1
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Wu SHS, Kim S, Lee H, Lee JH, Park SY, Bakonyi R, Teriyapirom I, Hallay N, Pilat-Carotta S, Theussl HC, Kim J, Lee JH, Simons BD, Kim JK, Colozza G, Koo BK. Red2Flpe-SCON: a versatile, multicolor strategy for generating mosaic conditional knockout mice. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4963. [PMID: 38862535 PMCID: PMC11166929 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49382-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Image-based lineage tracing enables tissue turnover kinetics and lineage potentials of different adult cell populations to be investigated. Previously, we reported a genetic mouse model system, Red2Onco, which ectopically expressed mutated oncogenes together with red fluorescent proteins (RFP). This system enabled the expansion kinetics and neighboring effects of oncogenic clones to be dissected. We now report Red2Flpe-SCON: a mosaic knockout system that uses multicolor reporters to label both mutant and wild-type cells. We develop the Red2Flpe mouse line for red clone-specific Flpe expression, as well as the FRT-based SCON (Short Conditional IntrON) method to facilitate tunable conditional mosaic knockouts in mice. We use the Red2Flpe-SCON method to study Sox2 mutant clonal analysis in the esophageal epithelium of adult mice which reveal that the stem cell gene, Sox2, is less essential for adult stem cell maintenance itself, but rather for stem cell proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Hsien Sam Wu
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Somi Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Heetak Lee
- Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Science, Expo-ro 55, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Lee
- Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Science, Expo-ro 55, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Yeon Park
- Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Science, Expo-ro 55, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Réka Bakonyi
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Isaree Teriyapirom
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Natalia Hallay
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandra Pilat-Carotta
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Jihoon Kim
- Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Science, Expo-ro 55, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, South Korea
| | - Joo-Hyeon Lee
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Benjamin D Simons
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge, CB3 0WA, UK
| | - Jong Kyoung Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Gabriele Colozza
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Bon-Kyoung Koo
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Science, Expo-ro 55, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Garcia-Gonzalez I, Rocha SF, Hamidi A, Garcia-Ortega L, Regano A, Sanchez-Muñoz MS, Lytvyn M, Garcia-Cabero A, Roig-Soucase S, Schoofs H, Castro M, Sabata H, Potente M, Graupera M, Makinen T, Benedito R. iSuRe-HadCre is an essential tool for effective conditional genetics. Nucleic Acids Res 2024:gkae472. [PMID: 38850155 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Methods for modifying gene function at high spatiotemporal resolution in mice have revolutionized biomedical research, with Cre-loxP being the most widely used technology. However, the Cre-loxP technology has several drawbacks, including weak activity, leakiness, toxicity, and low reliability of existing Cre-reporters. This is mainly because different genes flanked by loxP sites (floxed) vary widely in their sensitivity to Cre-mediated recombination. Here, we report the generation, validation, and utility of iSuRe-HadCre, a new dual Cre-reporter and deleter mouse line that avoids these drawbacks. iSuRe-HadCre achieves this through a novel inducible dual-recombinase genetic cascade that ensures that cells expressing a fluorescent reporter had only transient Cre activity, that is nonetheless sufficient to effectively delete floxed genes. iSuRe-HadCre worked reliably in all cell types and for the 13 floxed genes tested. This new tool will enable the precise, efficient, and trustworthy analysis of gene function in entire mouse tissues or in single cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Garcia-Gonzalez
- Molecular Genetics of Angiogenesis Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana F Rocha
- Molecular Genetics of Angiogenesis Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Anahita Hamidi
- Molecular Genetics of Angiogenesis Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lourdes Garcia-Ortega
- Molecular Genetics of Angiogenesis Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alvaro Regano
- Molecular Genetics of Angiogenesis Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria S Sanchez-Muñoz
- Molecular Genetics of Angiogenesis Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariya Lytvyn
- Molecular Genetics of Angiogenesis Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Aroa Garcia-Cabero
- Molecular Genetics of Angiogenesis Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergi Roig-Soucase
- Molecular Genetics of Angiogenesis Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Hans Schoofs
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marco Castro
- Angiogenesis & Metabolism Laboratory, Center of Vascular Biomedicine, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helena Sabata
- Endothelial Pathobiology and Microenviroment Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Michael Potente
- Angiogenesis & Metabolism Laboratory, Center of Vascular Biomedicine, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mariona Graupera
- Endothelial Pathobiology and Microenviroment Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. de Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- ICREA, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Taija Makinen
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
- Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Research Programs Unit, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Wihuri Research Institute, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rui Benedito
- Molecular Genetics of Angiogenesis Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
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3
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Lin B, Shah VS, Chernoff C, Sun J, Shipkovenska GG, Vinarsky V, Waghray A, Xu J, Leduc AD, Hintschich CA, Surve MV, Xu Y, Capen DE, Villoria J, Dou Z, Hariri LP, Rajagopal J. Airway hillocks are injury-resistant reservoirs of unique plastic stem cells. Nature 2024; 629:869-877. [PMID: 38693267 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07377-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Airway hillocks are stratified epithelial structures of unknown function1. Hillocks persist for months and have a unique population of basal stem cells that express genes associated with barrier function and cell adhesion. Hillock basal stem cells continually replenish overlying squamous barrier cells. They exhibit dramatically higher turnover than the abundant, largely quiescent classic pseudostratified airway epithelium. Hillocks resist a remarkably broad spectrum of injuries, including toxins, infection, acid and physical injury because hillock squamous cells shield underlying hillock basal stem cells from injury. Hillock basal stem cells are capable of massive clonal expansion that is sufficient to resurface denuded airway, and eventually regenerate normal airway epithelium with each of its six component cell types. Hillock basal stem cells preferentially stratify and keratinize in the setting of retinoic acid signalling inhibition, a known cause of squamous metaplasia2,3. Here we show that mouse hillock expansion is the cause of vitamin A deficiency-induced squamous metaplasia. Finally, we identify human hillocks whose basal stem cells generate functional squamous barrier structures in culture. The existence of hillocks reframes our understanding of airway epithelial regeneration. Furthermore, we show that hillocks are one origin of 'squamous metaplasia', which is long thought to be a precursor of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Lin
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Viral S Shah
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chaim Chernoff
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Developmental and Regenerative Biology Program, Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jiawei Sun
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gergana G Shipkovenska
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Vladimir Vinarsky
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Avinash Waghray
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jiajie Xu
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew D Leduc
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Constantin A Hintschich
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Manalee Vishnu Surve
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yanxin Xu
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Diane E Capen
- Program in Membrane Biology and Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jorge Villoria
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Zhixun Dou
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lida P Hariri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jayaraj Rajagopal
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Developmental and Regenerative Biology Program, Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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4
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Manso BA, Rodriguez y Baena A, Forsberg EC. From Hematopoietic Stem Cells to Platelets: Unifying Differentiation Pathways Identified by Lineage Tracing Mouse Models. Cells 2024; 13:704. [PMID: 38667319 PMCID: PMC11048769 DOI: 10.3390/cells13080704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Platelets are the terminal progeny of megakaryocytes, primarily produced in the bone marrow, and play critical roles in blood homeostasis, clotting, and wound healing. Traditionally, megakaryocytes and platelets are thought to arise from multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) via multiple discrete progenitor populations with successive, lineage-restricting differentiation steps. However, this view has recently been challenged by studies suggesting that (1) some HSC clones are biased and/or restricted to the platelet lineage, (2) not all platelet generation follows the "canonical" megakaryocytic differentiation path of hematopoiesis, and (3) platelet output is the default program of steady-state hematopoiesis. Here, we specifically investigate the evidence that in vivo lineage tracing studies provide for the route(s) of platelet generation and investigate the involvement of various intermediate progenitor cell populations. We further identify the challenges that need to be overcome that are required to determine the presence, role, and kinetics of these possible alternate pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce A. Manso
- Institute for the Biology of Stem Cells, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Alessandra Rodriguez y Baena
- Institute for the Biology of Stem Cells, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
- Program in Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - E. Camilla Forsberg
- Institute for the Biology of Stem Cells, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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5
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Lin A, Brittan M, Baker AH, Dimmeler S, Fisher EA, Sluimer JC, Misra A. Clonal Expansion in Cardiovascular Pathology. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2024; 9:120-144. [PMID: 38362345 PMCID: PMC10864919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2023.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Clonal expansion refers to the proliferation and selection of advantageous "clones" that are better suited for survival in a Darwinian manner. In recent years, we have greatly enhanced our understanding of cell clonality in the cardiovascular context. However, our knowledge of the underlying mechanisms behind this clonal selection is still severely limited. There is a transpiring pattern of clonal expansion of smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells-and, in some cases, macrophages-in numerous cardiovascular diseases irrespective of their differing microenvironments. These findings indirectly suggest the possible existence of stem-like vascular cells which are primed to respond during disease. Subsequent clones may undergo further phenotypic changes to adopt either protective or detrimental roles. By investigating these clone-forming vascular cells, we may be able to harness this inherent clonal nature for future therapeutic intervention. This review comprehensively discusses what is currently known about clonal expansion across the cardiovascular field. Comparisons of the clonal nature of vascular cells in atherosclerosis (including clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential), pulmonary hypertension, aneurysm, blood vessel injury, ischemia- and tumor-induced angiogenesis, and cerebral cavernous malformations are evaluated. Finally, we discuss the potential clinical implications of these findings and propose that proper understanding and specific targeting of these clonal cells may provide unique therapeutic options for the treatment of these cardiovascular conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lin
- Atherosclerosis and Vascular Remodeling Group, Heart Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mairi Brittan
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew H. Baker
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Stefanie Dimmeler
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Berlin, Germany
- Cardiopulmonary Institute, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Edward A. Fisher
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Judith C. Sluimer
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ashish Misra
- Atherosclerosis and Vascular Remodeling Group, Heart Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Heart Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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6
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Kim IS. DNA Barcoding Technology for Lineage Recording and Tracing to Resolve Cell Fate Determination. Cells 2023; 13:27. [PMID: 38201231 PMCID: PMC10778210 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In various biological contexts, cells receive signals and stimuli that prompt them to change their current state, leading to transitions into a future state. This change underlies the processes of development, tissue maintenance, immune response, and the pathogenesis of various diseases. Following the path of cells from their initial identity to their current state reveals how cells adapt to their surroundings and undergo transformations to attain adjusted cellular states. DNA-based molecular barcoding technology enables the documentation of a phylogenetic tree and the deterministic events of cell lineages, providing the mechanisms and timing of cell lineage commitment that can either promote homeostasis or lead to cellular dysregulation. This review comprehensively presents recently emerging molecular recording technologies that utilize CRISPR/Cas systems, base editing, recombination, and innate variable sequences in the genome. Detailing their underlying principles, applications, and constraints paves the way for the lineage tracing of every cell within complex biological systems, encompassing the hidden steps and intermediate states of organism development and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ik Soo Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
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7
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Guild J, Juul NH, Andalon A, Taenaka H, Coffey RJ, Matthay MA, Desai TJ. Evidence for lung barrier regeneration by differentiation prior to binucleated and stem cell division. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202212088. [PMID: 37843535 PMCID: PMC10579698 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202212088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
With each breath, oxygen diffuses across remarkably thin alveolar type I (AT1) cells into underlying capillaries. Interspersed cuboidal AT2 cells produce surfactant and act as stem cells. Even transient disruption of this delicate barrier can promote capillary leak. Here, we selectively ablated AT1 cells, which uncovered rapid AT2 cell flattening with near-continuous barrier preservation, culminating in AT1 differentiation. Proliferation subsequently restored depleted AT2 cells in two phases, mitosis of binucleated AT2 cells followed by replication of mononucleated AT2 cells. M phase entry of binucleated and S phase entry of mononucleated cells were both triggered by AT1-produced hbEGF signaling via EGFR to Wnt-active AT2 cells. Repeated AT1 cell killing elicited exuberant AT2 proliferation, generating aberrant daughter cells that ceased surfactant function yet failed to achieve AT1 differentiation. This hyperplasia eventually resolved, yielding normal-appearing alveoli. Overall, this specialized regenerative program confers a delicate simple epithelium with functional resiliency on par with the physical durability of thicker, pseudostratified, or stratified epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Guild
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas H. Juul
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andres Andalon
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hiroki Taenaka
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert J. Coffey
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Michael A. Matthay
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tushar J. Desai
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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8
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Ha YJ, Kang S, Kim J, Kim J, Jo SY, Kim S. Comprehensive benchmarking and guidelines of mosaic variant calling strategies. Nat Methods 2023; 20:2058-2067. [PMID: 37828153 PMCID: PMC10703685 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-023-02043-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Rapid advances in sequencing and analysis technologies have enabled the accurate detection of diverse forms of genomic variants represented as heterozygous, homozygous and mosaic mutations. However, the best practices for mosaic variant calling remain disorganized owing to the technical and conceptual difficulties faced in evaluation. Here we present our benchmark of 11 feasible mosaic variant detection approaches based on a systematically designed whole-exome-level reference standard that mimics mosaic samples, supported by 354,258 control positive mosaic single-nucleotide variants and insertion-deletion mutations and 33,111,725 control negatives. We identified not only the best practice for mosaic variant detection but also the condition-dependent strengths and weaknesses of the current methods. Furthermore, feature-level evaluation and their combinatorial usage across multiple algorithms direct the way for immediate to prolonged improvements in mosaic variant detection. Our results will guide researchers in selecting suitable calling algorithms and suggest future strategies for developers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo-Jin Ha
- Translational Genome Informatics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Systems Informatics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungseok Kang
- Translational Genome Informatics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Systems Informatics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisoo Kim
- Translational Genome Informatics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Systems Informatics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhan Kim
- Translational Genome Informatics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Systems Informatics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Young Jo
- Translational Genome Informatics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Systems Informatics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwoo Kim
- Translational Genome Informatics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Systems Informatics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- POSTECH Biotechnology Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Chatterjee M, Evans MK, Bell R, Nguyen PK, Kamalitdinov TB, Korntner S, Kuo CK, Dyment NA, Andarawis-Puri N. Histological and immunohistochemical guide to tendon tissue. J Orthop Res 2023; 41:2114-2132. [PMID: 37321983 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tendons are unique dense connective tissues with discrete zones having specific structure and function. They are juxtaposed with other tissues (e.g., bone, muscle, and fat) with different compositional, structural, and mechanical properties. Additionally, tendon properties change drastically with growth and development, disease, aging, and injury. Consequently, there are unique challenges to performing high quality histological assessment of this tissue. To address this need, histological assessment was one of the breakout session topics at the 2022 Orthopaedic Research Society (ORS) Tendon Conference hosted at the University of Pennsylvania. The purpose of the breakout session was to discuss needs from members of the ORS Tendon Section related to histological procedures, data presentation, knowledge dissemination, and guidelines for future work. Therefore, this review provides a brief overview of the outcomes of this discussion and provides a set of guidelines, based on the perspectives from our laboratories, for histological assessment to assist researchers in their quest to utilize these techniques to enhance the outcomes and interpretations of their studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monideepa Chatterjee
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Mary K Evans
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rebecca Bell
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Phong K Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Timur B Kamalitdinov
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stefanie Korntner
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Catherine K Kuo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nathaniel A Dyment
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nelly Andarawis-Puri
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
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10
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Zarkada G, Chen X, Zhou X, Lange M, Zeng L, Lv W, Zhang X, Li Y, Zhou W, Liu K, Chen D, Ricard N, Liao JK, Kim YB, Benedito R, Claesson-Welsh L, Alitalo K, Simons M, Ju R, Li X, Eichmann A, Zhang F. Chylomicrons Regulate Lacteal Permeability and Intestinal Lipid Absorption. Circ Res 2023; 133:333-349. [PMID: 37462027 PMCID: PMC10530007 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.123.322607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphatic vessels are responsible for tissue drainage, and their malfunction is associated with chronic diseases. Lymph uptake occurs via specialized open cell-cell junctions between capillary lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), whereas closed junctions in collecting LECs prevent lymph leakage. LEC junctions are known to dynamically remodel in development and disease, but how lymphatic permeability is regulated remains poorly understood. METHODS We used various genetically engineered mouse models in combination with cellular, biochemical, and molecular biology approaches to elucidate the signaling pathways regulating junction morphology and function in lymphatic capillaries. RESULTS By studying the permeability of intestinal lacteal capillaries to lipoprotein particles known as chylomicrons, we show that ROCK (Rho-associated kinase)-dependent cytoskeletal contractility is a fundamental mechanism of LEC permeability regulation. We show that chylomicron-derived lipids trigger neonatal lacteal junction opening via ROCK-dependent contraction of junction-anchored stress fibers. LEC-specific ROCK deletion abolished junction opening and plasma lipid uptake. Chylomicrons additionally inhibited VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor)-A signaling. We show that VEGF-A antagonizes LEC junction opening via VEGFR (VEGF receptor) 2 and VEGFR3-dependent PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase)/AKT (protein kinase B) activation of the small GTPase RAC1 (Rac family small GTPase 1), thereby restricting RhoA (Ras homolog family member A)/ROCK-mediated cytoskeleton contraction. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal that antagonistic inputs into ROCK-dependent cytoskeleton contractions regulate the interconversion of lymphatic junctions in the intestine and in other tissues, providing a tunable mechanism to control the lymphatic barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Zarkada
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510-3221, USA
| | - Xun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xuetong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Martin Lange
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510-3221, USA
| | - Lei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Wenyu Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yunhua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Weibin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Keli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Dongying Chen
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510-3221, USA
| | - Nicolas Ricard
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510-3221, USA
| | - James K. Liao
- University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Banner University Medical Center, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Young-Bum Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rui Benedito
- Molecular Genetics of Angiogenesis Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid E28029, Spain
| | - Lena Claesson-Welsh
- Uppsala University, Rudbeck, SciLifeLab and Beijer Laboratories, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael Simons
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510-3221, USA
| | - Rong Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xuri Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Anne Eichmann
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510-3221, USA
- INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
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11
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Stevenson ZC, Moerdyk-Schauwecker MJ, Banse SA, Patel DS, Lu H, Phillips PC. High-throughput library transgenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans via Transgenic Arrays Resulting in Diversity of Integrated Sequences (TARDIS). eLife 2023; 12:RP84831. [PMID: 37401921 PMCID: PMC10328503 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
High-throughput transgenesis using synthetic DNA libraries is a powerful method for systematically exploring genetic function. Diverse synthesized libraries have been used for protein engineering, identification of protein-protein interactions, characterization of promoter libraries, developmental and evolutionary lineage tracking, and various other exploratory assays. However, the need for library transgenesis has effectively restricted these approaches to single-cell models. Here, we present Transgenic Arrays Resulting in Diversity of Integrated Sequences (TARDIS), a simple yet powerful approach to large-scale transgenesis that overcomes typical limitations encountered in multicellular systems. TARDIS splits the transgenesis process into a two-step process: creation of individuals carrying experimentally introduced sequence libraries, followed by inducible extraction and integration of individual sequences/library components from the larger library cassette into engineered genomic sites. Thus, transformation of a single individual, followed by lineage expansion and functional transgenesis, gives rise to thousands of genetically unique transgenic individuals. We demonstrate the power of this system using engineered, split selectable TARDIS sites in Caenorhabditis elegans to generate (1) a large set of individually barcoded lineages and (2) transcriptional reporter lines from predefined promoter libraries. We find that this approach increases transformation yields up to approximately 1000-fold over current single-step methods. While we demonstrate the utility of TARDIS using C. elegans, in principle the process is adaptable to any system where experimentally generated genomic loci landing pads and diverse, heritable DNA elements can be generated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephen A Banse
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
| | - Dhaval S Patel
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaUnited States
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaUnited States
| | - Hang Lu
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaUnited States
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaUnited States
| | - Patrick C Phillips
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
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12
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Fernández-Chacón M, Mühleder S, Regano A, Garcia-Ortega L, Rocha SF, Torroja C, Sanchez-Muñoz MS, Lytvyn M, Casquero-Garcia V, De Andrés-Laguillo M, Muhl L, Orlich MM, Gaengel K, Camafeita E, Vázquez J, Benguría A, Iruela-Arispe ML, Dopazo A, Sánchez-Cabo F, Carter H, Benedito R. Incongruence between transcriptional and vascular pathophysiological cell states. NATURE CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH 2023; 2:2023530-549. [PMID: 37745941 PMCID: PMC7615119 DOI: 10.1038/s44161-023-00272-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The Notch pathway is a major regulator of endothelial transcriptional specification. Targeting the Notch receptors or Delta-like ligand 4 (Dll4) dysregulates angiogenesis. Here, by analyzing single and compound genetic mutants for all Notch signaling members, we find significant differences in the way ligands and receptors regulate liver vascular homeostasis. Loss of Notch receptors caused endothelial hypermitogenic cell-cycle arrest and senescence. Conversely, Dll4 loss triggered a strong Myc-driven transcriptional switch inducing endothelial proliferation and the tip-cell state. Myc loss suppressed the induction of angiogenesis in the absence of Dll4, without preventing the vascular enlargement and organ pathology. Similarly, inhibition of other pro-angiogenic pathways, including MAPK/ERK and mTOR, had no effect on the vascular expansion induced by Dll4 loss; however, anti-VEGFA treatment prevented it without fully suppressing the transcriptional and metabolic programs. This study shows incongruence between single-cell transcriptional states, vascular phenotypes and related pathophysiology. Our findings also suggest that the vascular structure abnormalization, rather than neoplasms, causes the reported anti-Dll4 antibody toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Fernández-Chacón
- Molecular Genetics of Angiogenesis Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, Seville, Spain
| | - Severin Mühleder
- Molecular Genetics of Angiogenesis Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alvaro Regano
- Molecular Genetics of Angiogenesis Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lourdes Garcia-Ortega
- Molecular Genetics of Angiogenesis Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana F. Rocha
- Molecular Genetics of Angiogenesis Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Torroja
- Bioinformatics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria S. Sanchez-Muñoz
- Molecular Genetics of Angiogenesis Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariya Lytvyn
- Molecular Genetics of Angiogenesis Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Casquero-Garcia
- Molecular Genetics of Angiogenesis Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Macarena De Andrés-Laguillo
- Molecular Genetics of Angiogenesis Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lars Muhl
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Michael M. Orlich
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Konstantin Gaengel
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emilio Camafeita
- Cardiovascular Proteomics Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Vázquez
- Cardiovascular Proteomics Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Benguría
- Genomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Luisa Iruela-Arispe
- Department of Cell and Development Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ana Dopazo
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
- Genomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fátima Sánchez-Cabo
- Bioinformatics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Hannah Carter
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rui Benedito
- Molecular Genetics of Angiogenesis Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
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13
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Villalba Requena A, Hippenmeyer S. Going back in time with TEMPO. Neuron 2023; 111:291-293. [PMID: 36731425 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this issue of Neuron, Espinosa-Medina et al.1 present the TEMPO (Temporal Encoding and Manipulation in a Predefined Order) system, which enables the marking and genetic manipulation of sequentially generated cell lineages in vertebrate species in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Villalba Requena
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Simon Hippenmeyer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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14
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Cai H, Winslow MM. A new system for multiplexed mosaic analysis of gene function in the mouse. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2022; 2:100295. [PMID: 36160047 PMCID: PMC9499980 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In a recent issue of Cell, Liu et al. present an innovative mouse model system in which Cre/lox stochastically turns on transgenic expression of one out of up to 100 sgRNAs in somatic cells, creating genetic mosaicism that enables the multiplexed assessment of gene function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchen Cai
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Monte M. Winslow
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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15
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Liu B, Jing Z, Zhang X, Chen Y, Mao S, Kaundal R, Zou Y, Wei G, Zang Y, Wang X, Lin W, Di M, Sun Y, Chen Q, Li Y, Xia J, Sun J, Lin CP, Huang X, Chi T. Large-scale multiplexed mosaic CRISPR perturbation in the whole organism. Cell 2022; 185:3008-3024.e16. [PMID: 35870449 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report inducible mosaic animal for perturbation (iMAP), a transgenic platform enabling in situ CRISPR targeting of at least 100 genes in parallel throughout the mouse body. iMAP combines Cre-loxP and CRISPR-Cas9 technologies and utilizes a germline-transmitted transgene carrying a large array of individually floxed, tandemly linked gRNA-coding units. Cre-mediated recombination triggers expression of all the gRNAs in the array but only one of them per cell, converting the mice to mosaic organisms suitable for phenotypic characterization and also for high-throughput derivation of conventional single-gene perturbation lines via breeding. Using gRNA representation as a readout, we mapped a miniature Perturb-Atlas cataloging the perturbations of 90 genes across 39 tissues, which yields rich insights into context-dependent gene functions and provides a glimpse of the potential of iMAP in genome decoding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Zhengyu Jing
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yuxin Chen
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Shaoshuai Mao
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Ravinder Kaundal
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University Medical School, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yan Zou
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Ge Wei
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Ying Zang
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xinxin Wang
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wenyang Lin
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Minghui Di
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yiwen Sun
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Qin Chen
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yongqin Li
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Jing Xia
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Jianlong Sun
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Chao-Po Lin
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xingxu Huang
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Tian Chi
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University Medical School, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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16
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Kasatkina LA, Verkhusha VV. Transgenic mice encoding modern imaging probes: Properties and applications. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110845. [PMID: 35613592 PMCID: PMC9183799 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern biology is increasingly reliant on optical technologies, including visualization and longitudinal monitoring of cellular processes. The major limitation here is the availability of animal models to track the molecules and cells in their natural environment in vivo. Owing to the integrity of the studied tissue and the high stability of transgene expression throughout life, transgenic mice encoding fluorescent proteins and biosensors represent unique tools for in vivo studies in norm and pathology. We review the strategies for targeting probe expression in specific tissues, cell subtypes, or cellular compartments. We describe the application of transgenic mice expressing fluorescent proteins for tracking protein expression patterns, apoptotic events, tissue differentiation and regeneration, neurogenesis, tumorigenesis, and cell fate mapping. We overview the possibilities of functional imaging of secondary messengers, neurotransmitters, and ion fluxes. Finally, we provide the rationale and perspectives for the use of transgenic imaging probes in translational research and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila A Kasatkina
- Department of Genetics and Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Vladislav V Verkhusha
- Department of Genetics and Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland.
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17
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Multicolor strategies for investigating clonal expansion and tissue plasticity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:141. [PMID: 35187598 PMCID: PMC8858928 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04077-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the generation of complexity in living organisms requires the use of lineage tracing tools at a multicellular scale. In this review, we describe the different multicolor strategies focusing on mouse models expressing several fluorescent reporter proteins, generated by classical (MADM, Brainbow and its multiple derivatives) or acute (StarTrack, CLoNe, MAGIC Markers, iOn, viral vectors) transgenesis. After detailing the multi-reporter genetic strategies that serve as a basis for the establishment of these multicolor mouse models, we briefly mention other animal and cellular models (zebrafish, chicken, drosophila, iPSC) that also rely on these constructs. Then, we highlight practical applications of multicolor mouse models to better understand organogenesis at single progenitor scale (clonal analyses) in the brain and briefly in several other tissues (intestine, skin, vascular, hematopoietic and immune systems). In addition, we detail the critical contribution of multicolor fate mapping strategies in apprehending the fine cellular choreography underlying tissue morphogenesis in several models with a particular focus on brain cytoarchitecture in health and diseases. Finally, we present the latest technological advances in multichannel and in-depth imaging, and automated analyses that enable to better exploit the large amount of data generated from multicolored tissues.
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18
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Amberg N, Hippenmeyer S. Genetic mosaic dissection of candidate genes in mice using mosaic analysis with double markers. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:100939. [PMID: 34825212 PMCID: PMC8603308 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosaic analysis with double markers (MADM) technology enables the generation of genetic mosaic tissue in mice. MADM enables concomitant fluorescent cell labeling and introduction of a mutation of a gene of interest with single-cell resolution. This protocol highlights major steps for the generation of genetic mosaic tissue and the isolation and processing of respective tissues for downstream histological analysis. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Contreras et al. (2021). Generation of genetic mosaic mice using mosaic analysis with double markers (MADM) Tissue harvesting from experimental MADM mice Processing and imaging of MADM-labeled tissue Distinct analyses to assess cell-autonomous gene function in MADM mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Amberg
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Simon Hippenmeyer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
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19
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Shaligram SS, Zhang R, Zhu W, Ma L, Luo M, Li Q, Weiss M, Arnold T, Santander N, Liang R, do Prado L, Tang C, Pan F, Oh SP, Pan P, Su H. Bone Marrow-Derived Alk1 Mutant Endothelial Cells and Clonally Expanded Somatic Alk1 Mutant Endothelial Cells Contribute to the Development of Brain Arteriovenous Malformations in Mice. Transl Stroke Res 2021; 13:494-504. [PMID: 34674144 PMCID: PMC9021325 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-021-00955-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that deletion of activin receptor-like kinase 1 (Alk1) or endoglin in a fraction of endothelial cells (ECs) induces brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs) in adult mice upon angiogenic stimulation. Here, we addressed three related questions: (1) could Alk1- mutant bone marrow (BM)-derived ECs (BMDECs) cause bAVMs? (2) is Alk1- ECs clonally expended during bAVM development? and (3) is the number of mutant ECs correlates to bAVM severity? For the first question, we transplanted BM from PdgfbiCreER;Alk12f/2f mice (EC-specific tamoxifen-inducible Cre with Alk1-floxed alleles) into wild-type mice, and then induced bAVMs by intra-brain injection of an adeno-associated viral vector expressing vascular endothelial growth factor and intra-peritoneal injection of tamoxifen. For the second question, clonal expansion was analyzed using PdgfbiCreER;Alk12f/2f;confetti+/- mice. For the third question, we titrated tamoxifen to limit Alk1 deletion and compared the severity of bAVM in mice treated with low and high tamoxifen doses. We found that wild-type mice with PdgfbiCreER;Alk12f/2f BM developed bAVMs upon VEGF stimulation and Alk1 gene deletion in BMDECs. We also observed clusters of ECs expressing the same confetti color within bAVMs and significant proliferation of Alk1- ECs at early stage of bAVM development, suggesting that Alk1- ECs clonally expanded by local proliferation. Tamoxifen dose titration revealed a direct correlation between the number of Alk1- ECs and the burden of dysplastic vessels in bAVMs. These results provide novel insights for the understanding of the mechanism by which a small fraction of Alk1 or endoglin mutant ECs contribute to development of bAVMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali S Shaligram
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rui Zhang
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wan Zhu
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Li Ma
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Man Luo
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Miriam Weiss
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Arnold
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nicolas Santander
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rich Liang
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Leandro do Prado
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chaoliang Tang
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Felix Pan
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - S Paul Oh
- Barrow Aneurysm & AVM Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Peipei Pan
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hua Su
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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20
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Abstract
Lymphatic vessels maintain tissue fluid homeostasis by returning to blood circulation interstitial fluid that has extravasated from the blood capillaries. They provide a trafficking route for cells of the immune system, thus critically contributing to immune surveillance. Developmental or functional defects in the lymphatic vessels, their obstruction or damage, lead to accumulation of fluid in tissues, resulting in lymphedema. Here we discuss developmental lymphatic anomalies called lymphatic malformations and complex lymphatic anomalies that manifest as localized or multifocal lesions of the lymphatic vasculature, respectively. They are rare diseases that are caused mostly by somatic mutations and can present with variable symptoms based upon the size and location of the lesions composed of fluid-filled cisterns or channels. Substantial progress has been made recently in understanding the molecular basis of their pathogenesis through the identification of their genetic causes, combined with the elucidation of the underlying mechanisms in animal disease models and patient-derived lymphatic endothelial cells. Most of the solitary somatic mutations that cause lymphatic malformations and complex lymphatic anomalies occur in genes that encode components of oncogenic growth factor signal transduction pathways. This has led to successful repurposing of some targeted cancer therapeutics to the treatment of lymphatic malformations and complex lymphatic anomalies. Apart from the mutations that act as lymphatic endothelial cell-autonomous drivers of these anomalies, current evidence points to superimposed paracrine mechanisms that critically contribute to disease pathogenesis and thus provide additional targets for therapeutic intervention. Here, we review these advances and discuss new treatment strategies that are based on the recently identified molecular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taija Mäkinen
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden (T.M.)
| | - Laurence M Boon
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Center for Vascular Anomalies, Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium (L.M.B.).,Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium (L.M.B., M.V.)
| | - Miikka Vikkula
- Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium (L.M.B., M.V.).,Walloon Excellence in Lifesciences and Biotechnology, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium (M.V.)
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, Finland (K.A.)
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21
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Contreras X, Amberg N, Davaatseren A, Hansen AH, Sonntag J, Andersen L, Bernthaler T, Streicher C, Heger A, Johnson RL, Schwarz LA, Luo L, Rülicke T, Hippenmeyer S. A genome-wide library of MADM mice for single-cell genetic mosaic analysis. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109274. [PMID: 34161767 PMCID: PMC8317686 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosaic analysis with double markers (MADM) offers one approach to visualize and concomitantly manipulate genetically defined cells in mice with single-cell resolution. MADM applications include the analysis of lineage, single-cell morphology and physiology, genomic imprinting phenotypes, and dissection of cell-autonomous gene functions in vivo in health and disease. Yet, MADM can only be applied to <25% of all mouse genes on select chromosomes to date. To overcome this limitation, we generate transgenic mice with knocked-in MADM cassettes near the centromeres of all 19 autosomes and validate their use across organs. With this resource, >96% of the entire mouse genome can now be subjected to single-cell genetic mosaic analysis. Beyond a proof of principle, we apply our MADM library to systematically trace sister chromatid segregation in distinct mitotic cell lineages. We find striking chromosome-specific biases in segregation patterns, reflecting a putative mechanism for the asymmetric segregation of genetic determinants in somatic stem cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena Contreras
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Nicole Amberg
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Andi H Hansen
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Johanna Sonntag
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Lill Andersen
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tina Bernthaler
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Carmen Streicher
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Anna Heger
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Randy L Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lindsay A Schwarz
- HHMI and Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Liqun Luo
- HHMI and Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Thomas Rülicke
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Simon Hippenmeyer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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22
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Yum MK, Han S, Fink J, Wu SHS, Dabrowska C, Trendafilova T, Mustata R, Chatzeli L, Azzarelli R, Pshenichnaya I, Lee E, England F, Kim JK, Stange DE, Philpott A, Lee JH, Koo BK, Simons BD. Tracing oncogene-driven remodelling of the intestinal stem cell niche. Nature 2021; 594:442-447. [PMID: 34079126 PMCID: PMC7614896 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03605-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between tumour cells and the surrounding microenvironment contribute to tumour progression, metastasis and recurrence1-3. Although mosaic analyses in Drosophila have advanced our understanding of such interactions4,5, it has been difficult to engineer parallel approaches in vertebrates. Here we present an oncogene-associated, multicolour reporter mouse model-the Red2Onco system-that allows differential tracing of mutant and wild-type cells in the same tissue. By applying this system to the small intestine, we show that oncogene-expressing mutant crypts alter the cellular organization of neighbouring wild-type crypts, thereby driving accelerated clonal drift. Crypts that express oncogenic KRAS or PI3K secrete BMP ligands that suppress local stem cell activity, while changes in PDGFRloCD81+ stromal cells induced by crypts with oncogenic PI3K alter the WNT signalling environment. Together, these results show how oncogene-driven paracrine remodelling creates a niche environment that is detrimental to the maintenance of wild-type tissue, promoting field transformation dominated by oncogenic clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyu Yum
- Wellcome Trust-Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Seungmin Han
- Wellcome Trust-Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Juergen Fink
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Szu-Hsien Sam Wu
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
- Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School at the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Catherine Dabrowska
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Teodora Trendafilova
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Roxana Mustata
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lemonia Chatzeli
- Wellcome Trust-Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Roberta Azzarelli
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Irina Pshenichnaya
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eunmin Lee
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Frances England
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Daniel E Stange
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anna Philpott
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joo-Hyeon Lee
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bon-Kyoung Koo
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria.
| | - Benjamin D Simons
- Wellcome Trust-Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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23
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Conditional or inducible recombinase-based genetics is still the gold standard to analyse gene function, given its high specificity, temporal control, limited toxicity and the many available genetic tools. However, it is based on methods that have inherent limitations and shortcomings. The purpose of this review is to summarize and contrast the different available methods used to perform conditional gene function analysis to better inform the community about their particularities and the need to use better methods. RECENT FINDINGS As any other biomedical field, the vascular biology field has moved from using and analysing standard gene knockout (KO) mice, to use conditional genetics to delete a given gene only at a given time point, cell-type or organ of interest. This is the only way to accurately understand a gene function and avoid other confounding factors. Therefore, nowadays the majority of laboratories working with mice use CreERT2-tamoxifen-inducible genetics. However, this necessary transition from the relatively simple KO genetics to the more sophisticated conditional genetics brought a series of additional methodological issues that are often overlooked or unappreciated. Recent findings from several laboratories have shown how important is to know what to expect from and control for in conditional genetics. Without this a priori knowledge, the quality, robustness, time and costs of conditional genetic experiments can be significantly compromised. SUMMARY We start this review by discussing the intricacies of the most simple and widely used methods to perform conditional genetics and then extend on the need of novel and more advanced methods to increase the ease, efficiency and reliability of conditional mutagenesis and gene function analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Garcia-Gonzalez
- Molecular Genetics of Angiogenesis Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
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24
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Luo W, Garcia-Gonzalez I, Fernández-Chacón M, Casquero-Garcia V, Sanchez-Muñoz MS, Mühleder S, Garcia-Ortega L, Andrade J, Potente M, Benedito R. Arterialization requires the timely suppression of cell growth. Nature 2020; 589:437-441. [PMID: 33299176 PMCID: PMC7116692 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-3018-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The formation of arteries is thought to occur by the induction of a highly conserved arterial genetic programme in a subset of vessels that will later experience an increase in oxygenated blood flow1,2. The initial steps of arterial specification require both the VEGF and Notch signalling pathways3–5. Here, we combine inducible genetic mosaics and transcriptomics to modulate and define the function of these signalling pathways in cell proliferation, arteriovenous differentiation and mobilization. We show that endothelial cells with high levels of VEGF or Notch signalling are intrinsically biased to mobilize and form arteries; however, they are not genetically pre-determined, and can also form veins. Mechanistically, we found that increased levels of VEGF and Notch signalling in pre-arterial capillaries suppresses MYC-dependent metabolic and cell-cycle activities, and promotes the incorporation of endothelial cells into arteries. Mosaic lineage-tracing studies showed that endothelial cells that lack the Notch–RBPJ transcriptional activator complex rarely form arteries; however, these cells regained the ability to form arteries when the function of MYC was suppressed. Thus, the development of arteries does not require the direct induction of a Notch-dependent arterial differentiation programme, but instead depends on the timely suppression of endothelial cell-cycle progression and metabolism, a process that precedes arterial mobilization and complete differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Luo
- Molecular Genetics of Angiogenesis Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Garcia-Gonzalez
- Molecular Genetics of Angiogenesis Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Macarena Fernández-Chacón
- Molecular Genetics of Angiogenesis Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Casquero-Garcia
- Molecular Genetics of Angiogenesis Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria S Sanchez-Muñoz
- Molecular Genetics of Angiogenesis Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Severin Mühleder
- Molecular Genetics of Angiogenesis Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lourdes Garcia-Ortega
- Molecular Genetics of Angiogenesis Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Andrade
- Angiogenesis & Metabolism Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Michael Potente
- Angiogenesis & Metabolism Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Rui Benedito
- Molecular Genetics of Angiogenesis Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.
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25
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Trovato F, Parra R, Pracucci E, Landi S, Cozzolino O, Nardi G, Cruciani F, Pillai V, Mosti L, Cwetsch AW, Cancedda L, Gritti L, Sala C, Verpelli C, Maset A, Lodovichi C, Ratto GM. Modelling genetic mosaicism of neurodevelopmental disorders in vivo by a Cre-amplifying fluorescent reporter. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6194. [PMID: 33273479 PMCID: PMC7713426 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19864-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic mosaicism, a condition in which an organ includes cells with different genotypes, is frequently present in monogenic diseases of the central nervous system caused by the random inactivation of the X-chromosome, in the case of X-linked pathologies, or by somatic mutations affecting a subset of neurons. The comprehension of the mechanisms of these diseases and of the cell-autonomous effects of specific mutations requires the generation of sparse mosaic models, in which the genotype of each neuron is univocally identified by the expression of a fluorescent protein in vivo. Here, we show a dual-color reporter system that, when expressed in a floxed mouse line for a target gene, leads to the creation of mosaics with tunable degree. We demonstrate the generation of a knockout mosaic of the autism/epilepsy related gene PTEN in which the genotype of each neuron is reliably identified, and the neuronal phenotype is accurately characterized by two-photon microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Trovato
- National Enterprise for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (NEST), Istituto Nanoscienze Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) and Scuola Normale Superiore Pisa, 56127, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Parra
- National Enterprise for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (NEST), Istituto Nanoscienze Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) and Scuola Normale Superiore Pisa, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Enrico Pracucci
- National Enterprise for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (NEST), Istituto Nanoscienze Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) and Scuola Normale Superiore Pisa, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvia Landi
- National Enterprise for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (NEST), Istituto Nanoscienze Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) and Scuola Normale Superiore Pisa, 56127, Pisa, Italy
- Institute of Neuroscience CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | - Olga Cozzolino
- National Enterprise for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (NEST), Istituto Nanoscienze Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) and Scuola Normale Superiore Pisa, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gabriele Nardi
- National Enterprise for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (NEST), Istituto Nanoscienze Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) and Scuola Normale Superiore Pisa, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Federica Cruciani
- National Enterprise for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (NEST), Istituto Nanoscienze Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) and Scuola Normale Superiore Pisa, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Vinoshene Pillai
- National Enterprise for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (NEST), Istituto Nanoscienze Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) and Scuola Normale Superiore Pisa, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Mosti
- National Enterprise for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (NEST), Istituto Nanoscienze Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) and Scuola Normale Superiore Pisa, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrzej W Cwetsch
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
- Università degli studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Laura Cancedda
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
- Istituto Telethon Dulbecco, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Sala
- Institute of Neuroscience CNR, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Maset
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, Padova Università di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Claudia Lodovichi
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, Padova Università di Padova, Padua, Italy
- Institute of Neuroscience CNR, Padua, Italy
| | - Gian Michele Ratto
- National Enterprise for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (NEST), Istituto Nanoscienze Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) and Scuola Normale Superiore Pisa, 56127, Pisa, Italy.
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26
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The art of lineage tracing: From worm to human. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 199:101966. [PMID: 33249090 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Reconstructing the genealogy of every cell that makes up an organism remains a long-standing challenge in developmental biology. Besides its relevance for understanding the mechanisms underlying normal and pathological development, resolving the lineage origin of cell types will be crucial to create these types on-demand. Multiple strategies have been deployed towards the problem of lineage tracing, ranging from direct observation to sophisticated genetic approaches. Here we discuss the achievements and limitations of past and current technology. Finally, we speculate about the future of lineage tracing and how to reach the next milestones in the field.
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27
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Mühleder S, Fernández-Chacón M, Garcia-Gonzalez I, Benedito R. Endothelial sprouting, proliferation, or senescence: tipping the balance from physiology to pathology. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:1329-1354. [PMID: 33078209 PMCID: PMC7904752 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03664-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic modulation of vascular cell proliferation and migration is essential for the effective inhibition of angiogenesis in cancer or its induction in cardiovascular disease. The general view is that an increase in vascular growth factor levels or mitogenic stimulation is beneficial for angiogenesis, since it leads to an increase in both endothelial proliferation and sprouting. However, several recent studies showed that an increase in mitogenic stimuli can also lead to the arrest of angiogenesis. This is due to the existence of intrinsic signaling feedback loops and cell cycle checkpoints that work in synchrony to maintain a balance between endothelial proliferation and sprouting. This balance is tightly and effectively regulated during tissue growth and is often deregulated or impaired in disease. Most therapeutic strategies used so far to promote vascular growth simply increase mitogenic stimuli, without taking into account its deleterious effects on this balance and on vascular cells. Here, we review the main findings on the mechanisms controlling physiological vascular sprouting, proliferation, and senescence and how those mechanisms are often deregulated in acquired or congenital cardiovascular disease leading to a diverse range of pathologies. We also discuss alternative approaches to increase the effectiveness of pro-angiogenic therapies in cardiovascular regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severin Mühleder
- Molecular Genetics of Angiogenesis Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Macarena Fernández-Chacón
- Molecular Genetics of Angiogenesis Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Garcia-Gonzalez
- Molecular Genetics of Angiogenesis Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rui Benedito
- Molecular Genetics of Angiogenesis Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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28
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Garcia-Gonzalez I, Mühleder S, Fernández-Chacón M, Benedito R. Genetic Tools to Study Cardiovascular Biology. Front Physiol 2020; 11:1084. [PMID: 33071802 PMCID: PMC7541935 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.01084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress in biomedical science is tightly associated with the improvement of methods and genetic tools to manipulate and analyze gene function in mice, the most widely used model organism in biomedical research. The joint effort of numerous individual laboratories and consortiums has contributed to the creation of a large genetic resource that enables scientists to image cells, probe signaling pathways activities, or modify a gene function in any desired cell type or time point, à la carte. However, as these tools significantly increase in number and become more sophisticated, it is more difficult to keep track of each tool's possibilities and understand their advantages and disadvantages. Knowing the best currently available genetic technology to answer a particular biological question is key to reach a higher standard in biomedical research. In this review, we list and discuss the main advantages and disadvantages of available mammalian genetic technology to analyze cardiovascular cell biology at higher cellular and molecular resolution. We start with the most simple and classical genetic approaches and end with the most advanced technology available to fluorescently label cells, conditionally target their genes, image their clonal expansion, and decode their lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rui Benedito
- Molecular Genetics of Angiogenesis Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
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Site-Specific Recombination with Inverted Target Sites: A Cautionary Tale of Dicentric and Acentric Chromosomes. Genetics 2020; 215:923-930. [PMID: 32586890 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.120.303394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Site-specific recombinases are widely used tools for analysis of genetics, development, and cell biology, and many schemes have been devised to alter gene expression by recombinase-mediated DNA rearrangements. Because the FRT and lox target sites for the commonly used FLP and Cre recombinases are asymmetrical, and must pair in the same direction to recombine, construct design must take into account orientation of the target sites. Both direct and inverted configurations have been used. However, the outcome of recombination between target sites on sister chromatids is frequently overlooked. This is especially consequential with inverted target sites, where exchange between oppositely oriented target sites on sisters will produce dicentric and acentric chromosomes. By using constructs that have inverted target sites in Drosophila melanogaster and in mice, we show here that dicentric chromosomes are produced in the presence of recombinase, and that the frequency of this event is quite high. The negative effects on cell viability and behavior can be significant, and should be considered when using such constructs.
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Direct Readout of Neural Stem Cell Transgenesis with an Integration-Coupled Gene Expression Switch. Neuron 2020; 107:617-630.e6. [PMID: 32559415 PMCID: PMC7447981 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Stable genomic integration of exogenous transgenes is essential in neurodevelopmental and stem cell studies. Despite tools driving increasingly efficient genomic insertion with DNA vectors, transgenesis remains fundamentally hindered by the impossibility of distinguishing integrated from episomal transgenes. Here, we introduce an integration-coupled On genetic switch, iOn, which triggers gene expression upon incorporation into the host genome through transposition, thus enabling rapid and accurate identification of integration events following transfection with naked plasmids. In vitro, iOn permits rapid drug-free stable transgenesis of mouse and human pluripotent stem cells with multiple vectors. In vivo, we demonstrate faithful cell lineage tracing, assessment of regulatory elements, and mosaic analysis of gene function in somatic transgenesis experiments that reveal neural progenitor potentialities and interaction. These results establish iOn as a universally applicable strategy to accelerate and simplify genetic engineering in cultured systems and model organisms by conditioning transgene activation to genomic integration. A gene expression switch powered by genomic integration Accelerated readout of additive transgenesis with one or multiple vectors Faithful lineage tracing and mosaic analysis by somatic transfection Near-universal applicability in cultured cells and animal models
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Kohara K, Inoue A, Nakano Y, Hirai H, Kobayashi T, Maruyama M, Baba R, Kawashima C. BATTLE: Genetically Engineered Strategies for Split-Tunable Allocation of Multiple Transgenes in the Nervous System. iScience 2020; 23:101248. [PMID: 32629613 PMCID: PMC7322263 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidating fine architectures and functions of cellular and synaptic connections requires development of new flexible methods. Here, we created a concept called the “battle of transgenes,” based on which we generated strategies using genetically engineered battles of multiple recombinases. The strategies enabled split-tunable allocation of multiple transgenes. We demonstrated the versatility of these strategies and technologies in inducing strong and multi-sparse allocations of multiple transgenes. Furthermore, the combination of our transgenic strategy and expansion microscopy enabled three-dimensional high-resolution imaging of whole synaptic structures in the hippocampus with simultaneous visualizations of endogenous synaptic proteins. These strategies and technologies based on the battle of genes may accelerate the analysis of whole synaptic and cellular connections in diverse life science fields. Generation of BATTLE-recombinase systems for allocation of multiple transgenes Split-tunable allocation in BATTLE-1 and multi-sparse allocation in BATTLE-2 Clear and strong labeling of dendrites and axons using BATTLE-2 3D high-resolution imaging of whole synapses in hippocampus in BATTLE-1EX
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Kohara
- Department of Cellular and Functional Biology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan.
| | - Akitoshi Inoue
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Kansai Medical University, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Yousuke Nakano
- Department of Anatomy, Kansai Medical University, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Hirai
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan; Research Program for Neural Signalling, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Signal Research, Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan
| | - Takuya Kobayashi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Kansai Medical University, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan; Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Masato Maruyama
- Department of Anatomy, Kansai Medical University, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Baba
- Department of Cellular and Functional Biology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Chiho Kawashima
- Department of Cellular and Functional Biology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan; Department of Bioscience, Osaka College of High Technology, Osaka 532-003, Japan
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Koussis K, Withers-Martinez C, Baker DA, Blackman MJ. Simultaneous multiple allelic replacement in the malaria parasite enables dissection of PKG function. Life Sci Alliance 2020; 3:e201900626. [PMID: 32179592 PMCID: PMC7081069 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Over recent years, a plethora of new genetic tools has transformed conditional engineering of the malaria parasite genome, allowing functional dissection of essential genes in the asexual and sexual blood stages that cause pathology or are required for disease transmission, respectively. Important challenges remain, including the desirability to complement conditional mutants with a correctly regulated second gene copy to confirm that observed phenotypes are due solely to loss of gene function and to analyse structure-function relationships. To meet this challenge, here we combine the dimerisable Cre (DiCre) system with the use of multiple lox sites to simultaneously generate multiple recombination events of the same gene. We focused on the Plasmodium falciparum cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG), creating in parallel conditional disruption of the gene plus up to two allelic replacements. We use the approach to demonstrate that PKG has no scaffolding or adaptor role in intraerythrocytic development, acting solely at merozoite egress. We also show that a phosphorylation-deficient PKG is functionally incompetent. Our method provides valuable new tools for analysis of gene function in the malaria parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David A Baker
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Michael J Blackman
- Malaria Biochemistry Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Sun C, Sakashita H, Kim J, Tang Z, Upchurch GM, Yao L, Berry WL, Griffin TM, Olson LE. Mosaic Mutant Analysis Identifies PDGFRα/PDGFRβ as Negative Regulators of Adipogenesis. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 26:707-721.e5. [PMID: 32229310 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Adipocyte progenitors (APs) express platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs), PDGFRα and PDGFRβ. Elevated PDGFRα signaling inhibits adipogenesis and promotes fibrosis; however, the function of PDGFRs in APs remains unclear. We combined lineage tracing and functional analyses in a sequential dual-recombinase approach that creates mosaic Pdgfr mutant cells by Cre/lox recombination with a linked Flp/frt reporter to track individual cell fates. Using mosaic lineage labeling, we show that adipocytes are derived from the Pdgfra lineage during postnatal growth and adulthood. In contrast, adipocytes are only derived from the mosaic Pdgfrb lineage during postnatal growth. Functionally, postnatal mosaic deletion of PDGFRα enhances adipogenesis and adult deletion enhances β3-adrenergic-receptor-induced beige adipocyte formation. Mosaic deletion of PDGFRβ also enhances white, brown, and beige adipogenesis. These data show that both PDGFRs are cell-autonomous inhibitors of adipocyte differentiation and implicate downregulation of PDGF signaling as a critical event in the transition from AP to adipocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyi Sun
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Hiromi Sakashita
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Jang Kim
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Zifeng Tang
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - G Michael Upchurch
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Longbiao Yao
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - William L Berry
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Timothy M Griffin
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Lorin E Olson
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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Chouket R, Pellissier-Tanon A, Lemarchand A, Espagne A, Le Saux T, Jullien L. Dynamic contrast with reversibly photoswitchable fluorescent labels for imaging living cells. Chem Sci 2020; 11:2882-2887. [PMID: 34122788 PMCID: PMC8157520 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc00182a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interrogating living cells requires sensitive imaging of a large number of components in real time. The state-of-the-art of multiplexed imaging is usually limited to a few components. This review reports on the promise and the challenges of dynamic contrast to overcome this limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Chouket
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS 24, rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France +33 4432 3333
| | - Agnès Pellissier-Tanon
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS 24, rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France +33 4432 3333
| | - Annie Lemarchand
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Théorique de la Matière Condensée (LPTMC) 4 Place Jussieu, Case Courrier 121 75252 Paris Cedex 05 France
| | - Agathe Espagne
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS 24, rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France +33 4432 3333
| | - Thomas Le Saux
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS 24, rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France +33 4432 3333
| | - Ludovic Jullien
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS 24, rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France +33 4432 3333
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Álvarez-Aznar A, Martínez-Corral I, Daubel N, Betsholtz C, Mäkinen T, Gaengel K. Tamoxifen-independent recombination of reporter genes limits lineage tracing and mosaic analysis using CreER T2 lines. Transgenic Res 2019; 29:53-68. [PMID: 31641921 PMCID: PMC7000517 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-019-00177-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The CreERT2/loxP system is widely used to induce conditional gene deletion in mice. One of the main advantages of the system is that Cre-mediated recombination can be controlled in time through Tamoxifen administration. This has allowed researchers to study the function of embryonic lethal genes at later developmental timepoints. In addition, CreERT2 mouse lines are commonly used in combination with reporter genes for lineage tracing and mosaic analysis. In order for these experiments to be reliable, it is crucial that the cell labeling approach only marks the desired cell population and their progeny, as unfaithful expression of reporter genes in other cell types or even unintended labeling of the correct cell population at an undesired time point could lead to wrong conclusions. Here we report that all CreERT2 mouse lines that we have studied exhibit a certain degree of Tamoxifen-independent, basal, Cre activity. Using Ai14 and Ai3, two commonly used fluorescent reporter genes, we show that those basal Cre activity levels are sufficient to label a significant amount of cells in a variety of tissues during embryogenesis, postnatal development and adulthood. This unintended labelling of cells imposes a serious problem for lineage tracing and mosaic analysis experiments. Importantly, however, we find that reporter constructs differ greatly in their susceptibility to basal CreERT2 activity. While Ai14 and Ai3 easily recombine under basal CreERT2 activity levels, mTmG and R26R-EYFP rarely become activated under these conditions and are therefore better suited for cell tracking experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Álvarez-Aznar
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsväg 20, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - I Martínez-Corral
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsväg 20, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - N Daubel
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsväg 20, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C Betsholtz
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsväg 20, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden.,Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre (ICMC), Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, Blickagången 6, 141 57, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - T Mäkinen
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsväg 20, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - K Gaengel
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsväg 20, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden.
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36
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Physiology, Pathology and Regeneration of Salivary Glands. Cells 2019; 8:cells8090976. [PMID: 31455013 PMCID: PMC6769486 DOI: 10.3390/cells8090976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary glands are essential structures in the oral cavity. A variety of diseases, such as cancer, autoimmune diseases, infections and physical traumas, can alter the functionality of these glands, greatly impacting the quality of life of patients. To date, no definitive therapeutic approach can compensate the impairment of salivary glands, and treatment are purely symptomatic. Understanding the cellular and molecular control of salivary glands function is, therefore, highly relevant for therapeutic purposes. In this review, we provide a starting platform for future studies in basic biology and clinical research, reporting classical ideas on salivary gland physiology and recently developed technology to guide regeneration, reconstruction and substitution of the functional organs.
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37
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iSuRe-Cre is a genetic tool to reliably induce and report Cre-dependent genetic modifications. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2262. [PMID: 31118412 PMCID: PMC6531465 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10239-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Most biomedical research aimed at understanding gene function uses the Cre-Lox system, which consists of the Cre recombinase-dependent deletion of genes containing LoxP sites. This system enables conditional genetic modifications because the expression and activity of the recombinase Cre/CreERT2 can be regulated in space by tissue-specific promoters and in time by the ligand tamoxifen. Since the precise Cre-Lox recombination event is invisible, methods were developed to report Cre activity and are widely used. However, numerous studies have shown that expression of a given Cre activity reporter cannot be assumed to indicate deletion of other LoxP-flanked genes of interest. Here, we report the generation of an inducible dual reporter-Cre mouse allele, iSuRe-Cre. By significantly increasing Cre activity in reporter-expressing cells, iSuRe-Cre provides certainty that these cells have completely recombined floxed alleles. This genetic tool increases the ease, efficiency, and reliability of conditional mutagenesis and gene function analysis. The Cre-Lox system allows high spatiotemporal control of genetic modifications. Here the authors present iSuRe-Cre that significantly increases Cre activity in reporter expressing cells, which ultimately increases the efficiency and reliability of Cre-dependent reporter and gene function analysis.
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Lim R, Sugino T, Nolte H, Andrade J, Zimmermann B, Shi C, Doddaballapur A, Ong YT, Wilhelm K, Fasse JWD, Ernst A, Kaulich M, Husnjak K, Boettger T, Guenther S, Braun T, Krüger M, Benedito R, Dikic I, Potente M. Deubiquitinase USP10 regulates Notch signaling in the endothelium. SCIENCE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 364:188-193. [PMID: 30975888 DOI: 10.1126/science.aat0778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Notch signaling is a core patterning module for vascular morphogenesis that codetermines the sprouting behavior of endothelial cells (ECs). Tight quantitative and temporal control of Notch activity is essential for vascular development, yet the details of Notch regulation in ECs are incompletely understood. We found that ubiquitin-specific peptidase 10 (USP10) interacted with the NOTCH1 intracellular domain (NICD1) to slow the ubiquitin-dependent turnover of this short-lived form of the activated NOTCH1 receptor. Accordingly, inactivation of USP10 reduced NICD1 abundance and stability and diminished Notch-induced target gene expression in ECs. In mice, the loss of endothelial Usp10 increased vessel sprouting and partially restored the patterning defects caused by ectopic expression of NICD1. Thus, USP10 functions as an NICD1 deubiquitinase that fine-tunes endothelial Notch responses during angiogenic sprouting.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lim
- Angiogenesis and Metabolism Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, D-61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - T Sugino
- Angiogenesis and Metabolism Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, D-61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - H Nolte
- Institute for Genetics and Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - J Andrade
- Angiogenesis and Metabolism Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, D-61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - B Zimmermann
- Angiogenesis and Metabolism Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, D-61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - C Shi
- Angiogenesis and Metabolism Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, D-61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - A Doddaballapur
- Angiogenesis and Metabolism Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, D-61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Y T Ong
- Angiogenesis and Metabolism Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, D-61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - K Wilhelm
- Angiogenesis and Metabolism Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, D-61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - J W D Fasse
- Angiogenesis and Metabolism Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, D-61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - A Ernst
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - M Kaulich
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - K Husnjak
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - T Boettger
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, D-61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - S Guenther
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, D-61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - T Braun
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, D-61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - M Krüger
- Institute for Genetics and Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - R Benedito
- Molecular Genetics of Angiogenesis Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - I Dikic
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - M Potente
- Angiogenesis and Metabolism Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, D-61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany. .,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Frankfurt Rhine-Main, D-13347 Berlin, Germany.,International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
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Aaron J, Wait E, DeSantis M, Chew TL. Practical Considerations in Particle and Object Tracking and Analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 83:e88. [PMID: 31050869 DOI: 10.1002/cpcb.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The rapid advancement of live-cell imaging technologies has enabled biologists to generate high-dimensional data to follow biological movement at the microscopic level. Yet, the "perceived" ease of use of modern microscopes has led to challenges whereby sub-optimal data are commonly generated that cannot support quantitative tracking and analysis as a result of various ill-advised decisions made during image acquisition. Even optimally acquired images often require further optimization through digital processing before they can be analyzed. In writing this article, we presume our target audience to be biologists with a foundational understanding of digital image acquisition and processing, who are seeking to understand the essential steps for particle/object tracking experiments. It is with this targeted readership in mind that we review the basic principles of image-processing techniques as well as analysis strategies commonly used for tracking experiments. We conclude this technical survey with a discussion of how movement behavior can be mathematically modeled and described. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Aaron
- Advanced Imaging Center, Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia
| | - Eric Wait
- Advanced Imaging Center, Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia
| | - Michael DeSantis
- Light Microscopy Facility, Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia
| | - Teng-Leong Chew
- Advanced Imaging Center, Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia.,Light Microscopy Facility, Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia
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Abstract
Appropriate therapeutic modulation of endothelial proliferation and sprouting is essential for the effective inhibition of angiogenesis in cancer or its induction in cardiovascular disease. The current view is that an increase in growth factor concentration, and the resulting mitogenic activity, increases both endothelial proliferation and sprouting. Here, we modulate mitogenic stimuli in different vascular contexts by interfering with the function of the VEGF and Notch signalling pathways at high spatiotemporal resolution in vivo. Contrary to the prevailing view, our results indicate that high mitogenic stimulation induced by VEGF, or Notch inhibition, arrests the proliferation of angiogenic vessels. This is due to the existence of a bell-shaped dose-response to VEGF and MAPK activity that is counteracted by Notch and p21, determining whether endothelial cells sprout, proliferate, or become quiescent. The identified mechanism should be considered to achieve optimal therapeutic modulation of angiogenesis. High mitogenic stimuli have been suggested to promote endothelial cell proliferation and sprouting during angiogenesis. Here Pontes-Quero et al., by interfering with levels of VEGF and Notch signalling in single endothelial cells in vivo, find that high mitogenic stimuli instead arrest angiogenesis due to a bell-shaped dose-response to VEGF and MAPK activity that is counteracted by Notch and p21.
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41
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Multicolor multiscale brain imaging with chromatic multiphoton serial microscopy. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1662. [PMID: 30971684 PMCID: PMC6458155 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09552-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale microscopy approaches are transforming brain imaging, but currently lack efficient multicolor contrast modalities. We introduce chromatic multiphoton serial (ChroMS) microscopy, a method integrating one‐shot multicolor multiphoton excitation through wavelength mixing and serial block-face image acquisition. This approach provides organ-scale micrometric imaging of spectrally distinct fluorescent proteins and label-free nonlinear signals with constant micrometer-scale resolution and sub-micron channel registration over the entire imaged volume. We demonstrate tridimensional (3D) multicolor imaging over several cubic millimeters as well as brain-wide serial 2D multichannel imaging. We illustrate the strengths of this method through color-based 3D analysis of astrocyte morphology and contacts in the mouse cerebral cortex, tracing of individual pyramidal neurons within densely Brainbow-labeled tissue, and multiplexed whole-brain mapping of axonal projections labeled with spectrally distinct tracers. ChroMS will be an asset for multiscale and system-level studies in neuroscience and beyond. Multicolour images are difficult to acquire with large-scale microscopy approaches. Here the authors present a microtome-assisted microscope capable of trichromatic two-photon excitation and label-free nonlinear modalities based on wavelength mixing, and use it to analyze astrocyte morphology and neuronal projections in thick brain samples.
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Menchero S, Rollan I, Lopez-Izquierdo A, Andreu MJ, Sainz de Aja J, Kang M, Adan J, Benedito R, Rayon T, Hadjantonakis AK, Manzanares M. Transitions in cell potency during early mouse development are driven by Notch. eLife 2019; 8:42930. [PMID: 30958266 PMCID: PMC6486152 DOI: 10.7554/elife.42930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Notch signalling pathway plays fundamental roles in diverse developmental processes in metazoans, where it is important in driving cell fate and directing differentiation of various cell types. However, we still have limited knowledge about the role of Notch in early preimplantation stages of mammalian development, or how it interacts with other signalling pathways active at these stages such as Hippo. By using genetic and pharmacological tools in vivo, together with image analysis of single embryos and pluripotent cell culture, we have found that Notch is active from the 4-cell stage. Transcriptomic analysis in single morula identified novel Notch targets, such as early naïve pluripotency markers or transcriptional repressors such as TLE4. Our results reveal a previously undescribed role for Notch in driving transitions during the gradual loss of potency that takes place in the early mouse embryo prior to the first lineage decisions. We start life as a single cell, which immediately begins to divide to form an embryo that will eventually contain all the different kinds of cells found in the adult body. During the first few rounds of cell division, embryonic cells can become any type of adult cells, but also form the placenta, the organ that sustains the embryo while in the womb. As cells keep on dividing, they lose this ability, called potency, and they take on more specific and inflexible roles. The first choice embryonic cells must make is whether to become part of the placenta or part of the future body. These types of decisions are controlled by molecular cascades known as signalling pathways, which relay information from the cells surface to its control centre. There, specific genes get turned on or off in response to an outside signal. Previous research showed that two signalling pathways, Hippo and Notch, help separate placenta cells from those that will form the rest of the body. However, it was not known whether the two pathways worked independently, or if they were overlapping. Menchero et al. therefore wanted to find out when exactly the Notch pathway started to be active, and examine how it helped cells to either become the placenta or part of the future body. Experiments with developing mouse embryos showed that the Notch pathway was activated after the very first two cell divisions, when the embryo consists of only four cells. Genetic manipulations combined with drug treatments that changed the activity of the Notch pathway confirmed that Notch and Hippo acted independently at this stage. Further, larger-scale analysis of gene activity in these embryos also revealed that Notch signalling was working in a previously unknown way: it turned off the genes that maintain potency, pushing the cells to become more specialised. Ultimately, identifying this new mode of action for the Notch pathway in the early embryo may help to understand how the signalling cascade acts in other types of processes. This knowledge could be useful, for example, to push embryonic cells grown in the laboratory towards a desired fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Menchero
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Rollan
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Maria Jose Andreu
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Sainz de Aja
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Minjung Kang
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, United States
| | - Javier Adan
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rui Benedito
- Molecular Genetics of Angiogenesis Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Rayon
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Miguel Manzanares
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
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43
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Wu SH(S, Lee JH, Koo BK. Lineage Tracing: Computational Reconstruction Goes Beyond the Limit of Imaging. Mol Cells 2019; 42:104-112. [PMID: 30764600 PMCID: PMC6399003 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2019.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tracking the fate of individual cells and their progeny through lineage tracing has been widely used to investigate various biological processes including embryonic development, homeostatic tissue turnover, and stem cell function in regeneration and disease. Conventional lineage tracing involves the marking of cells either with dyes or nucleoside analogues or genetic marking with fluorescent and/or colorimetric protein reporters. Both are imaging-based approaches that have played a crucial role in the field of developmental biology as well as adult stem cell biology. However, imaging-based lineage tracing approaches are limited by their scalability and the lack of molecular information underlying fate transitions. Recently, computational biology approaches have been combined with diverse tracing methods to overcome these limitations and so provide high-order scalability and a wealth of molecular information. In this review, we will introduce such novel computational methods, starting from single-cell RNA sequencing-based lineage analysis to DNA barcoding or genetic scar analysis. These novel approaches are complementary to conventional imaging-based approaches and enable us to study the lineage relationships of numerous cell types during vertebrate, and in particular human, development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Hsien (Sam) Wu
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna,
Austria
| | - Ji-Hyun Lee
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna,
Austria
| | - Bon-Kyoung Koo
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna,
Austria
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44
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Cook ZT, Brockway NL, Tobias ZJC, Pajarla J, Boardman IS, Ippolito H, Nkombo Nkoula S, Weissman TA. Combining near-infrared fluorescence with Brainbow to visualize expression of specific genes within a multicolor context. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:491-505. [PMID: 30586321 PMCID: PMC6594444 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-06-0340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent proteins are a powerful experimental tool, allowing the visualization of gene expression and cellular behaviors in a variety of systems. Multicolor combinations of fluorescent proteins, such as Brainbow, have expanded the range of possible research questions and are useful for distinguishing and tracking cells. The addition of a separately driven color, however, would allow researchers to report expression of a manipulated gene within the multicolor context to investigate mechanistic effects. A far-red or near-infrared protein could be particularly suitable in this context, as these can be distinguished spectrally from Brainbow. We investigated five far-red/near-infrared proteins in zebrafish: TagRFP657, mCardinal, miRFP670, iRFP670, and mIFP. Our results show that both mCardinal and iRFP670 are useful fluorescent proteins for zebrafish expression. We also introduce a new transgenic zebrafish line that expresses Brainbow under the control of the neuroD promoter. We demonstrate that mCardinal can be used to track the expression of a manipulated bone morphogenetic protein receptor within the Brainbow context. The overlay of near-infrared fluorescence onto a Brainbow background defines a clear strategy for future research questions that aim to manipulate or track the effects of specific genes within a population of cells that are delineated using multicolor approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe T. Cook
- Biology Department, Lewis and Clark College, Portland, OR 97219
| | | | | | - Joy Pajarla
- Biology Department, Lewis and Clark College, Portland, OR 97219
| | | | - Helen Ippolito
- Biology Department, Lewis and Clark College, Portland, OR 97219
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45
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Mokalled MH, Poss KD. A Regeneration Toolkit. Dev Cell 2019; 47:267-280. [PMID: 30399333 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ability of animals to replace injured body parts has been a subject of fascination for centuries. The emerging importance of regenerative medicine has reinvigorated investigations of innate tissue regeneration, and the development of powerful genetic tools has fueled discoveries into how tissue regeneration occurs. Here, we present an overview of the armamentarium employed to probe regeneration in vertebrates, highlighting areas where further methodology advancement will deepen mechanistic findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayssa H Mokalled
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Kenneth D Poss
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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46
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Celià-Terrassa T, Kang Y. Metastatic niche functions and therapeutic opportunities. Nat Cell Biol 2018; 20:868-877. [PMID: 30050120 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-018-0145-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is an inefficient process, especially during colonization at a distant organ. This bottleneck underlies the importance of the metastatic niche for seeding and outgrowth of metastases. Here, we classify the common functions of different metastatic niches: anchorage, survival support, protection from external insults, licensing proliferation and outgrowth. We highlight the emerging role of the metastatic niche in maintaining cancer stemness and promoting immune evasion, and discuss therapeutic opportunities against the metastatic niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Celià-Terrassa
- Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Yibin Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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47
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Simões FC, Riley PR. The ontogeny, activation and function of the epicardium during heart development and regeneration. Development 2018; 145:145/7/dev155994. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.155994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The epicardium plays a key role during cardiac development, homeostasis and repair, and has thus emerged as a potential target in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. However, therapeutically manipulating the epicardium and epicardium-derived cells (EPDCs) requires insights into their developmental origin and the mechanisms driving their activation, recruitment and contribution to both the embryonic and adult injured heart. In recent years, studies of various model systems have provided us with a deeper understanding of the microenvironment in which EPDCs reside and emerge into, of the crosstalk between the multitude of cardiovascular cell types that influence the epicardium, and of the genetic programmes that orchestrate epicardial cell behaviour. Here, we review these discoveries and discuss how technological advances could further enhance our knowledge of epicardium-based repair mechanisms and ultimately influence potential therapeutic outcomes in cardiovascular regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa C. Simões
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Paul R. Riley
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
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48
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Pellissier-Tanon A, Chouket R, Le Saux T, Jullien L, Lemarchand A. Light-assisted dynamic titration: from theory to an experimental protocol. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:23998-24010. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03953d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Forced light oscillations are used to titrate any targeted species using its specific kinetics and choosing adapted control parameter values.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raja Chouket
- PASTEUR
- Département de Chimie
- École Normale Supérieure
- PSL University
- Sorbonne Université
| | - Thomas Le Saux
- PASTEUR
- Département de Chimie
- École Normale Supérieure
- PSL University
- Sorbonne Université
| | - Ludovic Jullien
- PASTEUR
- Département de Chimie
- École Normale Supérieure
- PSL University
- Sorbonne Université
| | - Annie Lemarchand
- Sorbonne Université
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Laboratoire de Physique Théorique de la Matière Condensée (LPTMC)
- 75252 Paris Cedex 05
- France
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49
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Abstract
Lineage tracing allows for identification of all progeny produced by a single cell or groups of cells and can thus be used to assess developmental fate of cells. Here we focus on one of the most widely used lineage tracing approaches that utilize the Cre/loxP system for site-specific genetic recombination in studying the developmental origins of lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) in the mouse embryo. We discuss general considerations for a successful Cre/loxP based lineage tracing experiment and provide information about strains that are available for genetic lineage tracing of LECs. A protocol for lineage tracing analysis of the lymphatic vasculature by whole-mount immunofluorescence in two embryonic tissues, the skin and the mesentery, is also provided.
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50
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Elsner M. Mosaic mice ace functional genomics. Nat Biotechnol 2017; 35:924. [PMID: 29019988 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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