cancer treatment. In contrast to established photodynamic therapy (PDT) agents, these BODIPY-based compounds show additional photothermal activity and their cytotoxicity is not dependent on the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The agents show high photocytotoxicity upon irradiation with light and low dark toxicity in different cancer cell lines in 2D culture as well as in 3D multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTSs). The ratio of dark to light toxicity (phototoxic index, PI) of these agents reaches striking values exceeding 830,000 after irradiation with energetically low doses of light at 630 nm. The oxygen-dependent mechanism of action (MOA) of established photosensitizers (PSs) hampers effective clinical deployment of these agents. Under hypoxic conditions (0.2% O2), which are known to limit the efficiency of conventional PSs in solid tumors, photocytotoxicity was induced at the same concentration levels, indicating an oxygen-independent photothermal MOA. With a PI exceeding 360,000 under hypoxic conditions, both PI values are the highest reported to date. We anticipate that small molecule agents with a photothermal MOA, such as the BODIPY-based compounds reported in this work, may overcome this barrier and provide a new avenue to cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martina Kalt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Koch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Veronika Villiger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johann Mattiat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Flavia Kradolfer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Sandra Luber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Bonmarin
- School of Engineering, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, CH-8400 Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Maake
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Spingler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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21
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Wang C, Huang C, Wang J, Ye J, Xue Z, Zhang J, Ren Y. Ginsenoside Rg5 attenuates hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis via regulating the Akt pathway. Chem Biol Drug Des 2023; 101:1348-1355. [PMID: 36762503 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rg5 has been implicated in a variety of diseases. However, it is unknown whether Ginsenoside Rg5 can protect against hypoxia-induced neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRMs). The purpose of this study was to look into the effect of Ginsenoside Rg5 on hypoxia-induced NRMs apoptosis as well as the underlying molecular mechanism. In this study, following isolation and culture of ventricular myocardial cells from neonatal rats, the appropriate concentration of Rg5 was determined using the MTT assay, the effect of Rg5 on apoptosis was assessed employing TUNEL staining and flow cytometry assays. Levels of apoptosis-related proteins and phosphorylated level of Akt (ser 473 and ser 308) were analyzed using the western blot analysis. Finally, the experimental results shown that Ginsenoside Rg5 significantly inhibited hypoxia-induced NRMs apoptosis, decreased the expression pro-apoptotic protein Bax, increased the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 ratio and the level of cleaved caspase 3. Akt signaling activation was found to be the mechanism of Ginsenoside Rg5s protective effect on hypoxia-induced NRMs apoptosis, as an Akt inhibitor eliminated the anti-apoptotic effects of Ginsenoside Rg5. Various analyses were performed and verified, ginsenoside Rg5 suppressed hypoxia-induced apoptosis in NRMs via activation of the Akt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Wang
- Cardiovascular medicine department, The Second People's Hospital of Kunshan, Suzhou, China
| | - Chenyang Huang
- Endocrine department, The Second People's Hospital of Kunshan, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiali Wang
- Cardiovascular medicine department, The Second People's Hospital of Kunshan, Suzhou, China
| | - Jianfeng Ye
- Cardiovascular medicine department, The Second People's Hospital of Kunshan, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Xue
- Cardiovascular medicine department, The Second People's Hospital of Kunshan, Suzhou, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Cardiovascular medicine department, The Second People's Hospital of Kunshan, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuke Ren
- Cardiovascular medicine department, Suzhou Hospital of traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
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22
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Lee W, Song G, Bae H. Glucotropaeolin Promotes Apoptosis by Calcium Dysregulation and Attenuates Cell Migration with FOXM1 Suppression in Pancreatic Cancer Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020257. [PMID: 36829815 PMCID: PMC9952507 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has naturally aggressive characteristics including postoperative recurrence, resistance to conventional treatment, and metastasis. Surgical resection with chemotherapeutic agents has been conducted as the major treatment for PDAC. However, surgical treatment is ineffective in the case of advanced cancer, and conventional adjuvant chemotherapy, including gemcitabine and 5-fluorouracil, show low effectiveness due to the high drug resistance of PDAC to this type of treatment. Therefore, the development of innovative therapeutic drugs is crucial to solving the present limitation of conventional drugs. Glucotropaeolin (GT) is a glucosinolate that can be isolated from the Brassicaceae family. GT has exhibited a growth-inhibitory effect against liver and colon cancer cells; however, there is no study regarding the anticancer effect of GT on PDAC. In our study, we determined the antiproliferative effect of GT in PANC-1 and MIA PaCa-2, representative of PDAC. We revealed the intracellular mechanisms underlying the anticancer effect of GT with respect to cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, alteration of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), calcium dysregulation, cell migration, and the induction of apoptosis. Moreover, GT regulated the signaling pathways related to anticancer in PDAC cells. Finally, the silencing of the forkhead box protein M, a key factor regulating PDAC progression, contributes to the anticancer property of GT in terms of the induction of apoptosis and cell migration. Therefore, GT may be a potential therapeutic drug against PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woonghee Lee
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (G.S.); (H.B.); Tel.: +82-2-3290-3881 (G.S.); +82-31-201-2686 (H.B.)
| | - Hyocheol Bae
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (G.S.); (H.B.); Tel.: +82-2-3290-3881 (G.S.); +82-31-201-2686 (H.B.)
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23
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Gogola-Mruk J, Tworzydło W, Krawczyk K, Marynowicz W, Ptak A. Visfatin induces ovarian cancer resistance to anoikis by regulating mitochondrial activity. Endocrine 2023; 80:448-458. [PMID: 36658296 PMCID: PMC10140008 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-023-03305-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ovarian cancer is characterized by recurrent peritoneal and distant metastasis. To survive in a non-adherent state, floating ovarian cancer spheroids develop mechanisms to resist anoikis. Moreover, ascitic fluid from ovarian cancer patients contains high levels of visfatin with anti-apoptotic properties. However, the mechanism by which visfatin induces anoikis resistance in ovarian cancer spheroids remains unknown. Here, we aimed to assess wheather visfatin which possess anti-apoptotic properties can induce resistance of anoikis in ovarian cancer spheroids. METHODS Visfatin synthesis were examined using a commercial human visfatin ELISA Kit. Spheroid were exposed to visfatin and cell viability and caspase 3/7 activity were measured using CellTiter-Glo 3D cell viability assay and Caspase-Glo® 3/7 Assay System. mRNA and protein expression were analyzed by Real-time PCR and Western Blot analysis, respectively. Analysis of mitochondrial activity was estimated by JC-1 staining. RESULTS First, our results suggested higher expression and secretion of visfatin by epithelial than by granulosa ovarian cells, and in non-cancer tissues versus cancer tissues. Interestingly, visfatin increased the proliferation/apoptosis ratio in ovarian cancer spheroids. Specifically, both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of anoikis were regulated by visfatin. Moreover, the effect of the visfatin inhibitor (FK866) was opposite to that of visfatin. Furthermore, both NAMPT and FK866 affected mitochondrial activity in ovarian cancer cells. CONCLUSION In conclusion, visfatin acts as an anti-apoptotic factor by regulating mitochondrial activity, leading to anoikis resistance in ovarian cancer spheroids. The finding suggest visfatin as a potential novel therapeutic target for the treatment of ovarian carcinoma with peritoneal dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Gogola-Mruk
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Wacław Tworzydło
- Department of Developmental Biology and Invertebrate Morphology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kinga Krawczyk
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Weronika Marynowicz
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Ptak
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Signorile A, De Rasmo D. Mitochondrial Complex I, a Possible Sensible Site of cAMP Pathway in Aging. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020221. [PMID: 36829783 PMCID: PMC9951957 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals during aging, reactive oxygen species (ROS), produced by the mitochondrial respiratory chain, cause oxidative damage of macromolecules leading to respiratory chain dysfunction, which in turn increases ROS mitochondrial production. Many efforts have been made to understand the role of oxidative stress in aging and age-related diseases. The complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain is the major source of ROS production and its dysfunctions have been associated with several forms of neurodegeneration, other common human diseases and aging. Complex I-ROS production and complex I content have been proposed as the major determinants for longevity. The cAMP signal has a role in the regulation of complex I activity and the decrease of ROS production. In the last years, an increasing number of studies have attempted to activate cAMP signaling to treat age-related diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunctions and ROS production. This idea comes from a long-line of studies showing a main role of cAMP signal in the memory consolidation mechanism and in the regulation of mitochondrial functions. Here, we discuss several evidences on the possible connection between complex I and cAMP pathway in the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Signorile
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico De Rasmo
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnology (IBIOM), National Research Council (CNR), 70126 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-080-544-8516
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25
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Irnaten M, O’Brien CJ. Calcium-Signalling in Human Glaucoma Lamina Cribrosa Myofibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021287. [PMID: 36674805 PMCID: PMC9862249 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is one of the most common causes of treatable visual impairment in the developed world, affecting approximately 64 million people worldwide, some of whom will be bilaterally blind from irreversible optic nerve damage. The optic nerve head is a key site of damage in glaucoma where there is fibrosis of the connective tissue in the lamina cribrosa (LC) extracellular matrix. As a ubiquitous second messenger, calcium (Ca2+) can interact with various cellular proteins to regulate multiple physiological processes and contribute to a wide range of diseases, including cancer, fibrosis, and glaucoma. Our research has shown evidence of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, an elevated expression of Ca2+ entry channels, Ca2+-dependent pumps and exchangers, and an abnormal rise in cytosolic Ca2+ in human glaucomatous LC fibroblast cells. We have evidence that this increase is dependent on Ca2+ entry channels located in the plasma membrane, and its release is from internal stores in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), as well as from the mitochondria. Here, we summarize some of the molecular Ca2+-dependent mechanisms related to this abnormal Ca2+-signalling in human glaucoma LC cells, with a view toward identifying potential therapeutic targets for ongoing optic neuropathy.
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26
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Zheng Y, Wang L, Niu X, Guo Y, Zhao J, Li L, Zhao J. EOAI, a ubiquitin-specific peptidase 5 inhibitor, prevents non-small cell lung cancer progression by inducing DNA damage. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:28. [PMID: 36611139 PMCID: PMC9826599 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-10506-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Targeting deubiquitinases (DUBs) has emerged as a promising avenue for anticancer drug development. However, the effect and mechanism of pan-DUB inhibitor EOAI on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains to be studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS The expression of ubiquitin-specific peptidase 5 (USP5) in NSCLC was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The effect of the USP5 inhibitor, EOAI, on NSCLC cell growth and cell cycle was evaluated by CCK-8 and PI staining. Apoptosis was detected by Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining. Autophagy was examined by LC3 immunofluorescence. Comet assay and γ-H2AX immunofluorescence staining were used to detect DNA damage, and Western blotting was used to detect the expression of apoptosis, cycle, autophagy and DNA damage-related proteins. In vivo experiments demonstrated the effect of EOAI on NSCLC. RESULTS We also found that USP5 was significantly upregulated in NSCLC tissues in this study. In addition, we show that EOAI can cause DNA damage in NSCLC cells while modulating the transcriptional activity of P53, thereby inducing cell cycle arrest in NSCLC cells, autophagy and apoptosis. In vivo experiments have shown that EOAI can inhibit tumors and synergistically enhance the anti-tumor effect of cisplatin. CONCLUSION USP5-mediated epigenetic regulation of oncogenes promotes the occurrence of NSCLC, which provides ideas for developing potential targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zheng
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Internet Medical and System Applications of National Engineering Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Longhao Wang
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Internet Medical and System Applications of National Engineering Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Xiaoyu Niu
- grid.414008.90000 0004 1799 4638Department of Anesthesiology, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008 Henan China
| | - Yongjun Guo
- grid.414008.90000 0004 1799 4638Department of Molecular Pathology, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008 Henan China ,Henan Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Zhengzhou, 450008 Henan China
| | - Jiuzhou Zhao
- grid.414008.90000 0004 1799 4638Department of Molecular Pathology, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008 Henan China ,Henan Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Zhengzhou, 450008 Henan China
| | - Lifeng Li
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Internet Medical and System Applications of National Engineering Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Jie Zhao
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Internet Medical and System Applications of National Engineering Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China ,grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
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27
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Rujimongkon K, Ampawong S, Isarangkul D, Reamtong O, Aramwit P. Sericin-mediated improvement of dysmorphic cardiac mitochondria from hypercholesterolaemia is associated with maintaining mitochondrial dynamics, energy production, and mitochondrial structure. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2022; 60:708-721. [PMID: 35348427 PMCID: PMC8967205 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2022.2055088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Sericin is a component protein in the silkworm cocoon [Bombyx mori Linnaeus (Bombycidae)] that improves dysmorphic cardiac mitochondria under hypercholesterolemic conditions. This is the first study to explore cardiac mitochondrial proteins associated with sericin treatment. OBJECTIVE To investigate the mechanism of action of sericin in cardiac mitochondria under hypercholesterolaemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hypercholesterolaemia was induced in Wistar rats by feeding them 6% cholesterol-containing chow for 6 weeks. The hypercholesterolemic rats were separated into 2 groups (n = 6 for each): the sericin-treated (1,000 mg/kg daily) and nontreated groups. The treatment conditions were maintained for 4 weeks prior to cardiac mitochondria isolation. The mitochondrial structure was evaluated by immunolabeling electron microscopy, and differential mitochondrial protein expression was determined and quantitated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry. RESULTS A 32.22 ± 2.9% increase in the percent striated area of cardiac muscle was observed in sericin-treated hypercholesterolemic rats compared to the nontreatment group (4.18 ± 1.11%). Alterations in mitochondrial proteins, including upregulation of optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) and reduction of NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 75 kDa subunit (NDUFS1) expression, are correlated with a reduction in mitochondrial apoptosis under sericin treatment. Differential proteomic observation also revealed that sericin may improve mitochondrial energy production by upregulating acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase (ACAT1) and NADH dehydrogenase 1α subcomplex subunit 10 (NDUFA10) expression. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Sericin treatment could improve the dysmorphic mitochondrial structure, metabolism, and energy production of cardiac mitochondria under hypercholesterolaemia. These results suggest that sericin may be an alternative treatment molecule that is related to cardiac mitochondrial abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kitiya Rujimongkon
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center of Excellence in Bioactive Resources for Innovative Clinical Applications, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Proteomics Research Team, National Omics Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Sumate Ampawong
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Duangnate Isarangkul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Onrapak Reamtong
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetic, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, and
| | - Pornanong Aramwit
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center of Excellence in Bioactive Resources for Innovative Clinical Applications, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- The Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
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28
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Androgen receptor signaling-mitochondrial DNA-oxidative phosphorylation: A critical triangle in early prostate cancer. Curr Urol 2022; 16:207-212. [PMID: 36714229 PMCID: PMC9875216 DOI: 10.1097/cu9.0000000000000120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are more than just the cellular powerhouse. They also play key roles in vital functions such as apoptosis, metabolism regulation, and other intracellular interactions. The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encodes for 12 subunits of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system. Depletion of mtDNA in androgen-dependent prostate cancer (PCa) cell lines renders them androgen-independent and more aggressive. Paradoxically, pharmaceutical inhibition of OXPHOS is lethal for subsets of PCa cells, whereas others become dependent on androgen receptor (AR) signaling for survival. Given that the AR-mitochondria interaction is critical for early PCa, it is crucial to understand the details of this interaction. Technical hurdles have made mitochondria traditionally difficult to study, with many techniques used for isolation masking the properties of given individual mitochondria. Although the isolation of mitochondria enables us to study OXPHOS, we miss the context in which mitochondria interact with the rest of the cell. Both AR signaling and mtDNA affect apoptosis, metabolism regulation, cellular calcium storage and homeostasis, intracellular calcium signaling, and redox homeostasis. In this review, we will attempt to understand how the crosstalk between AR-mtDNA-OXPHOS is responsible for "life or death" decisions inside the cells. Our aim is to point toward potential vulnerabilities that can lead to the discovery of novel therapeutic targets.
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Balaji S, Neupane R, Malla S, Khupse R, Amawi H, Kumari S, Tukaramrao DB, Chattopadhyay S, Ashby CR, Boddu SHS, Karthikeyan C, Trivedi P, Raman D, Tiwari AK. IND-2, a Quinoline Derivative, Inhibits the Proliferation of Prostate Cancer Cells by Inducing Oxidative Stress, Apoptosis and Inhibiting Topoisomerase II. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12111879. [PMID: 36431014 PMCID: PMC9693996 DOI: 10.3390/life12111879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In men, prostate cancer (PC) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer, causing an estimated 375,000 deaths globally. Currently, existing therapies for the treatment of PC, notably metastatic cases, have limited efficacy due to drug resistance and problematic adverse effects. Therefore, it is imperative to discover and develop novel drugs for treating PC that are efficacious and do not produce intolerable adverse or toxic effects. Condensed quinolines are naturally occurring anticancer compounds. In this study, we determined the in vitro efficacy of IND-2 (4-chloro-2-methylpyrimido[1″,2″:1,5]pyrazolo[3,4-b]quinolone) in the PC lines, PC-3 and DU-145. IND-2 significantly inhibited the proliferation of PC-3 and DU-145, with IC50 values of 3 µM and 3.5 µM, respectively. The incubation of PC-3 cells with 5 and 10 µM of IND-2 caused the loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential in PC-3 cells. Furthermore, IND-2, at 5 µM, increased the expression of cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-7 and cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). The incubation of PC-3 cells with 5 µM of IND-2 significantly decreased the expression of the apoptotic protein, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2). Furthermore, 5 and 10 µM of IND-2 produced morphological changes in PC-3 cells characteristic of apoptosis. Interestingly, IND-2 (2.5, 5 and 10 µM) also induced mitotic catastrophe in PC-3 cells, characterized by the accumulation of multinuclei. The incubation of DU-145 cells with 1.25 and 5 μM of IND-2 significantly increased the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Finally, IND-2, at 10 μM, inhibited the catalytic activity of topoisomerase IIα. Overall, our findings suggest that IND-2 could be a potential lead compound for the development of more efficacious compounds for the treatment of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnaa Balaji
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Rabin Neupane
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Saloni Malla
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Rahul Khupse
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Findlay, Findlay, OH 43551, USA
| | - Haneen Amawi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, P.O. Box 566, Irbid 21163, Jordan
| | - Shikha Kumari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Diwakar Bastihalli Tukaramrao
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Srestha Chattopadhyay
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Charles R. Ashby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John’s University, New York, NY 11432, USA
| | - Sai H. S. Boddu
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
- Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Chandrabose Karthikeyan
- Department of Pharmacy, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Lalpur, Amarkantak 484887, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Piyush Trivedi
- Center for Innovation and Translational Research, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth, Pune 411038, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dayanidhi Raman
- Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Amit K. Tiwari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
- Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-419-383-1913
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Impact of Oxidative Stress on Molecular Mechanisms of Cervical Ripening in Pregnant Women. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232112780. [PMID: 36361572 PMCID: PMC9657514 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Uterine cervix is one of the essential factors in labor and maintaining the proper course of pregnancy. During the last days of gestation, the cervix undergoes extensive changes manifested by transformation from a tight and rigid to one that is soft and able to dilate. These changes can be summarized as “cervical ripening”. Changes in the cervical tissue can be referred to as remodeling of the extracellular matrix. The entire process is the result of a close relationship between biochemical and molecular pathways, which is strictly controlled by inflammatory and endocrine factors. When the production of reactive oxygen species exceeds the antioxidant capacity, oxidative stress occurs. A physiologic increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) is observed through pregnancy. ROS play important roles as second messengers in many intracellular signaling cascades contributing to the course of gestation. This review considers their involvement in the cervical ripening process, emphasizing the molecular and biochemical pathways and the clinical implications.
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31
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Gupta S, Sachan A, Ravi Ram K. Estrogen-related receptor is critical for testicular mitochondrial homeostasis and sperm motility: a Drosophila-based study. F&S SCIENCE 2022; 3:217-227. [PMID: 35977802 DOI: 10.1016/j.xfss.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the role of estrogen-related receptors (ERRs) in testicular function, with particular emphasis on mitochondrial homeostasis, testicular steroidogenesis, and sperm motility using Drosophila as a model. DESIGN Experimental study. SETTING Academic research laboratory. ANIMAL(S) Wild-type and transgenic strains of Drosophila melanogaster. INTERVENTION(S) Using a ribonucleic acid interference-based approach, ERR was knocked down specifically in the testes to generate Drosophila males with reduced ERR levels in their testes. Genetically matched sibling males without the knockdown formed the controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Analysis of the testicular mitochondrial structure and function in relation to energy production, steroidogenesis, and sperm motility in Drosophila. RESULT(S) Depletion of ERR affects mitochondrial homeostasis (biogenesis, fission, fusion, mitophagy, and transport) and oxidative respiration in the testes. Consequently, ERR knockdown testes have significantly reduced mitochondrial size, mass, and depleted adenosine triphosphate levels resulting in testicular oxidative stress. Further, Halloween genes, associated with steroidogenesis in Drosophila, are misregulated in ERR knockdown testes, and knockdown of some of the steroidogenic genes in a testis-specific manner results in significantly reduced fertility. In addition, sperm from ERR knockdown testes have significantly reduced levels of glucose transporter, Na+K+ ATPase, Dynein heavy chain, and adenosine triphosphate-5α synthase essential for sperm function. Corroborating this, sperm from ERR knockdown males are significantly less motile compared with control. CONCLUSION(S) The ERR is crucial for meeting the cellular energy requirements of the testes and the generation of normal motile sperm and hormone synthesis/secretion in the testes. To our knowledge, this is the first report implicating ERR in these ultimate functions of the testes. These findings can potentially contribute to the etiologic understanding of asthenozoospermia or infertility at large in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snigdha Gupta
- Embryotoxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Asthika Sachan
- Embryotoxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kristipati Ravi Ram
- Embryotoxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Sulaiman AAA, Sobeai HMA, Aldawood E, Abogosh A, Alhazzani K, Alotaibi MR, Ahmad S, Alhoshani A, Isab AA. In vitro and In vivo Studies of Potential Anticancer Agents of Platinum(II) Complexes of Dicyclopentadiene and Dithiocarbamates. Metallomics 2022; 14:6649215. [DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfac054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Three platinum(II) complexes of dicyclopentadiene (DCP) and dithiocarbamates (DTC), namely, [Pt(η4-DCP)(Me2DTC)]PF6 (1), [Pt(η4-DCP)(Et2DTC)]PF6 (2) and [Pt(η4-DCP)(Bz2DTC)]PF6 (3) [Me2DTC = dimethyldithiocarbamate, Et2DTC = diethyldithiocarbamate, and Bz2DTC = dibenzyldithiocarbamate] were prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The spectroscopic data indicated the coordination of both DCP and dithiocarbamate ligands to platinum(II). The solution chemisty of complex 1 revealed that the complexes are stable in both DMSO and 1:1 mixture of DMSO: H2O. In vitro cytotoxicity of the complexes relative to cisplatin was tested using MTT assay, against CHL-1 (human melanoma cancer cells), MDA-MB-231 (breast cancer cells), A549 (lung cancer cells), and B16 (murine melanoma cancer cells). The antiproliferative effect of all three prepared complexes was found to be significantly higher than cisplatin. Furthermore, flow cytometric analysis of complex 1 showed that the complex induced apoptosis, oxidative stress, mitochondrial potential depolarization and cell cycle arrest in a concentration-dependent pattern in the CHL-1 cells. Confirmation of apoptosis via gene expression analysis demonstrated down-regulation of anti-apoptotic genes and up-regulation of pro-apoptotic genes in the CHL-1 cells. Wound healing assays also lent support to the strong cytotoxicity of the complexes. In vivo studies showed a significant reduction of tumor volume at the end of the experiment. In addition, the drug did not change the weight of the mice. In conclusion, complex 1 inhibited cell proliferation in vitro and reduced tumor growth in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam A A Sulaiman
- Core Research Facilities (CRF), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals , Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals , Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Homood M As Sobeai
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Aldawood
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Abogosh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Alhazzani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moureq R Alotaibi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences and Humanities, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University , Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Alhoshani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anvarhusein A Isab
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals , Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals , Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
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Panconesi R, Flores Carvalho M, Dondossola D, Muiesan P, Dutkowski P, Schlegel A. Impact of Machine Perfusion on the Immune Response After Liver Transplantation – A Primary Treatment or Just a Delivery Tool. Front Immunol 2022; 13:855263. [PMID: 35874758 PMCID: PMC9304705 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.855263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The frequent use of marginal livers forces transplant centres to explore novel technologies to improve organ quality and outcomes after implantation. Organ perfusion techniques are therefore frequently discussed with an ever-increasing number of experimental and clinical studies. Two main approaches, hypothermic and normothermic perfusion, are the leading strategies to be introduced in clinical practice in many western countries today. Despite this success, the number of studies, which provide robust data on the underlying mechanisms of protection conveyed through this technology remains scarce, particularly in context of different stages of ischemia-reperfusion-injury (IRI). Prior to a successful clinical implementation of machine perfusion, the concept of IRI and potential key molecules, which should be addressed to reduce IRI-associated inflammation, requires a better exploration. During ischemia, Krebs cycle metabolites, including succinate play a crucial role with their direct impact on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at mitochondrial complex I upon reperfusion. Such features are even more pronounced under normothermic conditions and lead to even higher levels of downstream inflammation. The direct consequence appears with an activation of the innate immune system. The number of articles, which focus on the impact of machine perfusion with and without the use of specific perfusate additives to modulate the inflammatory cascade after transplantation is very small. This review describes first, the subcellular processes found in mitochondria, which instigate the IRI cascade together with proinflammatory downstream effects and their link to the innate immune system. Next, the impact of currently established machine perfusion strategies is described with a focus on protective mechanisms known for the different perfusion approaches. Finally, the role of such dynamic preservation techniques to deliver specific agents, which appear currently of interest to modulate this posttransplant inflammation, is discussed together with future aspects in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Panconesi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Hepatobiliary Unit, Careggi University Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- General Surgery 2U-Liver Transplant Unit, Department of Surgery, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della, Scienza di Torino, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Mauricio Flores Carvalho
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Hepatobiliary Unit, Careggi University Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniele Dondossola
- General and Liver Transplant Surgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore, Policlinico and University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Muiesan
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Hepatobiliary Unit, Careggi University Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- General and Liver Transplant Surgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore, Policlinico and University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Philipp Dutkowski
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary (HPB) Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Schlegel
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Hepatobiliary Unit, Careggi University Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- General and Liver Transplant Surgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore, Policlinico and University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary (HPB) Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Andrea Schlegel,
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Park JD, Kim KS, Choi SH, Jo GH, Choi JH, Park SW, Ko ES, Lee M, Lee DK, Jang HJ, Hwang S, Jung HY, Park KS. ELK3 modulates the antitumor efficacy of natural killer cells against triple negative breast cancer by regulating mitochondrial dynamics. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2022-004825. [PMID: 35858708 PMCID: PMC9305827 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-004825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most lethal subtype of breast cancer due to its aggressive behavior and frequent development of resistance to chemotherapy. Although natural killer (NK) cell-based immunotherapy is a promising strategy for overcoming barriers to cancer treatment, the therapeutic efficacy of NK cells against TNBC is below expectations. E26 transformation-specific transcription factor ELK3 (ELK3) is highly expressed in TNBCs and functions as a master regulator of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Methods Two representative human TNBC cell lines, MDA-MB231 and Hs578T, were exposed to ELK3-targeting shRNA or an ELK3-expressing plasmid to modulate ELK3 expression. The downstream target genes of ELK3 were identified using a combined approach comprising gene expression profiling and molecular analysis. The role of ELK3 in determining the immunosensitivity of TNBC to NK cells was investigated in terms of mitochondrial fission–fusion transition and reactive oxygen species concentration both in vitro and in vivo. Results ELK3-dependent mitochondrial fission–fusion status was linked to the mitochondrial superoxide concentration in TNBCs and was a main determinant of NK cell-mediated immune responses. We identified mitochondrial dynamics proteins of 51 (Mid51), a major mediator of mitochondrial fission, as a direct downstream target of ELK3 in TNBCs. Also, we demonstrated that expression of ELK3 correlated inversely with that of Mid51, and that the ELK3-Mid51 axis is associated directly with the status of mitochondrial dynamics. METABRIC analysis revealed that the ELK3-Mid51 axis has a direct effect on the immune score and survival of patients with TNBC. Conclusions Taken together, the data suggest that NK cell responses to TNBC are linked directly to ELK3 expression levels, shedding new light on strategies to improve the efficacy of NK cell-based immunotherapy of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Dong Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Kwang-Soo Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Seung Hee Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Gae Hoon Jo
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Jin-Ho Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Si-Won Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Eun-Su Ko
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Minwook Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Dae-Keum Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Hye Jung Jang
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Sohyun Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Hae-Yun Jung
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Kyung-Soon Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Korea (the Republic of)
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Kalın ŞN, Altay A, Budak H. Diffractaic acid, a novel TrxR1 inhibitor, induces cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and antimigration in human breast cancer cells. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 361:109984. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.109984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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36
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Nitta S, Kandori S, Tanaka K, Sakka S, Siga M, Nagumo Y, Negoro H, Kojima T, Mathis BJ, Shimazui T, Miyamoto T, Matsuzaka T, Shimano H, Nishiyama H. ELOVL5-mediated fatty acid elongation promotes cellular proliferation and invasion in renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2022; 113:2738-2752. [PMID: 35670054 PMCID: PMC9357625 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) features altered lipid metabolism and accumulated polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Elongation of very long–chain fatty acid (ELOVL) family enzymes catalyze fatty acid elongation, and ELOVL5 is indispensable for PUFAs elongation, but its role in RCC progression remains unclear. Here, we show that higher levels of ELOVL5 correlate with poor RCC clinical prognosis. Liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization‐tandem mass spectrometry analysis showed decreases in ELOVL5 end products (arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid) under CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated knockout of ELOVL5 while supplementation with these fatty acids partially reversed the cellular proliferation and invasion effects of ELOVL5 knockout. Regarding cellular proliferation and invasion, CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated knockout of ELOVL5 suppressed the formation of lipid droplets and induced apoptosis via endoplasmic reticulum stress while suppressing renal cancer cell proliferation and in vivo tumor growth. Furthermore, CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated knockout of ELOVL5 inhibited AKT Ser473 phosphorylation and suppressed renal cancer cell invasion through chemokine (C‐C motif) ligand‐2 downregulation by AKT‐mTOR‐STAT3 signaling. Collectively, these results suggest that ELOVL5‐mediated fatty acid elongation promotes not only cellular proliferation but also invasion in RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nitta
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shuya Kandori
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ken Tanaka
- Department of Urology, Tsukuba Medical Center Hospital, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shotaro Sakka
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masanobu Siga
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Nagumo
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Negoro
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kojima
- Department of Urology, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Bryan J Mathis
- International Medical Center, University of Tsukuba Affiliated Hospital, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Toru Shimazui
- Department of Urology, Ibaraki Prefectural Central Hospital, Kasama, Japan
| | - Takafumi Miyamoto
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsuzaka
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shimano
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nishiyama
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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Mitochondrial reactive oxygen is critical for IL-12/IL-18-induced IFN-γ production by CD4 + T cells and is regulated by Fas/FasL signaling. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:531. [PMID: 35668079 PMCID: PMC9170726 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04907-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial activation and the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) are crucial for CD4+ T cell responses and have a role in naïve cell signaling after TCR activation. However, little is known about mROS role in TCR-independent signaling and in recall responses. Here, we found that mROS are required for IL-12 plus IL-18-driven production of IFN-γ, an essential cytokine for inflammatory and autoimmune disease development. Compared to TCR stimulation, which induced similar levels of mROS in naïve and memory-like cells, IL-12/IL-18 showed faster and augmented mROS production in memory-like cells. mROS inhibition significantly downregulated IFN-γ and CD44 expression, suggesting a direct mROS effect on memory-like T cell function. The mechanism that promotes IFN-γ production after IL-12/IL-18 challenge depended on the effect of mROS on optimal activation of downstream signaling pathways, leading to STAT4 and NF-κB activation. To relate our findings to IFN-γ-driven lupus-like disease, we used Fas-deficient memory-like CD4+ T cells from lpr mice. Importantly, we found significantly increased IFN-γ and mROS production in lpr compared with parental cells. Treatment of WT cells with FasL significantly reduced mROS production and the activation of signaling events leading to IFN-γ. Moreover, Fas deficiency was associated with increased mitochondrial levels of cytochrome C and caspase-3 compared with WT memory-like cells. mROS inhibition significantly reduced the population of disease-associated lpr CD44hiCD62LloCD4+ T cells and their IFN-γ production. Overall, these findings uncovered a previously unidentified role of Fas/FasL interaction in regulating mROS production by memory-like T cells. This apoptosis-independent Fas activity might contribute to the accumulation of CD44hiCD62LloCD4+ T cells that produce increased IFN-γ levels in lpr mice. Overall, our findings pinpoint mROS as central regulators of TCR-independent signaling, and support mROS pharmacological targeting to control aberrant immune responses in autoimmune-like disease.
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Preparation of Novel Pyrazolo[4,3- e]tetrazolo[1,5- b][1,2,4]triazine Sulfonamides and Their Experimental and Computational Biological Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115892. [PMID: 35682571 PMCID: PMC9180621 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrazolo[4,3-e]tetrazolo[1,5-b][1,2,4]triazine sulfonamides constitute a novel class of heterocyclic compounds with broad biological activity, including anticancer properties. Investigated in this study, MM-compounds (MM134, MM136, MM137, and MM139) exhibited cytotoxic and proapoptotic activity against cancer cell lines (BxPC-3, PC-3, and HCT-116) in nanomolar concentrations without causing cytotoxicity in normal cells (L929 and WI38). In silico predictions indicate that tested compounds exhibit favorable pharmacokinetic profiles and may exert anticancer activity through the inhibition of BTK kinase, the AKT-mTOR pathway and PD1-PD-L1 interaction. Our findings point out that these sulfonamide derivatives may constitute a source of new anticancer drugs after optimization.
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Henkel ND, Wu X, O'Donovan SM, Devine EA, Jiron JM, Rowland LM, Sarnyai Z, Ramsey AJ, Wen Z, Hahn MK, McCullumsmith RE. Schizophrenia: a disorder of broken brain bioenergetics. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:2393-2404. [PMID: 35264726 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01494-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A substantial and diverse body of literature suggests that the pathophysiology of schizophrenia is related to deficits of bioenergetic function. While antipsychotics are an effective therapy for the management of positive psychotic symptoms, they are not efficacious for the complete schizophrenia symptom profile, such as the negative and cognitive symptoms. In this review, we discuss the relationship between dysfunction of various metabolic pathways across different brain regions in relation to schizophrenia. We contend that several bioenergetic subprocesses are affected across the brain and such deficits are a core feature of the illness. We provide an overview of central perturbations of insulin signaling, glycolysis, pentose-phosphate pathway, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation in schizophrenia. Importantly, we discuss pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions that target these pathways and how such interventions may be exploited to improve the symptoms of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D Henkel
- Department of Neurosciences, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA.
| | - Xiajoun Wu
- Department of Neurosciences, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Sinead M O'Donovan
- Department of Neurosciences, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Emily A Devine
- Department of Neurosciences, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Jessica M Jiron
- Department of Neurosciences, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Laura M Rowland
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zoltan Sarnyai
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Australian Institute for Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Amy J Ramsey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zhexing Wen
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Cell Biology, and Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Margaret K Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robert E McCullumsmith
- Department of Neurosciences, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
- Neurosciences Institute, ProMedica, Toledo, OH, USA
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Kushnareva Y, Moraes V, Suess J, Peters B, Newmeyer DD, Kuwana T. Disruption of mitochondrial quality control genes promotes caspase-resistant cell survival following apoptotic stimuli. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101835. [PMID: 35304098 PMCID: PMC9018395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In cells undergoing cell-intrinsic apoptosis, mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) typically marks an irreversible step in the cell death process. However, in some cases, a subpopulation of treated cells can exhibit a sublethal response, termed "minority MOMP." In this phenomenon, the affected cells survive, despite a low level of caspase activation and subsequent limited activation of the endonuclease caspase-activated DNase (DNA fragmentation factor subunit beta). Consequently, these cells can experience DNA damage, increasing the probability of oncogenesis. However, little is known about the minority MOMP response. To discover genes that affect the MOMP response in individual cells, we conducted an imaging-based phenotypic siRNA screen. We identified multiple candidate genes whose downregulation increased the heterogeneity of MOMP within single cells, among which were genes related to mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy that participate in the mitochondrial quality control (MQC) system. Furthermore, to test the hypothesis that functional MQC is important for reducing the frequency of minority MOMP, we developed an assay to measure the clonogenic survival of caspase-engaged cells. We found that cells deficient in various MQC genes were indeed prone to aberrant post-MOMP survival. Our data highlight the important role of proteins involved in mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy in preventing apoptotic dysregulation and oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Kushnareva
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Vivian Moraes
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Julian Suess
- Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Donald D Newmeyer
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Tomomi Kuwana
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA.
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Mooli RGR, Mukhi D, Ramakrishnan SK. Oxidative Stress and Redox Signaling in the Pathophysiology of Liver Diseases. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:3167-3192. [PMID: 35578969 PMCID: PMC10074426 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c200021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The increased production of derivatives of molecular oxygen and nitrogen in the form of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) lead to molecular damage called oxidative stress. Under normal physiological conditions, the ROS generation is tightly regulated in different cells and cellular compartments. Any disturbance in the balance between the cellular generation of ROS and antioxidant balance leads to oxidative stress. In this article, we discuss the sources of ROS (endogenous and exogenous) and antioxidant mechanisms. We also focus on the pathophysiological significance of oxidative stress in various cell types of the liver. Oxidative stress is implicated in the development and progression of various liver diseases. We narrate the master regulators of ROS-mediated signaling and their contribution to liver diseases. Nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) are influenced by a "multiple parallel-hit model" in which oxidative stress plays a central role. We highlight the recent findings on the role of oxidative stress in the spectrum of NAFLD, including fibrosis and liver cancer. Finally, we provide a brief overview of oxidative stress biomarkers and their therapeutic applications in various liver-related disorders. Overall, the article sheds light on the significance of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of the liver. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:3167-3192, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Gopal Reddy Mooli
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dhanunjay Mukhi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sadeesh K Ramakrishnan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Asiatic Acid Alleviates Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Inhibiting the ROS-Mediated Mitochondria-Dependent Apoptosis Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:3267450. [PMID: 35198095 PMCID: PMC8860531 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3267450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) is a major cause of heart failure in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). Mitochondrial dysfunction is the crucial factor of MIRI; oxidative stress caused by mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) aggravates myocardial cell damage through the mitochondria-dependent apoptosis pathway. Asiatic acid (AA) is a type of pentacyclic triterpene compound purified from the traditional Chinese medicine Centella asiatica, and its protective pharmacological activities have been reported in various disease models. This study is aimed at investigating the protective effects of AA and the underlying mechanisms in MIRI. To achieve this goal, an animal model of MIRI in vivo and a cell model of oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) in vitro were established. The results show that AA exerts a protective effect on MIRI by improving cardiac function and reducing cardiomyocyte damage. Due to its antioxidant properties, AA alleviates mitochondrial oxidative stress, as evidenced by the stable mitochondrial structure, maintained mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and reduced ROS generation, otherwise due to its antiapoptotic properties. AA inhibits the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/mitochondria-dependent apoptosis pathway, as evidenced by the limited phosphorylation of p38-MAPK and JNK-MAPK, balanced proportion of Bcl-2/Bax, reduced cytochrome c release, inhibition of caspase cascade, and reduced apoptosis. In conclusion, our study confirms that AA exerts cardiac-protective effects by regulating ROS-induced oxidative stress via the MAPK/mitochondria-dependent apoptosis pathway; the results provide new evidence that AA may represent a potential treatment for CHD patients.
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Abramczyk H, Brozek-Pluska B, Kopeć M. Double face of cytochrome c in cancers by Raman imaging. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2120. [PMID: 35136078 PMCID: PMC8826388 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-04803-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome c (Cyt c) is a key protein that is needed to maintain life (respiration) and cell death (apoptosis). The dual-function of Cyt c comes from its capability to act as mitochondrial redox carrier that transfers electrons between the membrane-embedded complexes III and IV and to serve as a cytoplasmic apoptosis-triggering agent, activating the caspase cascade. However, the precise roles of Cyt c in mitochondria, cytoplasm and extracellular matrix under normal and pathological conditions are not completely understood. To date, no pathway of Cyt c release that results in caspase activation has been compellingly demonstrated in any invertebrate. The significance of mitochondrial dysfunctionality has not been studied in ductal carcinoma to the best of our knowledge. We used Raman spectroscopy and imaging to monitor changes in the redox state of the mitochondrial cytochromes in ex vivo surgically resected specimens of human breast tissues, and in vitro human breast cells of normal cells (MCF 10A), slightly malignant cells (MCF7) and highly aggressive cells (MDA-MB-231). We showed that Raman imaging provides insight into the biology of human breast ductal cancer. Here we show that proper concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids, saturated fatty acids, cardiolipin and Cyt c is critical in the correct breast ductal functioning and constitutes an important parameter to assess breast epithelial cells integrity and homeostasis. We look inside human breast ducts by Raman imaging answering fundamental questions about location and distribution of various biochemical components inside the lumen, epithelial cells of the duct and the extracellular matrix around the cancer duct during cancer development in situ. Our results show that human breast cancers demonstrate a redox imbalance compared to normal tissue. The reduced cytochrome c is upregulated in all stages of cancers development. The results of the paper shed light on a largely non-investigated issues regarding cytochromes and mitochondrial function in electron transfer chain. We found in histopathologically controlled breast cancer duct that Cyt c, cardiolipin, and palmitic acid are the main components inside the lumen of cancerous duct in situ. The presented results show direct evidence that Cyt c is released to the lumen from the epithelial cells in cancerous duct. In contrast the lumen in normal duct is empty and free of Cyt c. Our results demonstrate how Cyt c is likely to function in cancer development. We anticipate our results to be a starting point for more sophisticated in vitro and in vivo animal models. For example, the correlation between concentration of Cyt c and cancer grade could be tested in various types of cancer. Furthermore, Cyt c is a target of anti-cancer drug development and a well-defined and quantitative Raman based assay for oxidative phosphorylation and apoptosis will be relevant for such developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Abramczyk
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Laboratory of Laser Molecular Spectroscopy, Lodz University of Technology, Wroblewskiego 15, 93-590, Lodz, Poland.
| | - B Brozek-Pluska
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Laboratory of Laser Molecular Spectroscopy, Lodz University of Technology, Wroblewskiego 15, 93-590, Lodz, Poland
| | - M Kopeć
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Laboratory of Laser Molecular Spectroscopy, Lodz University of Technology, Wroblewskiego 15, 93-590, Lodz, Poland
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44
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Martinvalet D, Walch M. Editorial: The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Protective Immunity. Front Immunol 2022; 12:832946. [PMID: 35145515 PMCID: PMC8821872 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.832946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Denis Martinvalet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
- *Correspondence: Denis Martinvalet, ; Michael Walch,
| | - Michael Walch
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Anatomy Unit, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Denis Martinvalet, ; Michael Walch,
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Kumar N, Yadav M, Kumar A, Kadian M, Kumar S. Neuroprotective effect of hesperidin and its combination with coenzyme Q10 on an animal model of ketamine-induced psychosis: behavioral changes, mitochondrial dysfunctions, and oxidative stress. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-022-00402-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Psychosis is a complex mental illness divided by positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and cognitive decline. Clinically available medicines are associated with some serious side effects which limit their use. Treatment with flavonoids has been associated with delayed onset and development, decreased risk, or increased improvement of various neuropsychiatric disorders including psychosis with negligible side effects.
Therefore, the present study was aimed to investigate the protective effects of hesperidin (flavonoid) alone or its combination with coenzyme Q10 against ketamine-induced psychotic symptoms in mice.
Results
Ketamine (50 mg/kg, i.p.) was given for 21 days to induce psychosis in Laca mice of either sex. Locomotor activity and stereotypic behaviors, immobility duration (forced swim test), and increased transfer latency (elevated plus maze) were performed to test the effect of hesperidin (50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, p.o.) and coenzyme Q10 (20 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg, p.o.) and combination of hesperidin + coenzyme Q10 followed by biochemical and mitochondrial complexes assays. For 21 days, ketamine (50 mg/kg, i.p.) administration significantly produced increased locomotor activity and stereotypic behaviors (positive symptoms), increased immobility duration (negative symptoms) and cognitive deficits (increases transfer latency) weakens oxidative defense and mitochondrial function. Further, 21 days’ administration of hesperidin and coenzyme Q10 significantly reversed the ketamine-induced psychotic behavioral changes and biochemical alterations and mitochondrial dysfunction in the discrete areas (prefrontal cortex and hippocampus) of mice brains. The potential effect of these drugs was comparable to olanzapine treatment. Moreover, the combination of hesperidin with coenzyme Q10 and or a combination of hesperidin + coenzyme Q10 + olanzapine treatment did not produce a significant effect compared to their per se effect in ketamine-treated animals.
Conclusions
The study revealed that hesperidin alone or in combination with coenzyme Q10 could reduce psychotic symptoms and improve mitochondrial functions and antioxidant systems in mice, suggesting neuroprotective effects against psychosis.
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Screening of Apoptosis Pathway-Mediated Anti-Proliferative Activity of the Phytochemical Compound Furanodienone against Human Non-Small Lung Cancer A-549 Cells. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12010114. [PMID: 35054507 PMCID: PMC8779876 DOI: 10.3390/life12010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Furanodienone (FDN), a major bioactive component of sesquiterpenes produced from Rhizoma Curcumae, has been repeatedly acknowledged for its intrinsic anticancer efficacy against different types of cancer. In this study, we aimed to investigate the cytotoxic potential of furanodienone against human lung cancer (NSCLC A549) cells in vitro, as well as its underlying molecular mechanisms in the induction of apoptosis. Herein, we found that FDN significantly inhibited the proliferation of A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, treatment with FDN potentially triggered apoptosis in A549 cells via not only disrupting the nuclear morphology, but by activating capsase-9 and caspase-3 with concomitant modulation of the pro- and antiapoptotic gene expression as well. Furthermore, FDN revealed its competence in inducing cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase in A549 cells, which was associated with decreased expression of cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), along with increased expression of CDK inhibitor p21Cip1. Intriguingly, FDN treatment efficiently downregulated the Wnt signaling pathway, which was correlated with increased apoptosis, as well as cell cycle arrest, in A549 cells. Collectively, FDN might represent a promising adjuvant therapy for the management of lung cancer.
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Schneider AM, Özsoy M, Zimmermann FA, Brunner SM, Feichtinger RG, Mayr JA, Kofler B, Neureiter D, Klieser E, Aigner E, Schütz S, Stummer N, Sperl W, Weghuber D. Expression of Oxidative Phosphorylation Complexes and Mitochondrial Mass in Pediatric and Adult Inflammatory Bowel Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:9151169. [PMID: 35035669 PMCID: PMC8758306 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9151169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is a multifactorial intestinal disorder but its precise etiology remains elusive. As the cells of the intestinal mucosa have high energy demands, mitochondria may play a role in IBD pathogenesis. The present study is aimed at evaluating the expression levels of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes in IBD. Material and Methods. 286 intestinal biopsy samples from the terminal ileum, ascending colon, and rectum from 124 probands (34 CD, 33 UC, and 57 controls) were stained immunohistochemically for all five OXPHOS complexes and the voltage-dependent anion-selective channel 1 protein (VDAC1 or porin). Expression levels were compared in multivariate models including disease stage (CD and UC compared to controls) and age (pediatric/adult). RESULTS Analysis of the terminal ileum of CD patients revealed a significant reduction of complex II compared to controls, and a trend to lower levels was evident for VDAC1 and the other OXPHOS complexes except complex III. A similar pattern was found in the rectum of UC patients: VDAC1, complex I, complex II, and complex IV were all significantly reduced, and complex III and V showed a trend to lower levels. Reductions were more prominent in older patients compared to pediatric patients and more marked in UC than CD. CONCLUSION A reduced mitochondrial mass is present in UC and CD compared to controls. This is potentially a result of alterations of mitochondrial biogenesis or mitophagy. Reductions were more pronounced in older patients compared to pediatric patients, and more prominent in UC than CD. Complex I and II are more severely compromised than the other OXPHOS complexes. This has potential therapeutic implications, since treatments boosting biogenesis or influencing mitophagy could be beneficial for IBD treatment. Additionally, substances specifically stimulating complex I activity should be tested in IBD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M. Schneider
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Mihriban Özsoy
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Franz A. Zimmermann
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Susanne M. Brunner
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - René G. Feichtinger
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Johannes A. Mayr
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniel Neureiter
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Eckhard Klieser
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Elmar Aigner
- First Department of Medicine, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sebastian Schütz
- Department of Mathematics, Paris Lodron University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Nathalie Stummer
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sperl
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniel Weghuber
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
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Geng Y, Xiang J, Shao S, Tang J, Shen Y. Mitochondria-targeted polymer-celastrol conjugate with enhanced anticancer efficacy. J Control Release 2022; 342:122-133. [PMID: 34998913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Celastrol, a natural triterpene extracted from traditional Chinese medicine, shows anticancer effects on various cancer cells. However, its poor water-solubility, short plasma half-life, and high systemic toxicity impede its applications in vivo, necessitating a stable drug delivery system to overcome these critical drawbacks. We present here a block copolymer, poly(2-(N-oxide-N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)-block-poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (OPDMA-HEMA), as the carrier for celastrol delivery. The amphiphilic polymer-celastrol conjugate can self-assemble into nanoparticles in aqueous solutions. The OPDMA outer shell confers the nanoparticles with improved pharmacokinetics and efficient mitochondria targeting capacity, and profoundly potentiates celastrol's induction of immunogenic cell death, which collectively contribute to the enhanced therapeutic effects of celastrol in vivo. This mitochondria-targeted polymer-celastrol conjugate may promise the applications of celastrol in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Geng
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart BioMaterials and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China; Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jiajia Xiang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart BioMaterials and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China; Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Shiqun Shao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart BioMaterials and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China; Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Jianbin Tang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart BioMaterials and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China; Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Youqing Shen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart BioMaterials and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China; Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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Excretory-secretory product of Trichinella spiralis inhibits tumor cell growth by regulating the immune response and inducing apoptosis. Acta Trop 2022; 225:106172. [PMID: 34627760 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The excretory-secretory product (ESP) of Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) has been reported to inhibit the growth of various tumor cells, but the mechanism is not yet clear. To explore the effect and mechanism of ESP on liver cancer cells, tumor models were established with H22 cells and then infected with T. spiralis. The results showed that the growth of tumors in mice infected with T. spiralis was significantly inhibited. ESP from adult worms or muscle larvae were then incubated with H22 cells in vitro, and it was found that the ESP could inhibit cell proliferation and promote apoptosis. Subsequently, apoptosis-related proteins in stimulated H22 cells were evaluated, and ESP was found to induce cell apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway. Additionally, Th-related cytokines were investigated in vivo, and the results showed that the levels of Th1 cytokines were significantly increased in the early stage of T. spiralis infection, while Th2 cytokines increased later than Th1 cytokines, implying that Th1 cytokines with antitumor effects may play a role in inhibiting tumor growth at early stage. In short, ESP can directly induce tumor cell apoptosis and indirectly inhibit tumor cell growth through the host immune system, which may be the antitumor mechanism of T. spiralis infection.
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50
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Li JL, Lin TY, Chen PL, Guo TN, Huang SY, Chen CH, Lin CH, Chan CC. Mitochondrial Function and Parkinson's Disease: From the Perspective of the Electron Transport Chain. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:797833. [PMID: 34955747 PMCID: PMC8695848 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.797833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is known as a mitochondrial disease. Some even regarded it specifically as a disorder of the complex I of the electron transport chain (ETC). The ETC is fundamental for mitochondrial energy production which is essential for neuronal health. In the past two decades, more than 20 PD-associated genes have been identified. Some are directly involved in mitochondrial functions, such as PRKN, PINK1, and DJ-1. While other PD-associate genes, such as LRRK2, SNCA, and GBA1, regulate lysosomal functions, lipid metabolism, or protein aggregation, some have been shown to indirectly affect the electron transport chain. The recent identification of CHCHD2 and UQCRC1 that are critical for functions of complex IV and complex III, respectively, provide direct evidence that PD is more than just a complex I disorder. Like UQCRC1 in preventing cytochrome c from release, functions of ETC proteins beyond oxidative phosphorylation might also contribute to the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeng-Lin Li
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Lo-Hsu Medical Foundation, Lotung Poh-Ai Hospital, Yilan County, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Yi Lin
- College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Lin Chen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Ni Guo
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yi Huang
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hong Chen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hsien Lin
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chiang Chan
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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