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Chen C, Sun Z, Wang Z, Shin S, Berrios A, Mellors JW, Dimitrov DS, Li W. Identification of a Fully Human Antibody VH Domain Targeting Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) with Applications in ALK-Positive Solid Tumor Immunotherapy. Antibodies (Basel) 2024; 13:39. [PMID: 38804307 PMCID: PMC11130946 DOI: 10.3390/antib13020039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK, CD247) is a potential target for antibody-based therapy. However, no antibody-based therapeutics targeting ALK have entered clinical trials, necessitating the development of novel antibodies with unique therapeutic merits. Single-domain antibodies (sdAb) bear therapeutic advantages compared to the full-length antibody including deeper tumor penetration, cost-effective production and fast washout from normal tissues. In this study, we identified a human immunoglobulin heavy chain variable domain (VH domain) (VH20) from an in-house phage library. VH20 exhibits good developability and high specificity with no off-target binding to ~6000 human membrane proteins. VH20 efficiently bound to the glycine-rich region of ALK with an EC50 of 0.4 nM and a KD of 6.54 nM. Both VH20-based bispecific T cell engager (TCE) and chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR Ts) exhibited potent cytolytic activity to ALK-expressing tumor cells in an ALK-dependent manner. VH20 CAR Ts specifically secreted proinflammatory cytokines including IL-2, TNFα and IFNγ after incubation with ALK-positive cells. To our knowledge, this is the first reported human single-domain antibody against ALK. Our in vitro characterization data indicate that VH20 could be a promising ALK-targeting sdAb with potential applications in ALK-expressing tumors, including neuroblastoma (NBL) and non-small cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Chen
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (C.C.); (Z.S.); (S.S.); (J.W.M.)
| | - Zehua Sun
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (C.C.); (Z.S.); (S.S.); (J.W.M.)
| | - Zening Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Seungmin Shin
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (C.C.); (Z.S.); (S.S.); (J.W.M.)
| | - Abigail Berrios
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Kenneth P. Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA;
| | - John W. Mellors
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (C.C.); (Z.S.); (S.S.); (J.W.M.)
| | - Dimiter S. Dimitrov
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (C.C.); (Z.S.); (S.S.); (J.W.M.)
| | - Wei Li
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (C.C.); (Z.S.); (S.S.); (J.W.M.)
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2
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Yu B, Drelich A, Hsu J, Tat V, Peng BH, Wei Q, Wang J, Wang H, Wages J, Mendelsohn AR, Larrick JW, Tseng CT. Protective Efficacy of Novel Engineered Human ACE2-Fc Fusion Protein Against Pan-SARS-CoV-2 Infection In Vitro and in Vivo. J Med Chem 2023; 66:16646-16657. [PMID: 38100534 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Enduring occurrence of severe COVID-19 for unvaccinated, aged, or immunocompromised individuals remains an urgent need. Soluble human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been used as a decoy receptor to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection, which is limited by moderate affinity. We describe an engineered, high-affinity ACE2 that is consistently effective in tissue cultures in neutralizing all strains tested, including Delta and Omicron. We also found that treatment of AC70 hACE2 transgenic mice with hACE2-Fc receptor decoys effectively reduced viral infection, attenuated tissue histopathology, and delayed the onset of morbidity and mortality caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. We believe that using this ACE2-Fc protein would be less likely to promote the escape mutants of SARS-CoV-2 as frequently as did those neutralizing antibody therapies. Together, our results emphasize the suitability of our newly engineered hACE2-Fc fusion protein for further development as a potent antiviral agent against Pan-SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yu
- Larix Bioscience LLC, Sunnyvale, California 94089, United States
| | - Aleksandra Drelich
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jason Hsu
- Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Vivian Tat
- Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Bi-Hung Peng
- Neuroscience, Cell Biology & Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Qisheng Wei
- Larix Bioscience LLC, Sunnyvale, California 94089, United States
| | - Jianming Wang
- Larix Bioscience LLC, Sunnyvale, California 94089, United States
| | - Hong Wang
- Larix Bioscience LLC, Sunnyvale, California 94089, United States
| | - John Wages
- Larix Bioscience LLC, Sunnyvale, California 94089, United States
| | | | - James W Larrick
- Larix Bioscience LLC, Sunnyvale, California 94089, United States
| | - Chien-Te Tseng
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Disease, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
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3
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Sun Z, Chu X, Adams C, Ilina TV, Guerrero M, Lin G, Chen C, Jelev D, Ishima R, Li W, Mellors JW, Calero G, Dimitrov DS. Preclinical assessment of a novel human antibody VH domain targeting mesothelin as an antibody-drug conjugate. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2023; 31:100726. [PMID: 37771390 PMCID: PMC10522976 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesothelin (MSLN) has been a validated tumor-associated antigen target for several solid tumors for over a decade, making it an attractive option for therapeutic interventions. Novel antibodies with high affinity and better therapeutic properties are needed. In the current study, we have isolated and characterized a novel heavy chain variable (VH) domain 3C9 from a large-size human immunoglobulin VH domain library. 3C9 exhibited high affinity (KD [dissociation constant] <3 nM) and binding specificity in a membrane proteome array (MPA). In a mouse xenograft model, 3C9 fused to human IgG1 Fc was detected at tumor sites as early as 8 h post-infusion and remained at the site for over 10 days. Furthermore, 3C9 fused to a human Fc domain drug conjugate effectively inhibited MSLN-positive tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model. The X-ray crystal structure of full-length MSLN in complex with 3C9 reveals interaction of the 3C9 domains with two distinctive residue patches on the MSLN surface. This newly discovered VH antibody domain has a high potential as a therapeutic candidate for MSLN-expressing cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Sun
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Xiaojie Chu
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Cynthia Adams
- Abound Bio, 1401 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Tatiana V. Ilina
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Michel Guerrero
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Guowu Lin
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Chuan Chen
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Dontcho Jelev
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Rieko Ishima
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - John W. Mellors
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Abound Bio, 1401 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Guillermo Calero
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Dimiter S. Dimitrov
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Abound Bio, 1401 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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4
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Sun Z, Jaswal AP, Chu X, Rajkumar H, Cortez AG, Edinger R, Rose M, Josefsson A, Bhise A, Huang Z, Ishima R, Mellors JW, Dimitrov DS, Li W, Nedrow JR. Assessment of Novel Mesothelin-Specific Human Antibody Domain VH-Fc Fusion Proteins-Based PET Agents. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:43586-43595. [PMID: 38027361 PMCID: PMC10666227 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Mesothelin (MSLN) is a tumor-associated antigen found in a variety of cancers and is a target for imaging and therapeutic applications in MSLN-expressing tumors. We have developed high affinity anti-MSLN human VH domain antibodies, providing alternative targeting vectors to conventional IgG antibodies that are associated with long-circulating half-lives and poor penetration of tumors, limiting antitumor activity in clinical trials. Based on two newly identified anti-MSLN VH binders (3C9, 2A10), we generated VH-Fc fusion proteins and modified them for zirconium-89 radiolabeling to create anti-MSLN VH-Fc PET tracers. The focus of this study was to assess the ability of PET-imaging to compare the in vivo performance of anti-MSLN VH-Fc fusion proteins (2A10, 3C9) targeting different epitopes of MSLN vs IgG1 (m912; a clinical benchmark antibody with an overlapped epitope as 2A10) for PET imaging in a mouse model of colorectal cancer (CRC). The anti-MSLN VH-Fc fusion proteins were successfully modified and radiolabeled with zirconium-89. The resulting MSLN-targeted PET-imaging agents demonstrated specific uptake in the MSLN-expressing HCT116 tumors. The in vivo performance of the MSLN-targeted PET-imaging agents utilizing VH-Fc showed more rapid and greater accumulation and deeper penetration within the tumor than the full-length IgG1 m912-based PET-imaging agent. Furthermore, PET imaging allowed us to compare the pharmacokinetics of epitope-specific VH domain-based PET tracers. Overall, these data are encouraging for the incorporation of PET imaging to assess modified VH domain structures to develop novel anti-MSLN VH domain-based therapeutics in MSLN-positive cancers as well as their companion PET imaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Sun
- Center
for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department
of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School
of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Ambika P. Jaswal
- Department
of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh
School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Xiaojie Chu
- Center
for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department
of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School
of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Harikrishnan Rajkumar
- Hillman
Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh
School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Angel G. Cortez
- Hillman
Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh
School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Robert Edinger
- Hillman
Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh
School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Max Rose
- Hillman
Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh
School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Anders Josefsson
- Hillman
Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh
School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
- Department
of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School
of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Abhinav Bhise
- Hillman
Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh
School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
- Department
of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School
of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Ziyu Huang
- Hillman
Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh
School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Rieko Ishima
- Department
of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh
School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - John W Mellors
- Center
for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department
of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School
of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Dimiter S. Dimitrov
- Center
for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department
of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School
of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Wei Li
- Center
for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department
of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School
of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Jessie R. Nedrow
- Hillman
Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh
School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
- Department
of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School
of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
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5
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Nagy-Fazekas D, Stráner P, Ecsédi P, Taricska N, Borbély A, Nyitray L, Perczel A. A Novel Fusion Protein System for the Production of Nanobodies and the SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD in a Bacterial System. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10030389. [PMID: 36978780 PMCID: PMC10045489 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10030389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are key proteins of the immune system, and they are widely used for both research and theragnostic applications. Among them, camelid immunoglobulins (IgG) differ from the canonical human IgG molecules, as their light chains are completely missing; thus, they have only variable domains on their heavy chains (VHHs). A single VHH domain, often called a nanobody, has favorable structural, biophysical, and functional features compared to canonical antibodies. Therefore, robust and efficient production protocols relying on recombinant technologies are in high demand. Here, by utilizing ecotin, an Escherichia coli protein, as a fusion partner, we present a bacterial expression system that allows an easy, fast, and cost-effective way to prepare nanobodies. Ecotin was used here as a periplasmic translocator and a passive refolding chaperone, which allowed us to reach high-yield production of nanobodies. We also present a new, easily applicable prokaryotic expression and purification method of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein for interaction assays. We demonstrate using ECD spectroscopy that the bacterially produced RBD is well-folded. The bacterially produced nanobody was shown to bind strongly to the recombinant RBD, with a Kd of 10 nM. The simple methods presented here could facilitate rapid interaction measurements in the event of the appearance of additional SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dóra Nagy-Fazekas
- Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Biology, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
- Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pál Stráner
- Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Biology, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
- ELKH-ELTE Protein Modeling Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Ecsédi
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nóra Taricska
- Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Biology, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
- ELKH-ELTE Protein Modeling Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Adina Borbély
- MTA-ELTE Lendület Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Nyitray
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Perczel
- Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Biology, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
- ELKH-ELTE Protein Modeling Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
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6
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Chen C, Wang Z, Sun Z, Li W, Dimitrov DS. Development of an efficient method for selection of stable cell pools for protein expression and surface display with Expi293F cells. Cell Biochem Funct 2023; 41:355-364. [PMID: 36864545 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Compare with transient expression, stable cell lines generally have higher productivity and better quality for protein expression. However, selection of stable cell line is time-consuming and laborious. Here we describe an optimized selection method to achieve high-efficient stable cell pools with Expi293F suspension cells. This method only takes 2-3 weeks to generate stable cell pools with 2- to 10-fold higher productivity than transient gene expression (TGE). In fed-batch culture with Yeastolate, >1 g/L yield was achieved with our KTN0239-IgG stable cell pool in shaker flasks. This method can be also applied to efficiently display proteins on the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Center for Antibody Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zening Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Zehua Sun
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Center for Antibody Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Abound Bio, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Center for Antibody Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dimiter S Dimitrov
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Center for Antibody Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Abound Bio, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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7
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Saville JW, Mannar D, Zhu X, Berezuk AM, Cholak S, Tuttle KS, Vahdatihassani F, Subramaniam S. Structural analysis of receptor engagement and antigenic drift within the BA.2 spike protein. Cell Rep 2023; 42:111964. [PMID: 36640338 PMCID: PMC9812370 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The BA.2 sub-lineage of the Omicron (B.1.1.529) severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variant rapidly supplanted the original BA.1 sub-lineage in early 2022. Both lineages threatened the efficacy of vaccine-elicited antibodies and acquired increased binding to several mammalian ACE2 receptors. Cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) analysis of the BA.2 spike (S) glycoprotein in complex with mouse ACE2 (mACE2) identifies BA.1- and BA.2-mutated residues Q493R, N501Y, and Y505H as complementing non-conserved residues between human and mouse ACE2, rationalizing the enhanced S protein-mACE2 interaction for Omicron variants. Cryo-EM structures of the BA.2 S-human ACE2 complex and of the extensively mutated BA.2 amino-terminal domain (NTD) reveal a dramatic reorganization of the highly antigenic N1 loop into a β-strand, providing an explanation for decreased binding of the BA.2 S protein to antibodies isolated from BA.1-convalescent patients. Our analysis reveals structural mechanisms underlying the antigenic drift in the rapidly evolving Omicron variant landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W. Saville
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Dhiraj Mannar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Xing Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Alison M. Berezuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Spencer Cholak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Katharine S. Tuttle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Faezeh Vahdatihassani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Sriram Subramaniam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada,Gandeeva Therapeutics, Inc., Burnaby, BC V5C 6N5, Canada,Corresponding author
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8
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Lu Y, Li Q, Fan H, Liao C, Zhang J, Hu H, Yi H, Peng Y, Lu J, Chen Z. A Multivalent and Thermostable Nanobody Neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529). Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:353-367. [PMID: 36700149 PMCID: PMC9869787 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s387160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variants have risen to dominance, which contains far more mutations in the spike protein in comparison to previously reported variants, compromising the efficacy of most existing vaccines or therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Nanobody screened from high-throughput naïve libraries is a potential candidate for developing preventive and therapeutic antibodies. Methods Four nanobodies specific to the SARS-CoV-2 wild-type receptor-binding domain (RBD) were screened from a naïve phage display library. Their affinity and neutralizing activity were evaluated by surface plasmon resonance assays, surrogate virus neutralization tests, and pseudovirus neutralization assays. Preliminary identification of the binding epitopes of nanobodies by peptide-based ELISA and competition assay. Then four multivalent nanobodies were engineered by attaching the monovalent nanobodies to an antibody-binding nanoplatform constructed based on the lumazine synthase protein cage nanoparticles isolated from the Aquifex aeolicus (AaLS). Finally, the differences in potency between the monovalent and multivalent nanobodies were compared using the same methods. Results Three of the four specific nanobodies could maintain substantial inhibitory activity against the Omicron (B.1.1.529), of them, B-B2 had the best neutralizing activity against the Omicron (B.1.1.529) pseudovirus (IC50 = 1.658 μg/mL). The antiviral ability of multivalent nanobody LS-B-B2 was improved in the Omicron (B.1.1.529) pseudovirus assays (IC50 = 0.653 μg/mL). The results of peptide-based ELISA indicated that LS-B-B2 might react with the linear epitopes in the SARS-CoV-2 RBD conserved regions, which would clarify the mechanisms for the maintenance of potent neutralization of Omicron (B.1.1.529) preliminary. Conclusion Our study indicated that the AaLS could be used as an antibody-binding nanoplatform to present nanobodies on its surface and improve the potency of nanobodies. The multivalent nanobody LS-B-B2 may serve as a potential agent for the neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Lu
- One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China,Hainan Key Novel Thinktank “Hainan Medical University ‘One Health’ Research Center”, Haikou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qianlin Li
- One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China,Hainan Key Novel Thinktank “Hainan Medical University ‘One Health’ Research Center”, Haikou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huahao Fan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Conghui Liao
- One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China,Hainan Key Novel Thinktank “Hainan Medical University ‘One Health’ Research Center”, Haikou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingsong Zhang
- One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China,Hainan Key Novel Thinktank “Hainan Medical University ‘One Health’ Research Center”, Haikou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huan Hu
- One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China,Hainan Key Novel Thinktank “Hainan Medical University ‘One Health’ Research Center”, Haikou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huaimin Yi
- One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China,Hainan Key Novel Thinktank “Hainan Medical University ‘One Health’ Research Center”, Haikou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanli Peng
- One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China,Hainan Key Novel Thinktank “Hainan Medical University ‘One Health’ Research Center”, Haikou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiahai Lu
- One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China,Hainan Key Novel Thinktank “Hainan Medical University ‘One Health’ Research Center”, Haikou, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Jiahai Lu; Zeliang Chen, One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China, Email ;
| | - Zeliang Chen
- One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Medical College, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, People’s Republic of China
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9
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Du W, Janssens R, Mykytyn AZ, Li W, Drabek D, van Haperen R, Chatziandreou M, Rissmann M, van der Lee J, van Dortmondt M, Martin IS, van Kuppeveld FJM, Hurdiss DL, Haagmans BL, Grosveld F, Bosch BJ. Avidity engineering of human heavy-chain-only antibodies mitigates neutralization resistance of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1111385. [PMID: 36895554 PMCID: PMC9990171 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1111385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants have accrued mutations within the spike protein rendering most therapeutic monoclonal antibodies against COVID-19 ineffective. Hence there is an unmet need for broad-spectrum mAb treatments for COVID-19 that are more resistant to antigenically drifted SARS-CoV-2 variants. Here we describe the design of a biparatopic heavy-chain-only antibody consisting of six antigen binding sites recognizing two distinct epitopes in the spike protein NTD and RBD. The hexavalent antibody showed potent neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern, including the Omicron sub-lineages BA.1, BA.2, BA.4 and BA.5, whereas the parental components had lost Omicron neutralization potency. We demonstrate that the tethered design mitigates the substantial decrease in spike trimer affinity seen for escape mutations for the hexamer components. The hexavalent antibody protected against SARS-CoV-2 infection in a hamster model. This work provides a framework for designing therapeutic antibodies to overcome antibody neutralization escape of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Du
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rick Janssens
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Harbour BioMed, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anna Z Mykytyn
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wentao Li
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Dubravka Drabek
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Harbour BioMed, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rien van Haperen
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Harbour BioMed, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marianthi Chatziandreou
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Melanie Rissmann
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joline van der Lee
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Melissa van Dortmondt
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Itziar Serna Martin
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Frank J M van Kuppeveld
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Daniel L Hurdiss
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Frank Grosveld
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Harbour BioMed, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Berend-Jan Bosch
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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10
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Animal Models to Test SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: Which Ones Are in Use and Future Expectations. Pathogens 2022; 12:pathogens12010020. [PMID: 36678369 PMCID: PMC9861368 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since late 2019 and early 2020, with the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, scientists are rushing to develop treatment and prevention methods to combat SARS-CoV-2. Among these are vaccines. In view of this, the use of animals as experimental models, both to investigate the immunopathology of the disease and to evaluate the efficacy and safety of vaccines, is mandatory. This work aims to describe, through recent scientific articles found in reliable databases, the animal models used for the in vivo testing of COVID-19 vaccines, demonstrating some possibilities of more advantageous/gold-standard models for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. The majority of the studies use rodents and primates. Meanwhile, the most adequate model to be used as the gold standard for in vivo tests of COVID-19 vaccines is not yet conclusive. Promising options are being discussed as new tests are being carried out and new SARS-CoV-2 variants are emerging.
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11
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Screnci B, Stafford LJ, Barnes T, Shema K, Gilman S, Wright R, Al Absi S, Phillips T, Azuelos C, Slovik K, Murphy P, Harmon DB, Charpentier T, Doranz BJ, Rucker JB, Chambers R. Antibody specificity against highly conserved membrane protein Claudin 6 driven by single atomic contact point. iScience 2022; 25:105665. [PMID: 36505931 PMCID: PMC9732412 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The tight junction protein claudin 6 (CLDN6) is differentially expressed on cancer cells with almost no expression in healthy tissue. However, achieving therapeutic MAb specificity for this 4 transmembrane protein is challenging because it is nearly identical to the widely expressed CLDN9, with only 3 extracellular amino acids different. Most other CLDN6 MAbs, including those in clinical development are cross-reactive with CLDN9, and several trials have now been stopped. Here we isolated rare MAbs that bind CLDN6 with up to picomolar affinity and display minimal cross-reactivity with CLDN9, 22 other CLDN family members, or across the human membrane proteome. Amino acid-level epitope mapping distinguished the binding sites of our MAbs from existing clinical-stage MAbs. Atomic-level epitope mapping identified the structural mechanism by which our MAbs differentiate CLDN6 and CLDN9 through steric hindrance at a single molecular contact point, the γ carbon on CLDN6 residue Q156.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad Screnci
- Integral Molecular, 3711 Market Street, Suite 900, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lewis J. Stafford
- Integral Molecular, 3711 Market Street, Suite 900, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Trevor Barnes
- Integral Molecular, 3711 Market Street, Suite 900, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kristen Shema
- Integral Molecular, 3711 Market Street, Suite 900, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Samantha Gilman
- Integral Molecular, 3711 Market Street, Suite 900, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rebecca Wright
- Integral Molecular, 3711 Market Street, Suite 900, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Suzie Al Absi
- Integral Molecular, 3711 Market Street, Suite 900, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tim Phillips
- Integral Molecular, 3711 Market Street, Suite 900, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Charles Azuelos
- Integral Molecular, 3711 Market Street, Suite 900, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Katherine Slovik
- Integral Molecular, 3711 Market Street, Suite 900, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Paige Murphy
- Integral Molecular, 3711 Market Street, Suite 900, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel B. Harmon
- Integral Molecular, 3711 Market Street, Suite 900, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tom Charpentier
- Integral Molecular, 3711 Market Street, Suite 900, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Benjamin J. Doranz
- Integral Molecular, 3711 Market Street, Suite 900, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joseph B. Rucker
- Integral Molecular, 3711 Market Street, Suite 900, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ross Chambers
- Integral Molecular, 3711 Market Street, Suite 900, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Corresponding author
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12
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Zare Marzouni H, Rahbar M, Seddighi N, Nabizadeh M, Meidaninikjeh S, Sabouni N. Antibody Therapy for COVID-19: Categories, Pros, and Cons. Viral Immunol 2022; 35:517-528. [PMID: 36201297 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2021.0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a life-threatening respiratory disease triggered by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It has been considered a pandemic viral infection since December 2019. The investigation of the effective prophylaxis or therapeutic strategies for emergency management of the current condition has become a priority for medical research centers and pharmaceutical companies. This article provides a comprehensive review of antibody therapy and its different categories with their advantages and disadvantages for COVID-19 over the last few years of the current pandemic. Antibodies can be generated by active immunization, including natural infection with a pathogen and vaccination, or by the passive immunization method such as convalescent plasma therapy (CPT) and antibody synthesis in laboratories. Each of these ways has its characteristics. Arming the immune system with antibodies is the main aim of antiviral therapeutic procedures toward SARS-CoV-2. Collecting and discussing various aspects of available data in this field can give researchers a better perspective for the production of antibody-based products or selection of the most appropriate approach of antibody therapies to improve different cases of COVID-19. Moreover, it can help them control similar viral pandemics that may happen in the future appropriately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Zare Marzouni
- Qaen School of Nursing and Midwifery, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Marjan Rahbar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Seddighi
- Qaen School of Nursing and Midwifery, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mohsen Nabizadeh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Meidaninikjeh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran.,Cancer Biomedical Center (CBC) Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasim Sabouni
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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13
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Chen YL, Lin JJ, Ma H, Zhong N, Xie XX, Yang Y, Zheng P, Zhang LJ, Jin T, Cao MJ. Screening and Characterization of Shark-Derived VNARs against SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810904. [PMID: 36142819 PMCID: PMC9502636 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is the major target for antibody therapeutics. Shark-derived variable domains of new antigen receptors (VNARs) are the smallest antibody fragments with flexible paratopes that can recognize protein motifs inaccessible to classical antibodies. This study reported four VNARs binders (JM-2, JM-5, JM-17, and JM-18) isolated from Chiloscyllium plagiosum immunized with SARS-CoV-2 RBD. Biolayer interferometry showed that the VNARs bound to the RBD with an affinity KD ranging from 38.5 to 2720 nM, and their Fc fusions had over ten times improved affinity. Gel filtration chromatography revealed that JM-2-Fc, JM-5-Fc, and JM-18-Fc could form stable complexes with RBD in solution. In addition, five bi-paratopic VNARs, named JM-2-5, JM-2-17, JM-2-18, JM-5-18, and JM-17-18, were constructed by fusing two VNARs targeting distinct RBD epitopes based on epitope grouping results. All these bi-paratopic VNARs except for JM-5-18 showed higher RBD binding affinities than its component VNARs, and their Fc fusions exhibited further enhanced binding affinities, with JM-2-5-Fc, JM-2-17-Fc, JM-2-18-Fc, and JM-5-18-Fc having KD values lower than 1 pM. Among these Fc fusions of bi-paratopic VNARs, JM-2-5-Fc, JM-2-17-Fc, and JM-2-18-Fc could block the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) binding to the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 wildtype, Delta, Omicron, and SARS-CoV, with inhibition rates of 48.9~84.3%. Therefore, these high-affinity VNAR binders showed promise as detectors and therapeutics of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lei Chen
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jin-Jin Lin
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Huan Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230007, China
| | - Ning Zhong
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xin-Xin Xie
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yunru Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230007, China
| | - Peiyi Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230007, China
| | - Ling-Jing Zhang
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Tengchuan Jin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230007, China
- Correspondence: (T.J.); (M.-J.C.); Tel.: +86-551-6360-0720 (T.J.); +86-592-618-3955 (M.-J.C.)
| | - Min-Jie Cao
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
- Correspondence: (T.J.); (M.-J.C.); Tel.: +86-551-6360-0720 (T.J.); +86-592-618-3955 (M.-J.C.)
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14
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Arsenal of nanobodies shows broad-spectrum neutralization against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in vitro and in vivo in hamster models. Commun Biol 2022; 5:933. [PMID: 36085335 PMCID: PMC9461429 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03866-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanobodies offer several potential advantages over mAbs for the control of SARS-CoV-2. Their ability to access cryptic epitopes conserved across SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VoCs) and feasibility to engineer modular, multimeric designs, make these antibody fragments ideal candidates for developing broad-spectrum therapeutics against current and continually emerging SARS-CoV-2 VoCs. Here we describe a diverse collection of 37 anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein nanobodies extensively characterized as both monovalent and IgG Fc-fused bivalent modalities. The nanobodies were collectively shown to have high intrinsic affinity; high thermal, thermodynamic and aerosolization stability; broad subunit/domain specificity and cross-reactivity across existing VoCs; wide-ranging epitopic and mechanistic diversity and high and broad in vitro neutralization potencies. A select set of Fc-fused nanobodies showed high neutralization efficacies in hamster models of SARS-CoV-2 infection, reducing viral burden by up to six orders of magnitude to below detectable levels. In vivo protection was demonstrated with anti-RBD and previously unreported anti-NTD and anti-S2 nanobodies. This collection of nanobodies provides a potential therapeutic toolbox from which various cocktails or multi-paratopic formats could be built to combat multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants. Isolation and extensive characterization of a collection of 37 anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein nanobodies show broad neutralization efficacies in vitro and in vivo in a hamster model of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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15
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Davoudi F, Miyashita S, Yoo TK, Lee PT, Foster GP. An Insight Into Pathophysiology, Epidemiology, and Management of Cardiovascular Complications of SARS-CoV-2 Infection, Post-acute COVID Syndrome, and COVID Vaccine. Crit Pathw Cardiol 2022; 21:123-129. [PMID: 35994720 DOI: 10.1097/hpc.0000000000000290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was declared a pandemic health emergency in March 2020. Elderly patients and those with pre-existing medical conditions including cardiovascular disease are at increased risk of developing severe disease. Not only is the viral infection with SARS-CoV-2 associated with higher mortality in patients with underlying cardiovascular disease, but development of cardiovascular complications is also common in patients with COVID-19. Even after recovery from the acute illness, post-acute COVID syndrome with cardiopulmonary manifestations can occur in some patients. Additionally, there are rare but increasingly recognized adverse events, including cardiovascular side effects, reported with currently available COVID-19 vaccines. In this review, we discuss the most common cardiovascular complications of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 vaccines, cardiopulmonary manifestations of post-acute COVID syndrome and the current evidence-based guidance on the management of such complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farideh Davoudi
- From the Department of Medicine, Mass General Brigham-Salem Hospital, Salem, MA
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Satoshi Miyashita
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
- Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center Boston, MA
| | - Tae Kyung Yoo
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, MetroWest Medical Center Framingham, MA
| | - Patrick T Lee
- Department of Medicine, One Brooklyn Health Brooklyn, NY
| | - Gabriel P Foster
- Division of Cardiology, Mass General Brigham-Salem Hospital, Salem, MA
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16
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Zhang G, Cong Y, Liu FL, Sun J, Zhang J, Cao G, Zhou L, Yang W, Song Q, Wang F, Liu K, Qu J, Wang J, He M, Feng S, Baimanov D, Xu W, Luo RH, Long XY, Liao S, Fan Y, Li YF, Li B, Shao X, Wang G, Fang L, Wang H, Yu XF, Chang YZ, Zhao Y, Li L, Yu P, Zheng YT, Boraschi D, Li H, Chen C, Wang L, Li Y. A nanomaterial targeting the spike protein captures SARS-CoV-2 variants and promotes viral elimination. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 17:993-1003. [PMID: 35995853 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01177-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The global emergency caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic can only be solved with effective and widespread preventive and therapeutic strategies, and both are still insufficient. Here, we describe an ultrathin two-dimensional CuInP2S6 (CIPS) nanosheet as a new agent against SARS-CoV-2 infection. CIPS exhibits an extremely high and selective binding capacity (dissociation constant (KD) < 1 pM) for the receptor binding domain of the spike protein of wild-type SARS-CoV-2 and its variants of concern, including Delta and Omicron, inhibiting virus entry and infection in angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)-bearing cells, human airway epithelial organoids and human ACE2-transgenic mice. On association with CIPS, the virus is quickly phagocytosed and eliminated by macrophages, suggesting that CIPS could be successfully used to capture and facilitate virus elimination by the host. Thus, we propose CIPS as a promising nanodrug for future safe and effective anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapy, and as a decontamination agent and surface-coating material to reduce SARS-CoV-2 infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofang Zhang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yalin Cong
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of High Energy Physics and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Feng-Liang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jiufeng Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiantian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guoli Cao
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Laboratory of Immunology and Nanomedicine, and China-Italy Joint Laboratory of Pharmacobiotechnology for Medical Immunomodulation, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lingqiang Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Wenjie Yang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Laboratory of Immunology and Nanomedicine, and China-Italy Joint Laboratory of Pharmacobiotechnology for Medical Immunomodulation, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qingle Song
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Laboratory of Immunology and Nanomedicine, and China-Italy Joint Laboratory of Pharmacobiotechnology for Medical Immunomodulation, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fangjun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Qu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Min He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Shun Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Didar Baimanov
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of High Energy Physics and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
- CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, and National Consortium for Excellence in Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of High Energy Physics and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
- CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, and National Consortium for Excellence in Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rong-Hua Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xin-Yan Long
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Shumin Liao
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yunping Fan
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu-Feng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of High Energy Physics and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
- CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, and National Consortium for Excellence in Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bai Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of High Energy Physics and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, and National Consortium for Excellence in Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ximing Shao
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guocheng Wang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lijing Fang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huaiyu Wang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xue-Feng Yu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan-Zhong Chang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of High Energy Physics and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
- The GBA National Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Guangzhou, China
- Research Unit of Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Li
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.
| | - Diana Boraschi
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Laboratory of Immunology and Nanomedicine, and China-Italy Joint Laboratory of Pharmacobiotechnology for Medical Immunomodulation, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Napoli, Italy
| | - Hongchang Li
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Chunying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of High Energy Physics and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- University of the Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China.
- The GBA National Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Guangzhou, China.
- Research Unit of Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Liming Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of High Energy Physics and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- University of the Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China.
- CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, and National Consortium for Excellence in Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Yang Li
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
- Laboratory of Immunology and Nanomedicine, and China-Italy Joint Laboratory of Pharmacobiotechnology for Medical Immunomodulation, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
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17
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SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern: spike protein mutational analysis and epitope for broad neutralization. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4696. [PMID: 35982054 PMCID: PMC9388680 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32262-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the spike glycoproteins of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern have independently been shown to enhance aspects of spike protein fitness. Here, we describe an antibody fragment (VH ab6) that neutralizes all major variants including the recently emerged BA.1 and BA.2 Omicron subvariants, with a unique mode of binding revealed by cryo-EM studies. Further, we provide a comparative analysis of the mutational effects within previously emerged variant spikes and identify the structural role of mutations within the NTD and RBD in evading antibody neutralization. Our analysis shows that the highly mutated Gamma N-terminal domain exhibits considerable structural rearrangements, partially explaining its decreased neutralization by convalescent sera. Our results provide mechanistic insights into the structural, functional, and antigenic consequences of SARS-CoV-2 spike mutations and highlight a spike protein vulnerability that may be exploited to achieve broad protection against circulating variants. SARS-CoV-2 variants have accumulated multiple defining mutations within their spike glycoproteins. Here, the authors report a structural basis for broad neutralization of several variants by a heavy chain antibody fragment and provide a mutational analysis focusing on antibody evasion, receptor engagement, and spike protein structure.
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18
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Potent and broad neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) including omicron sub-lineages BA.1 and BA.2 by biparatopic human VH domains. iScience 2022; 25:104798. [PMID: 35875685 PMCID: PMC9296231 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) requires the development of next-generation biologics with high neutralization breadth. Here, we characterized a human VH domain, F6, which we generated by sequentially panning large phage-displayed VH libraries against receptor binding domains (RBDs) containing VOC mutations. Cryo-EM analyses reveal that F6 has a unique binding mode that spans a broad surface of the RBD and involves the antibody framework region. Attachment of an Fc region to a fusion of F6 and ab8, a previously characterized VH domain, resulted in a construct (F6-ab8-Fc) that broadly and potently neutralized VOCs including Omicron. Additionally, prophylactic treatment using F6-ab8-Fc reduced live Beta (B.1.351) variant viral titers in the lungs of a mouse model. Our results provide a new potential therapeutic against SARS-CoV-2 variants including Omicron and highlight a vulnerable epitope within the spike that may be exploited to achieve broad protection against circulating variants.
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19
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Lin Q, Lu C, Hong Y, Li R, Chen J, Chen W, Chen J. Animal models for studying coronavirus infections and developing antiviral agents and vaccines. Antiviral Res 2022; 203:105345. [PMID: 35605699 PMCID: PMC9122840 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In addition to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), SARS-CoV-2 has become the third deadly coronavirus that infects humans and causes the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19). COVID-19 has already caused more than six million deaths worldwide and it is likely the biggest pandemic of this century faced by mankind. Although many studies on SARS-CoV-2 have been conducted, a detailed understanding of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 is still lacking. Animal models are indispensable for studying its pathogenesis and developing vaccines and antivirals. In this review, we analyze animal models of coronavirus infections and explore their applications on antivirals and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qisheng Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Chunni Lu
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Yuqi Hong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Runfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Jinding Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Weisan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia.
| | - Jianxin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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20
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Matusewicz L, Golec M, Czogalla A, Kuliczkowski K, Konka A, Zembala-John J, Sikorski AF. COVID-19 therapies: do we see substantial progress? Cell Mol Biol Lett 2022; 27:42. [PMID: 35641916 PMCID: PMC9152818 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-022-00341-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The appearance of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its spread all over the world is the cause of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which has recently resulted in almost 400 million confirmed cases and 6 million deaths, not to mention unknown long-term or persistent side effects in convalescent individuals. In this short review, we discuss approaches to treat COVID-19 that are based on current knowledge of the mechanisms of viral cell receptor recognition, virus–host membrane fusion, and inhibition of viral RNA and viral assembly. Despite enormous progress in antiviral therapy and prevention, new effective therapies are still in great demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucyna Matusewicz
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, ul. F. Joliot Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marlena Golec
- Silesian Park of Medical Technology Kardio-Med Silesia, ul. M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 10c, 41-800, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Aleksander Czogalla
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, ul. F. Joliot Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Kuliczkowski
- Silesian Park of Medical Technology Kardio-Med Silesia, ul. M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 10c, 41-800, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Adam Konka
- Silesian Park of Medical Technology Kardio-Med Silesia, ul. M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 10c, 41-800, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Joanna Zembala-John
- Chair and Department of Medicine and Environmental Epidemiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, H. Jordana 19, 41-800, Zabrze, Poland.,Acellmed Ltd., M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 10C, 41-800, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Aleksander F Sikorski
- Research and Development Centre, Regional Specialist Hospital, Kamieńskiego 73a, 51-154, Wroclaw, Poland. .,Acellmed Ltd., M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 10C, 41-800, Zabrze, Poland.
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21
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Strohl WR, Ku Z, An Z, Carroll SF, Keyt BA, Strohl LM. Passive Immunotherapy Against SARS-CoV-2: From Plasma-Based Therapy to Single Potent Antibodies in the Race to Stay Ahead of the Variants. BioDrugs 2022; 36:231-323. [PMID: 35476216 PMCID: PMC9043892 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-022-00529-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is now approaching 2 years old, with more than 440 million people infected and nearly six million dead worldwide, making it the most significant pandemic since the 1918 influenza pandemic. The severity and significance of SARS-CoV-2 was recognized immediately upon discovery, leading to innumerable companies and institutes designing and generating vaccines and therapeutic antibodies literally as soon as recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein sequence was available. Within months of the pandemic start, several antibodies had been generated, tested, and moved into clinical trials, including Eli Lilly's bamlanivimab and etesevimab, Regeneron's mixture of imdevimab and casirivimab, Vir's sotrovimab, Celltrion's regdanvimab, and Lilly's bebtelovimab. These antibodies all have now received at least Emergency Use Authorizations (EUAs) and some have received full approval in select countries. To date, more than three dozen antibodies or antibody combinations have been forwarded into clinical trials. These antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 all target the receptor-binding domain (RBD), with some blocking the ability of the RBD to bind human ACE2, while others bind core regions of the RBD to modulate spike stability or ability to fuse to host cell membranes. While these antibodies were being discovered and developed, new variants of SARS-CoV-2 have cropped up in real time, altering the antibody landscape on a moving basis. Over the past year, the search has widened to find antibodies capable of neutralizing the wide array of variants that have arisen, including Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron. The recent rise and dominance of the Omicron family of variants, including the rather disparate BA.1 and BA.2 variants, demonstrate the need to continue to find new approaches to neutralize the rapidly evolving SARS-CoV-2 virus. This review highlights both convalescent plasma- and polyclonal antibody-based approaches as well as the top approximately 50 antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, their epitopes, their ability to bind to SARS-CoV-2 variants, and how they are delivered. New approaches to antibody constructs, including single domain antibodies, bispecific antibodies, IgA- and IgM-based antibodies, and modified ACE2-Fc fusion proteins, are also described. Finally, antibodies being developed for palliative care of COVID-19 disease, including the ramifications of cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), are described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhiqiang Ku
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX USA
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22
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Sun Z, Li W, Mellors JW, Orentas R, Dimitrov DS. Construction of a Large Size Human Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Variable (VH) Domain Library, Isolation and Characterization of Novel Human Antibody VH Domains Targeting PD-L1 and CD22. Front Immunol 2022; 13:869825. [PMID: 35464476 PMCID: PMC9019674 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.869825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Phage display is a well-established technology for in vitro selection of monoclonal antibodies (mAb), and more than 12 antibodies isolated from phage displayed libraries of different formats have been approved for therapy. We have constructed a large size (10^11) human antibody VH domain library based on thermo-stable, aggregation-resistant scaffolds. This diversity was obtained by grafting naturally occurring CDR2s and CDR3s from healthy donors with optimized primers into the VH library. This phage-displayed library was used for bio-panning against various antigens. So far, panels of binders have been isolated against different viral and tumor targets, including the SARS-CoV-2 RBD, HIV-1 ENV protein, mesothelin and FLT3. In the present study, we discuss domain library construction, characterize novel VH binders against human CD22 and PD-L1, and define our design process for antibody domain drug conjugation (DDC) as tumoricidal reagents. Our study provides examples for the potential applications of antibody domains derived from library screens in therapeutics and provides key information for large size human antibody domain library construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Sun
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Wei Li
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - John W Mellors
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Abound Bio, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Rimas Orentas
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Dimiter S Dimitrov
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Abound Bio, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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23
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Immunogenicity of convalescent and vaccinated sera against clinical isolates of ancestral SARS-CoV-2, beta, delta, and omicron variants. MED 2022; 3:422-432.e3. [PMID: 35437520 PMCID: PMC9008123 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant of concern (VOC) has evolved multiple mutations within the spike protein, raising concerns of increased antibody evasion. In this study, we assessed the neutralization potential of COVID-19 convalescent sera and sera from vaccinated individuals against ancestral SARS-CoV-2 and VOCs. Methods The neutralizing activity of sera from 65 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccine recipients and convalescent individuals against clinical isolates of ancestral SARS-CoV-2 and Beta, Delta, and Omicron VOCs was assessed using a micro-neutralization assay. Findings Convalescent sera from unvaccinated individuals infected by the ancestral virus demonstrated reduced neutralization against Beta and Omicron VOCs. Sera from individuals that received three doses of the Pfizer or Moderna vaccines demonstrated reduced neutralization of the Omicron variant relative to ancestral SARS-CoV-2. Sera from individuals that were naturally infected with ancestral SARS-CoV-2 and subsequently received two doses of the Pfizer vaccine induced significantly higher neutralizing antibody levels against ancestral virus and all VOCs. Infection alone, either with ancestral SARS-CoV-2 or the Delta variant, was not sufficient to induce high neutralizing antibody titers against Omicron. Conclusions In summary, we demonstrate that convalescent and vaccinated sera display varying levels of SARS-CoV-2 VOC neutralization. Data from this study will inform booster vaccination strategies against SARS-CoV-2 VOCs. Funding This research was funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR). VIDO receives operational funding from the Government of Saskatchewan through Innovation Saskatchewan and the Ministry of Agriculture and from the Canada Foundation for Innovation through the Major Science Initiatives for its CL3 facility. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant of concern (VOC) has evolved multiple mutations within the spike protein, raising concerns of increased antibody evasion. In this study, we quantified neutralizing antibody levels in convalescent and vaccinated sera against ancestral SARS-CoV-2 and VOCs. Convalescent sera had lower neutralizing antibody levels against the Omicron VOC. Two doses of an mRNA vaccine following infection induced high levels of neutralizing antibodies against all VOCs, including Omicron. Three doses of authorized mRNA vaccines induced detectable but lower levels of neutralizing antibodies against VOCs in long-term care residents. Data from our study, along with other published studies, support the utility of third vaccine doses and will help inform future booster vaccination strategies to tackle the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
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24
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Zhang B, Jin Y, Zhang L, Wang H, Wang X. Pentamidine Ninety Years on: the Development and Applications of Pentamidine and its Analogs. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:4602-4609. [PMID: 35289252 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220314121446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pentamidine, an FDA-approved human drug for many protozoal infections, was initially synthesized in the late 1930s and first reported to be curative for parasitosis in the 1940s. After ninety years of sometimes quiet growth, pentamidine and its derivatives have gone far beyond antibacterial agents, including but not limited to the ligands of DNA minor groove, modulators of PPIs (protein-protein interactions) of the transmembrane domain 5 of lateral membrane protein 1, and the blockers of the SARS-CoV-2 3a channel. This mini review highlights the development and applications of pentamidine and its analogs, aiming to provide insights for further developing pentamidine derivatives in the following decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China;
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yushan Jin
- Department of Immunology and Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G3, Canada
| | - Lei Zhang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Hongshuang Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China;
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
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25
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Chen C, Saville JW, Marti MM, Schäfer A, Cheng MH, Mannar D, Zhu X, Berezuk AM, Banerjee A, Sobolewski MD, Kim A, Treat BR, Da Silva Castanha PM, Enick N, McCormick KD, Liu X, Adams C, Hines MG, Sun Z, Chen W, Jacobs JL, Barratt-Boyes SM, Mellors JW, Baric RS, Bahar I, Dimitrov DS, Subramaniam S, Martinez DR, Li W. Potent Neutralization of Omicron and other SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern by Biparatopic Human VH Domains. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.02.18.481058. [PMID: 35194603 PMCID: PMC8863138 DOI: 10.1101/2022.02.18.481058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) requires the development of next-generation biologics that are effective against a variety of strains of the virus. Herein, we characterize a human V H domain, F6, which we generated by sequentially panning large phage displayed V H libraries against receptor binding domains (RBDs) containing VOC mutations. Cryo-EM analyses reveal that F6 has a unique binding mode that spans a broad surface of the RBD and involves the antibody framework region. Attachment of an Fc region to a fusion of F6 and ab8, a previously characterized V H domain, resulted in a construct (F6-ab8-Fc) that neutralized Omicron pseudoviruses with a half-maximal neutralizing concentration (IC 50 ) of 4.8 nM in vitro . Additionally, prophylactic treatment using F6-ab8-Fc reduced live Beta (B.1.351) variant viral titers in the lungs of a mouse model. Our results provide a new potential therapeutic against SARS-CoV-2 VOCs - including the recently emerged Omicron variant - and highlight a vulnerable epitope within the spike protein RBD that may be exploited to achieve broad protection against circulating variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Chen
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - James W. Saville
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, V6T 1Z3
| | - Michelle M. Marti
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Schäfer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, 3109 Michael Hooker Research Center, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mary Hongying Cheng
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dhiraj Mannar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, V6T 1Z3
| | - Xing Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, V6T 1Z3
| | - Alison M. Berezuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, V6T 1Z3
| | - Anupam Banerjee
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michele D. Sobolewski
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Andrew Kim
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin R. Treat
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Priscila Mayrelle Da Silva Castanha
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nathan Enick
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kevin D McCormick
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Xianglei Liu
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cynthia Adams
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Margaret Grace Hines
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zehua Sun
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Jana L. Jacobs
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Simon M. Barratt-Boyes
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - John W. Mellors
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America,Abound Bio, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, 3109 Michael Hooker Research Center, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ivet Bahar
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dimiter S. Dimitrov
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Abound Bio, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Correspondence: , , and
| | - Sriram Subramaniam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, V6T 1Z3,Correspondence: , , and
| | - David R. Martinez
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, 3109 Michael Hooker Research Center, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA,Correspondence: , , and
| | - Wei Li
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Correspondence: , , and
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26
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Mannar D, Saville JW, Zhu X, Srivastava SS, Berezuk AM, Tuttle KS, Marquez AC, Sekirov I, Subramaniam S. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant: Antibody evasion and cryo-EM structure of spike protein-ACE2 complex. Science 2022; 375:760-764. [PMID: 35050643 DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.19.473380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The newly reported Omicron variant is poised to replace Delta as the most prevalent SARS-CoV-2 variant across the world. Cryo-EM structural analysis of the Omicron variant spike protein in complex with human ACE2 reveals new salt bridges and hydrogen bonds formed by mutated residues R493, S496 and R498 in the RBD with ACE2. These interactions appear to compensate for other Omicron mutations such as K417N known to reduce ACE2 binding affinity, resulting in similar biochemical ACE2 binding affinities for Delta and Omicron variants. Neutralization assays show that pseudoviruses displaying the Omicron spike protein exhibit increased antibody evasion. The increase in antibody evasion, together with retention of strong interactions at the ACE2 interface, thus represent important molecular features that likely contribute to the rapid spread of the Omicron variant.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/chemistry
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology
- Cryoelectron Microscopy
- Humans
- Hydrogen Bonding
- Immune Evasion
- Models, Molecular
- Mutation
- Neutralization Tests
- Protein Binding
- Protein Domains
- Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs
- Receptors, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Receptors, Coronavirus/metabolism
- SARS-CoV-2/chemistry
- SARS-CoV-2/genetics
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiraj Mannar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - James W Saville
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Xing Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shanti S Srivastava
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Alison M Berezuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Katharine S Tuttle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ana Citlali Marquez
- BC Center for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Inna Sekirov
- BC Center for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sriram Subramaniam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Gandeeva Therapeutics, Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada
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27
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Structural and biochemical rationale for enhanced spike protein fitness in delta and kappa SARS-CoV-2 variants. Nat Commun 2022; 13:742. [PMID: 35136050 PMCID: PMC8826856 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28324-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Delta and Kappa variants of SARS-CoV-2 co-emerged in India in late 2020, with the Delta variant underlying the resurgence of COVID-19, even in countries with high vaccination rates. In this study, we assess structural and biochemical aspects of viral fitness for these two variants using cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), ACE2-binding and antibody neutralization analyses. Both variants demonstrate escape of antibodies targeting the N-terminal domain, an important immune hotspot for neutralizing epitopes. Compared to wild-type and Kappa lineages, Delta variant spike proteins show modest increase in ACE2 affinity, likely due to enhanced electrostatic complementarity at the RBD-ACE2 interface, which we characterize by cryo-EM. Unexpectedly, Kappa variant spike trimers form a structural head-to-head dimer-of-trimers assembly, which we demonstrate is a result of the E484Q mutation and with unknown biological implications. The combination of increased antibody escape and enhanced ACE2 binding provides an explanation, in part, for the rapid global dominance of the Delta variant. Saville, Mannar et al. provide a structural basis for enhanced antibody evasion and ACE2 binding by the Delta SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. They further identify a head-to-head dimer-of-trimers cryoEM reconstruction unique to the Kappa variant spike.
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28
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Pang Q, Chen Y, Mukhtar H, Xiong J, Wang X, Xu T, Hammock BD, Wang J. Camelization of a murine single-domain antibody against aflatoxin B 1 and its antigen-binding analysis. Mycotoxin Res 2022; 38:51-60. [PMID: 35023020 PMCID: PMC8754551 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-021-00433-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a highly toxic mycotoxin, always contaminated in a variety of agricultural products. Camelid variable domain of heavy chain antibody (VHH) is a noteworthy reagent in immunoassay, owing to its excellent characteristics. Immunization of camelid animals is a straightforward strategy to produce VHHs. In this study, to avoid the dependence on the large animals, the camelized, murine antibody (cVHs) against AFB1 was prepared in vitro based on the identities between murine VH and camelid VHH and then to develop an immunoassay for AFB1. A murine anti-AFB1 VH fragment (VH-2E6) was selected for camelization through replacement of conserved hydrophobic residues in framework region 2 (FR2) (cVH-FR2), point mutation at position 103 in the FR4 region (cVH-103), and CDR3-grafted with a high AFB1-affinity VHH (cVH-Nb26). The cVH-Nb26 had a yield of 5 mg/L as refolded protein expressed from Escherichia coli and 10 mg/L expressed from Pichia pastoris. Compared with anti-AFB1 single-chain fragment variable (scFv) 2E6, cVH-Nb26 performed more than 20-fold enhancement of AFB1-binding interactions. Although the AFB1-affinity of cVH-Nb26 cannot meet the application requirement in the present form, our study provides effective strategies for preparation of camelized antibody in vitro, which could be a promising immunoreagent for AFB1 detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Pang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yanhong Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Hina Mukhtar
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Xiong
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Xu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jia Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
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29
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Mannar D, Saville JW, Zhu X, Srivastava SS, Berezuk AM, Tuttle KS, Marquez AC, Sekirov I, Subramaniam S. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant: Antibody evasion and cryo-EM structure of spike protein-ACE2 complex. Science 2022; 375:760-764. [PMID: 35050643 DOI: 10.1126/science.abn7760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 196.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiraj Mannar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - James W Saville
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Xing Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shanti S Srivastava
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Alison M Berezuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Katharine S Tuttle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ana Citlali Marquez
- BC Center for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Inna Sekirov
- BC Center for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sriram Subramaniam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Gandeeva Therapeutics, Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada
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30
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Xu HM, Xu WM, Zhang L. Current Status of Phage Therapy against Infectious Diseases and Potential Application beyond Infectious Diseases. Int J Clin Pract 2022; 2022:4913146. [PMID: 36263241 PMCID: PMC9550513 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4913146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal microbiota plays a key role in regulating the pathogenesis of human disease and maintaining health. Many diseases, mainly induced by bacteria, are on the rise due to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains. Intestinal microorganisms include organisms such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. They play an important role in maintaining human health. Among these microorganisms, phages are the main members of intestinal viromes. In particular, the viral fraction, composed essentially of phages, affects homeostasis by exerting selective pressure on bacterial communities living in the intestinal tract. In recent years, with the widespread use and even abuse of antibacterial drugs, more and more drug-resistant bacteria have been found, and they show a trend of high drug resistance and multidrug resistance. Therefore, it has also become increasingly difficult to treat serious bacterial infections. Phages, a natural antibacterial agent with strong specificity and rapid proliferation, have come back to the field of vision of clinicians and scholars. In this study, the current state of research on intestinal phages was discussed, with an exploration of the impact of phage therapy against infectious diseases, as well as potential application beyond infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Ming Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, China
| | - Wen-Min Xu
- Department of Endoscopy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510091, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Endoscopy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510091, China
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31
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Esparza TJ, Chen Y, Martin NP, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Bowen RA, Tolbert WD, Pazgier M, Brody DL. Nebulized delivery of a broadly neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 RBD-specific nanobody prevents clinical, virological, and pathological disease in a Syrian hamster model of COVID-19. MAbs 2022; 14:2047144. [PMID: 35289719 PMCID: PMC8928829 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2047144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There remains an unmet need for globally deployable, low-cost therapeutics for the ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. Previously, we reported on the isolation and in vitro characterization of a potent single-domain nanobody, NIH-CoVnb-112, specific for the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2. Here, we report on the molecular basis for the observed broad in vitro neutralization capability of NIH-CoVnb-112 against variant SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses. The structure of NIH-CoVnb-112 bound to SARS-CoV-2 RBD reveals a large contact surface area overlapping the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) binding site, which is largely unencumbered by the common RBD mutations. In an in vivo pilot study, we demonstrate effective reductions in weight loss, viral burden, and lung pathology in a Syrian hamster model of COVID-19 following nebulized delivery of NIH-CoVnb-112. These findings support the further development of NIH-CoVnb-112 as a potential adjunct preventative therapeutic for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.Abbreviations: ACE2 - angiotensin converting enzyme 2BSA - buried surface areaCDR - complementary determining regionRBD - receptor binding domainRBM - receptor-binding motifSARS-CoV-2 - severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Esparza
- The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yaozong Chen
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Negin P Martin
- Viral Vector Core, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH/DHHS, NC, USA.,Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH/DHHS, NC, USA
| | - Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - Richard A Bowen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - William D Tolbert
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David L Brody
- The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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32
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Discovery of Highly Potent Fusion Inhibitors with Potential Pan-Coronavirus Activity That Effectively Inhibit Major COVID-19 Variants of Concern (VOCs) in Pseudovirus-Based Assays. Viruses 2021; 14:v14010069. [PMID: 35062273 PMCID: PMC8780828 DOI: 10.3390/v14010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the discovery of several highly potent small molecules with low-nM potency against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV; lowest half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50: 13 nM), SARS-CoV-2 (IC50: 23 nM), and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV; IC50: 76 nM) in pseudovirus-based assays with excellent selectivity index (SI) values (>5000), demonstrating potential pan-coronavirus inhibitory activities. Some compounds showed 100% inhibition against the cytopathic effects (CPE; IC100) of an authentic SARS-CoV-2 (US_WA-1/2020) variant at 1.25 µM. The most active inhibitors also potently inhibited variants of concern (VOCs), including the UK (B.1.1.7) and South African (B.1.351) variants and the Delta variant (B.1.617.2) originally identified in India in pseudovirus-based assay. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis with one potent inhibitor confirmed that it binds to the prefusion SARS-CoV-2 spike protein trimer. These small-molecule inhibitors prevented virus-mediated cell-cell fusion. The absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) data for one of the most active inhibitors, NBCoV1, demonstrated drug-like properties. An in vivo pharmacokinetics (PK) study of NBCoV1 in rats demonstrated an excellent half-life (t1/2) of 11.3 h, a mean resident time (MRT) of 14.2 h, and oral bioavailability. We expect these lead inhibitors to facilitate the further development of preclinical and clinical candidates.
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33
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Structural analysis of receptor binding domain mutations in SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern that modulate ACE2 and antibody binding. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110156. [PMID: 34914928 PMCID: PMC8642162 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The recently emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) Beta (B.1.351) and Gamma (P.1) variants of concern (VoCs) include a key mutation (N501Y) found in the Alpha (B.1.1.7) variant that enhances affinity of the spike protein for its receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Additional mutations are found in these variants at residues 417 and 484 that appear to promote antibody evasion. In contrast, the Epsilon variants (B.1.427/429) lack the N501Y mutation yet exhibit antibody evasion. We have engineered spike proteins to express these receptor binding domain (RBD) VoC mutations either in isolation or in different combinations and analyze the effects using biochemical assays and cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structural analyses. Overall, our findings suggest that the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variant spikes can be rationalized as the result of mutations that confer increased ACE2 affinity, increased antibody evasion, or both, providing a framework to dissect the molecular factors that drive VoC evolution.
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34
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Abstract
The development of effective antiviral therapy for COVID-19 is critical for those awaiting vaccination, as well as for those who do not respond robustly to vaccination. This review summarizes 1 year of progress in the race to develop antiviral therapies for COVID-19, including research spanning preclinical and clinical drug development efforts, with an emphasis on antiviral compounds that are in clinical development or that are high priorities for clinical development. The review is divided into sections on compounds that inhibit SARS-CoV-2 enzymes, including its polymerase and proteases; compounds that inhibit virus entry, including monoclonal antibodies; interferons; and repurposed drugs that inhibit host processes required for SARS-CoV-2 replication. The review concludes with a summary of the lessons to be learned from SARS-CoV-2 drug development efforts and the challenges to continued progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiming Tao
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Philip L. Tzou
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Janin Nouhin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Hector Bonilla
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Prasanna Jagannathan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Robert W. Shafer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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35
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Chen Z, Du R, Galvan Achi JM, Rong L, Cui Q. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry and targeted antiviral development. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3879-3888. [PMID: 34002130 PMCID: PMC8117542 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which threatens human health and public safety. In the urgent campaign to develop anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapies, the initial entry step is one of the most appealing targets. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of SARS-CoV-2 cell entry, and the development of targeted antiviral strategies. Moreover, we speculate upon future directions toward next-generation of SARS-CoV-2 entry inhibitors during the upcoming post-pandemic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zinuo Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Ruikun Du
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao 266122, China
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Jazmin M. Galvan Achi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Lijun Rong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Qinghua Cui
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao 266122, China
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
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36
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Schepens B, van Schie L, Nerinckx W, Roose K, Van Breedam W, Fijalkowska D, Devos S, Weyts W, De Cae S, Vanmarcke S, Lonigro C, Eeckhaut H, Van Herpe D, Borloo J, Oliveira AF, Catani JPP, Creytens S, De Vlieger D, Michielsen G, Marchan JCZ, Moschonas GD, Rossey I, Sedeyn K, Van Hecke A, Zhang X, Langendries L, Jacobs S, Ter Horst S, Seldeslachts L, Liesenborghs L, Boudewijns R, Thibaut HJ, Dallmeier K, Velde GV, Weynand B, Beer J, Schnepf D, Ohnemus A, Remory I, Foo CS, Abdelnabi R, Maes P, Kaptein SJF, Rocha-Pereira J, Jochmans D, Delang L, Peelman F, Staeheli P, Schwemmle M, Devoogdt N, Tersago D, Germani M, Heads J, Henry A, Popplewell A, Ellis M, Brady K, Turner A, Dombrecht B, Stortelers C, Neyts J, Callewaert N, Saelens X. An affinity-enhanced, broadly neutralizing heavy chain-only antibody protects against SARS-CoV-2 infection in animal models. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eabi7826. [PMID: 34609205 PMCID: PMC9924070 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abi7826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies are an important treatment for individuals with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Antibody-based therapeutics are also essential for pandemic preparedness against future Sarbecovirus outbreaks. Camelid-derived single domain antibodies (VHHs) exhibit potent antimicrobial activity and are being developed as SARS-CoV-2–neutralizing antibody-like therapeutics. Here, we identified VHHs that neutralize both SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2, including now circulating variants. We observed that the VHHs bound to a highly conserved epitope in the receptor binding domain of the viral spike protein that is difficult to access for human antibodies. Structure-guided molecular modeling, combined with rapid yeast-based prototyping, resulted in an affinity enhanced VHH-human immunoglobulin G1 Fc fusion molecule with subnanomolar neutralizing activity. This VHH-Fc fusion protein, produced in and purified from cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells, controlled SARS-CoV-2 replication in prophylactic and therapeutic settings in mice expressing human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and in hamsters infected with SARS-CoV-2. These data led to affinity-enhanced selection of the VHH, XVR011, a stable anti–COVID-19 biologic that is now being evaluated in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert Schepens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Loes van Schie
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Nerinckx
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kenny Roose
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wander Van Breedam
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daria Fijalkowska
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Simon Devos
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wannes Weyts
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sieglinde De Cae
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sandrine Vanmarcke
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chiara Lonigro
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hannah Eeckhaut
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dries Van Herpe
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jimmy Borloo
- VIB Discovery Sciences, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 104B, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ana Filipa Oliveira
- VIB Discovery Sciences, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 104B, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - João Paulo Portela Catani
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah Creytens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dorien De Vlieger
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gitte Michielsen
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jackeline Cecilia Zavala Marchan
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - George D Moschonas
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Iebe Rossey
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koen Sedeyn
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annelies Van Hecke
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xin Zhang
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,GVN, Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Lana Langendries
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,GVN, Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Sofie Jacobs
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,GVN, Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Sebastiaan Ter Horst
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,GVN, Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Laura Seldeslachts
- KU Leuven Department of Imaging and Pathology, Biomedical MRI and MoSAIC, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laurens Liesenborghs
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,GVN, Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Robbert Boudewijns
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,GVN, Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.,KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery Group, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hendrik Jan Thibaut
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery Group, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Translational Platform Virology and Chemotherapy (TPVC), Rega Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kai Dallmeier
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,GVN, Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.,KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery Group, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Greetje Vande Velde
- KU Leuven Department of Imaging and Pathology, Biomedical MRI and MoSAIC, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Birgit Weynand
- KU Leuven Department of Imaging and Pathology, Division of Translational Cell and Tissue Research, Translational Cell and Tissue Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Julius Beer
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Schnepf
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Annette Ohnemus
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Isabel Remory
- Department of Medical Imaging, In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Caroline S Foo
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rana Abdelnabi
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,GVN, Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Piet Maes
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Suzanne J F Kaptein
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,GVN, Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Joana Rocha-Pereira
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,GVN, Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Dirk Jochmans
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,GVN, Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Leen Delang
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,GVN, Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Frank Peelman
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Staeheli
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nick Devoogdt
- Department of Medical Imaging, In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bruno Dombrecht
- VIB Discovery Sciences, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 104B, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,GVN, Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.,KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery Group, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nico Callewaert
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xavier Saelens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 75, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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Esparza TJ, Chen Y, Martin NP, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Bowen RA, Tolbert WD, Pazgier M, Brody DL. Nebulized delivery of a broadly neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 RBD-specific nanobody prevents clinical, virological and pathological disease in a Syrian hamster model of COVID-19. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.11.10.468147. [PMID: 34790977 PMCID: PMC8597880 DOI: 10.1101/2021.11.10.468147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There remains an unmet need for globally deployable, low-cost therapeutics for the ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. Previously, we reported on the isolation and in vitro characterization of a potent single-domain nanobody, NIH-CoVnb-112, specific for the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2. Here, we report on the molecular basis for the observed broad in vitro neutralization capability of NIH-CoVnb-112 against variant SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses, including the currently dominant Delta variant. The structure of NIH-CoVnb-112 bound to SARS-CoV-2 RBD reveals a large contact surface area overlapping the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) binding site, which is largely unencumbered by the common RBD mutations. In an in vivo pilot study, we demonstrate effective reductions in weight loss, viral burden, and lung pathology in a Syrian hamster model of COVID-19 following nebulized delivery of NIH-CoVnb-112. These findings support the further development of NIH-CoVnb-112 as a potential adjunct preventative therapeutic for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Esparza
- The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, Bethesda, MD, USA 20892
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA 20817
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA 20817
| | - Yaozong Chen
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA 20814
| | - Negin P. Martin
- Viral Vector Core, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH/DHHS, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA 27709
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH/DHHS, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA 27709
| | - Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Richard A. Bowen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA, 80523
| | - William D. Tolbert
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA 20814
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA 20814
| | - David L. Brody
- The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, Bethesda, MD, USA 20892
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA 20817
- Department of Neurology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA 20814
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38
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Baek DS, Kim YJ, Vergara S, Conard A, Adams C, Calero G, Ishima R, Mellors JW, Dimitrov DS. A highly-specific fully-human antibody and CAR-T cells targeting CD66e/CEACAM5 are cytotoxic for CD66e-expressing cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Lett 2021; 525:97-107. [PMID: 34740610 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Neuro-endocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) accounts for about 20% of lethal metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). NEPC has the most aggressive biologic behavior of all prostate cancers and is associated with poor patient outcome. Effective treatment for NEPC is not available because NEPC exhibit distinct cell-surface expression profiles compared to other types of prostate cancer. Recently, the carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 5 (CEACAM5) (known as CEA or CD66e) was suggested to be a specific surface protein marker for NEPC. Therefore, we identified a new, fully-human anti-CEACAM5 monoclonal antibody, 1G9, which bound to the most proximal membrane domains, A3 and B3, of CEACAM5 with high affinity and specificity. It shows no off-target binding to other CEACAM family members, membrane distal domains of CEACAM5, or 5800 human membrane proteins. IgG1 1G9 exhibited CEACAM5-specific ADCC activity toward CEACAM5-positive prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T) based on scFv 1G9 induced specific and strong antitumor activity in a mouse model of prostate cancer. Our results suggest that IgG1 and CAR-T cells based on 1G9 are promising candidate therapeutics for CEACAM5-positive NEPC and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du-San Baek
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Ye-Jin Kim
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sandra Vergara
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alex Conard
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Abound Bio, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cynthia Adams
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Guillermo Calero
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rieko Ishima
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - John W Mellors
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Abound Bio, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dimiter S Dimitrov
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Abound Bio, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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39
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Zhang HF, Hughes CS, Li W, He JZ, Surdez D, El-Naggar AM, Cheng H, Prudova A, Delaidelli A, Negri GL, Li X, Ørum-Madsen MS, Lizardo MM, Oo HZ, Colborne S, Shyp T, Scopim-Ribeiro R, Hammond CA, Dhez AC, Langman S, Lim JKM, Kung SHY, Li A, Steino A, Daugaard M, Parker SJ, Geltink RIK, Orentas RJ, Xu LY, Morin GB, Delattre O, Dimitrov DS, Sorensen PH. Proteomic Screens for Suppressors of Anoikis Identify IL1RAP as a Promising Surface Target in Ewing Sarcoma. Cancer Discov 2021; 11:2884-2903. [PMID: 34021002 PMCID: PMC8563374 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-1690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells must overcome anoikis (detachment-induced death) to successfully metastasize. Using proteomic screens, we found that distinct oncoproteins upregulate IL1 receptor accessory protein (IL1RAP) to suppress anoikis. IL1RAP is directly induced by oncogenic fusions of Ewing sarcoma, a highly metastatic childhood sarcoma. IL1RAP inactivation triggers anoikis and impedes metastatic dissemination of Ewing sarcoma cells. Mechanistically, IL1RAP binds the cell-surface system Xc - transporter to enhance exogenous cystine uptake, thereby replenishing cysteine and the glutathione antioxidant. Under cystine depletion, IL1RAP induces cystathionine gamma lyase (CTH) to activate the transsulfuration pathway for de novo cysteine synthesis. Therefore, IL1RAP maintains cyst(e)ine and glutathione pools, which are vital for redox homeostasis and anoikis resistance. IL1RAP is minimally expressed in pediatric and adult normal tissues, and human anti-IL1RAP antibodies induce potent antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity of Ewing sarcoma cells. Therefore, we define IL1RAP as a new cell-surface target in Ewing sarcoma, which is potentially exploitable for immunotherapy. SIGNIFICANCE: Here, we identify cell-surface protein IL1RAP as a key driver of metastasis in Ewing sarcoma, a highly aggressive childhood sarcoma. Minimal expression in pediatric and adult normal tissues nominates IL1RAP as a promising target for immunotherapy.See related commentary by Yoon and DeNicola, p. 2679.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 2659.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Feng Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher S Hughes
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wei Li
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jian-Zhong He
- Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Didier Surdez
- INSERM U830, Equipe Labellisée LNCC, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, PSL Research University, SIREDO Oncology Centre, Institut Curie Research Centre, 75005 Paris, France
- Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Amal M El-Naggar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hongwei Cheng
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Modelling and translation Laboratory, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Anna Prudova
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alberto Delaidelli
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gian Luca Negri
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Xiaojun Li
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Michael M Lizardo
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Htoo Zarni Oo
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shane Colborne
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Taras Shyp
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Renata Scopim-Ribeiro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Colin A Hammond
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anne-Chloe Dhez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sofya Langman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jonathan K M Lim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sonia H Y Kung
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amy Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anne Steino
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mads Daugaard
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Seth J Parker
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ramon I Klein Geltink
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rimas J Orentas
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Li-Yan Xu
- Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Gregg B Morin
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Olivier Delattre
- INSERM U830, Equipe Labellisée LNCC, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors Lab, PSL Research University, SIREDO Oncology Centre, Institut Curie Research Centre, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Dimiter S Dimitrov
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Poul H Sorensen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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40
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Human Antibody Domains and Fragments Targeting Neutrophil Elastase as Candidate Therapeutics for Cancer and Inflammation-Related Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011136. [PMID: 34681796 PMCID: PMC8539514 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil elastase (NE) is a serine protease released during neutrophil maturation. High levels of NE are related to lung tissue damage and poor prognosis in cancer; thus, NE is a potential target for therapeutic immunotherapy for multiple lung diseases and cancers. Here, we isolate and characterize two high-affinity, specific, and noncompetitive anti-NE antibodies Fab 1C10 and VH 1D1.43 from two large phage-displayed human Fab and VH libraries. After fusion with human IgG1 Fc, both of them (VH-Fc 1D1.43 and IgG1 1C10) inhibit NE enzymatic activity with VH-Fc 1D1.43 showing comparable inhibitory effects to that of the small molecule NE inhibitor SPCK and IgG1 1C10 exhibiting even higher (2.6-fold) activity than SPCK. Their epitopes, as mapped by peptide arrays combined with structural modeling, indicate different mechanisms for blocking NE activity. Both VH-Fc and IgG1 antibodies block NE uptake by cancer cells and fibroblast differentiation. VH-Fc 1D1.43 and IgG1 1C10 are promising for the antibody-based immunotherapy of cancer and inflammatory diseases.
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41
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Abdurrahman L, Fang X, Zhang Y. Molecular Insights of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Molecular Treatments. Curr Mol Med 2021; 22:621-639. [PMID: 34645374 DOI: 10.2174/1566524021666211013121831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease emerged in December 2019 (COVID-19) caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its rapid global spread has brought an international health emergency and urgent responses for seeking efficient prevention and therapeutic treatment. This has led to imperative needs for illustration of the molecular pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2, identification of molecular targets or receptors, and development of antiviral drugs, antibodies, and vaccines. In this study, we investigated the current research progress in combating SARS-CoV-2 infection. Based on the published research findings, we first elucidated, at the molecular level, SARS-CoV-2 viral structures, potential viral host-cell-invasion and pathogenic mechanisms, main virus-induced immune responses, and emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. We then focused on the main virus- and host-based potential targets, summarized and categorized effective inhibitory molecules based on drug development strategies for COVID-19, that can guide efforts for the identification of new drugs and treatment for this problematic disease. Current research and development of antibodies and vaccines were also introduced and discussed. We concluded that the main virus entry route- SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interaction with ACE2 receptors has played a key role in guiding the development of therapeutic treatments against COVID-19, four main therapeutic strategies may be considered in developing molecular therapeutics, and drug repurposing is likely to be an easy, fast and low-cost approach in such a short period of time with urgent need of antiviral drugs. Additionally, the quick development of antibody and vaccine candidates has yielded promising results, but the wide-scale deployment of safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines remains paramount in solving the pandemic crisis. As new variants of the virus begun to emerge, the efficacy of these vaccines and treatments must be closely evaluated. Finally, we discussed the possible challenges of developing molecular therapeutics for COVID-19 and suggested some potential future efforts. Despite the limited availability of literatures, our attempt in this work to provide a relatively comprehensive overview of current SARS-CoV-2 studies can be helpful for quickly acquiring the key information of COVID-19 and further promoting this important research to control and diminish the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lama Abdurrahman
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas 78539. United States
| | - Xiaoqian Fang
- Department of Molecular Science, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas 78539. United States
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas 78539. United States
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42
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Du L, Yang Y, Zhang X. Neutralizing antibodies for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:2293-2306. [PMID: 34497376 PMCID: PMC8424621 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00752-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) initiates the infection process by binding to the viral cellular receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 through the receptor-binding domain (RBD) in the S1 subunit of the viral spike (S) protein. This event is followed by virus-cell membrane fusion mediated by the S2 subunit, which allows virus entry into the host cell. Therefore, the SARS-CoV-2 S protein is a key therapeutic target, and prevention and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have focused on the development of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (nAbs) that target this protein. In this review, we summarize the nAbs targeting SARS-CoV-2 proteins that have been developed to date, with a focus on the N-terminal domain and RBD of the S protein. We also describe the roles that binding affinity, neutralizing activity, and protection provided by these nAbs play in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 and discuss the potential to improve nAb efficiency against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants. This review provides important information for the development of effective nAbs with broad-spectrum activity against current and future SARS-CoV-2 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanying Du
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Yang Yang
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Xiujuan Zhang
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA
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43
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Chen X, Gentili M, Hacohen N, Regev A. A cell-free nanobody engineering platform rapidly generates SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing nanobodies. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5506. [PMID: 34535642 PMCID: PMC8448731 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25777-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody engineering technologies face increasing demands for speed, reliability and scale. We develop CeVICA, a cell-free nanobody engineering platform that uses ribosome display for in vitro selection of nanobodies from a library of 1011 randomized sequences. We apply CeVICA to engineer nanobodies against the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and identify >800 binder families using a computational pipeline based on CDR-directed clustering. Among 38 experimentally-tested families, 30 are true RBD binders and 11 inhibit SARS-CoV-2 pseudotyped virus infection. Affinity maturation and multivalency engineering increase nanobody binding affinity and yield a virus neutralizer with picomolar IC50. Furthermore, the capability of CeVICA for comprehensive binder prediction allows us to validate the fitness of our nanobody library. CeVICA offers an integrated solution for rapid generation of divergent synthetic nanobodies with tunable affinities in vitro and may serve as the basis for automated and highly parallel nanobody engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Chen
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | | | - Nir Hacohen
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aviv Regev
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
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44
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Cheng MH, Porritt RA, Rivas MN, Krieger JM, Ozdemir AB, Garcia G, Arumugaswami V, Fries BC, Arditi M, Bahar I. A monoclonal antibody against staphylococcal enterotoxin B superantigen inhibits SARS-CoV-2 entry in vitro. Structure 2021; 29:951-962.e3. [PMID: 33930306 PMCID: PMC8082696 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We recently discovered a superantigen-like motif sequentially and structurally similar to a staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) segment, near the S1/S2 cleavage site of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, which might explain the multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C) observed in children and the cytokine storm in severe COVID-19 patients. We show here that an anti-SEB monoclonal antibody (mAb), 6D3, can bind this viral motif at its polybasic (PRRA) insert to inhibit infection in live virus assays. The overlap between the superantigenic site of the spike and its proteolytic cleavage site suggests that the mAb prevents viral entry by interfering with the proteolytic activity of cell proteases (furin and TMPRSS2). The high affinity of 6D3 for this site originates from a polyacidic segment at its heavy chain CDR2. The study points to the potential utility of 6D3 for possibly treating COVID-19, MIS-C, or common colds caused by human coronaviruses that also possess a furin-like cleavage site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Hongying Cheng
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Rebecca A Porritt
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Biomedical Sciences, Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Magali Noval Rivas
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Biomedical Sciences, Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - James M Krieger
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Asli Beyza Ozdemir
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Biomedical Sciences, Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Gustavo Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Vaithilingaraja Arumugaswami
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Bettina C Fries
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, New York, NY 11794, USA; Northport VA Medical Center, Northport, NY 11768, USA
| | - Moshe Arditi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Biomedical Sciences, Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
| | - Ivet Bahar
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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45
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Bertoglio F, Fühner V, Ruschig M, Heine PA, Abassi L, Klünemann T, Rand U, Meier D, Langreder N, Steinke S, Ballmann R, Schneider KT, Roth KDR, Kuhn P, Riese P, Schäckermann D, Korn J, Koch A, Chaudhry MZ, Eschke K, Kim Y, Zock-Emmenthal S, Becker M, Scholz M, Moreira GMSG, Wenzel EV, Russo G, Garritsen HSP, Casu S, Gerstner A, Roth G, Adler J, Trimpert J, Hermann A, Schirrmann T, Dübel S, Frenzel A, Van den Heuvel J, Čičin-Šain L, Schubert M, Hust M. A SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody selected from COVID-19 patients binds to the ACE2-RBD interface and is tolerant to most known RBD mutations. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109433. [PMID: 34273271 PMCID: PMC8260561 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel betacoronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes a form of severe pneumonia disease called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To develop human neutralizing anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, antibody gene libraries from convalescent COVID-19 patients were constructed and recombinant antibody fragments (scFv) against the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein were selected by phage display. The antibody STE90-C11 shows a subnanometer IC50 in a plaque-based live SARS-CoV-2 neutralization assay. The in vivo efficacy of the antibody is demonstrated in the Syrian hamster and in the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) mice model. The crystal structure of STE90-C11 Fab in complex with SARS-CoV-2-RBD is solved at 2.0 Å resolution showing that the antibody binds at the same region as ACE2 to RBD. The binding and inhibition of STE90-C11 is not blocked by many known emerging RBD mutations. STE90-C11-derived human IgG1 with FcγR-silenced Fc (COR-101) is undergoing Phase Ib/II clinical trials for the treatment of moderate to severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Bertoglio
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Viola Fühner
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maximilian Ruschig
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Philip Alexander Heine
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Leila Abassi
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Klünemann
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Department of Structure and Function of Proteins, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ulfert Rand
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Doris Meier
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Nora Langreder
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stephan Steinke
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rico Ballmann
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kai-Thomas Schneider
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kristian Daniel Ralph Roth
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Philipp Kuhn
- YUMAB GmbH, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Peggy Riese
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dorina Schäckermann
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Janin Korn
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Allan Koch
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - M Zeeshan Chaudhry
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kathrin Eschke
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Yeonsu Kim
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Susanne Zock-Emmenthal
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Genetik, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marlies Becker
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Margitta Scholz
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Gustavo Marçal Schmidt Garcia Moreira
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Esther Veronika Wenzel
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Giulio Russo
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hendrikus S P Garritsen
- Städtisches Klinikum Braunschweig gGmbH, Celler Str. 38, 38114 Braunschweig, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Surface Engineering and Thin Films IST, Bienroder Weg 54E, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sebastian Casu
- Helios Klinikum Salzgitter, Kattowitzer Str. 191, 38226 Salzgitter, Germany
| | - Andreas Gerstner
- Städtisches Klinikum Braunschweig gGmbH, Holwedestraße 16, 38118 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Günter Roth
- BioCopy GmbH, Elzstrasse 27, 79312 Emmendingen, Germany
| | - Julia Adler
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jakob Trimpert
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Hermann
- CORAT Therapeutics GmbH, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Schirrmann
- YUMAB GmbH, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; CORAT Therapeutics GmbH, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Dübel
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - André Frenzel
- YUMAB GmbH, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Joop Van den Heuvel
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Department of Structure and Function of Proteins, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Luka Čičin-Šain
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CIIM), a joint venture of Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maren Schubert
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Hust
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
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46
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Roth KDR, Wenzel EV, Ruschig M, Steinke S, Langreder N, Heine PA, Schneider KT, Ballmann R, Fühner V, Kuhn P, Schirrmann T, Frenzel A, Dübel S, Schubert M, Moreira GMSG, Bertoglio F, Russo G, Hust M. Developing Recombinant Antibodies by Phage Display Against Infectious Diseases and Toxins for Diagnostics and Therapy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:697876. [PMID: 34307196 PMCID: PMC8294040 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.697876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are essential molecules for diagnosis and treatment of diseases caused by pathogens and their toxins. Antibodies were integrated in our medical repertoire against infectious diseases more than hundred years ago by using animal sera to treat tetanus and diphtheria. In these days, most developed therapeutic antibodies target cancer or autoimmune diseases. The COVID-19 pandemic was a reminder about the importance of antibodies for therapy against infectious diseases. While monoclonal antibodies could be generated by hybridoma technology since the 70ies of the former century, nowadays antibody phage display, among other display technologies, is robustly established to discover new human monoclonal antibodies. Phage display is an in vitro technology which confers the potential for generating antibodies from universal libraries against any conceivable molecule of sufficient size and omits the limitations of the immune systems. If convalescent patients or immunized/infected animals are available, it is possible to construct immune phage display libraries to select in vivo affinity-matured antibodies. A further advantage is the availability of the DNA sequence encoding the phage displayed antibody fragment, which is packaged in the phage particles. Therefore, the selected antibody fragments can be rapidly further engineered in any needed antibody format according to the requirements of the final application. In this review, we present an overview of phage display derived recombinant antibodies against bacterial, viral and eukaryotic pathogens, as well as microbial toxins, intended for diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Daniel Ralph Roth
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Esther Veronika Wenzel
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Abcalis GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maximilian Ruschig
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stephan Steinke
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Nora Langreder
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Philip Alexander Heine
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kai-Thomas Schneider
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rico Ballmann
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Viola Fühner
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Stefan Dübel
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Abcalis GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany.,YUMAB GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maren Schubert
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Federico Bertoglio
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Giulio Russo
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Abcalis GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Hust
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,YUMAB GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
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47
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Younes S, Younes N, Shurrab F, Nasrallah GK. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 natural animal reservoirs and experimental models: systematic review. Rev Med Virol 2021; 31:e2196. [PMID: 33206434 PMCID: PMC7744864 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak has been rapidly spreading worldwide, causing serious global concern. The role that animal hosts play in disease transmission is still understudied and researchers wish to find suitable animal models for fundamental research and drug discovery. In this systematic review, we aimed to compile and discuss all articles that describe experimental or natural infections with SARS-CoV-2, from the initial discovery of the virus in December 2019 through to October 2020. We systematically searched four databases (Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct and Web of Science). The following data were extracted from the included studies: type of infection (natural or experimental), age, sample numbers, dose, route of inoculation, viral replication, detection method, clinical symptoms and transmission. Fifty-four studies were included, of which 34 were conducted on animal reservoirs (naturally or experimentally infected), and 20 involved models for testing vaccines and therapeutics. Our search revealed that Rousettus aegyptiacus (fruit bats), pangolins, felines, mink, ferrets and rabbits were all susceptible to SARS-CoV-2, while dogs were weakly susceptible and pigs, poultry, and tree shrews were not. In addition, virus replication in mice, mink, hamsters and ferrets resembled subclinical human infection, so these animals might serve as useful models for future studies to evaluate vaccines or antiviral agents and to study host-pathogen interactions. Our review comprehensively summarized current evidence on SARS-CoV-2 infection in animals and their usefulness as models for studying vaccines and antiviral drugs. Our findings may direct future studies for vaccine development, antiviral drugs and therapeutic agents to manage SARS-CoV-2-caused diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Younes
- Biomedical Research CenterMember of QU HealthQatar UniversityDohaQatar
| | - Nadin Younes
- Biomedical Research CenterMember of QU HealthQatar UniversityDohaQatar
| | - Farah Shurrab
- Biomedical Research CenterMember of QU HealthQatar UniversityDohaQatar
| | - Gheyath K. Nasrallah
- Biomedical Research CenterMember of QU HealthQatar UniversityDohaQatar
- Department of Biomedical ScienceCollege of Health SciencesMember of QU HealthQatar UniversityDohaQatar
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48
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Norman A, Franck C, Christie M, Hawkins PME, Patel K, Ashhurst AS, Aggarwal A, Low JKK, Siddiquee R, Ashley CL, Steain M, Triccas JA, Turville S, Mackay JP, Passioura T, Payne RJ. Discovery of Cyclic Peptide Ligands to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Using mRNA Display. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:1001-1008. [PMID: 34230894 PMCID: PMC8189037 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c01708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has led to substantial morbidity, mortality, and disruption globally. Cellular entry of SARS-CoV-2 is mediated by the viral spike protein, and affinity ligands to this surface protein have the potential for applications as antivirals and diagnostic reagents. Here, we describe the affinity selection of cyclic peptide ligands to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD) from three distinct libraries (in excess of a trillion molecules each) by mRNA display. We identified six high affinity molecules with dissociation constants (K D) in the nanomolar range (15-550 nM) to the RBD. The highest affinity ligand could be used as an affinity reagent to detect the spike protein in solution by ELISA, and the cocrystal structure of this molecule bound to the RBD demonstrated that it binds to a cryptic binding site, displacing a β-strand near the C-terminus. Our findings provide key mechanistic insight into the binding of peptide ligands to the SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD, and the ligands discovered in this work may find future use as reagents for diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Norman
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Australian
Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and
Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Charlotte Franck
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Australian
Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and
Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- School
of Life and Environmental Sciences, The
University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Mary Christie
- School
of Life and Environmental Sciences, The
University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Paige M. E. Hawkins
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Australian
Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and
Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Karishma Patel
- School
of Life and Environmental Sciences, The
University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Anneliese S. Ashhurst
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Australian
Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and
Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- School
of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | | | - Jason K. K. Low
- School
of Life and Environmental Sciences, The
University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Rezwan Siddiquee
- School
of Life and Environmental Sciences, The
University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Sydney Analytical, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Caroline L. Ashley
- School
of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Megan Steain
- School
of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - James A. Triccas
- School
of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | | | - Joel P. Mackay
- School
of Life and Environmental Sciences, The
University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Toby Passioura
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- School
of Life and Environmental Sciences, The
University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Sydney Analytical, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Richard J. Payne
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Australian
Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and
Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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49
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Rujas E, Kucharska I, Tan YZ, Benlekbir S, Cui H, Zhao T, Wasney GA, Budylowski P, Guvenc F, Newton JC, Sicard T, Semesi A, Muthuraman K, Nouanesengsy A, Aschner CB, Prieto K, Bueler SA, Youssef S, Liao-Chan S, Glanville J, Christie-Holmes N, Mubareka S, Gray-Owen SD, Rubinstein JL, Treanor B, Julien JP. Multivalency transforms SARS-CoV-2 antibodies into ultrapotent neutralizers. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3661. [PMID: 34135340 PMCID: PMC8209050 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23825-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, has caused a global pandemic. Antibodies can be powerful biotherapeutics to fight viral infections. Here, we use the human apoferritin protomer as a modular subunit to drive oligomerization of antibody fragments and transform antibodies targeting SARS-CoV-2 into exceptionally potent neutralizers. Using this platform, half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values as low as 9 × 10-14 M are achieved as a result of up to 10,000-fold potency enhancements compared to corresponding IgGs. Combination of three different antibody specificities and the fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain on a single multivalent molecule conferred the ability to overcome viral sequence variability together with outstanding potency and IgG-like bioavailability. The MULTi-specific, multi-Affinity antiBODY (Multabody or MB) platform thus uniquely leverages binding avidity together with multi-specificity to deliver ultrapotent and broad neutralizers against SARS-CoV-2. The modularity of the platform also makes it relevant for rapid evaluation against other infectious diseases of global health importance. Neutralizing antibodies are a promising therapeutic for SARS-CoV-2.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibody Specificity
- Apoferritins/chemistry
- Biological Availability
- Epitope Mapping
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Protein Engineering/methods
- Protein Subunits/chemistry
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Tissue Distribution
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Edurne Rujas
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Iga Kucharska
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yong Zi Tan
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Samir Benlekbir
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hong Cui
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tiantian Zhao
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gregory A Wasney
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Structural & Biophysical Core Facility, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Patrick Budylowski
- Combined Containment Level 3 Unit, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Furkan Guvenc
- Combined Containment Level 3 Unit, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jocelyn C Newton
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Taylor Sicard
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anthony Semesi
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Krithika Muthuraman
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Amy Nouanesengsy
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Clare Burn Aschner
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Katherine Prieto
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephanie A Bueler
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Samira Mubareka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Scott D Gray-Owen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John L Rubinstein
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bebhinn Treanor
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Julien
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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50
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Mannar D, Leopold K, Subramaniam S. Glycan reactive anti-HIV-1 antibodies bind the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein but do not block viral entry. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12448. [PMID: 34127709 PMCID: PMC8203731 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91746-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein is a focal point for vaccine immunogen and therapeutic antibody design, and also serves as a critical antigen in the evaluation of immune responses to COVID-19. A common feature amongst enveloped viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 and HIV-1 is the propensity for displaying host-derived glycans on entry spike proteins. Similarly displayed glycosylation motifs can serve as the basis for glyco-epitope mediated cross-reactivity by antibodies, which can have important implications on virus neutralization, antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of infection, and the interpretation of antibody titers in serological assays. From a panel of nine anti-HIV-1 gp120 reactive antibodies, we selected two (PGT126 and PGT128) that displayed high levels of cross-reactivity with the SARS-CoV-2 spike. We report that these antibodies are incapable of neutralizing pseudoviruses expressing SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins and are unlikely to mediate ADE via FcγRII receptor engagement. Nevertheless, ELISA and other immunoreactivity experiments demonstrate these antibodies are capable of binding the SARS-CoV-2 spike in a glycan-dependent manner. These results contribute to the growing literature surrounding SARS-CoV-2 S cross-reactivity, as we demonstrate the ability for cross-reactive antibodies to interfere in immunoassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiraj Mannar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Karoline Leopold
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sriram Subramaniam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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