1
|
Velle KB, Swafford AJM, Garner E, Fritz-Laylin LK. Actin network evolution as a key driver of eukaryotic diversification. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261660. [PMID: 39120594 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells have been evolving for billions of years, giving rise to wildly diverse cell forms and functions. Despite their variability, all eukaryotic cells share key hallmarks, including membrane-bound organelles, heavily regulated cytoskeletal networks and complex signaling cascades. Because the actin cytoskeleton interfaces with each of these features, understanding how it evolved and diversified across eukaryotic phyla is essential to understanding the evolution and diversification of eukaryotic cells themselves. Here, we discuss what we know about the origin and diversity of actin networks in terms of their compositions, structures and regulation, and how actin evolution contributes to the diversity of eukaryotic form and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrina B Velle
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | | | - Ethan Garner
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
De Belly H, Weiner OD. Follow the flow: Actin and membrane act as an integrated system to globally coordinate cell shape and movement. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2024; 89:102392. [PMID: 38991476 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2024.102392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Migratory cells are polarized with protrusive fronts and contractile rears. This spatial organization necessitates long-range coordination of the signals that organize protrusions and contractions. Cells leverage reciprocal interactions of short-range biochemical signals and long-range mechanical forces for this integration. The interface between the plasma membrane and actin cortex is where this communication occurs. Here, we review how the membrane and cortex form an integrated system for long-range coordination of cell polarity. We highlight the role of membrane-to-cortex-attachment proteins as regulators of tension transmission across the cell and discuss the interplay between actin-membrane and polarity signaling complexes. Rather than presenting an exhaustive list of recent findings, we focus on important gaps in our current understanding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry De Belly
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Orion D Weiner
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Master K, El Khalki L, Bayachou M, Sossey-Alaoui K. Role of WAVE3 as an of actin binding protein in the pathology of triple negative breast cancer. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2024. [PMID: 39021344 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Breast cancer, a prevalent global health concern, has sparked extensive research efforts, particularly focusing on triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), a subtype lacking estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor, and epidermal growth factor receptor. TNBC's aggressive nature and resistance to hormone-based therapies heightens the risk of tumor progression and recurrence. Actin-binding proteins, specifically WAVE3 from the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) family, have emerged as major drivers in understanding TNBC biology. This review delves into the intricate molecular makeup of TNBC, shedding light on actin's fundamental role in cellular processes. Actin, a structural element in the cytoskeleton, regulates various cellular pathways essential for homeostasis. Its dynamic nature enables functions such as cell migration, motility, intracellular transport, cell division, and signal transduction. Actin-binding proteins, including WAVE3, play pivotal roles in these processes. WAVE3, a member of the WASP family, remains the focus of this review due to its potential involvement in TNBC progression. While actin-binding proteins are studied for their roles in healthy cellular cycles, their significance in TNBC remains underexplored. This review aims to discuss WAVE3's impact on TNBC, exploring its molecular makeup, functions, and significance in tumor progression. The intricate structure of WAVE3, featuring elements like the verprolin-cofilin-acidic domain and regulatory elements, plays a crucial role in regulating actin dynamics. Dysregulation of WAVE3 in TNBC has been linked to enhanced cell migration, invasion, extracellular matrix remodeling, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, tumor proliferation, and therapeutic resistance. Understanding the role of actin-binding proteins in cancer biology has potential clinical implications, making them potential prognostic biomarkers and promising therapeutic targets. The review emphasizes the need for further research into actin-binding proteins' clinical applications, diagnostic value, and therapeutic interventions. In conclusion, this comprehensive review explores the complex interplay between actin and actin-binding proteins, with special emphasis on WAVE3, in the context of TNBC. By unraveling the molecular intricacies, structural characteristics, and functional significance, the review paves the way for future research directions, clinical applications, and potential therapeutic strategies in the challenging landscape of TNBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kruyanshi Master
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Lamyae El Khalki
- MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Mekki Bayachou
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Khalid Sossey-Alaoui
- MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nanes BA, Bhatt K, Azarova E, Rajendran D, Munawar S, Isogai T, Dean KM, Danuser G. Shifts in keratin isoform expression activate motility signals during wound healing. Dev Cell 2024:S1534-5807(24)00389-7. [PMID: 39002537 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Keratin intermediate filaments confer structural stability to epithelial tissues, but the reason this simple mechanical function requires a protein family with 54 isoforms is not understood. During skin wound healing, a shift in keratin isoform expression alters the composition of keratin filaments. If and how this change modulates cellular functions that support epidermal remodeling remains unclear. We report an unexpected effect of keratin isoform variation on kinase signal transduction. Increased expression of wound-associated keratin 6A, but not of steady-state keratin 5, potentiated keratinocyte migration and wound closure without compromising mechanical stability by activating myosin motors to increase contractile force generation. These results substantially expand the functional repertoire of intermediate filaments from their canonical role as mechanical scaffolds to include roles as isoform-tuned signaling scaffolds that organize signal transduction cascades in space and time to influence epithelial cell state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Nanes
- Department of Dermatology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics and Cecil H and Ida Green Center for Systems Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Kushal Bhatt
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics and Cecil H and Ida Green Center for Systems Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Evgenia Azarova
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics and Cecil H and Ida Green Center for Systems Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Divya Rajendran
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics and Cecil H and Ida Green Center for Systems Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sabahat Munawar
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics and Cecil H and Ida Green Center for Systems Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Tadamoto Isogai
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics and Cecil H and Ida Green Center for Systems Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Kevin M Dean
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics and Cecil H and Ida Green Center for Systems Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Gaudenz Danuser
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics and Cecil H and Ida Green Center for Systems Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wu M, Marchando P, Meyer K, Tang Z, Woolfson DN, Weiner OD. The WAVE complex forms linear arrays at negative membrane curvature to instruct lamellipodia formation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.08.600855. [PMID: 39026726 PMCID: PMC11257481 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.08.600855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Cells generate a wide range of actin-based membrane protrusions for various cell behaviors. These protrusions are organized by different actin nucleation promoting factors. For example, N-WASP controls finger-like filopodia, whereas the WAVE complex controls sheet-like lamellipodia. These different membrane morphologies likely reflect different patterns of nucleator self-organization. N-WASP phase separation has been successfully studied through biochemical reconstitutions, but how the WAVE complex self-organizes to instruct lamellipodia is unknown. Because WAVE complex self-organization has proven refractory to cell-free studies, we leverage in vivo biochemical approaches to investigate WAVE complex organization within its native cellular context. With single molecule tracking and molecular counting, we show that the WAVE complex forms highly regular multilayered linear arrays at the plasma membrane that are reminiscent of a microtubule-like organization. Similar to the organization of microtubule protofilaments in a curved array, membrane curvature is both necessary and sufficient for formation of these WAVE complex linear arrays, though actin polymerization is not. This dependency on negative membrane curvature could explain both the templating of lamellipodia and their emergent behaviors, including barrier avoidance. Our data uncover the key biophysical properties of mesoscale WAVE complex patterning and highlight an integral relationship between NPF self-organization and cell morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muziyue Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute,University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Paul Marchando
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Kirstin Meyer
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute,University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ziqi Tang
- School of Computational Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | - Derek N Woolfson
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Max Planck-Bristol Centre for Minimal Biology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, Bristol, UK
- Bristol BioDesign Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Orion D Weiner
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute,University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yang Z, Peng Y, Wang Y, Yang P, Huang Z, Quan T, Xu X, Sun P, Sun Y, Lv J, Wei D, Zhou GQ. KLF5 regulates actin remodeling to enhance the metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oncogene 2024; 43:1779-1795. [PMID: 38649438 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-03033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) engage in various cellular essential processes including differentiation, growth and migration. However, the master TF involved in distant metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remains largely unclear. Here we show that KLF5 regulates actin remodeling to enhance NPC metastasis. We analyzed the msVIPER algorithm-generated transcriptional regulatory networks and identified KLF5 as a master TF of metastatic NPC linked to poor clinical outcomes. KLF5 regulates actin remodeling and lamellipodia formation to promote the metastasis of NPC cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, KLF5 preferentially occupies distal enhancer regions of ACTN4 to activate its transcription, whereby decoding the informative DNA sequences. ACTN4, extensively localized within actin cytoskeleton, facilitates dense and branched actin networks and lamellipodia formation at the cell leading edge, empowering cells to migrate faster. Collectively, our findings reveal that KLF5 controls robust transcription program of ACTN4 to modulate actin remodeling and augment cell motility which enhances NPC metastasis, and provide new potential biomarkers and therapeutic interventions for NPC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Yanfu Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Yaqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Panyang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Zhuohui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Tingqiu Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Xudong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Peng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Ying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Jiawei Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China.
| | - Denghui Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China.
| | - Guan-Qun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li M, Xing X, Yuan J, Zeng Z. Research progress on the regulatory role of cell membrane surface tension in cell behavior. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29923. [PMID: 38720730 PMCID: PMC11076917 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell membrane surface tension has emerged as a pivotal biophysical factor governing cell behavior and fate. This review systematically delineates recent advances in techniques for cell membrane surface tension quantification, mechanosensing mechanisms, and regulatory roles of cell membrane surface tension in modulating major cellular processes. Micropipette aspiration, tether pulling, and newly developed fluorescent probes enable the measurement of cell membrane surface tension with spatiotemporal precision. Cells perceive cell membrane surface tension via conduits including mechanosensitive ion channels, curvature-sensing proteins (e.g. BAR domain proteins), and cortex-membrane attachment proteins (e.g. ERM proteins). Through membrane receptors like integrins, cells convert mechanical cues into biochemical signals. This conversion triggers cytoskeletal remodeling and extracellular matrix interactions in response to environmental changes. Elevated cell membrane surface tension suppresses cell spreading, migration, and endocytosis while facilitating exocytosis. Moreover, reduced cell membrane surface tension promotes embryonic stem cell differentiation and cancer cell invasion, underscoring cell membrane surface tension as a regulator of cell plasticity. Outstanding questions remain regarding cell membrane surface tension regulatory mechanisms and roles in tissue development/disease in vivo. Emerging tools to manipulate cell membrane surface tension with high spatiotemporal control in combination with omics approaches will facilitate the elucidation of cell membrane surface tension-mediated effects on signaling networks across various cell types/states. This will accelerate the development of cell membrane surface tension-based biomarkers and therapeutics for regenerative medicine and cancer. Overall, this review provides critical insights into cell membrane surface tension as a potent orchestrator of cell function, with broader impacts across mechanobiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manqing Li
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 5180080, China
| | - Xiumei Xing
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 5180080, China
| | - Jianhui Yuan
- Nanshan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518054, China
| | - Zhuoying Zeng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518035, China
- Chemical Analysis & Physical Testing Institute, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nanes BA, Bhatt K, Boujemaa-Paterski R, Azarova E, Munawar S, Rajendran D, Isogai T, Dean KM, Medalia O, Danuser G. Keratin isoform shifts modulate motility signals during wound healing. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.05.04.538989. [PMID: 37205459 PMCID: PMC10187270 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.04.538989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Keratin intermediate filaments form strong mechanical scaffolds that confer structural stability to epithelial tissues, but the reason this function requires a protein family with 54 isoforms is not understood. During skin wound healing, a shift in keratin isoform expression alters the composition of keratin filaments. How this change modulates cellular function to support epidermal remodeling remains unclear. We report an unexpected effect of keratin isoform variation on kinase signal transduction. Increased expression of wound-associated keratin 6A, but not of steady-state keratin 5, potentiated keratinocyte migration and wound closure without compromising epidermal stability by activating myosin motors. This pathway depended on isoform-specific interaction between intrinsically disordered keratin head domains and non-filamentous vimentin shuttling myosin-activating kinases. These results substantially expand the functional repertoire of intermediate filaments from their canonical role as mechanical scaffolds to include roles as isoform-tuned signaling scaffolds that organize signal transduction cascades in space and time to influence epithelial cell state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Nanes
- Department of Dermatology, UT Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics and Cecil H and Ida Green Center for Systems Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Kushal Bhatt
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics and Cecil H and Ida Green Center for Systems Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | - Evgenia Azarova
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics and Cecil H and Ida Green Center for Systems Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Present address: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Sabahat Munawar
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics and Cecil H and Ida Green Center for Systems Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Divya Rajendran
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics and Cecil H and Ida Green Center for Systems Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Tadamoto Isogai
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics and Cecil H and Ida Green Center for Systems Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Kevin M Dean
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics and Cecil H and Ida Green Center for Systems Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ohad Medalia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich; Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Gaudenz Danuser
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics and Cecil H and Ida Green Center for Systems Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cao L, Way M. The stabilization of Arp2/3 complex generated actin filaments. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:343-352. [PMID: 38288872 PMCID: PMC10903444 DOI: 10.1042/bst20230638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
The Arp2/3 complex, which generates both branched but also linear actin filaments via activation of SPIN90, is evolutionarily conserved in eukaryotes. Several factors regulate the stability of filaments generated by the Arp2/3 complex to maintain the dynamics and architecture of actin networks. In this review, we summarise recent studies on the molecular mechanisms governing the tuning of Arp2/3 complex nucleated actin filaments, which includes investigations using microfluidics and single-molecule imaging to reveal the mechanosensitivity, dissociation and regeneration of actin branches. We also discuss the high-resolution cryo-EM structure of cortactin bound to actin branches, as well as the differences and similarities between the stability of Arp2/3 complex nucleated branches and linear filaments. These new studies provide a clearer picture of the stabilisation of Arp2/3 nucleated filaments at the molecular level. We also identified gaps in our understanding of how different factors collectively contribute to the stabilisation of Arp2/3 complex-generated actin networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- LuYan Cao
- Cellular Signalling and Cytoskeletal Function Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, U.K
| | - Michael Way
- Cellular Signalling and Cytoskeletal Function Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, U.K
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xu M, Rutkowski DM, Rebowski G, Boczkowska M, Pollard LW, Dominguez R, Vavylonis D, Ostap EM. Myosin-I Synergizes with Arp2/3 Complex to Enhance Pushing Forces of Branched Actin Networks. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.09.579714. [PMID: 38405741 PMCID: PMC10888859 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.09.579714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Myosin-Is colocalize with Arp2/3 complex-nucleated actin networks at sites of membrane protrusion and invagination, but the mechanisms by which myosin-I motor activity coordinates with branched actin assembly to generate force are unknown. We mimicked the interplay of these proteins using the "comet tail" bead motility assay, where branched actin networks are nucleated by Arp2/3 complex on the surface of beads coated with myosin-I and the WCA domain of N-WASP. We observed that myosin-I increased bead movement efficiency by thinning actin networks without affecting growth rates. Remarkably, myosin-I triggered symmetry breaking and comet-tail formation in dense networks resistant to spontaneous fracturing. Even with arrested actin assembly, myosin-I alone could break the network. Computational modeling recapitulated these observations suggesting myosin-I acts as a repulsive force shaping the network's architecture and boosting its force-generating capacity. We propose that myosin-I leverages its power stroke to amplify the forces generated by Arp2/3 complex-nucleated actin networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Xu
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | - Grzegorz Rebowski
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Malgorzata Boczkowska
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Luther W Pollard
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Roberto Dominguez
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | - E Michael Ostap
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rosa-Birriel C, Malin J, Hatini V. Medioapical contractile pulses coordinated between cells regulate Drosophila eye morphogenesis. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202304041. [PMID: 38126997 PMCID: PMC10737437 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202304041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Lattice cells (LCs) in the developing Drosophila retina change shape before attaining final form. Previously, we showed that repeated contraction and expansion of apical cell contacts affect these dynamics. Here, we describe another factor, the assembly of a Rho1-dependent medioapical actomyosin ring formed by nodes linked by filaments that contract the apical cell area. Cell area contraction alternates with relaxation, generating pulsatile changes in cell area that exert force on neighboring LCs. Moreover, Rho1 signaling is sensitive to mechanical changes, becoming active when tension decreases and cells expand, while the negative regulator RhoGAP71E accumulates when tension increases and cells contract. This results in cycles of cell area contraction and relaxation that are reciprocally synchronized between adjacent LCs. Thus, mechanically sensitive Rho1 signaling controls pulsatile medioapical actomyosin contraction and coordinates cell behavior across the epithelium. Disrupting the kinetics of pulsing can lead to developmental errors, suggesting this process controls cell shape and tissue integrity during epithelial morphogenesis of the retina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Rosa-Birriel
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Program in Genetics, and Program in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jacob Malin
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Program in Genetics, and Program in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Victor Hatini
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Program in Genetics, and Program in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ghisleni A, Gauthier NC. Mechanotransduction through membrane tension: It's all about propagation? Curr Opin Cell Biol 2024; 86:102294. [PMID: 38101114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 25 years, membrane tension has emerged as a primary mechanical factor influencing cell behavior. Although supporting evidences are accumulating, the integration of this parameter in the lifecycle of cells, organs, and tissues is complex. The plasma membrane is envisioned as a bilayer continuum acting as a 2D fluid. However, it possesses almost infinite combinations of proteins, lipids, and glycans that establish interactions with the extracellular or intracellular environments. This results in a tridimensional composite material with non-trivial dynamics and physics, and the task of integrating membrane mechanics and cellular outcome is a daunting chore for biologists. In light of the most recent discoveries, we aim in this review to provide non-specialist readers some tips on how to solve this conundrum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ghisleni
- IFOM ETS, The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Nils C Gauthier
- IFOM ETS, The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ghasemi F, Cao L, Mladenov M, Guichard B, Way M, Jégou A, Romet-Lemonne G. Regeneration of actin filament branches from the same Arp2/3 complex. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj7681. [PMID: 38277459 PMCID: PMC10816697 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj7681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Branched actin filaments are found in many key cellular structures. Branches are nucleated by the Arp2/3 complex activated by nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) proteins and bound to the side of preexisting "mother" filaments. Over time, branches dissociate from their mother filament, leading to network reorganization and turnover, but this mechanism is less understood. Here, using microfluidics and purified proteins, we examined the dissociation of individual branches under controlled biochemical and mechanical conditions. We observe that the Arp2/3 complex remains bound to the mother filament after most debranching events, even when accelerated by force. Strikingly, this surviving Arp2/3 complex readily nucleates a new actin filament branch, without being activated anew by an NPF: It simply needs to exchange its nucleotide and bind an actin monomer. The protein glia maturation factor (GMF), which accelerates debranching, prevents branch renucleation. Our results suggest that actin filament renucleation can provide a self-repair mechanism, helping branched networks to sustain mechanical stress in cells over extended periods of time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Foad Ghasemi
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - LuYan Cao
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Bérengère Guichard
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Michael Way
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Antoine Jégou
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mittal N, Michels EB, Massey AE, Qiu Y, Royer-Weeden SP, Smith BR, Cartagena-Rivera AX, Han SJ. Myosin-independent stiffness sensing by fibroblasts is regulated by the viscoelasticity of flowing actin. COMMUNICATIONS MATERIALS 2024; 5:6. [PMID: 38741699 PMCID: PMC11090405 DOI: 10.1038/s43246-024-00444-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The stiffness of the extracellular matrix induces differential tension within integrin-based adhesions, triggering differential mechanoresponses. However, it has been unclear if the stiffness-dependent differential tension is induced solely by myosin activity. Here, we report that in the absence of myosin contractility, 3T3 fibroblasts still transmit stiffness-dependent differential levels of traction. This myosin-independent differential traction is regulated by polymerizing actin assisted by actin nucleators Arp2/3 and formin where formin has a stronger contribution than Arp2/3 to both traction and actin flow. Intriguingly, despite only slight changes in F-actin flow speed observed in cells with the combined inhibition of Arp2/3 and myosin compared to cells with sole myosin inhibition, they show a 4-times reduction in traction than cells with myosin-only inhibition. Our analyses indicate that traditional models based on rigid F-actin are inadequate for capturing such dramatic force reduction with similar actin flow. Instead, incorporating the F-actin network's viscoelastic properties is crucial. Our new model including the F-actin viscoelasticity reveals that Arp2/3 and formin enhance stiffness sensitivity by mechanically reinforcing the F-actin network, thereby facilitating more effective transmission of flow-induced forces. This model is validated by cell stiffness measurement with atomic force microscopy and experimental observation of model-predicted stiffness-dependent actin flow fluctuation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Mittal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
- Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Etienne B. Michels
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Andrew E. Massey
- Section on Mechanobiology, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yunxiu Qiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Shaina P. Royer-Weeden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Bryan R. Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Alexander X. Cartagena-Rivera
- Section on Mechanobiology, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sangyoon J. Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
- Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Caballero-Mancebo S, Shinde R, Bolger-Munro M, Peruzzo M, Szep G, Steccari I, Labrousse-Arias D, Zheden V, Merrin J, Callan-Jones A, Voituriez R, Heisenberg CP. Friction forces determine cytoplasmic reorganization and shape changes of ascidian oocytes upon fertilization. NATURE PHYSICS 2024; 20:310-321. [PMID: 38370025 PMCID: PMC10866705 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-023-02302-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Contraction and flow of the actin cell cortex have emerged as a common principle by which cells reorganize their cytoplasm and take shape. However, how these cortical flows interact with adjacent cytoplasmic components, changing their form and localization, and how this affects cytoplasmic organization and cell shape remains unclear. Here we show that in ascidian oocytes, the cooperative activities of cortical actomyosin flows and deformation of the adjacent mitochondria-rich myoplasm drive oocyte cytoplasmic reorganization and shape changes following fertilization. We show that vegetal-directed cortical actomyosin flows, established upon oocyte fertilization, lead to both the accumulation of cortical actin at the vegetal pole of the zygote and compression and local buckling of the adjacent elastic solid-like myoplasm layer due to friction forces generated at their interface. Once cortical flows have ceased, the multiple myoplasm buckles resolve into one larger buckle, which again drives the formation of the contraction pole-a protuberance of the zygote's vegetal pole where maternal mRNAs accumulate. Thus, our findings reveal a mechanism where cortical actomyosin network flows determine cytoplasmic reorganization and cell shape by deforming adjacent cytoplasmic components through friction forces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rushikesh Shinde
- Laboratoire de Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université de Paris Cité and CNRS, Paris, France
| | | | - Matilda Peruzzo
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Irene Steccari
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Vanessa Zheden
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Jack Merrin
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Andrew Callan-Jones
- Laboratoire de Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université de Paris Cité and CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Voituriez
- Laboratoire Jean Perrin, Sorbonne Université and CNRS, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique de la Matière Condensée, Sorbonne Université and CNRS, Paris, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
de Boer LL, Vanes L, Melgrati S, Biggs O'May J, Hayward D, Driscoll PC, Day J, Griffiths A, Magueta R, Morrell A, MacRae JI, Köchl R, Tybulewicz VLJ. T cell migration requires ion and water influx to regulate actin polymerization. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7844. [PMID: 38057317 PMCID: PMC10700356 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43423-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Migration of T cells is essential for their ability to mount immune responses. Chemokine-induced T cell migration requires WNK1, a kinase that regulates ion influx into the cell. However, it is not known why ion entry is necessary for T cell movement. Here we show that signaling from the chemokine receptor CCR7 leads to activation of WNK1 and its downstream pathway at the leading edge of migrating CD4+ T cells, resulting in ion influx and water entry by osmosis. We propose that WNK1-induced water entry is required to swell the membrane at the leading edge, generating space into which actin filaments can polymerize, thereby facilitating forward movement of the cell. Given the broad expression of WNK1 pathway proteins, our study suggests that ion and water influx are likely to be essential for migration in many cell types, including leukocytes and metastatic tumor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonard L de Boer
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lesley Vanes
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Serena Melgrati
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - Darryl Hayward
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- GSK, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | | | - Jason Day
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, UK
| | - Alexander Griffiths
- London Metallomics Facility, Research Management & Innovation Directorate, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Renata Magueta
- London Metallomics Facility, Research Management & Innovation Directorate, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Alexander Morrell
- London Metallomics Facility, Research Management & Innovation Directorate, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | | | - Robert Köchl
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- Kings College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kandiyoth FB, Michelot A. Reconstitution of actin-based cellular processes: Why encapsulation changes the rules. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151368. [PMID: 37922812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
While in vitro reconstitution of cellular processes is progressing rapidly, the encapsulation of biomimetic systems to reproduce the cellular environment is a major challenge. Here we review the difficulties, using reconstitution of processes dependent on actin polymerization as an example. Some of the problems are purely technical, due to the need for engineering strategies to encapsulate concentrated solutions in micrometer-sized compartments. However, other significant issues arise from the reduction of experimental volumes, which alters the chemical evolution of these non-equilibrium systems. Important parameters to consider for successful reconstitutions are the amount of each component, their consumption and renewal rates to guarantee their continuous availability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alphée Michelot
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Carney KR, Khan AM, Stam S, Samson SC, Mittal N, Han SJ, Bidone TC, Mendoza MC. Nascent adhesions shorten the period of lamellipodium protrusion through the Brownian ratchet mechanism. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar115. [PMID: 37672339 PMCID: PMC10846621 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-08-0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Directional cell migration is driven by the conversion of oscillating edge motion into lasting periods of leading edge protrusion. Actin polymerization against the membrane and adhesions control edge motion, but the exact mechanisms that determine protrusion period remain elusive. We addressed this by developing a computational model in which polymerization of actin filaments against a deformable membrane and variable adhesion dynamics support edge motion. Consistent with previous reports, our model showed that actin polymerization and adhesion lifetime power protrusion velocity. However, increasing adhesion lifetime decreased the protrusion period. Measurements of adhesion lifetime and edge motion in migrating cells confirmed that adhesion lifetime is associated with and promotes protrusion velocity, but decreased duration. Our model showed that adhesions' control of protrusion persistence originates from the Brownian ratchet mechanism for actin filament polymerization. With longer adhesion lifetime or increased-adhesion density, the proportion of actin filaments tethered to the substrate increased, maintaining filaments against the cell membrane. The reduced filament-membrane distance generated pushing force for high edge velocity, but limited further polymerization needed for protrusion duration. We propose a mechanism for cell edge protrusion in which adhesion strength regulates actin filament polymerization to control the periods of leading edge protrusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keith R. Carney
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Akib M. Khan
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Samantha Stam
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Shiela C. Samson
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Nikhil Mittal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931
| | - Sangyoon J. Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931
| | - Tamara C. Bidone
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
- Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Michelle C. Mendoza
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Fritz-Laylin LK, Titus MA. The evolution and diversity of actin-dependent cell migration. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:pe6. [PMID: 37906436 PMCID: PMC10846614 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-08-0358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Many eukaryotic cells, including animal cells and unicellular amoebae, use dynamic-actin networks to crawl across solid surfaces. Recent discoveries of actin-dependent crawling in additional lineages have sparked interest in understanding how and when this type of motility evolved. Tracing the evolution of cell crawling requires understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying motility. Here we outline what is known about the diversity and evolution of the molecular mechanisms that drive cell motility, with a focus on actin-dependent crawling. Classic studies and recent work have revealed a surprising number of distinct mechanical modes of actin-dependent crawling used by different cell types and species to navigate different environments. The overlap in actin network regulators driving multiple types of actin-dependent crawling, along with cortical-actin networks that support the plasma membrane in these cells, suggest that actin motility and cortical actin networks might have a common evolutionary origin. The rapid development of additional evolutionarily diverse model systems, advanced imaging technologies, and CRISPR-based genetic tools, is opening the door to testing these and other new ideas about the evolution of actin-dependent cell crawling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Margaret A. Titus
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bai Y, Zhao F, Wu T, Chen F, Pang X. Actin polymerization and depolymerization in developing vertebrates. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1213668. [PMID: 37745245 PMCID: PMC10515290 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1213668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Development is a complex process that occurs throughout the life cycle. F-actin, a major component of the cytoskeleton, is essential for the morphogenesis of tissues and organs during development. F-actin is formed by the polymerization of G-actin, and the dynamic balance of polymerization and depolymerization ensures proper cellular function. Disruption of this balance results in various abnormalities and defects or even embryonic lethality. Here, we reviewed recent findings on the structure of G-actin and F-actin and the polymerization of G-actin to F-actin. We also focused on the functions of actin isoforms and the underlying mechanisms of actin polymerization/depolymerization in cellular and organic morphogenesis during development. This information will extend our understanding of the role of actin polymerization in the physiologic or pathologic processes during development and may open new avenues for developing therapeutics for embryonic developmental abnormalities or tissue regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Bai
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingting Wu
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Fangchun Chen
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Pang
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Town JP, Weiner OD. Local negative feedback of Rac activity at the leading edge underlies a pilot pseudopod-like program for amoeboid cell guidance. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002307. [PMID: 37747905 PMCID: PMC10553818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
To migrate efficiently, neutrophils must polarize their cytoskeletal regulators along a single axis of motion. This polarization process is thought to be mediated through local positive feedback that amplifies leading edge signals and global negative feedback that enables sites of positive feedback to compete for dominance. Though this two-component model efficiently establishes cell polarity, it has potential limitations, including a tendency to "lock" onto a particular direction, limiting the ability of cells to reorient. We use spatially defined optogenetic control of a leading edge organizer (PI3K) to probe how neutrophil-like HL-60 cells balance "decisiveness" needed to polarize in a single direction with the flexibility needed to respond to new cues. Underlying this balancing act is a local Rac inhibition process that destabilizes the leading edge to promote exploration. We show that this local inhibition enables cells to process input signal dynamics, linking front stability and orientation to local temporal increases in input signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason P. Town
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Orion D. Weiner
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Jiang C, Luo HY, Xu X, Dou SX, Li W, Guan D, Ye F, Chen X, Guo M, Wang PY, Li H. Switch of cell migration modes orchestrated by changes of three-dimensional lamellipodium structure and intracellular diffusion. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5166. [PMID: 37620390 PMCID: PMC10449835 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40858-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration plays important roles in many biological processes, but how migrating cells orchestrate intracellular molecules and subcellular structures to regulate their speed and direction is still not clear. Here, by characterizing the intracellular diffusion and the three-dimensional lamellipodium structures of fish keratocyte cells, we observe a strong positive correlation between the intracellular diffusion and cell migration speed and, more importantly, discover a switching of cell migration modes with reversible intracellular diffusion variation and lamellipodium structure deformation. Distinct from the normal fast mode, cells migrating in the newly-found slow mode have a deformed lamellipodium with swollen-up front and thinned-down rear, reduced intracellular diffusion and compartmentalized macromolecule distribution in the lamellipodium. Furthermore, in turning cells, both lamellipodium structure and intracellular diffusion dynamics are also changed, with left-right symmetry breaking. We propose a mechanism involving the front-localized actin polymerization and increased molecular crowding in the lamellipodium to explain how cells spatiotemporally coordinate the intracellular diffusion dynamics and the lamellipodium structure in regulating their migrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Systems Science and Institute of Nonequilibrium Systems, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
- School of Physical Sciences and School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hong-Yu Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences and School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xinpeng Xu
- Physics Program, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China
- Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Shuo-Xing Dou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences and School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China
| | - Dongshi Guan
- School of Physical Sciences and School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Fangfu Ye
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences and School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325001, China
| | - Xiaosong Chen
- School of Systems Science and Institute of Nonequilibrium Systems, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Ming Guo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, MIT, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Peng-Ye Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- School of Physical Sciences and School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China.
| | - Hui Li
- School of Systems Science and Institute of Nonequilibrium Systems, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Levin JT, Pan A, Barrett MT, Alushin GM. A platform for dissecting force sensitivity and multivalency in actin networks. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.15.553463. [PMID: 37645911 PMCID: PMC10462062 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.15.553463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The physical structure and dynamics of cells are supported by micron-scale actin networks with diverse geometries, protein compositions, and mechanical properties. These networks are composed of actin filaments and numerous actin binding proteins (ABPs), many of which engage multiple filaments simultaneously to crosslink them into specific functional architectures. Mechanical force has been shown to modulate the interactions between several ABPs and individual actin filaments, but it is unclear how this phenomenon contributes to the emergent force-responsive functional dynamics of actin networks. Here, we engineer filament linker complexes and combine them with photo-micropatterning of myosin motor proteins to produce an in vitro reconstitution platform for examining how force impacts the behavior of ABPs within multi-filament assemblies. Our system enables the monitoring of dozens of actin networks with varying architectures simultaneously using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, facilitating detailed dissection of the interplay between force-modulated ABP binding and network geometry. We apply our system to study a dimeric form of the critical cell-cell adhesion protein α-catenin, a model force-sensitive ABP. We find that myosin forces increase α-catenin's engagement of small filament bundles embedded within networks. This activity is absent in a force-sensing deficient mutant, whose binding scales linearly with bundle size in both the presence and absence of force. These data are consistent with filaments in smaller bundles bearing greater per-filament loads that enhance α-catenin binding, a mechanism that could equalize α-catenin's distribution across actin-myosin networks of varying sizes in cells to regularize their stability and composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T. Levin
- Laboratory of Structural Biophysics and Mechanobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ariel Pan
- Laboratory of Structural Biophysics and Mechanobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael T. Barrett
- Laboratory of Structural Biophysics and Mechanobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gregory M. Alushin
- Laboratory of Structural Biophysics and Mechanobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Segretain D, Di Marco M, Dufeu C, Carette D, Trubuil A, Pointis G. Cooperative cell-cell actin network remodeling to perform Gap junction endocytosis. Basic Clin Androl 2023; 33:20. [PMID: 37533006 PMCID: PMC10399049 DOI: 10.1186/s12610-023-00194-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endocytosis of Gap junction plaques (GJP) requires cytoskeletal forces to internalize such large membranous structures. Actin, which partners the connexin proteins constituting Gap junctions and is located close to Annular Gap Junctions (AGJ), could be actively involved in this physiological process. RESULTS Electron Microscopy and Light Microscopy images, associated with time-lapse analysis and 3D reconstruction, used at high resolution and enhanced using ImageJ based software analysis, revealed that: i) actin cables, originating from Donor cells, insert on the edge of GJP and contribute to their invagination, giving rise to AGJ, whereas actin cables on the Acceptor cell side of the plaque are not modified; ii) actin cables from the Donor cell are continuous with the actin network present over the entire GJP surface. These actin cables fuse at a single point distant from the plaque, which then detaches itself from the membrane, condensing to form an actin mass during the final internalization process; iii) the Acceptor cell participates in the last step of the endocytic invagination process by forming an annular actin structure known as an actin ring. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data suggest that the endocytosis of GJP is an example of a unique cooperative mechanism between the Donor (the traction of its actin cables) and the Acceptor cells (forming the actin ring).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Segretain
- UMR S1147, Université Paris Descartes, 45 Rue Des Saints-Pères, 75006, Paris, France.
| | - Mathilde Di Marco
- UMR S1147, Université Paris Descartes, 45 Rue Des Saints-Pères, 75006, Paris, France
- Present Address: Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Chloé Dufeu
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | | | - Alain Trubuil
- MaIAGE, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, 78352, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Georges Pointis
- INSERM U 1065, Team 5 Physiopathological Control of Germ Cell Proliferation: Genomic and Non-Genomic Mechanisms, University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 151 Route Saint-Antoine de Ginestière BP 2 3194, 06204, Nice Cedex 3, France
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Keren K. Effective membrane tension: A long-range integrator of cellular dynamics. Cell 2023; 186:2956-2958. [PMID: 37419084 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Membrane tension has been proposed to mechanically couple processes along the cell's boundary. In this issue of Cell, De Belly et al. show that local protrusion or contraction elicit a global membrane tension increase within seconds, whereas tension perturbations that engage only the membrane remain localized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kinneret Keren
- Department of Physics, Network Biology Research Laboratories and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
De Belly H, Yan S, Borja da Rocha H, Ichbiah S, Town JP, Zager PJ, Estrada DC, Meyer K, Turlier H, Bustamante C, Weiner OD. Cell protrusions and contractions generate long-range membrane tension propagation. Cell 2023; 186:3049-3061.e15. [PMID: 37311454 PMCID: PMC10330871 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Membrane tension is thought to be a long-range integrator of cell physiology. Membrane tension has been proposed to enable cell polarity during migration through front-back coordination and long-range protrusion competition. These roles necessitate effective tension transmission across the cell. However, conflicting observations have left the field divided as to whether cell membranes support or resist tension propagation. This discrepancy likely originates from the use of exogenous forces that may not accurately mimic endogenous forces. We overcome this complication by leveraging optogenetics to directly control localized actin-based protrusions or actomyosin contractions while simultaneously monitoring the propagation of membrane tension using dual-trap optical tweezers. Surprisingly, actin-driven protrusions and actomyosin contractions both elicit rapid global membrane tension propagation, whereas forces applied to cell membranes alone do not. We present a simple unifying mechanical model in which mechanical forces that engage the actin cortex drive rapid, robust membrane tension propagation through long-range membrane flows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry De Belly
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shannon Yan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Hudson Borja da Rocha
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, Inserm, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Sacha Ichbiah
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, Inserm, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Jason P Town
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Patrick J Zager
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dorothy C Estrada
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kirstin Meyer
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hervé Turlier
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, Inserm, Université PSL, Paris, France.
| | - Carlos Bustamante
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Jason L. Choy Laboratory of Single-Molecule Biophysics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Orion D Weiner
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hanafy NAN. Extracellular alkaline pH enhances migratory behaviors of hepatocellular carcinoma cells as a caution against the indiscriminate application of alkalinizing drug therapy: In vitro microscopic studies. Acta Histochem 2023; 125:152032. [PMID: 37119607 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2023.152032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
The migratory process is a highly organized, differentiated, and polarized stage by which many signaling pathways are regulated to control cell migration. Since the significant evidence of migrating cells is the reorganization of the cytoskeleton. In the recent study, the cell migration model was assessed on the fact that any disruption obtained in the cellular monolayer confluent, may cause stimulation for surrounding cells to migrate. We attempt to demonstrate the morphological alterations associated with these migrating cells. In this case, sterilized 1 N NaOH (1 µl) was used as alkaline burnt. It leads to scratching the monolayer of hepatocellular carcinoma (HLF cell line) allowing cells to lose their connection. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fluorescence microscopy, light inverted microscopy, and dark field were used for discovering the morphological alterations associated with migrating cancer cells. The findings show that cells exhibited distinctive alterations including a polarizing stage, accumulation of the actin nodules in front of the nucleus, and protrusions. Nuclei appeared as lobulated shapes during migration. Lamellipodia and uropod were extended as well. Additionally, TGFβ1 proved its expression in HLF and SNU449 after their stimulation. It is demonstrated that hepatocellular carcinoma cells can migrate after their stimulation and there is a caution against the indiscriminate application of alkalinizing drug therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nemany A N Hanafy
- Nanomedicine group, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516 Kafrelsheikh, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Rosa C, Malin J, Hatini V. Medioapical contractile pulses coordinated between cells regulate Drosophila eye morphogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.17.529936. [PMID: 36993651 PMCID: PMC10055172 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.17.529936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Lattice cells (LCs) in the developing Drosophila retina constantly move and change shape before attaining final forms. Previously we showed that repeated contraction and expansion of apical cell contacts affect these dynamics. Here we describe a second contributing factor, the assembly of a medioapical actomyosin ring composed of nodes linked by filaments that attract each other, fuse, and contract the LCs' apical area. This medioapical actomyosin network is dependent on Rho1 and its known effectors. Apical cell area contraction alternates with relaxation, generating pulsatile changes in apical cell area. Strikingly, cycles of contraction and relaxation of cell area are reciprocally synchronized between adjacent LCs. Further, in a genetic screen, we identified RhoGEF2 as an activator of these Rho1 functions and RhoGAP71E/C-GAP as an inhibitor. Thus, Rho1 signaling regulates pulsatile medioapical actomyosin contraction exerting force on neighboring cells, coordinating cell behavior across the epithelium. This ultimately serves to control cell shape and maintain tissue integrity during epithelial morphogenesis of the retina.
Collapse
|
29
|
Itoh T, Tsujita K. Exploring membrane mechanics: The role of membrane-cortex attachment in cell dynamics. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2023; 81:102173. [PMID: 37224683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The role of plasma membrane (PM) tension in cell dynamics has gained increasing interest in recent years to understand the mechanism by which individual cells regulate their dynamic behavior. Membrane-to-cortex attachment (MCA) is a component of apparent PM tension, and its assembly and disassembly determine the direction of cell motility, controlling the driving forces of migration. There is also evidence that membrane tension plays a role in malignant cancer cell metastasis and stem cell differentiation. Here, we review recent important discoveries that explore the role of membrane tension in the regulation of diverse cellular processes, and discuss the mechanisms of cell dynamics regulated by this physical parameter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Itoh
- Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan; Division of Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan.
| | - Kazuya Tsujita
- Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan; Division of Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hein JI, Scholz J, Körber S, Kaufmann T, Faix J. Unleashed Actin Assembly in Capping Protein-Deficient B16-F1 Cells Enables Identification of Multiple Factors Contributing to Filopodium Formation. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060890. [PMID: 36980231 PMCID: PMC10047565 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Filopodia are dynamic, finger-like actin-filament bundles that overcome membrane tension by forces generated through actin polymerization at their tips to allow extension of these structures a few microns beyond the cell periphery. Actin assembly of these protrusions is regulated by accessory proteins including heterodimeric capping protein (CP) or Ena/VASP actin polymerases to either terminate or promote filament growth. Accordingly, the depletion of CP in B16-F1 melanoma cells was previously shown to cause an explosive formation of filopodia. In Ena/VASP-deficient cells, CP depletion appeared to result in ruffling instead of inducing filopodia, implying that Ena/VASP proteins are absolutely essential for filopodia formation. However, this hypothesis was not yet experimentally confirmed. Methods: Here, we used B16-F1 cells and CRISPR/Cas9 technology to eliminate CP either alone or in combination with Ena/VASP or other factors residing at filopodia tips, followed by quantifications of filopodia length and number. Results: Unexpectedly, we find massive formations of filopodia even in the absence of CP and Ena/VASP proteins. Notably, combined inactivation of Ena/VASP, unconventional myosin-X and the formin FMNL3 was required to markedly impair filopodia formation in CP-deficient cells. Conclusions: Taken together, our results reveal that, besides Ena/VASP proteins, numerous other factors contribute to filopodia formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jan Faix
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-511-532-2928
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Colin A, Kotila T, Guérin C, Orhant-Prioux M, Vianay B, Mogilner A, Lappalainen P, Théry M, Blanchoin L. Recycling of the actin monomer pool limits the lifetime of network turnover. EMBO J 2023; 42:e112717. [PMID: 36912152 PMCID: PMC10152149 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022112717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular organization is largely mediated by actin turnover. Cellular actin networks continuously assemble and disassemble, while maintaining their overall appearance. This behavior, called "dynamic steady state," allows cells to sense and adapt to their environment. However, how structural stability can be maintained during the constant turnover of a limited actin monomer pool is poorly understood. To answer this question, we developed an experimental system where polystyrene beads are propelled by an actin comet in a microwell containing a limited amount of components. We used the speed and the size of the actin comet tails to evaluate the system's monomer consumption and its lifetime. We established the relative contribution of actin assembly, disassembly, and recycling for a bead movement over tens of hours. Recycling mediated by cyclase-associated protein (CAP) is the key step in allowing the reuse of monomers for multiple assembly cycles. ATP supply and protein aging are also factors that limit the lifetime of actin turnover. This work reveals the balancing mechanism for long-term network assembly with a limited amount of building blocks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Colin
- CytoMorpho Lab, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, University of Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Grenoble, France
| | - Tommi Kotila
- Institute of Biotechnology and Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christophe Guérin
- CytoMorpho Lab, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, University of Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Grenoble, France
| | - Magali Orhant-Prioux
- CytoMorpho Lab, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, University of Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Grenoble, France
| | - Benoit Vianay
- CytoMorpho Lab, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, U976 Human Immunology Pathophysiology Immunotherapy (HIPI), University of Paris, INSERM, CEA, Paris, France
| | - Alex Mogilner
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pekka Lappalainen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Manuel Théry
- CytoMorpho Lab, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, University of Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Grenoble, France.,CytoMorpho Lab, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, U976 Human Immunology Pathophysiology Immunotherapy (HIPI), University of Paris, INSERM, CEA, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Blanchoin
- CytoMorpho Lab, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, University of Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Grenoble, France.,CytoMorpho Lab, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, U976 Human Immunology Pathophysiology Immunotherapy (HIPI), University of Paris, INSERM, CEA, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Amiri B, Heyn JCJ, Schreiber C, Rädler JO, Falcke M. On multistability and constitutive relations of cell motion on fibronectin lanes. Biophys J 2023; 122:753-766. [PMID: 36739476 PMCID: PMC10027452 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell motility on flat substrates exhibits coexisting steady and oscillatory morphodynamics, the biphasic adhesion-velocity relation, and the universal correlation between speed and persistence (UCSP) as simultaneous observations common to many cell types. Their universality and concurrency suggest a unifying mechanism causing all three of them. Stick-slip models for cells on one-dimensional lanes suggest multistability to arise from the nonlinear friction of retrograde flow. This study suggests a mechanical mechanism controlled by integrin signaling on the basis of a biophysical model and analysis of trajectories of MDA-MB-231 cells on fibronectin lanes, which additionally explains the constitutive relations. The experiments exhibit cells with steady or oscillatory morphodynamics and either spread or moving with spontaneous transitions between the dynamic regimes, spread and moving, and spontaneous direction reversals. Our biophysical model is based on the force balance at the protrusion edge, the noisy clutch of retrograde flow, and a response function of friction and membrane drag to integrin signaling. The theory reproduces the experimentally observed cell states, characteristics of oscillations, and state probabilities. Analysis of experiments with the biophysical model establishes a stick-slip oscillation mechanism, and explains multistability of cell states and the statistics of state transitions. It suggests protrusion competition to cause direction reversal events, the statistics of which explain the UCSP. The effect of integrin signaling on drag and friction explains the adhesion-velocity relation and cell behavior at fibronectin density steps. The dynamics of our mechanism are nonlinear flow mechanics driven by F-actin polymerization and shaped by the noisy clutch of retrograde flow friction, protrusion competition via membrane tension, and drag forces. Integrin signaling controls the parameters of the mechanical system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Amiri
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes C J Heyn
- Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Schreiber
- Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Joachim O Rädler
- Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany.
| | - Martin Falcke
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany; Department of Physics, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Nunes Vicente F, Chen T, Rossier O, Giannone G. Novel imaging methods and force probes for molecular mechanobiology of cytoskeleton and adhesion. Trends Cell Biol 2023; 33:204-220. [PMID: 36055943 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Detection and conversion of mechanical forces into biochemical signals is known as mechanotransduction. From cells to tissues, mechanotransduction regulates migration, proliferation, and differentiation in processes such as immune responses, development, and cancer progression. Mechanosensitive structures such as integrin adhesions, the actin cortex, ion channels, caveolae, and the nucleus sense and transmit forces. In vitro approaches showed that mechanosensing is based on force-dependent protein deformations and reorganizations. However, the mechanisms in cells remained unclear since cell imaging techniques lacked molecular resolution. Thanks to recent developments in super-resolution microscopy (SRM) and molecular force sensors, it is possible to obtain molecular insight of mechanosensing in live cells. We discuss how understanding of molecular mechanotransduction was revolutionized by these innovative approaches, focusing on integrin adhesions, actin structures, and the plasma membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Nunes Vicente
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France; Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tianchi Chen
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Olivier Rossier
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Grégory Giannone
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Deciphering the molecular mechanisms of actin cytoskeleton regulation in cell migration using cryo-EM. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:87-99. [PMID: 36695514 PMCID: PMC9987995 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton plays a key role in cell migration and cellular morphodynamics in most eukaryotes. The ability of the actin cytoskeleton to assemble and disassemble in a spatiotemporally controlled manner allows it to form higher-order structures, which can generate forces required for a cell to explore and navigate through its environment. It is regulated not only via a complex synergistic and competitive interplay between actin-binding proteins (ABP), but also by filament biochemistry and filament geometry. The lack of structural insights into how geometry and ABPs regulate the actin cytoskeleton limits our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that define actin cytoskeleton remodeling and, in turn, impact emerging cell migration characteristics. With the advent of cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and advanced computational methods, it is now possible to define these molecular mechanisms involving actin and its interactors at both atomic and ultra-structural levels in vitro and in cellulo. In this review, we will provide an overview of the available cryo-EM methods, applicable to further our understanding of the actin cytoskeleton, specifically in the context of cell migration. We will discuss how these methods have been employed to elucidate ABP- and geometry-defined regulatory mechanisms in initiating, maintaining, and disassembling cellular actin networks in migratory protrusions.
Collapse
|
35
|
Effects of wounds in the cell membrane on cell division. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1941. [PMID: 36732338 PMCID: PMC9895069 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28339-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells are consistently subjected to wounding by physical or chemical damages from the external environment. We previously showed that a local wound of the cell membrane modulates the polarity of cell migration and the wounded cells escape from the wound site in Dictyostelium. Here, we examined effects of wounds on dividing cells. When the cell membrane at the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis was locally wounded using laserporation, furrow constriction was significantly accelerated. Neither myosin II nor cortexillins contributed to the acceleration, because the acceleration was not hindered in mutant cells deficient in these proteins. When the cell membrane outside the furrow was wounded, the furrow constriction was not accelerated. Instead, the wounded-daughter half became smaller and the unwounded half became larger, resulting in an asymmetrical cell division. These phenomena occurred independently of wound repair. When cells in anaphase were wounded at the presumptive polar region, about 30% of the wounded cells changed the orientation of the division axis. From these observations, we concluded that dividing cells also escape from the wound site. The wound experiments on dividing cells also provide new insights into the mechanism of cytokinesis and cell polarity establishment.
Collapse
|
36
|
Bieling P, Rottner K. From WRC to Arp2/3: Collective molecular mechanisms of branched actin network assembly. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2023; 80:102156. [PMID: 36868090 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Branched actin networks have emerged as major force-generating structures driving the protrusions in various distinct cell types and processes, ranging from lamellipodia operating in mesenchymal and epithelial cell migration or tails pushing intracellular pathogens and vesicles to developing spine heads on neurons. Many key molecular features are conserved among all those Arp2/3 complex-containing, branched actin networks. Here, we will review recent progress in our molecular understanding of the core biochemical machinery driving branched actin nucleation, from the generation of filament primers to Arp2/3 activator recruitment, regulation and turnover. Due to the wealth of information on distinct, Arp2/3 network-containing structures, we are largely focusing-in an exemplary fashion-on canonical lamellipodia of mesenchymal cells, which are regulated by Rac GTPases, their downstream effector WAVE Regulatory Complex and its target Arp2/3 complex. Novel insight additionally confirms that WAVE and Arp2/3 complexes regulate or are themselves tuned by additional prominent actin regulatory factors, including Ena/VASP family members and heterodimeric capping protein. Finally, we are considering recent insights into effects exerted by mechanical force, both at the branched network and individual actin regulator level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bieling
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Fäßler F, Javoor MG, Datler J, Döring H, Hofer FW, Dimchev G, Hodirnau VV, Faix J, Rottner K, Schur FK. ArpC5 isoforms regulate Arp2/3 complex-dependent protrusion through differential Ena/VASP positioning. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd6495. [PMID: 36662867 PMCID: PMC9858492 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add6495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of the Arp2/3 complex is required for productive nucleation of branched actin networks. An emerging aspect of regulation is the incorporation of subunit isoforms into the Arp2/3 complex. Specifically, both ArpC5 subunit isoforms, ArpC5 and ArpC5L, have been reported to fine-tune nucleation activity and branch junction stability. We have combined reverse genetics and cellular structural biology to describe how ArpC5 and ArpC5L differentially affect cell migration. Both define the structural stability of ArpC1 in branch junctions and, in turn, by determining protrusion characteristics, affect protein dynamics and actin network ultrastructure. ArpC5 isoforms also affect the positioning of members of the Ena/Vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) family of actin filament elongators, which mediate ArpC5 isoform-specific effects on the actin assembly level. Our results suggest that ArpC5 and Ena/VASP proteins are part of a signaling pathway enhancing cell migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Fäßler
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Julia Datler
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Hermann Döring
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Florian W. Hofer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Georgi Dimchev
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Jan Faix
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Florian K.M. Schur
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
A network of mixed actin polarity in the leading edge of spreading cells. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1338. [PMID: 36473943 PMCID: PMC9727120 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04288-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical interactions of cells with the underlying extracellular matrix (ECM) play key roles in multiple cellular processes. The actin cytoskeleton is a central driver and regulator of cellular dynamics, that produces membrane-protrusions such as lamellipodia and filopodia. Here, we examined actin organization in expanding lamellipodia during early stages of cell spreading. To gain insight into the 3D actin organization, we plated fibroblasts on galectin-8 coated EM grids, an ECM protein presents in disease states. We then combined cryo-electron tomography with advanced image processing tools for reconstructing the structure of F-actin in the lamellipodia. This approach enabled us to resolve the polarity and orientation of filaments, and the structure of the Arp2/3 complexes associated with F-actin branches. We show that F-actin in lamellipodial protrusions forms a dense network with three distinct sub-domains. One consists primarily of radial filaments, with their barbed ends pointing towards the membrane, the other is enriched with parallel filaments that run between the radial fibers, in addition to an intermediate sub-domain. Surprisingly, a minor, yet significant (~10%) population of actin filaments, are oriented with their barbed-ends towards the cell center. Our results provide structural insights into F-actin assembly and dynamic reorganization in the leading edge of spreading cells.
Collapse
|
39
|
Erlich A, Étienne J, Fouchard J, Wyatt T. How dynamic prestress governs the shape of living systems, from the subcellular to tissue scale. Interface Focus 2022; 12:20220038. [PMID: 36330322 PMCID: PMC9560792 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2022.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells and tissues change shape both to carry out their function and during pathology. In most cases, these deformations are driven from within the systems themselves. This is permitted by a range of molecular actors, such as active crosslinkers and ion pumps, whose activity is biologically controlled in space and time. The resulting stresses are propagated within complex and dynamical architectures like networks or cell aggregates. From a mechanical point of view, these effects can be seen as the generation of prestress or prestrain, resulting from either a contractile or growth activity. In this review, we present this concept of prestress and the theoretical tools available to conceptualize the statics and dynamics of living systems. We then describe a range of phenomena where prestress controls shape changes in biopolymer networks (especially the actomyosin cytoskeleton and fibrous tissues) and cellularized tissues. Despite the diversity of scale and organization, we demonstrate that these phenomena stem from a limited number of spatial distributions of prestress, which can be categorized as heterogeneous, anisotropic or differential. We suggest that in addition to growth and contraction, a third type of prestress-topological prestress-can result from active processes altering the microstructure of tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jocelyn Étienne
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPHY, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Jonathan Fouchard
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Sorbonne Université, CNRS (UMR 7622), INSERM (URL 1156), 7 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Tom Wyatt
- Wellcome Trust–Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Jiang X, Isogai T, Chi J, Danuser G. Fine-grained, nonlinear registration of live cell movies reveals spatiotemporal organization of diffuse molecular processes. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1009667. [PMID: 36584219 PMCID: PMC9870159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We present an application of nonlinear image registration to align in microscopy time lapse sequences for every frame the cell outline and interior with the outline and interior of the same cell in a reference frame. The registration relies on a subcellular fiducial marker, a cell motion mask, and a topological regularization that enforces diffeomorphism on the registration without significant loss of granularity. This allows spatiotemporal analysis of extremely noisy and diffuse molecular processes across the entire cell. We validate the registration method for different fiducial markers by measuring the intensity differences between predicted and original time lapse sequences of Actin cytoskeleton images and by uncovering zones of spatially organized GEF- and GTPase signaling dynamics visualized by FRET-based activity biosensors in MDA-MB-231 cells. We then demonstrate applications of the registration method in conjunction with stochastic time-series analysis. We describe distinct zones of locally coherent dynamics of the cytoplasmic protein Profilin in U2OS cells. Further analysis of the Profilin dynamics revealed strong relationships with Actin cytoskeleton reorganization during cell symmetry-breaking and polarization. This study thus provides a framework for extracting information to explore functional interactions between cell morphodynamics, protein distributions, and signaling in cells undergoing continuous shape changes. Matlab code implementing the proposed registration method is available at https://github.com/DanuserLab/Mask-Regularized-Diffeomorphic-Cell-Registration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuexia Jiang
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tadamoto Isogai
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Joseph Chi
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Gaudenz Danuser
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Lappalainen P, Kotila T, Jégou A, Romet-Lemonne G. Biochemical and mechanical regulation of actin dynamics. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:836-852. [PMID: 35918536 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00508-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Polymerization of actin filaments against membranes produces force for numerous cellular processes, such as migration, morphogenesis, endocytosis, phagocytosis and organelle dynamics. Consequently, aberrant actin cytoskeleton dynamics are linked to various diseases, including cancer, as well as immunological and neurological disorders. Understanding how actin filaments generate forces in cells, how force production is regulated by the interplay between actin-binding proteins and how the actin-regulatory machinery responds to mechanical load are at the heart of many cellular, developmental and pathological processes. During the past few years, our understanding of the mechanisms controlling actin filament assembly and disassembly has evolved substantially. It has also become evident that the activities of key actin-binding proteins are not regulated solely by biochemical signalling pathways, as mechanical regulation is critical for these proteins. Indeed, the architecture and dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton are directly tuned by mechanical load. Here we discuss the general mechanisms by which key actin regulators, often in synergy with each other, control actin filament assembly, disassembly, and monomer recycling. By using an updated view of actin dynamics as a framework, we discuss how the mechanics and geometry of actin networks control actin-binding proteins, and how this translates into force production in endocytosis and mesenchymal cell migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pekka Lappalainen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Tommi Kotila
- Institute of Biotechnology and Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antoine Jégou
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Cancer cells move and spread faster in thicker extracellular fluids. Nature 2022:10.1038/d41586-022-03328-w. [PMID: 36323893 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-022-03328-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
43
|
Reynolds MJ, Hachicho C, Carl AG, Gong R, Alushin GM. Bending forces and nucleotide state jointly regulate F-actin structure. Nature 2022; 611:380-386. [PMID: 36289330 PMCID: PMC9646526 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05366-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
ATP-hydrolysis-coupled actin polymerization is a fundamental mechanism of cellular force generation1-3. In turn, force4,5 and actin filament (F-actin) nucleotide state6 regulate actin dynamics by tuning F-actin's engagement of actin-binding proteins through mechanisms that are unclear. Here we show that the nucleotide state of actin modulates F-actin structural transitions evoked by bending forces. Cryo-electron microscopy structures of ADP-F-actin and ADP-Pi-F-actin with sufficient resolution to visualize bound solvent reveal intersubunit interfaces bridged by water molecules that could mediate filament lattice flexibility. Despite extensive ordered solvent differences in the nucleotide cleft, these structures feature nearly identical lattices and essentially indistinguishable protein backbone conformations that are unlikely to be discriminable by actin-binding proteins. We next introduce a machine-learning-enabled pipeline for reconstructing bent filaments, enabling us to visualize both continuous structural variability and side-chain-level detail. Bent F-actin structures reveal rearrangements at intersubunit interfaces characterized by substantial alterations of helical twist and deformations in individual protomers, transitions that are distinct in ADP-F-actin and ADP-Pi-F-actin. This suggests that phosphate rigidifies actin subunits to alter the bending structural landscape of F-actin. As bending forces evoke nucleotide-state dependent conformational transitions of sufficient magnitude to be detected by actin-binding proteins, we propose that actin nucleotide state can serve as a co-regulator of F-actin mechanical regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Reynolds
- Laboratory of Structural Biophysics and Mechanobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carla Hachicho
- Laboratory of Structural Biophysics and Mechanobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ayala G Carl
- Laboratory of Structural Biophysics and Mechanobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Tri-Institutional Program in Chemical Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rui Gong
- Laboratory of Structural Biophysics and Mechanobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gregory M Alushin
- Laboratory of Structural Biophysics and Mechanobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Mogilner A, Miles CE. Mechanosensation: Capping actin filaments for robustness. Curr Biol 2022; 32:R1033-R1035. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
45
|
Yamada KM, Doyle AD, Lu J. Cell-3D matrix interactions: recent advances and opportunities. Trends Cell Biol 2022; 32:883-895. [PMID: 35410820 PMCID: PMC9464680 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Tissues consist of cells and their surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). Cell-ECM interactions play crucial roles in embryonic development, differentiation, tissue remodeling, and diseases including fibrosis and cancer. Recent research advances in characterizing cell-matrix interactions include detailed descriptions of hundreds of ECM and associated molecules, their complex intermolecular interactions in development and disease, identification of distinctive modes of cell migration in different 3D ECMs, and new insights into mechanisms of organ formation. Exploring the roles of the physical features of different ECM microenvironments and the bidirectional regulation of cell signaling and matrix organization emphasize the dynamic nature of these interactions, which can include feedback loops that exacerbate disease. Understanding mechanisms of cell-matrix interactions can potentially lead to targeted therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth M Yamada
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Andrew D Doyle
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jiaoyang Lu
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Chandrasekaran A, Giniger E, Papoian GA. Nucleation causes an actin network to fragment into multiple high-density domains. Biophys J 2022; 121:3200-3212. [PMID: 35927959 PMCID: PMC9463697 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin networks rely on nucleation mechanisms to generate new filaments because spontaneous nucleation is kinetically disfavored. Branching nucleation of actin filaments by actin-related protein (Arp2/3), in particular, is critical for actin self-organization. In this study, we use the simulation platform for active matter MEDYAN to generate 2000 s long stochastic trajectories of actin networks, under varying Arp2/3 concentrations, in reaction volumes of biologically meaningful size (>20 μm3). We find that the dynamics of Arp2/3 increase the abundance of short filaments and increases network treadmilling rate. By analyzing the density fields of F-actin, we find that at low Arp2/3 concentrations, F-actin is organized into a single connected and contractile domain, while at elevated Arp2/3 levels (10 nM and above), such high-density actin domains fragment into smaller domains spanning a wide range of volumes. These fragmented domains are extremely dynamic, continuously merging and splitting, owing to the high treadmilling rate of the underlying actin network. Treating the domain dynamics as a drift-diffusion process, we find that the fragmented state is stochastically favored, and the network state slowly drifts toward the fragmented state with considerable diffusion (variability) in the number of domains. We suggest that tuning the Arp2/3 concentration enables cells to transition from a globally coherent cytoskeleton, whose response involves the entire cytoplasmic network, to a fragmented cytoskeleton, where domains can respond independently to locally varying signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aravind Chandrasekaran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland; National Institutes of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Edward Giniger
- National Institutes of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Garegin A Papoian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland; Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Sri-Ranjan K, Sanchez-Alonso JL, Swiatlowska P, Rothery S, Novak P, Gerlach S, Koeninger D, Hoffmann B, Merkel R, Stevens MM, Sun SX, Gorelik J, Braga VMM. Intrinsic cell rheology drives junction maturation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4832. [PMID: 35977954 PMCID: PMC9385638 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32102-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental property of higher eukaryotes that underpins their evolutionary success is stable cell-cell cohesion. Yet, how intrinsic cell rheology and stiffness contributes to junction stabilization and maturation is poorly understood. We demonstrate that localized modulation of cell rheology governs the transition of a slack, undulated cell-cell contact (weak adhesion) to a mature, straight junction (optimal adhesion). Cell pairs confined on different geometries have heterogeneous elasticity maps and control their own intrinsic rheology co-ordinately. More compliant cell pairs grown on circles have slack contacts, while stiffer triangular cell pairs favour straight junctions with flanking contractile thin bundles. Counter-intuitively, straighter cell-cell contacts have reduced receptor density and less dynamic junctional actin, suggesting an unusual adaptive mechano-response to stabilize cell-cell adhesion. Our modelling informs that slack junctions arise from failure of circular cell pairs to increase their own intrinsic stiffness and resist the pressures from the neighbouring cell. The inability to form a straight junction can be reversed by increasing mechanical stress artificially on stiffer substrates. Our data inform on the minimal intrinsic rheology to generate a mature junction and provide a springboard towards understanding elements governing tissue-level mechanics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Sri-Ranjan
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J L Sanchez-Alonso
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - P Swiatlowska
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - S Rothery
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - P Novak
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University, London, UK
| | - S Gerlach
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, IBI-2: Mechanobiology, Julich, Germany
| | - D Koeninger
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, IBI-2: Mechanobiology, Julich, Germany
| | - B Hoffmann
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, IBI-2: Mechanobiology, Julich, Germany
| | - R Merkel
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, IBI-2: Mechanobiology, Julich, Germany
| | - M M Stevens
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - S X Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Institute of NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore Maryland, USA
| | - J Gorelik
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Vania M M Braga
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Georgantzoglou A, Poplimont H, Walker HA, Lämmermann T, Sarris M. A two-step search and run response to gradients shapes leukocyte navigation in vivo. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213303. [PMID: 35731205 PMCID: PMC9225946 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202103207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Migrating cells must interpret chemical gradients to guide themselves within tissues. A long-held principle is that gradients guide cells via reorientation of leading-edge protrusions. However, recent evidence indicates that protrusions can be dispensable for locomotion in some contexts, raising questions about how cells interpret endogenous gradients in vivo and whether other mechanisms are involved. Using laser wound assays in zebrafish to elicit acute endogenous gradients and quantitative analyses, we demonstrate a two-stage process for leukocyte chemotaxis in vivo: first a “search” phase, with stimulation of actin networks at the leading edge, cell deceleration, and turning. This is followed by a “run” phase, with fast actin flows, cell acceleration, and persistence. When actin dynamics are perturbed, cells fail to resolve the gradient, suggesting that pure spatial sensing of the gradient is insufficient for navigation. Our data suggest that cell contractility and actin flows provide memory for temporal sensing, while expansion of the leading edge serves to enhance gradient sampling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Georgantzoglou
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Site, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hugo Poplimont
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Site, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hazel A Walker
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Site, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tim Lämmermann
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Milka Sarris
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Site, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Romet-Lemonne G. Under the hood of a moving cell. eLife 2022; 11:81108. [PMID: 35894589 PMCID: PMC9328760 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Experiments using purified proteins reveal how the network of filaments that underlie cell movement becomes denser when pushing against a stronger mechanical force.
Collapse
|
50
|
Krendel M, Gauthier NC. Building the phagocytic cup on an actin scaffold. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2022; 77:102112. [PMID: 35820329 PMCID: PMC10078615 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2022.102112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cells ingest large particles, such as bacteria, viruses, or apoptotic cells, via the process of phagocytosis, which involves formation of an actin-rich structure known as the phagocytic cup. Phagocytic cup assembly and closure results from a concerted action of phagocytic receptors, regulators of actin polymerization, and myosin motors. Recent studies using advanced imaging approaches and biophysical techniques have revealed new information regarding phagocytic cup architecture, regulation of actin assembly, and the distribution, direction, and magnitude of the forces produced by the cytoskeletal elements that form the cup. These findings provide insights into the mechanisms leading to the assembly, expansion, and closure of phagocytic cups. The new data show that engulfment and internalization of phagocytic targets rely on several distinct yet complementary mechanisms that support the robust uptake of foreign objects and may be precisely tailored to the demands of specific phagocytic pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mira Krendel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
| | - Nils C Gauthier
- IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, 20139, Italy
| |
Collapse
|