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Jannati S, Patnaik R, Banerjee Y. Beyond Anticoagulation: A Comprehensive Review of Non-Vitamin K Oral Anticoagulants (NOACs) in Inflammation and Protease-Activated Receptor Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8727. [PMID: 39201414 PMCID: PMC11355043 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (NOACs) have revolutionized anticoagulant therapy, offering improved safety and efficacy over traditional agents like warfarin. This review comprehensively examines the dual roles of NOACs-apixaban, rivaroxaban, edoxaban, and dabigatran-not only as anticoagulants, but also as modulators of inflammation via protease-activated receptor (PAR) signaling. We highlight the unique pharmacotherapeutic properties of each NOAC, supported by key clinical trials demonstrating their effectiveness in preventing thromboembolic events. Beyond their established anticoagulant roles, emerging research suggests that NOACs influence inflammation through PAR signaling pathways, implicating factors such as factor Xa (FXa) and thrombin in the modulation of inflammatory responses. This review synthesizes current evidence on the anti-inflammatory potential of NOACs, exploring their impact on inflammatory markers and conditions like atherosclerosis and diabetes. By delineating the mechanisms by which NOACs mediate anti-inflammatory effects, this work aims to expand their therapeutic utility, offering new perspectives for managing inflammatory diseases. Our findings underscore the broader clinical implications of NOACs, advocating for their consideration in therapeutic strategies aimed at addressing inflammation-related pathologies. This comprehensive synthesis not only enhances understanding of NOACs' multifaceted roles, but also paves the way for future research and clinical applications in inflammation and cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Jannati
- Yajnavalkaa Banerrji Research Group, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai Health, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates; (S.J.); (R.P.)
| | - Rajashree Patnaik
- Yajnavalkaa Banerrji Research Group, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai Health, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates; (S.J.); (R.P.)
| | - Yajnavalka Banerjee
- Yajnavalkaa Banerrji Research Group, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai Health, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates; (S.J.); (R.P.)
- Centre for Medical Education, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK
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2
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Musigk N, Suwalski P, Golpour A, Fairweather D, Klingel K, Martin P, Frustaci A, Cooper LT, Lüscher TF, Landmesser U, Heidecker B. The inflammatory spectrum of cardiomyopathies. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1251780. [PMID: 38464847 PMCID: PMC10921946 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1251780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Infiltration of the myocardium with various cell types, cytokines and chemokines plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of cardiomyopathies including inflammatory cardiomyopathies and myocarditis. A more comprehensive understanding of the precise immune mechanisms involved in acute and chronic myocarditis is essential to develop novel therapeutic approaches. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge of the immune landscape in cardiomyopathies based on etiology. It identifies gaps in our knowledge about cardiac inflammation and emphasizes the need for new translational approaches to improve our understanding thus enabling development of novel early detection methods and more effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Musigk
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Phillip Suwalski
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ainoosh Golpour
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - DeLisa Fairweather
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Karin Klingel
- Cardiopathology Institute for Pathology, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Pilar Martin
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular (CIBER-CV, ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Leslie T. Cooper
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Thomas F. Lüscher
- GZO-Zurich Regional Health Centre, Wetzikon & Cardioimmunology, Centre for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals and National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ulf Landmesser
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bettina Heidecker
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Jiang Y, Lu L. New insight into the agonism of protease-activated receptors as an immunotherapeutic strategy. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105614. [PMID: 38159863 PMCID: PMC10810747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The activation and mobilization of immune cells play a crucial role in immunotherapy. Existing therapeutic interventions, such as cytokines administration, aim to enhance immune cell activity. However, these approaches usually result in modest effectiveness and toxic side effects, thereby restricting their clinical application. Protease-activated receptors (PARs), a subfamily of G protein-coupled receptors, actively participate in the immune system by directly activating immune cells. The activation of PARs by proteases or synthetic ligands can modulate immune cell behavior, signaling, and responses to treat immune-related diseases, suggesting the significance of PARs agonism in immunotherapy. However, the agonism of PARs in therapeutical applications remains rarely discussed, since it has been traditionally considered that PARs activation facilitates disease progressions. This review aims to comprehensively summarize the activation, rather than inhibition, of PARs in immune-related physiological responses and diseases. Additionally, we will discuss the emerging immunotherapeutic potential of PARs agonism, providing a new strategic direction for PARs-mediated immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Jiang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Lei Lu
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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4
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Wang L, Sun T, Liu X, Wang Y, Qiao X, Chen N, Liu F, Zhou X, Wang H, Shen H. Myocarditis: A multi-omics approach. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 554:117752. [PMID: 38184138 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Myocarditis, an inflammatory condition of weakened heart muscles often triggered by a variety of causes, that can result in heart failure and sudden death. Novel ways to enhance our understanding of myocarditis pathogenesis is available through newer modalities (omics). In this review, we examine the roles of various biomolecules and associated functional pathways across genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics in the pathogenesis of myocarditis. Our analysis further explores the reproducibility and variability intrinsic to omics studies, underscoring the necessity and significance of employing a multi-omics approach to gain profound insights into myocarditis pathogenesis. This integrated strategy not only enhances our understanding of the disease, but also confirms the critical importance of a holistic multi-omics approach in disease analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Wang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaolan Liu
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaorong Qiao
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nuo Chen
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fangqian Liu
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Zhou
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hua Wang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongxing Shen
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
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5
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Carestia A, Godin LC, Jenne CN. Step up to the platelet: Role of platelets in inflammation and infection. Thromb Res 2023; 231:182-194. [PMID: 36307228 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Platelets are anucleated cells derived from megakaryocytes that are primarily responsible for hemostasis. However, in recent years, these cytoplasts have become increasingly recognized as immune cells, able to detect, interact with, and kill pathogens. As platelets are involved in both immunity and coagulation, they have a central role in immunothrombosis, a physiological process in which immune cells induce the formation of microthrombi to both prevent the spread of pathogens, and to help facilitate clearance. In this review, we will highlight the role of platelets as key players in the inflammatory and innate immune response against bacterial and viral infection, including direct and indirect interactions with pathogens and other immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostina Carestia
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
| | - Laura C Godin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
| | - Craig N Jenne
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
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6
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Sharma S, Ursery LT, Bharathi V, Miles SD, Williams WA, Elzawam AZ, Schmedes CM, Egnatz GJ, Fernandez JA, Palumbo JS, Griffin JH, Mackman N, Antoniak S. APC-PAR1-R46 signaling limits CXCL1 expression during poly IC-induced airway inflammation in mice. J Thromb Haemost 2023; 21:3279-3282. [PMID: 37634652 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Swati Sharma
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lauryn T Ursery
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Vanthana Bharathi
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stephen D Miles
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Willie A Williams
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Aymen Z Elzawam
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Clare M Schmedes
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Grant J Egnatz
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jose A Fernandez
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Joseph S Palumbo
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - John H Griffin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Nigel Mackman
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Silvio Antoniak
- UNC Blood Research Center, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC McAllister Heart Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
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7
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Panzer B, Kopp CW, Neumayer C, Koppensteiner R, Jozkowicz A, Poledniczek M, Gremmel T, Jilma B, Wadowski PP. Toll-like Receptors as Pro-Thrombotic Drivers in Viral Infections: A Narrative Review. Cells 2023; 12:1865. [PMID: 37508529 PMCID: PMC10377790 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have a critical role in the pathogenesis and disease course of viral infections. The induced pro-inflammatory responses result in the disturbance of the endovascular surface layer and impair vascular homeostasis. The injury of the vessel wall further promotes pro-thrombotic and pro-coagulatory processes, eventually leading to micro-vessel plugging and tissue necrosis. Moreover, TLRs have a direct role in the sensing of viruses and platelet activation. TLR-mediated upregulation of von Willebrand factor release and neutrophil, as well as macrophage extra-cellular trap formation, further contribute to (micro-) thrombotic processes during inflammation. The following review focuses on TLR signaling pathways of TLRs expressed in humans provoking pro-thrombotic responses, which determine patient outcome during viral infections, especially in those with cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Panzer
- Department of Cardiology, Wilhelminenspital, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph W Kopp
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Neumayer
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Koppensteiner
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alicja Jozkowicz
- Faculty of Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Michael Poledniczek
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Gremmel
- Institute of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy and Interventional Cardiology, Karl Landsteiner Society, 3100 St. Pölten, Austria
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Landesklinikum Mistelbach-Gänserndorf, 2130 Mistelbach, Austria
| | - Bernd Jilma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Patricia P Wadowski
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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8
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Sharma S, Tyagi T, Antoniak S. Platelet in thrombo-inflammation: Unraveling new therapeutic targets. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1039843. [PMID: 36451834 PMCID: PMC9702553 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1039843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the broad range of human diseases, thrombo-inflammation appears as a clinical manifestation. Clinically, it is well characterized in context of superficial thrombophlebitis that is recognized as thrombosis and inflammation of superficial veins. However, it is more hazardous when developed in the microvasculature of injured/inflamed/infected tissues and organs. Several diseases like sepsis and ischemia-reperfusion can cause formation of microvascular thrombosis subsequently leading to thrombo-inflammation. Thrombo-inflammation can also occur in cases of antiphospholipid syndrome, preeclampsia, sickle cell disease, bacterial and viral infection. One of the major contributors to thrombo-inflammation is the loss of normal anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory potential of the endothelial cells of vasculature. This manifest itself in the form of dysregulation of the coagulation pathway and complement system, pathologic platelet activation, and increased recruitment of leukocyte within the microvasculature. The role of platelets in hemostasis and formation of thrombi under pathologic and non-pathologic conditions is well established. Platelets are anucleate cells known for their essential role in primary hemostasis and the coagulation pathway. In recent years, studies provide strong evidence for the critical involvement of platelets in inflammatory processes like acute ischemic stroke, and viral infections like Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This has encouraged the researchers to investigate the contribution of platelets in the pathology of various thrombo-inflammatory diseases. The inhibition of platelet surface receptors or their intracellular signaling which mediate initial platelet activation and adhesion might prove to be suitable targets in thrombo-inflammatory disorders. Thus, the present review summarizes the concept and mechanism of platelet signaling and briefly discuss their role in sterile and non-sterile thrombo-inflammation, with the emphasis on role of platelets in COVID-19 induced thrombo-inflammation. The aim of this review is to summarize the recent developments in deciphering the role of the platelets in thrombo-inflammation and discuss their potential as pharmaceutical targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Sharma
- UNC Blood Research Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Tarun Tyagi
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Silvio Antoniak
- UNC Blood Research Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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9
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Zhuo X, Wu Y, Fu X, Liang X, Xiang Y, Li J, Mao C, Jiang Y. The Yin‐Yang roles of protease‐activated receptors in inflammatory signalling and diseases. FEBS J 2022; 289:4000-4020. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.16406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhuo
- School of Life Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
| | - Yue Wu
- School of Life Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
| | - Xiujuan Fu
- School of Life Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
| | - Xiaoyu Liang
- School of Life Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
| | - Yuxin Xiang
- School of Life Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
| | - Jianbin Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
| | - Canquan Mao
- School of Life Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
| | - Yuhong Jiang
- School of Life Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
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10
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Schrottmaier WC, Schmuckenschlager A, Pirabe A, Assinger A. Platelets in Viral Infections - Brave Soldiers or Trojan Horses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:856713. [PMID: 35419008 PMCID: PMC9001014 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.856713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are often associated with platelet activation and haemostatic complications. In line, low platelet counts represent a hallmark for poor prognosis in many infectious diseases. The underlying cause of platelet dysfunction in viral infections is multifaceted and complex. While some viruses directly interact with platelets and/or megakaryocytes to modulate their function, also immune and inflammatory responses directly and indirectly favour platelet activation. Platelet activation results in increased platelet consumption and degradation, which contributes to thrombocytopenia in these patients. The role of platelets is often bi-phasic. Initial platelet hyper-activation is followed by a state of platelet exhaustion and/or hypo-responsiveness, which together with low platelet counts promotes bleeding events. Thereby infectious diseases not only increase the thrombotic but also the bleeding risk or both, which represents a most dreaded clinical complication. Treatment options in these patients are limited and new therapeutic strategies are urgently needed to prevent adverse outcome. This review summarizes the current literature on platelet-virus interactions and their impact on viral pathologies and discusses potential intervention strategies. As pandemics and concomitant haemostatic dysregulations will remain a recurrent threat, understanding the role of platelets in viral infections represents a timely and pivotal challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waltraud C Schrottmaier
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Centre of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Schmuckenschlager
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Centre of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anita Pirabe
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Centre of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alice Assinger
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Centre of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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11
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Lee RH, Kawano T, Grover SP, Bharathi V, Martinez D, Cowley DO, Mackman N, Bergmeier W, Antoniak S. Genetic deletion of platelet PAR4 results in reduced thrombosis and impaired hemostatic plug stability. J Thromb Haemost 2022; 20:422-433. [PMID: 34689407 PMCID: PMC8792346 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) is expressed by a wide variety of cells, including megakaryocytes/platelets, immune cells, cardiomyocytes, and lung epithelial cells. It is the only functional thrombin receptor on murine platelets. A global deficiency of PAR4 is associated with impaired hemostasis and reduced thrombosis. OBJECTIVE We aimed to generate a mouse line with a megakaryocyte/platelet-specific deletion of PAR4 (PAR4fl/fl ;PF4Cre+ ) and use the mouse line to investigate the role of platelet PAR4 in hemostasis and thrombosis in mice. METHODS Platelets from PAR4fl/fl ;PF4Cre+ were characterized in vitro. Arterial and venous thrombosis was analyzed. Hemostatic plug formation was analyzed using a saphenous vein laser injury model in mice with global or megakaryocyte/platelet-specific deletion of PAR4 or wild-type mice treated with thrombin or glycoprotein VI (GPVI) inhibitors. RESULTS PAR4fl/fl ;PF4Cre+ platelets were unresponsive to thrombin or specific PAR4 stimulation but not to other agonists. PAR4-/- and PAR4fl/fl ;PF4Cre+ mice both exhibited a similar reduction in arterial thrombosis compared to their respective controls. More importantly, we show for the first time that platelet PAR4 is critical for venous thrombosis in mice. In addition, PAR4-/- mice and PAR4fl/fl ;PF4Cre+ mice exhibited a similar impairment in hemostatic plug stability in a saphenous vein laser injury model. Inhibition of thrombin in wild-type mice gave a similar phenotype. Combined PAR4 deficiency on platelets with GPVI inhibition did not impair hemostatic plug formation but further reduced plug stability. CONCLUSION We generated a novel PAR4fl/fl ;PF4Cre+ mouse line. We used this mouse line to show that PAR4 signaling in platelets is critical for arterial and venous thrombosis and hemostatic plug stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H. Lee
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tomohiro Kawano
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Steven P. Grover
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Vanthana Bharathi
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - David Martinez
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dale O. Cowley
- UNC Animal Models Core, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nigel Mackman
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Wolfgang Bergmeier
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Silvio Antoniak
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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12
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Gunther RC, Bharathi V, Miles SD, Tumey LR, Schmedes CM, Tatsumi K, Bridges MD, Martinez D, Montgomery SA, Beck MA, Camerer E, Mackman N, Antoniak S. Myeloid Protease-Activated Receptor-2 Contributes to Influenza A Virus Pathology in Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:791017. [PMID: 34925374 PMCID: PMC8671937 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.791017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundInnate immune responses to influenza A virus (IAV) infection are initiated in part by toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3). TLR3-dependent signaling induces an antiviral immune response and an NFκB-dependent inflammatory response. Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) inhibits the antiviral response and enhances the inflammatory response. PAR2 deficiency protected mice during IAV infection. However, the PAR2 expressing cell-types contributing to IAV pathology in mice and the mechanism by which PAR2 contributes to IAV infection is unknown.MethodsIAV infection was analyzed in global (Par2-/-), myeloid (Par2fl/fl;LysMCre+) and lung epithelial cell (EpC) Par2 deficient (Par2fl/fl;SPCCre+) mice and their respective controls (Par2+/+ and Par2fl/fl). In addition, the effect of PAR2 activation on polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) activation of TLR3 was analyzed in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM). Lastly, we determined the effect of PAR2 inhibition in wild-type (WT) mice.ResultsAfter IAV infection, Par2-/- and mice with myeloid Par2 deficiency exhibited increased survival compared to infected controls. The improved survival was associated with reduced proinflammatory mediators and reduced cellular infiltration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of Par2-/- and Par2fl/fl;LysMCre+ 3 days post infection (dpi) compared to infected control mice. Interestingly, Par2fl/fl;SPCCre+ mice showed no survival benefit compared to Par2fl/fl. In vitro studies showed that Par2-/- BMDM produced less IL6 and IL12p40 than Par2+/+ BMDM after poly I:C stimulation. In addition, activation of PAR2 on Par2+/+ BMDM increased poly I:C induction of IL6 and IL12p40 compared to poly I:C stimulation alone. Importantly, PAR2 inhibition prior to IAV infection protect WT mice.ConclusionGlobal Par2 or myeloid cell but not lung EpC Par2 deficiency was associated with reduced BALF inflammatory markers and reduced IAV-induced mortality. Our study suggests that PAR2 may be a therapeutic target to reduce IAV pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall C. Gunther
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Vanthana Bharathi
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Stephen D. Miles
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Lauryn R. Tumey
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Clare M. Schmedes
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Kohei Tatsumi
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Meagan D. Bridges
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - David Martinez
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Stephanie A. Montgomery
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Melinda A. Beck
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Eric Camerer
- Department of Medicine, Université de Paris, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), INSERM UMR 970, Paris, France
| | - Nigel Mackman
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Silvio Antoniak
- UNC Blood Research Center, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC McAllister Heart Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Silvio Antoniak,
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13
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Kim SJ, Carestia A, McDonald B, Zucoloto AZ, Grosjean H, Davis RP, Turk M, Naumenko V, Antoniak S, Mackman N, Abdul-Cader MS, Abdul-Careem MF, Hollenberg MD, Jenne CN. Platelet-Mediated NET Release Amplifies Coagulopathy and Drives Lung Pathology During Severe Influenza Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:772859. [PMID: 34858432 PMCID: PMC8632260 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.772859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The influenza A virus (IAV) causes a respiratory tract infection with approximately 10% of the population infected by the virus each year. Severe IAV infection is characterized by excessive inflammation and tissue pathology in the lungs. Platelet and neutrophil recruitment to the lung are involved in the pathogenesis of IAV, but the specific mechanisms involved have not been clarified. Using confocal intravital microscopy in a mouse model of IAV infection, we observed profound neutrophil recruitment, platelet aggregation, neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) production and thrombin activation within the lung microvasculature in vivo. Importantly, deficiency or antagonism of the protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) reduced platelet aggregation, NET production, and neutrophil recruitment. Critically, inhibition of thrombin or PAR4 protected mice from virus-induced lung tissue damage and edema. Together, these data imply thrombin-stimulated platelets play a critical role in the activation/recruitment of neutrophils, NET release and directly contribute to IAV pathogenesis in the lung.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blood Coagulation Disorders/immunology
- Blood Coagulation Disorders/metabolism
- Blood Coagulation Disorders/virology
- Blood Platelets/immunology
- Blood Platelets/metabolism
- Blood Platelets/virology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Extracellular Traps/immunology
- Extracellular Traps/metabolism
- Extracellular Traps/virology
- Female
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/metabolism
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/virology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Neutrophil Infiltration/immunology
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Neutrophils/metabolism
- Neutrophils/virology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/metabolism
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Platelet Aggregation/immunology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Joo Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Agostina Carestia
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Braedon McDonald
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Amanda Z. Zucoloto
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Heidi Grosjean
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Rachelle P. Davis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Madison Turk
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Victor Naumenko
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Silvio Antoniak
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Nigel Mackman
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | | | | | - Morley D. Hollenberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Craig N. Jenne
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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14
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Singh Y, Fuloria NK, Fuloria S, Subramaniyan V, Almalki WH, Gupta G, Shaikh MAJ, Singh M, Al-Abbasi FA, Kazmi I. Disruption of the biological activity of protease-activated receptors2/4 in adults rather than children in SARS CoV-2 virus-mediated mortality in COVID-19 infection. Drug Dev Res 2021; 82:1075-1078. [PMID: 34469011 PMCID: PMC8653207 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
One of the most remarkable results in 2019 is the reduced prevalence and death of children from coronavirus infection (COVID‐19). In 2019, a worldwide pandemic impacted around 0.1 billion individuals, with over 3.5 million mortality reported in the literature. There is minimal knowledge on SARS‐CoV‐2 infection immunological responses in kids. Studies have been focused mostly on adults and children since the course of pediatric sickness is often short. In adults, severe COVID‐19 is related to an excessive inflammatory reaction. Macrophages and monocytes are well known to contribute to this systemic response, although numerous lines are indicative of the importance of neutrophils. An increased number of neutrophils and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratios are early signs of SARS‐CoV‐2 and a worse prognosis. In this study that it is crucial to monitor PAR2 and PAR4 expression and function (since nursing children have elevated levels) and the inhibiting the normal physiology through the use of anticoagulants may exacerbate the problem in adults. Thus, in COVID‐19 infection, we propose the use of antiplatelet (thromboxane A2 inhibitors), if required rather than anticoagulants (FXa and thrombin Inhibitors).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogendra Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Maharishi Arvind College of Pharmacy, Ambabari, Jaipur, India
| | - Neeraj Kumar Fuloria
- Department of Pharmacy I Centre of Excellence for Biomaterials Engineering, AIMST University, Bedong, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Shivkanya Fuloria
- Department of Pharmacy I Centre of Excellence for Biomaterials Engineering, AIMST University, Bedong, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Vetriselvan Subramaniyan
- Department of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Jalan SP 2, Bandar Saujana Putra, Jenjarom Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Waleed Hassan Almalki
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, India
| | | | - Mahaveer Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, India
| | - Fahad A Al-Abbasi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Kazmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Bode MF, Schmedes CM, Egnatz GJ, Bharathi V, Hisada YM, Martinez D, Kawano T, Weithauser A, Rosenfeldt L, Rauch U, Palumbo JS, Antoniak S, Mackman N. Cell type-specific roles of PAR1 in Coxsackievirus B3 infection. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14264. [PMID: 34253819 PMCID: PMC8275627 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93759-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) is widely expressed in humans and mice, and is activated by a variety of proteases, including thrombin. Recently, we showed that PAR1 contributes to the innate immune response to viral infection. Mice with a global deficiency of PAR1 expressed lower levels of CXCL10 and had increased Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-induced myocarditis compared with control mice. In this study, we determined the effect of cell type-specific deletion of PAR1 in cardiac myocytes (CMs) and cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) on CVB3-induced myocarditis. Mice lacking PAR1 in either CMs or CFs exhibited increased CVB3 genomes, inflammatory infiltrates, macrophages and inflammatory mediators in the heart and increased CVB3-induced myocarditis compared with wild-type controls. Interestingly, PAR1 enhanced poly I:C induction of CXCL10 in rat CFs but not in rat neonatal CMs. Importantly, activation of PAR1 reduced CVB3 replication in murine embryonic fibroblasts and murine embryonic cardiac myocytes. In addition, we showed that PAR1 reduced autophagy in murine embryonic fibroblasts and rat H9c2 cells, which may explain how PAR1 reduces CVB3 replication. These data suggest that PAR1 on CFs protects against CVB3-induced myocarditis by enhancing the anti-viral response whereas PAR1 on both CMs and fibroblasts inhibits viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Bode
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, UNC McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Lahey Hospital & Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA
| | - Clare M Schmedes
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 116 Manning Drive CB 7035, 8004B Mary Ellen Jones Building, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Grant J Egnatz
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 116 Manning Drive CB 7035, 8004B Mary Ellen Jones Building, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Vanthana Bharathi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 116 Manning Drive CB 7035, 8004B Mary Ellen Jones Building, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Yohei M Hisada
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 116 Manning Drive CB 7035, 8004B Mary Ellen Jones Building, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - David Martinez
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 116 Manning Drive CB 7035, 8004B Mary Ellen Jones Building, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Tomohiro Kawano
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 116 Manning Drive CB 7035, 8004B Mary Ellen Jones Building, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Alice Weithauser
- CharitéCentrum 11 Cardiovascular Diseases, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leah Rosenfeldt
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ursula Rauch
- CharitéCentrum 11 Cardiovascular Diseases, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joseph S Palumbo
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Silvio Antoniak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UNC Blood Research Center, UNC McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, UNC Blood Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 116 Manning Drive CB 7035, 8004B Mary Ellen Jones Building, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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16
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Antoniak S, Tatsumi K, Schmedes CM, Egnatz GJ, Auriemma AC, Bharathi V, Stokol T, Beck MA, Griffin JH, Palumbo JS, Mackman N. PAR1 regulation of CXCL1 expression and neutrophil recruitment to the lung in mice infected with influenza A virus. J Thromb Haemost 2021; 19:1103-1111. [PMID: 33346953 PMCID: PMC8048419 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) is expressed in various immune cells and in the lung. We showed that PAR1 plays a role in Coxsackievirus B3 infection by enhancing toll-like receptor 3-dependent interferon- β expression in cardiac fibroblasts. OBJECTIVES We investigated the role of PAR1 in a mouse model of influenza A virus (IAV) infection. METHODS We used mice with either a global deficiency of PAR1, cell type-specific deficiencies of PAR1, or mutation of PAR1 at the R41 or R46 cleavage sites. RESULTS PAR1-deficient mice had increased CXCL1 expression in the lung, increased neutrophil recruitment, increased protein levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and increased mortality after IAV infection compared with control mice infected with IAV. Results from mice with cell type-specific deletion of PAR1 indicated that PAR1 expression by hematopoietic cells suppressed CXCL1 expression, whereas PAR1 expression by endothelial cells enhanced CXCL1 expression in response to IAV infection. PAR1 activation also enhanced polyinosinic:polycytodylic acid induction of interleukin-8 in a human endothelial cell line. Mutation of the R46 cleavage site of PAR1 was associated with increased CXCL1 expression in the lung in response to IAV infection, which suggested that R46 signaling suppresses CXCL1 expression. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that PAR1 expression by different cell types and activation by different proteases modulates the immune response during IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Antoniak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUNC Blood Research CenterUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Kohei Tatsumi
- Department of MedicineDivision of Hematology and OncologyUNC Blood Research InstituteUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Clare M. Schmedes
- Department of MedicineDivision of Hematology and OncologyUNC Blood Research InstituteUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Grant J. Egnatz
- Department of MedicineDivision of Hematology and OncologyUNC Blood Research InstituteUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Alyson C. Auriemma
- Department of MedicineDivision of Hematology and OncologyUNC Blood Research InstituteUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Vanthana Bharathi
- Department of MedicineDivision of Hematology and OncologyUNC Blood Research InstituteUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Tracy Stokol
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - Melinda A. Beck
- Departments of Nutrition and PediatricsGillings School of Global Public HealthSchool of MedicineUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNCUSA
| | - John H. Griffin
- Department of Molecular and Experimental MedicineThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Joseph S. Palumbo
- Cancer and Blood Diseases InstituteCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterDepartment of PediatricsUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiOHUSA
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Department of MedicineDivision of Hematology and OncologyUNC Blood Research InstituteUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNCUSA
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17
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Abstract
Platelets play an essential role in maintaining vascular integrity after injury. In addition, platelets contribute to the immune response to pathogens. For instance, they express receptors that mediate binding of viruses, and toll-like receptors that activate the cell in response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Platelets can be beneficial and/or detrimental during viral infections. They reduce blood-borne viruses by engulfing the free virus and presenting the virus to neutrophils. However, platelets can also enhance inflammation and tissue injury during viral infections. Here, we discuss the roles of platelets in viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Antoniak
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nigel Mackman
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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18
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Protease-activated receptor 4 plays a role in lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory mechanisms in murine macrophages. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2020; 394:853-862. [PMID: 33159803 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-02014-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The role of protease-activated receptor (PAR)4 in thrombin-induced platelet aggregation has been studied, and PAR4 blockade is thought to be useful as a new and promising approach in antiplatelet therapy in humans. In recent years, studies have been conducted to clarify the role of PAR4 in the host defense against invading microorganisms and pathogen-induced inflammation; however, to date, the role of PAR4 in mediating the LPS-induced inflammatory repertoire in macrophages remains to be elucidated. Here, we investigated the effects of the synthetic PAR4 agonist peptide (PAR4-AP) AYPGKF-NH2 on the phagocytosis of zymosan-FITC particles; NO, ROS, and iNOS expression; and cytokine production in C57/BL6 macrophages cocultured with PAR4-AP/LPS. The PAR4-AP impaired LPS-induced and basal phagocytosis, which was restored by pharmacological PAR4 blockade. Coincubation with the PAR4-AP/LPS enhanced NO and ROS production and iNOS expression; decreased IL-10, but not TNF-α, in the culture supernatant; and increased translocation of the p65 subunit of the proinflammatory gene transcription factor NF-κ-B. Our results provide evidence for a complex mechanism and new approach by which PAR4 mediates the macrophage response triggered by LPS through counter-regulating the phagocytic activity of macrophages and innate response mechanisms implicated in the killing of invading pathogens.
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19
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Rommel MGE, Milde C, Eberle R, Schulze H, Modlich U. Endothelial-platelet interactions in influenza-induced pneumonia: A potential therapeutic target. Anat Histol Embryol 2019; 49:606-619. [PMID: 31793053 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Every year, influenza viruses spread around the world, infecting the respiratory systems of countless humans and animals, causing illness and even death. Severe influenza infection is associated with pulmonary epithelial damage and endothelial dysfunction leading to acute lung injury (ALI). There is evidence that an aggressive cytokine storm and cell damage in lung capillaries as well as endothelial/platelet interactions contribute to vascular leakage, pro-thrombotic milieu and infiltration of immune effector cells. To date, treatments for ALI caused by influenza are limited to antiviral drugs, active ventilation or further symptomatic treatments. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of influenza-mediated pathogenesis, permissive animal models and histopathological changes of lung tissue in both mice and men and compare it with histological and electron microscopic data from our own group. We highlight the molecular and cellular interactions between pulmonary endothelium and platelets in homeostasis and influenza-induced pathogenesis. Finally, we discuss novel therapeutic targets on platelets/endothelial interaction to reduce or resolve ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel G E Rommel
- Research Group for Gene Modification in Stem Cells, Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Christian Milde
- Research Group for Gene Modification in Stem Cells, Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Regina Eberle
- Department of Morphology, Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Harald Schulze
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ute Modlich
- Research Group for Gene Modification in Stem Cells, Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
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20
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Li S, Tarlac V, Hamilton JR. Using PAR4 Inhibition as an Anti-Thrombotic Approach: Why, How, and When? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225629. [PMID: 31717963 PMCID: PMC6888008 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are a family of four GPCRs with a variety of cellular functions, yet the only advanced clinical endeavours to target these receptors for therapeutic gain to date relates to the impairment of platelet function for anti-thrombotic therapy. The only approved PAR antagonist is the PAR1 inhibitor, vorapaxar—the sole anti-platelet drug against a new target approved in the past 20 years. However, there are two PARs on human platelets, PAR1 and PAR4, and more recent efforts have focused on the development of the first PAR4 antagonists, with first-in-class agents recently beginning clinical trial. Here, we review the rationale for this approach, outline the various modes of PAR4 inhibition, and speculate on the specific therapeutic potential of targeting PAR4 for the prevention of thrombotic conditions.
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