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Alinaghi M, Mokarram P, Ahmadi M, Bozorg-Ghalati F. Biosynthesis of palladium, platinum, and their bimetallic nanoparticles using rosemary and ginseng herbal plants: evaluation of anticancer activity. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5798. [PMID: 38461314 PMCID: PMC10925055 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56275-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
In this research, palladium (II) and platinum (II), as well as their bimetallic nanoparticles were synthesized using medicinal plants in an eco-friendly manner. Rosemary and Ginseng extracts were chosen due to their promising anticancer potential. The synthesized nanoparticles underwent characterization through FT-IR spectroscopy, DLS, XRD, EDX, SEM, and TEM techniques. Once the expected structures were confirmed, the performance of these nanoparticles, which exhibited an optimal size, was evaluated as potential anticancer agents through in vitro method on colon cancer cell lines (Ls180, SW480). MTT assay studies showed that the synthesized nanoparticles induced cell death. Moreover, real-time PCR was employed to investigate autophagy markers and the effect of nanoparticles on the apoptosis process, demonstrating a significant effect of the synthesized compounds in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moloud Alinaghi
- Autophagy Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Pooneh Mokarram
- Autophagy Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Mazaher Ahmadi
- Faculty of Chemistry and Petroleum Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Bozorg-Ghalati
- Autophagy Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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2
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Chen L, Zhao L, Han J, Xiao P, Zhao M, Zhang S, Duan J. Biosynthesis of Chryseno[2,1,c]oxepin-12-Carboxylic Acid from Glycyrrhizic Acid in Aspergillus terreus TMZ05-2, and Analysis of Its Anti-inflammatory Activity. J Microbiol 2024; 62:113-124. [PMID: 38411880 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-024-00105-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Glycyrrhizic acid, glycyrrhetinic acid, and their oxo, ester, lactone, and other derivatives, are known for their anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and hypoglycemic pharmacological activities. In this study, chryseno[2,1-c]oxepin-12-carboxylic acid (MG) was first biosynthesized from glycyrrhizic acid through sequential hydrolysis, oxidation, and esterification using Aspergillus terreus TMZ05-2, providing a novel in vitro biosynthetic pathway for glycyrrhizic acid derivatives. Assessing the influence of fermentation conditions and variation of strains during culture under stress-induction strategies enhanced the final molar yield to 88.3% (5 g/L glycyrrhizic acid). CCK8 assays showed no cytotoxicity and good cell proliferation, and anti-inflammatory experiments demonstrated strong inhibition of NO release (36.3%, low-dose MG vs. model), transcriptional downregulation of classical effective cellular factors tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α; 72.2%, low-dose MG vs. model), interleukin-6 (IL-6; 58.3%, low-dose MG vs. model) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β; 76.4%, low-dose MG vs. model), and decreased abundance of P-IKK-α, P-IKB-α, and P-P65 proteins, thereby alleviating inflammatory responses through the NF-κB pathway in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. The findings provide a reference for the biosynthesis of lactone compounds from medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Chen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources Recycling Utilization of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources Recycling Utilization of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ju Han
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources Recycling Utilization of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Xiao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources Recycling Utilization of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mingzhe Zhao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources Recycling Utilization of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Sen Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources Recycling Utilization of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources Recycling Utilization of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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3
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Bhattacharya S, Sadhukhan D, Saraswathy R. Role of sex in immune response and epigenetic mechanisms. Epigenetics Chromatin 2024; 17:1. [PMID: 38247002 PMCID: PMC10802034 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-024-00525-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The functioning of the human immune system is highly dependent on the sex of the individual, which comes by virtue of sex chromosomes and hormonal differences. Epigenetic mechanisms such as X chromosome inactivation, mosaicism, skewing, and dimorphism in X chromosome genes and Y chromosome regulatory genes create a sex-based variance in the immune response between males and females. This leads to differential susceptibility in immune-related disorders like infections, autoimmunity, and malignancies. Various naturally available immunomodulators are also available which target immune pathways containing X chromosome genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sombodhi Bhattacharya
- Biomedical Genetics Research Lab, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India
| | - Debasmita Sadhukhan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India
| | - Radha Saraswathy
- Biomedical Genetics Research Lab, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India.
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Alanazi HH, Elasbali AM, Alanazi MK, El Azab EF. Medicinal Herbs: Promising Immunomodulators for the Treatment of Infectious Diseases. Molecules 2023; 28:8045. [PMID: 38138535 PMCID: PMC10745476 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans are constantly at high risk of emerging pandemics caused by viral and bacterial infections. The emergence of new pandemics is mainly caused by evolved viruses and bacteria that are highly resistant to existing medications. The rapid evolution of infectious agents demands the urgent investigation of new therapeutic strategies to prevent and treat these infections at an early stage. One of these therapeutic strategies includes the use of medicinal herbs for their antibacterial and antiviral properties. The use of herbal medicines as remedies is very ancient and has been employed for centuries. Many studies have confirmed the antimicrobial activities of herbs against various pathogens in vitro and in vivo. The therapeutic effect of medicinal herbs is mainly attributed to the natural bioactive molecules present in these plants such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoids. Different mechanisms have been proposed for how medicinal herbs enhance the immune system and combat pathogens. Such mechanisms include the disruption of bacterial cell membranes, suppression of protein synthesis, and limitation of pathogen replication through the inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis. Medicinal herbs have been shown to treat a number of infectious diseases by modulating the immune system's components. For instance, many medicinal herbs alleviate inflammation by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1, IL-6) while promoting the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-10). Medicinal herbs also play a role in defense against viral and intracellular infections by enhancing the proliferation and functions of natural killer cells, T-helper-1 cells, and macrophages. In this review, we will explore the use of the most common herbs in preventing and treating infectious and non-infectious diseases. Using current and recently published studies, we focus on the immunomodulatory and therapeutic effects induced by medicinal herbs to enhance immune responses during diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamad H. Alanazi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences-Qurayyat, Jouf University, Al-Qurayyat 77455, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.E.); (E.F.E.A.)
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Noor G, Badruddeen, Akhtar J, Singh B, Ahmad M, Khan MI. An outlook on the target-based molecular mechanism of phytoconstituents as immunomodulators. Phytother Res 2023; 37:5058-5079. [PMID: 37528656 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
The immune system is one of the essential defense mechanisms. Immune system inadequacy increases the risk of infections and cancer diseases, whereas over-activation of the immune system causes allergies or autoimmune disorders. Immunomodulators have been used in the treatment of immune-related diseases. There is growing interest in using herbal medicines as multicomponent agents to modulate the complex immune system in immune-related diseases. Many therapeutic phytochemicals showed immunomodulatory effects by various mechanisms. This mechanism includes stimulation of lymphoid cell, phagocytosis, macrophage, and cellular immune function enhancement. In addition increased antigen-specific immunoglobulin production, total white cell count, and inhibition of TNF-α, IFN-γ, NF-kB, IL-2, IL-6, IL-1β, and other cytokines that influenced the immune system. This review aims to overview, widely investigated plant-derived phytoconstituents by targeting cells to modulate cellular and humoral immunity in in vivo and in vitro. However, further high-quality research is needed to confirm the clinical efficacy of plant-based immunomodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gazala Noor
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Badruddeen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Juber Akhtar
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Bhuwanendra Singh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, S.D. College of Pharmacy and Vocational Studies, Muzaffarnagar, India
| | - Mohammad Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Mohammad Irfan Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India
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Tibenda JJ, Du Y, Huang S, Chen G, Ning N, Liu W, Ye M, Nan Y, Yuan L. Pharmacological Mechanisms and Adjuvant Properties of Licorice Glycyrrhiza in Treating Gastric Cancer. Molecules 2023; 28:6966. [PMID: 37836809 PMCID: PMC10574419 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Licorice is a remarkable traditional Chinese medicine obtained from the dried root and rhizomes of the Glycyrrhiza genus, and t has been utilized in China for many centuries. It consists of more than 300 compounds that are mainly divided into triterpene saponins, flavonoids, polysaccharides, and phenolic components. The active compounds of licorice have been found to possess multiple biological activities, including antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antimicrobial, immunoregulatory, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective functions. In addition to providing a brief overview of licorice's adjuvant properties, this review describes and analyzes the pharmacological mechanisms by which licorice components function to treat gastric cancer. Furthermore, licorice compounds are also found to be potent adjuvant chemotherapy agents, as they can improve the quality of life of cancer patients and alleviate chemotherapy-induced adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Japhet Tibenda
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (J.J.T.); (Y.D.); (S.H.); (G.C.); (N.N.)
| | - Yuhua Du
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (J.J.T.); (Y.D.); (S.H.); (G.C.); (N.N.)
| | - Shicong Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (J.J.T.); (Y.D.); (S.H.); (G.C.); (N.N.)
| | - Guoqing Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (J.J.T.); (Y.D.); (S.H.); (G.C.); (N.N.)
| | - Na Ning
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (J.J.T.); (Y.D.); (S.H.); (G.C.); (N.N.)
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization of Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China;
| | - Mengyi Ye
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China;
| | - Yi Nan
- Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization of Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China;
| | - Ling Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (J.J.T.); (Y.D.); (S.H.); (G.C.); (N.N.)
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Meng T, Ding J, Shen S, Xu Y, Wang P, Song X, Li Y, Li S, Xu M, Tian Z, He Q. Xuanfei Baidu decoction in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Efficacy and potential mechanisms. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19163. [PMID: 37809901 PMCID: PMC10558324 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has spread worldwide and become a major global public health concern. Although novel investigational COVID-19 antiviral candidates such as the Pfizer agent PAXLOVID™, molnupiravir, baricitinib, remdesivir, and favipiravir are currently used to treat patients with COVID-19, there is still a critical need for the development of additional treatments, as the recommended therapeutic options are frequently ineffective against SARS-CoV-2. The efficacy and safety of vaccines remain uncertain, particularly with the emergence of several variants. All 10 versions of the National Health Commission's diagnosis and treatment guidelines for COVID-19 recommend using traditional Chinese medicine. Xuanfei Baidu Decoction (XFBD) is one of the "three Chinese medicines and three Chinese prescriptions" recommended for COVID-19. This review summarizes the clinical evidence and potential mechanisms of action of XFBD for COVID-19 treatment. With XFBD, patients with COVID-19 experience improved clinical symptoms, shorter hospital stay, prevention of the progression of their symptoms from mild to moderate and severe symptoms, and reduced mortality in critically ill patients. The mechanisms of action may be associated with its direct antiviral, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidative, and antimicrobial properties. High-quality clinical and experimental studies are needed to further explore the clinical efficacy and underlying mechanisms of XFBD in COVID-19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Meng
- Department of Cardiology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100032, China
- Department of Rehabilitation, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Jingyi Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100032, China
| | - Shujie Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Yingzhi Xu
- Department of Neurology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100010 China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100010, China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Jiangong Hospital, Beijing, 100032, China
| | - Xinbin Song
- Graduate School, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yixiang Li
- Graduate School, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Shangjin Li
- Department of Cardiology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100032, China
| | - Minjie Xu
- Department of Neurology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100010 China
| | - Ziyu Tian
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Qingyong He
- Department of Cardiology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100032, China
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Glycyrrhizic acid inhibits myeloid differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells by binding S100 calcium binding protein A8 to improve cognition in aged mice. Immun Ageing 2023; 20:12. [PMID: 36906583 PMCID: PMC10007777 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-023-00337-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycyrrhizic acid (GA), a saponin compound often used as a flavoring agent, can elicit anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects, and alleviate aging. However, the specific mechanism by which GA alters immune cell populations to produce these beneficial effects is currently unclear. RESULTS In this study, we systematically analyzed single-cell sequencing data of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from young mice, aged mice, and GA-treated aged mice. Our in vivo results show that GA reduced senescence-induced increases in macrophages and neutrophils, and increased numbers of lymphoid lineage subpopulations specifically reduced by senescence. In vitro, GA significantly promoted differentiation of Lin-CD117+ hematopoietic stem cells toward lymphoid lineages, especially CD8+ T cells. Moreover, GA inhibited differentiation of CD4+ T cells and myeloid (CD11b+) cells by binding to S100 calcium-binding protein 8 (S100A8) protein. Overexpression of S100A8 in Lin- CD117+ hematopoietic stem cells enhanced cognition in aged mice and the immune reconstitution of severely immunodeficient B-NDG (NOD.CB17-Prkdcscid/l2rgtm1/Bcgen) mice. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, GA exerts anti-aging effects by binding to S100A8 to remodel the immune system of aged mice.
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Fujii S, Shoyama Y, Nomura S, Uto T. Development of Highly Sensitive Chemiluminescence Enzyme Immunostaining Assay to Determine Glycyrrhizin Content Using Anti-glycyrrhizin Monoclonal Antibody. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2022; 70:694-698. [PMID: 36184451 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c22-00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Licorice, the root of Glycyrrhiza spp., is used in a large number of herbal medicines, such as traditional Chinese medicines, Japanese Kampo medicines, and therapeutic drugs. Since glycyrrhizin (GL) is among the main components in licorice and exhibits numerous beneficial pharmacological activities, the content of GL directly affects biological activity. The quality control based on GL content is an important factor in ensuring biological activity; however, the content of GL in licorice varies depending on plant cultivation environment, genetic factors, and species type. Previously, we prepared an anti-GL monoclonal antibody (anti-GL mAb) and employed it in various immunochemical assays for quality control of licorice and licorice-based products. In this study, we employed the anti-GL mAb in chemiluminescence enzyme immunostaining (CLEIS) to develop a very simple, rapid, specific, and sensitive quality control assay for licorice products, with a limit of detection of 3.9 ng. Furthermore, the CLEIS assay enabled semiquantitative analysis of GL in Kampo medicines. Our results showed that multiple samples can be simultaneously analyzed using CLEIS, and it is a useful tool for determining GL content, as well as ensuring chemical quality control of licorice-containing products and herbal medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Fujii
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Management, Nagasaki International University
| | - Yukihiro Shoyama
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University
| | - Shuichi Nomura
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Management, Nagasaki International University
| | - Takuhiro Uto
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University
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Malekinejad M, Pashaee MR, Malekinejad H. 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid altered the intestinal permeability in the human Caco-2 monolayer cell model. Eur J Nutr 2022; 61:3437-3447. [PMID: 35578042 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-02900-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glycyrrhizin (GL) and its metabolites 18α-glycyrrhetinic acid (18α-GA) and 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (18β-GA) are used as traditional medicine and food sweeteners. As the major rout of their administration is oral way, therefore their impact on intestinal epithelial cells are investigated. METHODS The effects of GL and its metabolites on cell viability using MTT assay, on cytotoxicity using LDH release, on integrity of intestinal epithelial cells by measuring the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and Luciferase permeability tests, on the expression of tight junction proteins at mRNA and protein level by qPCR and western blot techniques, and ultimately on the rate of test compounds absorption via Caco-2 cells monolayer were investigated. RESULTS MTT assay showed a concentration- and time-dependent decrease in metabolic activity of Caco-2 cells induced by GL, 18α-GA, and 18β-GA, while only 18β-GA increased the LDH leakage. The monolayer integrity of Caco-2 cells in TEER assay only was affected by 18β-GA. The permeability of paracellular transport marker was increased by 18α-GA and 18β-GA and not GL. In transport studies, only metabolites were able to cross from Caco-2 cells monolayer. qPCR analyses revealed that 18β-GA upregulated the expression of claudin-1 and -4, occludin, junctional adhesion molecules and zonula occludens-1, while 18α-GA upregulated only claudin-4. The expression of claudin-4 at protein level was downregulated non-significantly at 50 μM concentration of 18β-GA. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that 18β-GA may cause cellular damages at higher concentrations on gastrointestinal cells and requires a remarkable attention of the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Malekinejad
- Experimental and Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Pashaee
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Hassan Malekinejad
- Experimental and Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran. .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
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Rizvi ZA, Babele P, Sadhu S, Madan U, Tripathy MR, Goswami S, Mani S, Kumar S, Awasthi A, Dikshit M. Prophylactic treatment of Glycyrrhiza glabra mitigates COVID-19 pathology through inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the hamster model and NETosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:945583. [PMID: 36238303 PMCID: PMC9550929 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.945583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is accompanied by acute respiratory distress syndrome and pulmonary pathology, and is presented mostly with an inflammatory cytokine release, a dysregulated immune response, a skewed neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, and a hypercoagulable state. Though vaccinations have proved effective in reducing the COVID-19-related mortality, the limitation of the use of vaccine against immunocompromised individuals, those with comorbidity, and emerging variants remains a concern. In the current study, we investigate for the first time the efficacy of the Glycyrrhiza glabra (GG) extract, a potent immunomodulator, against SARS-CoV-2 infection in hamsters. Prophylactic treatment with GG showed protection against loss in body weight and a 35%–40% decrease in lung viral load along with reduced lung pathology in the hamster model. Remarkably, GG reduced the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). In vitro, GG acted as a potent immunomodulator by reducing Th2 and Th17 differentiation and IL-4 and IL-17A cytokine production. In addition, GG also showed robust potential to suppress ROS, mtROS, and NET generation in a concentration-dependent manner in both human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and murine bone marrow-derived neutrophils (BMDNs). Taken together, we provide evidence for the protective efficacy of GG against COVID-19 and its putative mechanistic insight through its immunomodulatory properties. Our study provides the proof of concept for GG efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 using a hamster model and opens the path for further studies aimed at identifying the active ingredients of GG and its efficacy in COVID-19 clinical cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaigham Abbas Rizvi
- Immuno-Biology Lab, Infection and Immunology Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- Immunology-Core Lab, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Prabhakar Babele
- Noncommunicable Disease Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Srikanth Sadhu
- Immuno-Biology Lab, Infection and Immunology Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- Immunology-Core Lab, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Upasna Madan
- Immuno-Biology Lab, Infection and Immunology Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- Immunology-Core Lab, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Manas Ranjan Tripathy
- Immuno-Biology Lab, Infection and Immunology Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- Immunology-Core Lab, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Sandeep Goswami
- Immuno-Biology Lab, Infection and Immunology Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- Immunology-Core Lab, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Shailendra Mani
- Noncommunicable Disease Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Awasthi
- Immuno-Biology Lab, Infection and Immunology Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- Immunology-Core Lab, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- *Correspondence: Madhu Dikshit, ; ; Amit Awasthi,
| | - Madhu Dikshit
- Noncommunicable Disease Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, Haryana, India
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- *Correspondence: Madhu Dikshit, ; ; Amit Awasthi,
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12
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Dilip Pandkar P, Raosaheb Deshmukh S, Sachdeva V. COVID-19 patient with B Cell Lymphoma co-morbidity managed with co-administration of Ayurvedic formulation. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2022; 13:100632. [PMID: 35975131 PMCID: PMC9372187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2022.100632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
‘Renaissance took place in Chaos and plague’. It was COVID-19 pandemic, when world realized ayurveda co-interventions are praiseworthy even in acute, infective and fatal conditions like COVID-19. We report perhaps first case of COVID-19 patient with cancer managed with poly-herbal ayurvedic formulation and integrated approach. In the first wave of COVID-19 (June 2020), a 47 year old male with history of Chronic kidney disease and active B Cell Lymphoma complained of fever, malaise, cattarah and ageusia. He was found positive on RT-PCR which was done promptly and was later treated in home quarantine with antipyretics, Vitamin C and Madhav rasayan a polyherbal preparation containing Piper longum, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Eclipta alba, Achyranthes aspera, Embelia ribes and Aloe vera designed to modulate host response. It was challenging to treat a patient with cancer with immunocompromised status as he had recently finished his chemotherapy cycle (R–CHOP regimen). Patient well tolerated the intervention and recovered symptomatically. He did not developed any respiratory complications and oxygen saturation remained maintained. On 7th day RT-PCR was found to be negative. Plethora of literature is available on anti-viral and immunomodulatory efficacies of Ayurveda herbs based on in vitro studies. Such efficacies can be replicated at patient's level if supported with wisdom of Ayurveda epistemology. Early diagnosis on RT-PCR and early inception of ayurveda medicine and diet interventions might be crucial element for better recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad Dilip Pandkar
- Department of Kriya sharir (Ayurveda Physiology), Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, College of Ayurveda, Pune 411043
| | - Santosh Raosaheb Deshmukh
- Department of Kriya sharir (Ayurveda Physiology), Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, College of Ayurveda, Pune 411043
| | - Vinay Sachdeva
- Department of Kriya sharir (Ayurveda Physiology), Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, College of Ayurveda, Pune 411043
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Bakr AF, Shao P, Farag MA. Recent advances in glycyrrhizin metabolism, health benefits, clinical effects and drug delivery systems for efficacy improvement; a comprehensive review. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 99:153999. [PMID: 35220130 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.153999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycyrrhizin (GL) is a major active constituent of licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra) that is considered one of the oldest and most frequently employed botanicals in Chinese medicine and worldwide, with most effects attributed to its rich GL content. Structurally, GL a triterpene saponin that is widely used as a flavoring agent in foodstuffs and cosmetics, and also proposed for various clinical applications with a myriad of health benefits. Pharmacological and biological activities of GL include antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer activities (in vitro and in vivo). Currently, there is no comprehensive review on GL biological effects and its action mechanisms. PURPOSE This review summarizes GL pharmacological actions from a molecular biology perception, presented on its metabolism and side effects based on in vitro, in vitro and clinical studies. Moreover, the potential of GL as a nanomedicine delivery system is also summarized. The progress in drug delivery research using GL presented herein is expected to provide a theoretical basis for developing other novel drugs formulations. METHODS A systematic review was carried out in several electronic databases (Science Direct, SpringerLink, CNKI, PubMed, Web of Science, Elsevier, and Scopus), using the following key words: glycyrrhizin "AND" bioactivity "OR" clinic "OR" therapeutic "OR" drug delivery. This search included manuscripts published between 1989 and 2021. RESULTS 126 researches were selected and summarized in this review. The analysis of these studies indicated that GL has antiviral activity against different viruses. Further, GL efficiently suppressed the respiratory manifestations associated with COVID-19 by reducing the expression of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) that employed by the virus as an entry point. Otherwise, GL was found to induce antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immune-modulatory, and anticancer activity. Besides, diminution the particle size of GL to nanometer size significantly augments their action and biodistribution. CONCLUSION This article summarizes the pharmacological actions of GL. The potential of GL as a nanomedicine delivery system is also presented. Nevertheless, most studies reported provide no deep insight of GL health effects warranting for more future studies to elucidate its action mechanism and potential therapeutic benefits through preclinical and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa F Bakr
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Gamaa St., Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Ping Shao
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China; Key Laboratory of Food Macromolecular Resources Processing Technology Research, China National Light Industry, China.
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini St., P.B. 11562, Cairo, Egypt.
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14
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Yang Z, Liu Y, Wang L, Lin S, Dai X, Yan H, Ge Z, Ren Q, Wang H, Zhu F, Wang S. Traditional Chinese medicine against COVID-19: Role of the gut microbiota. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112787. [PMID: 35279010 PMCID: PMC8901378 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and it has become a public health concern worldwide. In addition to respiratory symptoms, some COVID‑19 patients also show various gastrointestinal symptoms and even consider gastrointestinal symptoms to be the first manifestation. A large amount of evidence has shown that SARS-CoV-2 infection could disrupt the gut microbiota balance, and disorders of the gut microbiota could aggravate the condition of COVID-19 patients. Therefore, maintaining the gut microbiota balance is expected to become a potential new therapeutic target for treating COVID-19. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has significant effects in all stages of the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. It can adjust the gut microbiota and is an ideal intestinal microecological regulator. This review summarizes the advantages and clinical efficacy of TCM in the treatment of COVID-19 and expounds on the relationship between TCM and the gut microbiota, the relationship between COVID-19 and the gut microbiota, the mechanism of gut microbiota disorders induced by SARS-CoV-2, the relationship between cytokine storms and the gut microbiota, and the role and mechanism of TCM in preventing and treating COVID-19 by regulating the gut microbiota to provide new research ideas for TCM in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yangxi Liu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Shanshan Lin
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Xiangdong Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Haifeng Yan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China
| | - Zhao Ge
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Qiuan Ren
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Hui Wang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Shuping Wang
- Characteristic Medical Center of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, China.
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Mukherjee PK, Efferth T, Das B, Kar A, Ghosh S, Singha S, Debnath P, Sharma N, Bhardwaj PK, Haldar PK. Role of medicinal plants in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 and in the management of post-COVID-19 complications. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 98:153930. [PMID: 35114450 PMCID: PMC8730822 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.153930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The worldwide corona virus disease outbreak, generally known as COVID-19 pandemic outbreak resulted in a major health crisis globally. The morbidity and transmission modality of COVID-19 appear more severe and uncontrollable. The respiratory failure and following cardiovascular complications are the main pathophysiology of this deadly disease. Several therapeutic strategies are put forward for the development of safe and effective treatment against SARS-CoV-2 virus from the pharmacological view point but till date there are no specific treatment regimen developed for this viral infection. PURPOSE The present review emphasizes the role of herbs and herbs-derived secondary metabolites in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 virus and also for the management of post-COVID-19 related complications. This approach will foster and ensure the safeguards of using medicinal plant resources to support the healthcare system. Plant-derived phytochemicals have already been reported to prevent the viral infection and to overcome the post-COVID complications like parkinsonism, kidney and heart failure, liver and lungs injury and mental problems. In this review, we explored mechanistic approaches of herbal medicines and their phytocomponenets as antiviral and post-COVID complications by modulating the immunological and inflammatory states. STUDY DESIGN Studies related to diagnosis and treatment guidelines issued for COVID-19 by different traditional system of medicine were included. The information was gathered from pharmacological or non-pharmacological interventions approaches. The gathered information sorted based on therapeutic application of herbs and their components against SARSCoV-2 and COVID-19 related complications. METHODS A systemic search of published literature was conducted from 2003 to 2021 using different literature database like Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus and Web of Science to emphasize relevant articles on medicinal plants against SARS-CoV-2 viral infection and Post-COVID related complications. RESULTS Collected published literature from 2003 onwards yielded with total 625 articles, from more than 18 countries. Among these 625 articles, more than 95 medicinal plants and 25 active phytomolecules belong to 48 plant families. Reports on the therapeutic activity of the medicinal plants belong to the Lamiaceae family (11 reports), which was found to be maximum reported from 4 different countries including India, China, Australia, and Morocco. Other reports on the medicinal plant of Asteraceae (7 reports), Fabaceae (8 reports), Piperaceae (3 reports), Zingiberaceae (3 reports), Ranunculaceae (3 reports), Meliaceae (4 reports) were found, which can be explored for the development of safe and efficacious products targeting COVID-19. CONCLUSION Keeping in mind that the natural alternatives are in the priority for the management and prevention of the COVID-19, the present review may help to develop an alternative approach for the management of COVID-19 viral infection and post-COVID complications from a mechanistic point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulok K Mukherjee
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Imphal-795001, India; School of Natural Product Studies, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata -700 032, India.
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bhaskar Das
- School of Natural Product Studies, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata -700 032, India
| | - Amit Kar
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Imphal-795001, India
| | - Suparna Ghosh
- School of Natural Product Studies, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata -700 032, India
| | - Seha Singha
- School of Natural Product Studies, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata -700 032, India
| | - Pradip Debnath
- School of Natural Product Studies, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata -700 032, India
| | - Nanaocha Sharma
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Imphal-795001, India
| | | | - Pallab Kanti Haldar
- School of Natural Product Studies, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata -700 032, India
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16
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Bisht D, Rashid M, Arya RKK, Kumar D, Chaudhary SK, Rana VS, Sethiya NK. Revisiting liquorice ( Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) as anti-inflammatory, antivirals and immunomodulators: Potential pharmacological applications with mechanistic insight. PHYTOMEDICINE PLUS : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 2:100206. [PMID: 35403088 PMCID: PMC8683220 DOI: 10.1016/j.phyplu.2021.100206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (G. glabra) commonly known as liquorice is one of the highly exploited and utilized medicinal plant of the world. Since ancient times liquorice is considered as an auspicious and valuable traditional medicine across the world for treatment of various ailments. METHOD Several electronic online scientific databases such as Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, Scifinder, Google Scholar, online books and reports were assessed for collecting information. All the collected information was classified into different sections to meet the objective of the paper. RESULTS The electronic database search yielded 3908 articles from different countries. Out of them one ninety-eight articles published between 1956 and 2021 were included, corresponding to all detailed review on G. glabra and research on anti-inflammatories, antivirals and immunomodulatory through pre-clinical and clinical models. From all selective area of studies on G. glabra and its bioactive components it was established (including molecular mechanisms) as a suitable remedy as per the current requirement of pandemic situation arise through respiratory tract infection. CONCLUSION Different relevant studies have been thoroughly reviewed to gain an insight on utility of liquorice and its bioactive constituents for anti-inflammatories, antivirals and immunomodulatory effects with special emphasized for prevention and treatment of COVID-19 infection with possible mechanism of action at molecular level. Proposed directions for future research are also outlined to encourage researchers to find out various mechanistic targets and useful value added products of liquorice in future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dheeraj Bisht
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sir J. C. Bose Technical Campus Bhimtal, Kumaun University Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263136, India
| | - Mohmmad Rashid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Dentistry and Pharmacy, Buraydah Colleges, Al-Qassim, 31717, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rajeshwar Kamal Kant Arya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sir J. C. Bose Technical Campus Bhimtal, Kumaun University Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263136, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173 229, India
| | | | - Vijay Singh Rana
- Faculty of Pharmacy, DIT University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248009, India
| | - Neeraj K Sethiya
- Faculty of Pharmacy, DIT University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248009, India
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17
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Renda G, Gökkaya İ, Şöhretoğlu D. Immunomodulatory properties of triterpenes. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2022; 21:537-563. [PMID: 34812259 PMCID: PMC8600492 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-021-09785-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The immune system is one of the main defence mechanisms of the human body. Inadequacy of this system or immunodeficiency results in increased risk of infections and tumours, whereas over-activation of the immune system causes allergic or autoimmune disorders. A well-balanced immune system is important for protection and for alleviation of these diseases. There is a growing interest to maintain a well-balanced immune system, especially after the Covid-19 pandemic. Many biological extracts, as well as natural products, have become popular due to their wide array of immunomodulatory effects and influence on the immune system. Triterpenes, one of the secondary metabolite groups of medicinal plants, exhibit immunomodulatory properties by various mechanisms. Different triterpenes, including components of commonly consumed plants, can promote some protection and alleviation of disease symptoms linked with immune responses and thus enhance overall well-being. This review aims to highlight the efficacy of triterpenes in light of the available literature evidence regarding the immunomodulatory properties of triterpenes. We have reviewed widely investigated immunomodulatory triterpenes; oleanolic acid, glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhetinic acid, pristimerin, ursolic acid, boswellic acid, celastrol, lupeol, betulin, betulinic acid, ganoderic acid, cucumarioside, and astragalosides which have important immunoregulatory properties. In spite of many preclinical and clinical trials were conducted on triterpenes related to their immunoregulatory actions, current studies have several limitations. Therefore, especially more clinical studies with optimal design is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülin Renda
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Karadeniz Technical University, 61100 Trabzon, Turkey
| | - İçim Gökkaya
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Karadeniz Technical University, 61100 Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Didem Şöhretoğlu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, 06100 Sıhhiye, Ankara Turkey
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18
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Zhang QH, Huang HZ, Qiu M, Wu ZF, Xin ZC, Cai XF, Shang Q, Lin JZ, Zhang DK, Han L. Traditional Uses, Pharmacological Effects, and Molecular Mechanisms of Licorice in Potential Therapy of COVID-19. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:719758. [PMID: 34899289 PMCID: PMC8661450 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.719758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The current Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has become a global challenge, and although vaccines have been developed, it is expected that mild to moderate patients will control their symptoms, especially in developing countries. Licorice, not only a food additive, but also a common traditional Chinese herbal medicine, which has several pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammation, detoxification, antibacterial, antitussive, and immunomodulatory effects, especially in respiratory diseases. Since the outbreak of COVID-19, glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhizin diamine and glycyrrhizin extract have been widely studied and used in COVID-19 clinical trials. Therefore, it is a very interesting topic to explore the material basis, pharmacological characteristics and molecular mechanism of licorice in adjuvant treatment of COVID-19. In this paper, the material basis of licorice for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 is deeply analyzed, and there are significant differences among different components in different pharmacological mechanisms. Glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetinic acid inhibit the synthesis of inflammatory factors and inflammatory mediators by blocking the binding of ACE 2 to virus spike protein, and exert antiviral and antibacterial effects. Immune cells are stimulated by multiple targets and pathways to interfere with the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Liquiritin can prevent and cure COVID-19 by simulating type I interferon. It is suggested that licorice can exert its therapeutic advantage through multi-components and multi-targets. To sum up, licorice has the potential to adjuvant prevent and treat COVID-19. It not only plays a significant role in anti-inflammation and anti-ACE-2, but also significantly improves the clinical symptoms of fever, dry cough and shortness of breath, suggesting that licorice is expected to be a candidate drug for adjuvant treatment of patients with early / mild COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao-Zhou Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhen-Feng Wu
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhan-Chang Xin
- Gansu Qilian Mountain Pharmaceutical Limited Liability Company, Jiuquan, China
| | - Xin-Fu Cai
- Sichuan Guangda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Pengzhou, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Pengzhou, China
| | - Qiang Shang
- Sichuan Guangda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Pengzhou, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Pengzhou, China
| | - Jun-Zhi Lin
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ding-Kun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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19
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Martin BR, Richardson J. An exploratory review of Potential Adjunct Therapies for the Treatment of Coronavirus Infections. J Chiropr Med 2021; 20:199-217. [PMID: 34924893 PMCID: PMC8664662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcm.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this exploratory review c, including vitamin D, zinc, vitamin A, elderberry (S nigra), garlic (A sativum), licorice (G glabra), stinging nettle (U dioica), N-acetylcysteine, quercetin and selenium as potential adjunct therapies for the treatment of coronavirus infections. Methods A search of PubMed was performed for articles published from 2005 to 2021. Key words searched were zinc, vitamin A, vitamin D, Sambucus nigra, Allium sativum, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Urtica dioica, N-Acetylcysteine, quercetin, selenium and coronavirus. Results There were 47 articles selected for this review. Findings included that vitamin D, zinc, vitamin A, S nigra, A sativum, G glabra, U dioica, N-acetylcysteine, quercetin and selenium have been shown to produce anti-inflammatory, immunostimulatory or antiviral effects that may enhance the actions of standard therapeutics for the treatment of CoV infections. We found only research articles related to the effects of vitamin D, zinc, G glabra, quercetin and selenium against COVID-19. Conclusion We identified non-pharmaceutical supplements (Vitamin D, zinc, vitamin A, S nigra, A sativum, G glabra and U dioica) which may have potential to provide support for those with coronavirus infections. However, rigorous clinical studies need to be performed before any clinical recommendations can be made at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett R Martin
- National University of Health Sciences Basic Science Department, Pinellas Park, Fl, USA
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20
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Singh R, Goel S, Bourgeade P, Aleya L, Tewari D. Ayurveda Rasayana as antivirals and immunomodulators: potential applications in COVID-19. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:55925-55951. [PMID: 34491498 PMCID: PMC8422837 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16280-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization with rapid spread across 216 countries. COVID-19 pandemic has left its imprints on various health systems globally and caused immense social and economic disruptions. The scientific community across the globe is in a quest for digging the effective treatment for COVID-19 and exploring potential leads from traditional systems of healthcare across the world too. Ayurveda (Indian traditional system of medicine) has a comprehensive aspect of immunity through Rasayana which is a rejuvenation therapy. Here we attempt to generate the potential leads based on the classical text from Ayurveda in general and Rasayana in particular to develop effective antiviral and/or immunomodulator for potential or adjunct therapy in SARS-CoV-2. The Rasayana acts not only by resisting body to restrain or withstand the strength, severity or progression of a disease but also by promoting power of the body to prevent the manifestation of a disease. These Rasayana herbs are common in practice as immunomodulator, antiviral and protectives. The studies on Rasayana can provide an insight into the future course of research for the plausible development of effective management of COVID-19 by the utilization and development of various traditional systems of healthcare. Keeping in view the current pandemic situation, there is an urgent need of developing potential medicines. This study proposes certain prominent medicinal plants which may be further studied for drug development process and also in clinical setup under repurposing of these herbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeshwari Singh
- Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, Janakpuri, New Delhi, 110058, India
| | - Sumeet Goel
- Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, Janakpuri, New Delhi, 110058, India
| | - Pascale Bourgeade
- Chrono-Environnement Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6249, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, F-25030, Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environnement Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6249, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, F-25030, Besançon Cedex, France.
| | - Devesh Tewari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India.
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21
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Chandramouli V, Niraj SK, Nair KG, Joseph J, Aruni W. Phytomolecules Repurposed as Covid-19 Inhibitors: Opportunity and Challenges. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:3620-3633. [PMID: 34448061 PMCID: PMC8390070 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02639-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus has spread worldwide to cause a full blown pandemic since 2020. To date, several promising synthetic therapeutics are repurposed and vaccines through different stages of clinical trials were approved and being administered, but still the efficacy of the drugs and vaccines are yet to be decoded. This article highlights the importance of traditional medicinal plants and the phytomolecules derived from them, which possess in vitro antiviral and anti-CoV properties and further explores their potential as inhibitors to molecular targets of SARS-CoV-2 that were evaluated by in silico approaches. Botanicals in traditional medicinal systems have been investigated for anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity through in silico and in vitro studies. However, information linking structure of phytomolecules to their antiviral activity is limited. Most phytomolecules with anti-CoV activity were studied for inhibition of the human ACE2 receptor through which the virus enters host cells, and non-structural proteins 3CLpro and PLpro. Although the proteases are ideal anti-CoV targets, information on plant-based inhibitors for the CoV structural proteins, e.g., spike, envelope, membrane, nucleocapsid required further investigations. In absence of scientific evaluations through in vitro and biocompatibility studies, plant-based antivirals fall short as treatment options. Plant-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics can be promising alternatives to their synthetic counterparts as they are economical and bear fewer chances of toxicity, side effects, and viral resistance. Our review could provide a systematic overview of the potential phytomolecules which can be repurposed and subjected to further modes of experimental evaluation to qualify for use in treatment and prophylaxis of SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishnavi Chandramouli
- Advanced Institute for Wildlife Conservation, Tamil Nadu Forest Department, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai, 600048, India
| | - Shekhar Kumar Niraj
- Advanced Institute for Wildlife Conservation, Tamil Nadu Forest Department, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai, 600048, India
| | - Krishna G Nair
- MES T O Abdulla Memorial College, Kunnukara, Aluva, Kerala, 683578, India
| | - Jerrine Joseph
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600119, India.
| | - Wilson Aruni
- Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600119, India
- School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
- Musculoskeletal Disease Research Laboratory US, Department of Veteran Affairs, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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22
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Sheikhi S, Khamesipour A, Radjabian T, Ghazanfari T, Miramin Mohammadi A. Immunotherapeutic effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra and Glycyrrhizic Acid on Leishmania major-infection BALB/C mice. Parasite Immunol 2021; 44:e12879. [PMID: 34559893 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a public health problem in endemic areas. The objective of the current study was to investigate the immunotherapeutic activities of the hydroalcoholic extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra (HEG) and glycyrrhizic acid (GA) in the treatment of Leishmania major (L. major)-infected BALB/c mice. In this study, the effect of HEG and GA was checked in vitro on growth of L. major promastigote and amastigote using MTT assay and microscopic counting, respectively. For in vivo experiment, the lesion induced by L. major on BALB/c mice were treated intraperitoneally with HEG, GA, meglumine antimoniate or phosphate buffer saline (negative control) for one month. Then, the lesion development and the parasite burden of the lymph node was assessed, the cytokine response (IFN-γ and IL-4) to Leishmania antigens was evaluated using ELISA method. The results showed that HEG and GA significantly inhibited the growth of L. major promastigotes and amastigotes, the lesion development, parasite burden in the lymph nodes, level of IFN-γ and the ratio of IFN-γ/IL-4 in HEG, GA and meglumine antimoniate-treated mice were significantly higher compared with the negative control group, there was no difference between the HEG, GA and meglumine antimoniate group. It is concluded that hydroalcoholic extract of G. glabra and glycyrrhizic acid showed therapeutic and immunomodulatory effects on L. major-infected BALB/c mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Sheikhi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Khamesipour
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Radjabian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tooba Ghazanfari
- Immunoregulation Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Miramin Mohammadi
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Moustafa GO, Shalaby A, Naglah AM, Mounier MM, El-Sayed H, Anwar MM, Nossier ES. Synthesis, Characterization, In Vitro Anticancer Potentiality, and Antimicrobial Activities of Novel Peptide-Glycyrrhetinic-Acid-Based Derivatives. Molecules 2021; 26:4573. [PMID: 34361728 PMCID: PMC8346995 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) is one of many interesting pentacyclic triterpenoids showing significant anticancer activity by triggering apoptosis in tumor cell lines. This study deals with the design and synthesis of new glycyrrhetinic acid (GA)-amino acid peptides and peptide ester derivatives. The structures of the new derivatives were established through various spectral and microanalytical data. The novel compounds were screened for their in vitro cytotoxic activity. The evaluation results showed that the new peptides produced promising cytotoxic activity against the human breast MCF-7 cancer cell line while comparing to doxorubicin. On the other hand, only compounds 3, 5, and 7 produced potent activity against human colon HCT-116 cancer cell line. The human liver cancer (HepG-2) cell line represented a higher sensitivity to peptide 7 (IC50; 3.30 μg/mL), while it appeared insensitive to the rest of the tested peptides. Furthermore, compounds 1, 3, and 5 exhibited a promising safety profile against human normal skin fibroblasts cell line BJ-1. In order to investigate the mode of action, compound 5 was selected as a representative example to study its in vitro effect against the apoptotic parameters and Bax/BCL-2/p53/caspase-7/caspase-3/tubulin, and DNA fragmentation to investigate beta (TUBb). Additionally, all the new analogues were subjected to antimicrobial assay against a panel of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and the yeast candida Albicans. All the tested GA analogues 1-8 exhibited more antibacterial effect against Micrococcus Luteus than gentamicin, but they exhibited moderate antimicrobial activity against the tested bacterial and yeast strains. Molecular docking studies were also simulated for compound 5 to give better rationalization and put insight to the features of its structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaber O. Moustafa
- National Research Centre, Peptide Chemistry Department, Chemical Industries Research Division, Cairo 12622, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed Shalaby
- National Research Centre, Peptide Chemistry Department, Chemical Industries Research Division, Cairo 12622, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed M. Naglah
- National Research Centre, Peptide Chemistry Department, Chemical Industries Research Division, Cairo 12622, Egypt;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Exploration and Development Chair (DEDC), College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwa M. Mounier
- National Research Centre, Pharmacognosy Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, 33-El Bohouth St., Giza 12622, Egypt;
| | - Heba El-Sayed
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan 11111, Egypt;
| | - Manal M. Anwar
- National Research Centre, Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, Cairo 12622, Egypt;
| | - Eman S. Nossier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Design, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11754, Egypt;
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24
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Wang B, Ye X, Zhou Y, Zhao P, Mao Y. Glycyrrhizin Attenuates Salmonella Typhimurium-Induced Tissue Injury, Inflammatory Response, and Intestinal Dysbiosis in C57BL/6 Mice. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:648698. [PMID: 34239908 PMCID: PMC8258384 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.648698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonellae are one of the most important foodborne pathogens, which threaten the health of humans and animals severely. Glycyrrhizin (GL) has been proven to exhibit anti-inflammatory and tissue-protective properties. Here, we investigated the effects of GL on tissue injury, inflammatory response, and intestinal dysbiosis in Salmonella Typhimurium-infected mice. Results showed that GL or gentamicin (GM) significantly (P < 0.05) alleviated ST-induced splenomegaly indicated by the decreased spleen index, injury of liver and jejunum indicated by the decreased hepatocytic apoptosis, and the increased jejunal villous height. GL significantly (P < 0.05) increased secretion of inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-12p70, IL-6, and IL-10) in spleen and IL-12p40 mRNA expression in liver. Meanwhile, GL or GM pre-infection treatments significantly (P < 0.05) decreased ST-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine (IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-6) expression in both spleen and liver and increased (P < 0.05) anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 secretion in spleen. Furthermore, GL or GM pre-infection treatment also regulates the diversities and compositions of intestinal microbiota and decreased the negative connection among the intestinal microbes in ST-infected mice. The above findings indicate that GL alleviates ST-induced splenomegaly, hepatocytic apoptosis, injury of jejunum and liver, inflammatory response of liver and spleen, and intestinal dysbacteriosis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baikui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry, National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolin Ye
- Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Yuanhao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry, National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pengwei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry, National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yulong Mao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry, National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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25
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Richard SA. Exploring the Pivotal Immunomodulatory and Anti-Inflammatory Potentials of Glycyrrhizic and Glycyrrhetinic Acids. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:6699560. [PMID: 33505216 PMCID: PMC7808814 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6699560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Licorice extract is a Chinese herbal medication most often used as a demulcent or elixir. The extract usually consists of many components but the key ingredients are glycyrrhizic (GL) and glycyrrhetinic acid (GA). GL and GA function as potent antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antitumor agents, and immuneregulators. GL and GA have potent activities against hepatitis A, B, and C viruses, human immunodeficiency virus type 1, vesicular stomatitis virus, herpes simplex virus, influenza A, severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, vaccinia virus, and arboviruses. Also, GA was observed to be of therapeutic valve in human enterovirus 71, which was recognized as the utmost regular virus responsible for hand, foot, and mouth disease. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of GL and GA is realized via cytokines like interferon-γ, tumor necrotizing factor-α, interleukin- (IL-) 1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, and IL-17. They also modulate anti-inflammatory mechanisms like intercellular cell adhesion molecule 1 and P-selectin, enzymes like inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and transcription factors such as nuclear factor-kappa B, signal transducer and activator of transcription- (STAT-) 3, and STAT-6. Furthermore, DCs treated with GL were capable of influencing T-cell differentiation toward Th1 subset. Moreover, GA is capable of blocking prostaglandin-E2 synthesis via blockade of cyclooxygenase- (COX-) 2 resulting in concurrent augmentation nitric oxide production through the enhancement of iNOS2 mRNA secretion in Leishmania-infected macrophages. GA is capable of inhibiting toll-like receptors as well as high-mobility group box 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seidu A. Richard
- Department of Medicine, Princefield University, P. O. Box MA 128, Ho, Ghana
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26
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Ahmad N, Xu K, Wang JN, Li C. Novel catalytic glycosylation of Glycyrrhetinic acid by UDP-glycosyltransferases from Bacillus subtilis. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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27
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Lee GA, Chang CM, Wu YC, Ma RY, Chen CY, Hsue YT, Liao NS, Chang HH. Chinese herbal medicine SS-1 inhibits T cell activation and abrogates T H responses in Sjögren's syndrome. J Formos Med Assoc 2020; 120:651-659. [PMID: 32741737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2020.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disease and its conventional treatment has exhibited limited therapeutic efficacy. Traditional Chinese medicine has been demonstrated to ameliorate the sicca symptoms of SS by decreasing the level of TH1 and TH2 cytokines and increasing salivary flow rate. A newly designed traditional Chinese medicine, SS-1, showed improved efficacy in alleviating the dryness symptoms of SS patients in the National Taiwan SS cohort investigation. Here, we investigated the effect of SS-1 on T cell responses. METHODS SS-1 was authenticated and its major compounds were verified by high-performance liquid chromatography. We examined the effects of SS-1 on the activation and TH1, TH2, and TH17 polarization of murine T cells. We also determined the level of TH1, TH2, and TH17 cytokine RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of SS patients before and after SS-1 treatment. RESULTS SS-1 treatment inhibits the activation and TH1, TH2, and IL-17A+IFNγ+ TH polarization of murine T cells. SS-1 treatment also significantly reduces IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-13 expression, and moderately reduces IL-17A expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of SS patients. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that SS-1 inhibits T cell activation and diminishes TH1, TH2, and IL-17+IFN-γ+ TH responses in SS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Aaron Lee
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Mao Chang
- Center for Traditional Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying Chieh Wu
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruo-Yu Ma
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yu Chen
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Tzu Hsue
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Shih Liao
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Hen-Hong Chang
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, College of Chinese Medicine, and Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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28
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Yang F, Zhang Y, Tariq A, Jiang X, Ahmed Z, Zhihao Z, Idrees M, Azizullah A, Adnan M, Bussmann RW. Food as medicine: A possible preventive measure against coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Phytother Res 2020; 34:3124-3136. [PMID: 32468635 PMCID: PMC7283886 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The recent and ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) is a huge global challenge. The outbreak, which first occurred in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China and then rapidly spread to other provinces and to more than 200 countries abroad, has been declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization. Those with compromised immune systems and/or existing respiratory, metabolic or cardiac problems are more susceptible to the infection and are at higher risk of serious illness or even death. The present review was designed to report important functional food plants with immunomodulatory and anti‐viral properties. Data on medicinal food plants were retrieved and downloaded from English‐language journals using online search engines. The functional food plants herein documented might not only enhance the immune system and cure respiratory tract infections but can also greatly impact the overall health of the general public. As many people in the world are now confined to their homes, inclusion of these easily accessible plants in the daily diet may help to strengthen the immune system and guard against infection by SARS‐CoV‐2. This might reduce the risk of COVID‐19 and initiate a rapid recovery in cases of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- The Medical Center of General Practice, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- The Medical Center of General Practice and Nephrology Department, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Akash Tariq
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China.,Xinjiang Desert Plant Roots Ecology and Vegetation Restoration Laboratory, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China.,Cele National Station of Observation and Research for Desert-Grassland Ecosystems, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Cele, Xinjiang, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolan Jiang
- The Medical Center of General Practice, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zeeshan Ahmed
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China.,Xinjiang Desert Plant Roots Ecology and Vegetation Restoration Laboratory, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China.,Cele National Station of Observation and Research for Desert-Grassland Ecosystems, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Cele, Xinjiang, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhang Zhihao
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China.,Xinjiang Desert Plant Roots Ecology and Vegetation Restoration Laboratory, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China.,Cele National Station of Observation and Research for Desert-Grassland Ecosystems, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Cele, Xinjiang, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Muhammad Idrees
- College of Life Science, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Azizullah Azizullah
- Department of Botanical Studies and Environmental Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adnan
- Department of Botanical Studies and Environmental Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Rainer W Bussmann
- Department of Ethnobotany, Institute of Botany, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
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29
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Namdar Ahmadabad H, Shafiei R, Hatam GR, Zolfaghari Emameh R, Aspatwar A. Cytokine profile and nitric oxide levels in peritoneal macrophages of BALB/c mice exposed to the fucose-mannose ligand of Leishmania infantum combined with glycyrrhizin. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:363. [PMID: 32690108 PMCID: PMC7370265 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04243-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The fucose-mannose ligand (FML) of Leishmania infantum is a complex glycoprotein which does not elicit adequate immunogenicity in humans. In recent years, adjuvant compounds derived from plants have been used for improving the immunogenicity of vaccines. Glycyrrhizin (GL) is a natural triterpenoid saponin that has known immunomodulatory activities. In the present study, we investigated the effects of co-treatment with FML and GL on the production of cytokines and nitric oxide (NO) by macrophages, in vitro. Methods Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated murine peritoneal macrophages were treated with FML (5 μg/ml) of L. infantum and various concentrations of GL (1 μg/ml, 10 μg/ml and 20 μg/ml). After 48 h of treatment, cell culture supernatants were recovered and the levels of TNF-α, IL-10, IL-12p70 and IP-10 were measured by sandwich ELISA and NO concentration by Griess reaction. Results Our results indicate that the treatment of activated macrophages with FML plus GL leads to enhanced production of NO, TNF-α and IL-12p70, and reduction of IL-10 levels in comparison with FML treatment alone. Conclusions Therefore, we concluded that GL can improve the immunostimulatory effect of FML on macrophages and leads to their polarization towards an M1-like phenotype. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Namdar Ahmadabad
- Natural Products & Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Reza Shafiei
- Vector-borne Diseases Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran.
| | - Gholam Reza Hatam
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Zolfaghari Emameh
- Department of Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), 14965/161, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ashok Aspatwar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33014, Tampere, Finland
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30
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Morgan AM, Ibrahim MA, Hussien AM. Glycyrrhizic acid modulates the atrazine-induced apoptosis in rabbit spleen. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:34924-34930. [PMID: 31659708 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06604-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Atrazine (ATR) is a common herbicide used worldwide. It is a potent endocrine disruptor that causes hormonal imbalance. We investigated the modulatory role predisposed by glycyrrhizic acid (GA) against the hazardous effects caused by the ATR in the rabbit spleen. Sixty rabbits were assigned into 4 groups. The first group is the negative control; the ATR group received 1/10 of the oral LD 50 ATR; the GA group received 50 mg/kg body weight daily intraproteinally; and group 4 received both ATR and GA concurrently. ATR and GA administrations were done for 60 days. ATR-induced humoral immunotoxicity was illustrated by decreased serum total protein, albumin, and globulin levels and rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus antibody titer, 4 weeks after vaccination. Moreover, upregulation of spleen Fas and caspase-III genes was recorded in ATR-exposed rabbits. Clear splenocyte apoptosis was observed in the immunohistochemical examination by the caspase-III technique. GA diminished the ATR-induced splenocyte apoptosis through downregulation of Fas and caspase-III expressions. In conclusion, our findings bounced a new perspective into the mechanism by which ATR induces immunotoxicity and assumed the potential modulatory role of GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf M Morgan
- Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa A Ibrahim
- Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed M Hussien
- Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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31
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Huang Y, Li D, Wang J, Cai Y, Dai Z, Jiang D, Liu C. GuUGT, a glycosyltransferase from Glycyrrhiza uralensis, exhibits glycyrrhetinic acid 3- and 30-O-glycosylation. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:191121. [PMID: 31824719 PMCID: PMC6837211 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.191121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Glycyrrhiza uralensis is a well-known herbal medicine that contains triterpenoid saponins as the predominant bioactive components, and these compounds include glycyrrhetinic acid (GA)-glycoside derivatives. Although two genes encoding UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) that glycosylate these derivates have been functionally characterized in G. uralensis, the mechanisms of glycosylation by other UGTs remain unknown. Based on the available transcriptome data, we isolated a UGT with expression in the roots of G. uralensis. This UGT gene possibly encodes a glucosyltransferase that glycosylates GA derivatives at the 3-OH site. Biochemical analyses revealed that the recombinant UGT enzyme could transfer a glucosyl moiety to the free 3-OH or 30-COOH groups of GA. Furthermore, engineered yeast harbouring genes involved in the biosynthetic pathway for GA-glycoside derivates produced GA-3-O-β-D-glucoside, implying that the enzyme has GA 3-O-glucosyltransferase activity in vivo. Our results could provide a frame for understand the function of the UGT gene family, and also is important for further studies of triterpenoids biosynthesis in G. uralensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, People's Republic of China
| | - Da Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Cai
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhubo Dai
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Jiang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, People's Republic of China
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32
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Chang CM, Shih PH, Chen TJ, Ho WC, Yang CP. Integrated therapy decreases the mortality of patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis: A Taiwan-wide population-based retrospective study. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 236:70-81. [PMID: 30818007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The issue of whether integrated treatment with conventional medicine (CM) and herbal medicine (HM) can reduce mortality in patients with polymyositis/dermatomyositis (PM/DM) had not been addressed. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, we investigated the effect of integrated therapy on mortality in a retrospective PM/DM cohort in the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with PM/DM were retrospectively enrolled from the PM/DM Registry of Catastrophic Illnesses cohort in the Taiwan NHIRD between 1997 and 2011. The patients were divided into an integrated medicine (IM) group that received CM and HM and a non-IM group that received CM alone. The Cox proportional hazards regression model and Kaplan-Meier method were used to evaluate the hazard ratio (HR) for mortality. RESULTS Three hundred and eighty-five of 2595 patients with newly diagnosed PM/DM had received IM and 99 had received non-IM. The adjusted HR for mortality was lower in the IM group than in the non-IM group (0.42, 95% confidence interval 0.26-0.68, p < 0.001). The adjusted HR for mortality was also lower in the IM group that had received CM plus HM than in the group that received CM alone (0.48, 95% confidence interval 0.28-0.84, p < 0.05). The core pattern of HM prescriptions integrated with methylprednisolone, methotrexate, azathioprine, or cyclophosphamide to decrease mortality included "San-Qi" (Panax notoginseng), "Bai-Ji" (Bletilla striata), "Chen-Pi" (Citrus reticulata), "Hou-Po" (Magnolia officinalis), and "Dan-Shan" (Salvia miltiorrhiza). CONCLUSION Integrated therapy has reduced mortality in patients with PM/DM in Taiwan. Further investigation of the clinical effects and pharmaceutical mechanism involved is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Mao Chang
- Center for Traditional Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Po-Hsuan Shih
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Tzeng-Ji Chen
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Chao Ho
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Pai Yang
- Department of Neurology, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Nutrition, Huang-Kuang University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Enzymatic Synthesis of Novel Glycyrrhizic Acid Glucosides Using a Promiscuous Bacillus Glycosyltransferase. Catalysts 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/catal8120615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) and glycyrrhizin (GA-3-O-[β-d-glucuronopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-d-glucuronopyranoside], GL) are the major bioactive components of Glycyrrhiza uralensis and possess multifarious notable biological activities. UDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT)–catalyzed glycosylation remarkably extends the structural and functional diversification of GA-glycoside derivatives. In this study, six glucosides (1–6) of GA and GL were synthesized using a Bacillus subtilis 168–originated flexible UDP-glycosyltransferase Bs-YjiC. Bs-YjiC could transfer a glucosyl moiety from UDP-glucose to the free C3 hydroxyl and/or C30 carboxyl groups of GA and GL and further elongate the C30 glucosyl chain via a β-1-2-glycosidic bond. Glycosylation significantly increased the water solubility of these novel glucosides by 4–90 folds. In vitro assays showed that GA monoglucosides (1 and 2) showed stronger antiproliferative activity against human liver cancer cells HepG2 and breast cancer cells MCF-7 than that of GL and GL glucosides. These findings provide significant insights into the important role of promiscuous UGTs for the enzymatic synthesis of novel bioactive GA derivatives.
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Martin BR, Reshamwala G, Short M. Treatment of a Woman With Glycyrrhiza glabra for Acute Sinusitis: A Case Report. J Chiropr Med 2018; 17:268-274. [PMID: 30846920 PMCID: PMC6391234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcm.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Clinical Features Intervention and Outcome Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett R. Martin
- Corresponding author: Brett R. Martin DC, MSAc, MPH, 6698 68th Avenue N, Pinellas Park, FL 33781. Tel.: +1 630 254 4804.
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Xu X, Gong L, Wang B, Wu Y, Wang Y, Mei X, Xu H, Tang L, Liu R, Zeng Z, Mao Y, Li W. Glycyrrhizin Attenuates Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Infection: New Insights Into Its Protective Mechanism. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2321. [PMID: 30459751 PMCID: PMC6232675 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycyrrhizin (GL), a triterpenoid glycoside, serves important functions in various biological activities, including antiviral and antitumor immune responses. However, the anti-inflammatory effects of GL on Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST)-induced injury in mice and the mechanisms underlying the protection of GL are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effects of GL on host immune responses against ST infection in mice. A phenotypic analysis using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and transmission electron microscopy showed that GL relieved ST-induced weight loss and intestinal mucosal injury. A colonization assay showed that GL significantly reduced ST colonization in the ileum and colon and translocation to the liver and spleen. An antibacterial activity assay and real-time PCR revealed that GL had no direct inhibitory impact on ST growth or virulence gene expression. ELISA showed that GL pretreatment significantly decreased proinflammatory cytokine (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6) secretion and increased anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) secretion in the ileum, colon and serum of ST-infected mice. Moreover, flora analysis showed that GL reduced Akkermansia, Sutterella, Prevotella and Coprococcus but enriched Parabacteroides and Anaerotruncus in the cecum of ST-infected mice. These results suggest that GL promotes the secretion of immune factors and modulates intestinal flora to prevent further ST infection. We also analyzed the effect of GL on immunocytes and found that GL promoted the phenotypic and functional maturation of murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). Flow cytometry and western blotting demonstrated that NF-κB, ERK, and p38 MAPK were required for GL-induced BMDC maturation. The above findings indicate that GL attenuates ST infection by modulating immune function and intestinal flora. This study enriches our current knowledge of GL-mediated immunological function and provides a new perspective on the prevention of Salmonella infection in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Hospital & Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Gong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Baikui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Mei
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Han Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rongrong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhonghua Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yulong Mao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weifen Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Synthesis and characterization of two new trans palladium (II) complexes containing benzylamine ligand: DNA/BSA interactions, molecular docking and in vitro cytotoxic activity. Inorganica Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2017.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Karami K, Alinaghi M, Amirghofran Z, Lipkowski J, Momtazi-borojeni AA. A saccharinate-bridged palladacyclic dimer with a Pd–Pd bond: experimental and molecular docking studies of the interaction with DNA and BSA and in vitro cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj03138f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, characterization and biological activities of a saccharinate-bridged palladacyclic dimer are reported in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazem Karami
- Department of Chemistry
- Isfahan University of Technology
- Isfahan
- Iran
| | - Moloud Alinaghi
- Department of Chemistry
- Isfahan University of Technology
- Isfahan
- Iran
| | - Zahra Amirghofran
- Immunology Department
- Shiraz University of Medical Sciences
- Shiraz 71454
- Iran
| | - Janusz Lipkowski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- Kasprzaka 44/52
- 01-224 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Amir Abbas Momtazi-borojeni
- Department of Medical Biotechnology
- School of Medicine
- Student Research Committee
- Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
- Mashhad
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Zhao Y, Lv B, Feng X, Li C. Perspective on Biotransformation and De Novo Biosynthesis of Licorice Constituents. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:11147-11156. [PMID: 29179542 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Licorice, an important herbal medicine, is derived from the dried roots and rhizomes of Glycyrrhiza genus plants. It has been widely used in food, pharmaceutical, tobacco, and cosmetics industries with high economic value. However, overexploitation of licorice resources has severely destroyed the local ecology. Therefore, producing bioactive compounds of licorice through the biotransformation and bioengineering methods is a hot spot in recent years. In this perspective, we comprehensively summarize the biotransformation of licorice constituents into high-value-added derivatives by biocatalysts. Furthermore, successful cases and the strategies for de novo biosynthesizing compounds of licorice in microbes have been summarized. This paper will provide new insights for the further research of licorice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Zhao
- Institute for Biotransformation and Synthetic Biosystem, Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Lv
- Institute for Biotransformation and Synthetic Biosystem, Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xudong Feng
- Institute for Biotransformation and Synthetic Biosystem, Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Li
- Institute for Biotransformation and Synthetic Biosystem, Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
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Cyclopalladated complexes containing metformin and benzylamine derivatives: Synthesis, characterization, binding interactions with DNA and BSA, in vitro cytotoxicity studies. Inorganica Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2017.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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40
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Li B, Yang Y, Chen L, Chen S, Zhang J, Tang W. 18α-Glycyrrhetinic acid monoglucuronide as an anti-inflammatory agent through suppression of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathway. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:1498-1504. [PMID: 30108861 PMCID: PMC6071922 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00210f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Based on the SAR analysis of glycyrrhizin, 18α-glycyrrhetinic acid monoglucuronide (18α-GAMG) with strong inhibition against LPS-induced NO and IL-6 production in RAW264.7 cells was discovered. Western blotting and immunofluorescence results showed that 18α-GAMG reduced the expression of iNOS, COX-2, and MAPKs, as well as activation of NF-κB in the LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Further in vivo results showed that 18α-GAMG could significantly improve the pathological changes of CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- School of Pharmacy , Anhui Medical University , Hefei 230032 , China . ; ; Tel: (+86) 551 65161115
| | - Yongan Yang
- Elion Nature Biological Technology Co., Ltd , Nanjing 210038 , China
| | - Liuzeng Chen
- School of Pharmacy , Anhui Medical University , Hefei 230032 , China . ; ; Tel: (+86) 551 65161115
| | - Shichao Chen
- School of Pharmacy , Anhui Medical University , Hefei 230032 , China . ; ; Tel: (+86) 551 65161115
| | - Jing Zhang
- Anhui Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Disease , Anhui No. 2 Province People's Hospital , Hefei 230022 , China .
| | - Wenjian Tang
- School of Pharmacy , Anhui Medical University , Hefei 230032 , China . ; ; Tel: (+86) 551 65161115
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Simultaneous Determination of 8 Compounds in Gancao-Ganjiang-Tang by HPLC-DAD and Analysis of the Relations between Compatibility, Dosage, and Contents of Medicines. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:4703632. [PMID: 28588638 PMCID: PMC5446862 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4703632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Gancao-Ganjiang-Tang (GGT) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription and is a representative prescription for recuperating depleted Yang in Treatise on Febrile Diseases. The TCM theory believes that the efficacy of medicinal herbs is decided by the multicompounds which consist of different kinds of chemical constituents with bioactivities, but not by a monomeric constituent. From ancient times until today, GGT have 5 different kinds of compatibilities that can be verified. In this study, a HPLC-DAD method was established for the simultaneous determination of 8 compounds including 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 6-shogaol, liquiritin, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritin, isoliquiritigenin, and glycyrrhizic acid in the five GGT. The total contents of the 8 compounds in GGT varied from 555.56 to 956.33 μg/mL. The effects showed that the dosage and compatibility of medicinal herbs have influenced the content of chemical compounds of TCM prescription while the content of chemical compounds has acted on clinical efficacy. Quality evaluation and active essence screening of TCM (including single herb and prescription) should be based on the TCM theory and clinical effectiveness. The method was proven to be suitable for quality control of GGT.
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Chang CM, Wu PC, Chiang JH, Wei YH, Chen FP, Chen TJ, Pan TL, Yen HR, Chang HH. Integrative therapy decreases the risk of lupus nephritis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: A population-based retrospective cohort study. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 196:201-212. [PMID: 27974236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Evidence on alleviating the risk of lupus nephritis by integrative therapy with conventional medicine (CM) and herbal medicine (HM) had not been addressed. AIM OF THE STUDY We investigated the integrative effect associated the risk by a retrospective Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) cohort from Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). MATERIALS AND METHODS SLE patients with a catastrophic illness certificate (CIC) were retrospectively enrolled from the SLE cohort of the Taiwan NHIRD between 1997 and 2011. The patients were divided into an integrative medicine (IM: integrated CM plus HM) and a non-IM (CM only) group with 1:1 propensity score matching. Cox proportional regression model and the Kaplan-Meier method were conducted to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) for lupus nephritis in the cohort. RESULTS Among 16,645 newly diagnosed SLE patients holding a CIC (SLE/CIC), 1933 had received HM and 1571 had received no HM treatment. After propensity score matching, there were 273 patients with lupus nephritis-120 in the IM group and 153 in the non-IM group. The adjusted HR (0.68, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.54-0.87, p<0.01) for lupus nephritis was lower in the IM group than in the non-IM group. The adjusted HR (0.69, 95% CI: 0.54-0.88, p<0.001) for lupus nephritis was also lower in the group of patients who had received CM plus HM than in the group that received CM only. The core pattern of HM prescriptions, which were integrated with CM for preventing lupus nephritis, was "Sheng-Di-Huang" (raw Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch.), "Mu-Dan-Pi" (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.), "Dan-Shan" (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.), "Zhi-Bo-Di-Huang-Wan.", and "Chi-Shao" (Paeoniae lactiflorae Rubra). CONCLUSION Integrative therapy decreased the risk of lupus nephritis among SLE patients in Taiwan. Further investigation of the pharmacological mechanism and clinical efficacy are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Mao Chang
- Center for Traditional Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Po-Chang Wu
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology and Department of Education, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jen-Huai Chiang
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC; College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC; Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yau-Huei Wei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Fang-Pey Chen
- Center for Traditional Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tzeng-Ji Chen
- Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Hospital and Health Care Administration, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tai-Long Pan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC; Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC; Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hung-Rong Yen
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, and School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC; Departments of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC; Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Hen-Hong Chang
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, and School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC; Research Center for Chinese Medicine & Acupuncture, and School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC; Departments of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC.
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Kato M, Sasaki S, Izumi H, Uekusa T, Tominaga S, Takahashi K. Development of diffuse alveolar damage after initiation of Nijutsuto. Respirol Case Rep 2016; 4:e00195. [PMID: 28031830 PMCID: PMC5167311 DOI: 10.1002/rcr2.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese traditional medicine, Nijutsuto, is used to treat patients with frozen shoulder and osteoarthritis. Herbal medicine is often linked to the development of interstitial lung disease. An 83‐year‐old Japanese man with osteoarthritis who was on Nijutsuto was admitted to our hospital with dyspnoea and severe cough after 2 weeks from initiation of Nijutsuto. A chest computed tomography scan on admission showed diffuse ground glass opacity with traction bronchiectasis. Thus, he was diagnosed with Nijutsuto‐induced interstitial lung disease, and was treated with a high dose of methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide. However, the patient died of respiratory failure 2 weeks after admission. The patient was definitively diagnosed with diffuse alveolar damage by pathological autopsy. Nijutsuto contains Radix Scutellariae, which is considered to be the cause of interstitial lung disease. Chinese traditional medicine containing both Radix Scutellariae and Licorice should be carefully used because of its potential role in the development of diffuse alveolar damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoyasu Kato
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital Chiba Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Shinichi Sasaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital Chiba Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiroshi Izumi
- Department of Pathology Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital Chiba Japan
| | | | - Shigeru Tominaga
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital Chiba Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Takahashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
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Amirghofran Z, Ahmadi H, Karimi MH, Kalantar F, Gholijani N, Malek-Hosseini Z. In vitro inhibitory effects of thymol and carvacrol on dendritic cell activation and function. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:1125-1132. [PMID: 26067828 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1055579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Thyme has been used in traditional medicine for medicinal purposes since ancient times. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of thymol and carvacrol as two major constituents of thyme on dendritic cells (DCs) maturation and T cell activation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Splenic DCs were treated with non-cytotoxic concentrations of the components and then analyzed for MHC II, CD86, and CD40 expression by flow cytometry. The effects of compounds on mitogenic, as well as allogenic T cell responses in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLR) and the release of cytokines were investigated. RESULTS At 0.1 µg/ml, reduced mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) of CD86 for thymol (80.3 ± 0.2% of untreated control) and CD40 for carvacrol (79.5 ± 0.14%) was observed (p < 0.001). Decreased mitogenic T cell proliferation by thymol [proliferation index (PI) from 0.93 ± 0.11 at 1 µg/ml to 0.42 ± 0.16 at 100 µg/ml (p < 0.01)] and carvacrol [PI from 1.08 ± 0.3 at 1 µg/ml to 0.28 ± 0.1 at 100 µg/ml (p < 0.001)] was seen. Ten micrograms/ml thymol (PI, 0.85 ± 0.04) and carvacrol (PI, 0.89 ± 0.03) inhibited allogenic T cell response (p < 0.05). Decreased IFN-γ level in MLR supernatant from 1441 ± 27.7 pg/ml in untreated cells to 944 ± 32.1 at 10 µg/ml of thymol and of carvacrol (886 ± 31.7 pg/ml) (p < 0.01) was found. IL-4 levels were decreased in the presence of both compounds (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION These data showed the suppressive effects of thymol and carvacrol on DCs maturation and function, as well as T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Amirghofran
- a Department of Immunology , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
- b Autoimmune Diseases Research Center and Medicinal Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Hossein Ahmadi
- a Department of Immunology , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
- c Department of Immunology , School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran , and
| | | | - Fathollah Kalantar
- a Department of Immunology , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Nasser Gholijani
- a Department of Immunology , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Zahra Malek-Hosseini
- a Department of Immunology , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
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Ayrle H, Mevissen M, Kaske M, Nathues H, Gruetzner N, Melzig M, Walkenhorst M. Medicinal plants--prophylactic and therapeutic options for gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases in calves and piglets? A systematic review. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:89. [PMID: 27268043 PMCID: PMC4896019 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0714-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases in calves and piglets lead to significant economic losses in livestock husbandry. A high morbidity has been reported for diarrhea (calves ≤ 35%; piglets ≤ 50%) and for respiratory diseases (calves ≤ 80%; piglets ≤ 40%). Despite a highly diverse etiology and pathophysiology of these diseases, treatment with antimicrobials is often the first-line therapy. Multi-antimicrobial resistance in pathogens results in international accordance to strengthen the research in novel treatment options. Medicinal plants bear a potential as alternative or additional treatment. Based on the versatile effects of their plant specific multi-component-compositions, medicinal plants can potentially act as 'multi-target drugs'. Regarding the plurality of medicinal plants, the aim of this systematic review was to identify potential medicinal plant species for prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases and for modulation of the immune system and inflammation in calves and piglets. RESULTS Based on nine initial sources including standard textbooks and European ethnoveterinary studies, a total of 223 medicinal plant species related to the treatment of gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases was identified. A defined search strategy was established using the PRISMA statement to evaluate 30 medicinal plant species starting from 20'000 peer-reviewed articles published in the last 20 years (1994-2014). This strategy led to 418 references (257 in vitro, 84 in vivo and 77 clinical trials, thereof 48 clinical trials in veterinary medicine) to evaluate effects of medicinal plants and their efficacy in detail. The findings indicate that the most promising candidates for gastrointestinal diseases are Allium sativum L., Mentha x piperita L. and Salvia officinalis L.; for diseases of the respiratory tract Echinacea purpurea (L.) MOENCH, Thymus vulgaris L. and Althea officinalis L. were found most promising, and Echinacea purpurea (L.) MOENCH, Camellia sinensis (L.) KUNTZE, Glycyrrhiza glabra L. and Origanum vulgare L. were identified as best candidates for modulation of the immune system and inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Several medicinal plants bear a potential for novel treatment strategies for young livestock. There is a need for further research focused on gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases in calves and piglets, and the findings of this review provide a basis on plant selection for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Ayrle
- Department of Livestock Sciences, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Ackerstrasse 113, postbox 219, Frick, 5070, Switzerland. .,Division Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology, Department Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 124, Bern, 3012, Switzerland.
| | - Meike Mevissen
- Division Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology, Department Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 124, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - Martin Kaske
- Department of Farm Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Heiko Nathues
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Swine Clinic, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - Niels Gruetzner
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Swine Clinic, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Melzig
- Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Strasse 2 + 4, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Michael Walkenhorst
- Department of Livestock Sciences, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Ackerstrasse 113, postbox 219, Frick, 5070, Switzerland
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Ebrahimnezhad S, Amirghofran Z, Karimi MH. Decline in Immunological Responses Mediated by Dendritic Cells in Mice Treated with 18α-Glycyrrhetinic Acid. Immunol Invest 2016; 45:191-204. [DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2015.1113425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Ilyas U, Katare DP, Aeri V, Naseef PP. A Review on Hepatoprotective and Immunomodulatory Herbal Plants. Pharmacogn Rev 2016; 10:66-70. [PMID: 27041876 PMCID: PMC4791991 DOI: 10.4103/0973-7847.176544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is the most important organ that plays an important role in maintaining various physiological processes in the body. Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver and is characterized by the presence of inflammatory cells in the tissue of the organ. There are five main viruses, referred to as types A, B, C, D, and E. These five types are of the greatest concern because of the burden of illness and death. Liver injury or liver dysfunction is a major health problem that challenges not only health care professionals but also the drug regulatory agencies and the pharmaceutical industry. Herbal medicines have been used in the treatment of liver disease for a long time. The immune system is the part of body that diagnoses the pathogen by using a specific receptor to reveal immediate response by the activation of immune components cells, chemokines, and cytokines, and also the release of the inflammatory mediator. They potentiate and modulate the immune system. The plant-derived phytoconstituents (polysaccharides, proteins and flavanoids, lignans, rotenoids, etc.) stimulate the immune system and maintained hepatic diseases. There are a number of hepatoprotective and immunomodulatory herbs that have been reported. The present review is aimed at compiling data on promising phytochemicals from hepatoprotective and immunomodulatory herbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uorakkottil Ilyas
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepshikha P. Katare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vidhu Aeri
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
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48
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Abstract
Liquorice foliage
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49
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Promoting effect of licorice extract on spermatogonial proliferation and spermatocytes differentiation of neonatal mice in vitro. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2015; 52:149-55. [PMID: 26676954 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-015-9966-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Licorice (glycyrrhiza uralensis) is known as an herb with detoxication, and it has been widely used in clinical prescription of Oriental herbal medicine. Studies on the effects of licorice in the reproductive system were very rare, especially in spermatogenesis. In order to elucidate the effects of licorice on spermatogonial proliferation and spermatocyte differentiation during neonatal mice spermatogenesis, the organ culture model of testis tissue from neonatal C57BL/6N mice (born 6 d) was established. Then, in the presence of licorice extract (LE), the proliferation activity of spermatogonia was identified with the positive rate quantitative analysis of 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and anti-proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) antibody by immunohistochemical staining. The results showed that, compared to the control group, the percentage of positive cells by BrdU staining enhanced dramatically and that the expression of PCNA protein increased significantly in the spermatogonia from the LE group and showed a concentration-dependent manner (P < 0.05). This indicated that the LE can significantly promote the proliferation of spermatogonia in the spermatogenesis of neonatal mice. Furthermore, proteins related to spermatocyte differentiation, synaptonemal complex protein 3 (SCP3) and meiotic recombinant protein Spo11, were detected by immunohistochemical staining. The results showed that the differentiated spermatocyte in the LE group was significantly increased compared with that of the control group and showed a concentration-dependent manner (P < 0.05). The above results suggested that the LE can significantly accelerate the proliferation of spermatogonia and the differentiation of spermatocytes in the testicular tissue of the neonatal mice, which may be a potential drug for male infertility.
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Glycyrrhizic Acid Promotes M1 Macrophage Polarization in Murine Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages Associated with the Activation of JNK and NF-κB. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:372931. [PMID: 26664149 PMCID: PMC4668314 DOI: 10.1155/2015/372931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The roots and rhizomes of Glycyrrhiza species (licorice) have been widely used as natural sweeteners and herbal medicines. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of glycyrrhizic acid (GA) from licorice on macrophage polarization. Both phenotypic and functional activities of murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) treated by GA were assessed. Our results showed that GA obviously increased the cell surface expression of CD80, CD86, and MHCII molecules. Meanwhile, GA upregulated the expression of CCR7 and the production of TNF-α, IL-12, IL-6, and NO (the markers of classically activated (M1) macrophages), whereas it downregulated the expression of MR, Ym1, and Arg1 (the markers of alternatively activated (M2) macrophage). The functional tests showed that GA dramatically enhanced the uptake of FITC-dextran and E. coli K88 by BMDMs and decreased the intracellular survival of E. coli K88 and S. typhimurium. Moreover, we demonstrated that JNK and NF-κB activation are required for GA-induced NO and M1-related cytokines production, while ERK1/2 pathway exhibits a regulatory effect via induction of IL-10. Together, these findings indicated that GA promoted polarization of M1 macrophages and enhanced its phagocytosis and bactericidal capacity. The results expanded our knowledge about the role of GA in macrophage polarization.
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