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Zhang L, Chen D, Tu Y, Sang T, Pan T, Lin H, Cai C, Jin X, Wu F, Xu L, Chen Y. Vitexin attenuates autoimmune hepatitis in mouse induced by syngeneic liver cytosolic proteins via activation of AMPK/AKT/GSK-3β/Nrf2 pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 917:174720. [PMID: 34953801 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic progressive liver disease that currently does not have a successful therapeutic option. Vitexin, a bioflavonoid isolated from various medicinal plants, possesses a variety of activities; however, whether vitexin protects against AIH remains unclear. Therefore, the current study aims to investigate the hepatoprotective effects and mechanism of action of vitexin in both an experimental autoimmune hepatitis (EAH) mouse model and in D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (D-GalN/LPS)-induced hepatocyte injury. Syngeneic liver antigen S100 was used to establish EAH. Vitexin treatment significantly decreased the infiltration of inflammatory and CD4+ T cells in the liver, reduced ALT and AST levels in the serum and attenuated hepatic injury due to oxidative stress. Moreover, vitexin mitigated the upregulation of Bax and cleaved caspase-3 and the downregulation of Bcl-2 in the livers of AIH mice. These regulations were accompanied by not only increased phosphorylation of AMPK, AKT and GSK-3β but also activation of Nrf2. Furthermore, vitexin inhibited apoptosis and the overexpression of inflammatory cytokines in D-GalN/LPS-treated AML12 cells. In addition, vitexin enhanced the phosphorylation of AMPK, AKT and GSK-3β. When AML12 cells were treated with an inhibitor of AMPK/AKT or specific siRNA targeting Nrf2, vitexin did not further induce the activation of Nrf2/HO-1. A molecular docking study confirmed that vitexin could interact with AMPK through hydrogen bonding interactions. In conclusion, vitexin ameliorated hepatic injury in EAH mice through activation of the AMPK/AKT/GSK-3β pathway and upregulation of the Nrf2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325006, China
| | - Dazhi Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Peking University, BeiJing, 100032, China
| | - Yulu Tu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ningbo Hangzhou Bay Hospital, Ningbo, 315336, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tiantian Sang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325006, China
| | - Tongtong Pan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325006, China
| | - Hongwei Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325006, China
| | - Chao Cai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325006, China
| | - Xiaozhi Jin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325006, China
| | - Faling Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325006, China
| | - Lanman Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Liver Diseases, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yongping Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325006, China.
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2
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Gartz M, Beatka M, Prom MJ, Strande JL, Lawlor MW. Cardiomyocyte-produced miR-339-5p mediates pathology in Duchenne muscular dystrophy cardiomyopathy. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:2347-2361. [PMID: 34270708 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked genetic disease characterized by severe, progressive muscle wasting. Cardiomyopathy has emerged as a leading cause of death in patients with DMD. The mechanisms contributing to DMD cardiac disease remain under investigation and specific therapies available are lacking. Our prior work has shown that DMD-iPSC derived cardiomyocytes (DMD-iCMs) are vulnerable to oxidative stress injury and chronic exposure to DMD secreted exosomes impaired the cell's ability to protect against stress. In this study, we sought to examine a mechanism by which DMD cardiac exosomes impair cellular response through altering important stress-responsive genes in the recipient cells. Here, we report that DMD-iCMs secrete exosomes containing altered microRNA (miR) profiles in comparison to healthy controls. In particular, miR-339-5p was upregulated in DMD-iCMs, DMD exosomes, and in mdx mouse cardiac tissue. Restoring dystrophin in DMD-iCMs improved the cellular response to stress and was associated with downregulation of miR-339-5p, suggesting that it is disease-specific. Knockdown of miR-339-5p was associated with increased expression of MDM2, GSK3A and MAP2K3, which are genes involved in important stress-responsive signaling pathways. Finally, knockdown of miR-339-5p led to mitochondrial protection and a reduction in cell death in DMD-iCMs, indicating miR-339-5p is involved in direct modulation of stress-responsiveness. Together, these findings identify a potential mechanism by which exosomal miR-339-5p may be modulating cell signaling pathways which are important for robust stress responses. Additionally, these exosomal miRs may provide important disease specific targets for future therapeutic advancements for the management and diagnosis of DMD cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Gartz
- Department of Cell Biology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.,Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Margaret Beatka
- Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.,Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Mariah J Prom
- Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.,Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Jennifer L Strande
- Department of Cell Biology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.,Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Michael W Lawlor
- Department of Cell Biology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.,Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.,Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
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3
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Tang L, Xie J, Yu X, Zheng Y. MiR-26a-5p inhibits GSK3β expression and promotes cardiac hypertrophy in vitro. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10371. [PMID: 33240671 PMCID: PMC7678492 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of miR-26a-5p expression in cardiac hypertrophy remains unclear. Herein, the effect of miR-26a-5p on cardiac hypertrophy was investigated using phenylephrine (PE)-induced cardiac hypertrophy in vitro and in a rat model of hypertension-induced hypertrophy in vivo. Methods The PE-induced cardiac hypertrophy models in vitro and vivo were established. To investigate the effect of miR-26a-5p activation on autophagy, the protein expression of autophagosome marker (LC3) and p62 was detected by western blot analysis. To explore the effect of miR-26a-5p activation on cardiac hypertrophy, the relative mRNA expression of cardiac hypertrophy related mark GSK3β was detected by qRT-PCR in vitro and vivo. In addition, immunofluorescence staining was used to detect cardiac hypertrophy related mark α-actinin. The cell surface area was measured by immunofluorescence staining. The direct target relationship between miR-26a-5p and GSK3β was confirmed by dual luciferase report. Results MiR-26a-5p was highly expressed in PE-induced cardiac hypertrophy. MiR-26a-5p promoted LC3II and decreased p62 expression in PE-induced cardiac hypertrophy in the presence or absence of lysosomal inhibitor. Furthermore, miR-26a-5p significantly inhibited GSK3β expression in vitro and in vivo. Dual luciferase report results confirmed that miR-26a-5p could directly target GSK3β. GSK3β overexpression significantly reversed the expression of cardiac hypertrophy-related markers including ANP, ACTA1 and MYH7. Immunofluorescence staining results demonstrated that miR-26a-5p promoted cardiac hypertrophy related protein α-actinin expression, and increased cell surface area in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion Our study revealed that miR-26a-5p promotes myocardial cell autophagy activation and cardiac hypertrophy by regulating GSK3β, which needs further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Tang
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Province People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianhong Xie
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Province People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoqin Yu
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Aid Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yangyang Zheng
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Province People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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4
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Udhaya Kumar S, Thirumal Kumar D, Siva R, George Priya Doss C, Younes S, Younes N, Sidenna M, Zayed H. Dysregulation of Signaling Pathways Due to Differentially Expressed Genes From the B-Cell Transcriptomes of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients - A Bioinformatics Approach. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:276. [PMID: 32426333 PMCID: PMC7203449 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder that is clinically complex and has increased production of autoantibodies. Via emerging technologies, researchers have identified genetic variants, expression profiling of genes, animal models, and epigenetic findings that have paved the way for a better understanding of the molecular and genetic mechanisms of SLE. Our current study aimed to illustrate the essential genes and molecular pathways that are potentially involved in the pathogenesis of SLE. This study incorporates the gene expression profiling data of the microarray dataset GSE30153 from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the B-cell transcriptomes of SLE patients and healthy controls were screened using the GEO2R web tool. The identified DEGs were subjected to STRING analysis and Cytoscape to explore the protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks between them. The MCODE (Molecular Complex Detection) plugin of Cytoscape was used to screen the cluster subnetworks that are highly interlinked between the DEGs. Subsequently, the clustered DEGs were subjected to functional annotation with ClueGO/CluePedia to identify the significant pathways that were enriched. For integrative analysis, we used GeneGo MetacoreTM, a Cortellis Solution software, to exhibit the Gene Ontology (GO) and enriched pathways between the datasets. Our study identified 4 upregulated and 13 downregulated genes. Analysis of GO and functional enrichment using ClueGO revealed the pathways that were statistically significant, including pathways involving T-cell costimulation, lymphocyte costimulation, negative regulation of vascular permeability, and B-cell receptor signaling. The DEGs were mainly enriched in metabolic networks such as the phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate pathway and the carnitine pathway. Additionally, potentially enriched pathways, such as the signaling pathways induced by oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS), chemotaxis and lysophosphatidic acid signaling induced via G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), and the androgen receptor activation pathway, were identified from the DEGs that were mainly associated with the immune system. Four genes (EGR1, CD38, CAV1, and AKT1) were identified to be strongly associated with SLE. Our integrative analysis using a multitude of bioinformatics tools might promote an understanding of the dysregulated pathways that are associated with SLE development and progression. The four DEGs in SLE patients might shed light on the pathogenesis of SLE and might serve as potential biomarkers in early diagnosis and as therapeutic targets for SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Udhaya Kumar
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - D. Thirumal Kumar
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - R. Siva
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - C. George Priya Doss
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Salma Younes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nadin Younes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mariem Sidenna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hatem Zayed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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5
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Wu X, Huang W, Quan M, Chen Y, Tu J, Zhou J, Xin HB, Qian Y. Inhibition of brain-type glycogen phosphorylase ameliorates high glucose-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis via Akt-HIF-1α activation. Biochem Cell Biol 2020; 98:458-465. [PMID: 31905009 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2019-0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain-type glycogen phosphorylase (pygb) is one of the rate-limiting enzymes in glycogenolysis that plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Here we investigated the role of pygb in high-glucose (HG)-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and explored the underlying mechanisms, by using the specific pygb inhibitors or pygb siRNA. Our results show that inhibition of pygb significantly attenuates cell apoptosis and oxidative stress induced by HG in H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Inhibition of pygb improved glucose metabolism in cardiacmyocytes, as evidenced by increased glycogen content, glucose consumption, and glucose transport. Mechanistically, pygb inhibition activates the Akt-GSK-3β signaling pathway and suppresses the activation of NF-κB in H9c2 cells exposed to HG. Additionally, pygb inhibition promotes the expression and the translocation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) after HG stimulation. However, the changes in glucose metabolism and HIF-1α activation mediated by pygb inhibition are significantly reversed in the presence of the Akt inhibitor MK2206. In conclusion, this study found that inhibition of pygb prevents HG-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis via activation of Akt-HIF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehan Wu
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, 1299 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, P.R. China
| | - Weilu Huang
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, 1299 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, P.R. China
| | - Minxue Quan
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, 1299 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, P.R. China.,The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, 1299 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, P.R. China
| | - Yongqi Chen
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, 1299 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, P.R. China.,The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, 1299 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, P.R. China
| | - Jiaxin Tu
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, 1299 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, P.R. China.,The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, 1299 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, P.R. China
| | - Jialu Zhou
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, 1299 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, P.R. China.,The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, 1299 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Bo Xin
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, 1299 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, P.R. China.,The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, 1299 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, P.R. China
| | - Yisong Qian
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, 1299 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, P.R. China.,The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, 1299 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, P.R. China
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6
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Deng L, Chen H, Wei N, Zhang Z, Wang G. The cardioprotective effect of dexmedetomidine on regional ischemia/reperfusion injury in type 2 diabetic rat hearts. Microvasc Res 2018; 123:1-6. [PMID: 30179598 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dexmedetomidine (DEX) is an α2-adrenergic receptor agonist commonly used during perioperative periods due to its sedation and analgesia effect. It is confirmed that DEX has cardioprotective effects against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. We investigated whether DEX administration is beneficial to type 2 diabetic rats subjected to I/R injury. METHODS The diabetes model was established by providing a high-fat diet for 2 weeks followed by injecting 35 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ). The myocardial I/R model consisted of left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion for 30 min followed by reperfusion for two-hours. DEX was administered before ischemia; alternatively, yohimbine was administered with or without DEX before ischemia. At the end of reperfusion, the rats were sacrificed, and hearts were isolated for histology. The levels of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) and phosphorylated GSK-3β (p-GSK-3β) were quantitatively analyzed. The infarct size was measured via Evans Blue and 2,3,5‑triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. Plasma samples were collected to measure the levels of cardiac Troponin T (cTnT). Arrhythmia scores were recorded during the first few minutes of reperfusion. RESULTS DEX preconditioning significantly reduced myocardial infarct size, arrhythmia scores and the plasma cTnT levels, and increased the p-GSK-3β levels. All of these protective effects of DEX were reversed by co-administration of yohimbine. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that DEX preconditioning exerted a cardioprotective effect against regional I/R injury in diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Deng
- No. 150 Haping Rd., Nangang District, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Hong Chen
- No. 150 Haping Rd., Nangang District, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Na Wei
- No. 150 Haping Rd., Nangang District, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Zhaodi Zhang
- No. 150 Haping Rd., Nangang District, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Guonian Wang
- No. 150 Haping Rd., Nangang District, Harbin 150081, China.
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7
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Yan X, Wu L, Lin Q, Dai X, Hu H, Wang K, Zhang C, Shao M, Cai L, Tan Y. From the Cover: Alcohol Inhibition of the Enzymatic Activity of Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Impairs Cardiac Glucose Utilization, Contributing to Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy. Toxicol Sci 2017; 159:392-401. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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8
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Hu X, Bai T, Xu Z, Liu Q, Zheng Y, Cai L. Pathophysiological Fundamentals of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy. Compr Physiol 2017; 7:693-711. [PMID: 28333387 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c160021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) was first recognized more than four decades ago and occurred independent of cardiovascular diseases or hypertension in both type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients. The exact mechanisms underlying this disease remain incompletely understood. Several pathophysiological bases responsible for DCM have been proposed, including the presence of hyperglycemia, nonenzymatic glycosylation of large molecules (e.g., proteins), energy metabolic disturbance, mitochondrial damage and dysfunction, impaired calcium handling, reactive oxygen species formation, inflammation, cardiac cell death, and cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, leading to impairment of cardiac contractile functions. Increasing evidence also indicates the phenomenon called "metabolic memory" for diabetes-induced cardiovascular complications, for which epigenetic modulation seemed to play an important role, suggesting that the aforementioned pathogenic bases may be regulated by epigenetic modification. Therefore, this review aims at briefly summarizing the current understanding of the pathophysiological bases for DCM. Although how epigenetic mechanisms play a role remains incompletely understood now, extensive clinical and experimental studies have implicated its importance in regulating the cardiac responses to diabetes, which are believed to shed insight into understanding of the pathophysiological and epigenetic mechanisms for the development of DCM and its possible prevention and/or therapy. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:693-711, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Hu
- Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Pediatric Research Institute at the Department of Pediatrics of the University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Tao Bai
- Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Pediatric Research Institute at the Department of Pediatrics of the University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Zheng Xu
- Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Pediatric Research Institute at the Department of Pediatrics of the University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Qiuju Liu
- Department of Hematological Disorders the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lu Cai
- Pediatric Research Institute at the Department of Pediatrics of the University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Wendy Novak Diabetes Care Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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9
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Duan J, Guan Y, Mu F, Guo C, Zhang E, Yin Y, Wei G, Zhu Y, Cui J, Cao J, Weng Y, Wang Y, Xi M, Wen A. Protective effect of butin against ischemia/reperfusion-induced myocardial injury in diabetic mice: involvement of the AMPK/GSK-3β/Nrf2 signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41491. [PMID: 28128361 PMCID: PMC5269748 DOI: 10.1038/srep41491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation contributes to development of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). This study was designed to determine the effect of an antioxidant butin (BUT) on ischemia/reperfusion-induced myocardial injury in diabetic mice. Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) was induced in C57/BL6J diabetes mice. Infarct size and cardiac function were detected. For in vitro study, H9c2 cells were used. To clarify the mechanisms, proteases inhibitors or siRNA were used. Proteins levels were investigated by Western blotting. In diabetes MI/R model, BUT significantly alleviated myocardial infarction and improved heart function, together with prevented diabetes-induced cardiac oxidative damage. The expression of Nrf2, AMPK, AKT and GSK-3β were significantly increased by BUT. Furthermore, in cultured H9c2 cardiac cells silencing Nrf2 gene with its siRNA abolished the BUT's prevention of I/R-induced myocardial injury. Inhibition of AMPK and AKT signaling by relative inhibitor or specific siRNA decreased the level of BUT-induced Nrf2 expression, and diminished the protective effects of BUT. The interplay relationship between GSK-3β and Nrf2 was also verified with relative overexpression and inhibitors. Our findings indicated that BUT protected against I/R-induced ROS-mediated apoptosis by upregulating the AMPK/Akt/GSK-3β pathway, which further activated Nrf2-regulated antioxidant enzymes in diabetic cardiomyocytes exposed to I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Duan
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032, China
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, XianYang 712083, PR China
| | - Yue Guan
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032, China
| | - Fei Mu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032, China
| | - Chao Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032, China
| | - Enhu Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, XianYang 712083, PR China
| | - Ying Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032, China
| | - Guo Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032, China
| | - Yanrong Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032, China
| | - Jia Cui
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032, China
| | - Jinyi Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032, China
| | - Yan Weng
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032, China
| | - Yanhua Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032, China
| | - Miaomiao Xi
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032, China
| | - Aidong Wen
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032, China
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10
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Duran J, Oyarce C, Pavez M, Valladares D, Basualto-Alarcon C, Lagos D, Barrientos G, Troncoso MF, Ibarra C, Estrada M. GSK-3β/NFAT Signaling Is Involved in Testosterone-Induced Cardiac Myocyte Hypertrophy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168255. [PMID: 27977752 PMCID: PMC5158037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Testosterone induces cardiac hypertrophy through a mechanism that involves a concerted crosstalk between cytosolic and nuclear signaling pathways. Nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) is associated with the promotion of cardiac hypertrophy, glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) is considered to function as a negative regulator, mainly by modulating NFAT activity. However, the role played by calcineurin-NFAT and GSK-3β signaling in testosterone-induced cardiac hypertrophy has remained unknown. Here, we determined that testosterone stimulates cardiac myocyte hypertrophy through NFAT activation and GSK-3β inhibition. Testosterone increased the activity of NFAT-luciferase (NFAT-Luc) in a time- and dose-dependent manner, with the activity peaking after 24 h of stimulation with 100 nM testosterone. NFAT-Luc activity induced by testosterone was blocked by the calcineurin inhibitors FK506 and cyclosporine A and by 11R-VIVIT, a specific peptide inhibitor of NFAT. Conversely, testosterone inhibited GSK-3β activity as determined by increased GSK-3β phosphorylation at Ser9 and β-catenin protein accumulation, and also by reduction in β-catenin phosphorylation at residues Ser33, Ser37, and Thr41. GSK-3β inhibition with 1-azakenpaullone or a GSK-3β-targeting siRNA increased NFAT-Luc activity, whereas overexpression of a constitutively active GSK-3β mutant (GSK-3βS9A) inhibited NFAT-Luc activation mediated by testosterone. Testosterone-induced cardiac myocyte hypertrophy was established by increased cardiac myocyte size and [3H]-leucine incorporation (as a measurement of cellular protein synthesis). Calcineurin-NFAT inhibition abolished and GSK-3β inhibition promoted the hypertrophy stimulated by testosterone. GSK-3β activation by GSK-3βS9A blocked the increase of hypertrophic markers induced by testosterone. Moreover, inhibition of intracellular androgen receptor prevented testosterone-induced NFAT-Luc activation. Collectively, these results suggest that cardiac myocyte hypertrophy induced by testosterone involves a cooperative mechanism that links androgen signaling with the recruitment of NFAT through calcineurin activation and GSK-3β inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Duran
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología Celular, Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cesar Oyarce
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología Celular, Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Pavez
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología Celular, Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Denisse Valladares
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología Celular, Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carla Basualto-Alarcon
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Lagos
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología Celular, Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Genaro Barrientos
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología Celular, Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mayarling Francisca Troncoso
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología Celular, Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Ibarra
- Heart Failure Bioscience Department, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (CVMD), Innovative Medicines & Early Development iMED Biotech unit, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Manuel Estrada
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología Celular, Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail:
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11
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Antipsychotic-like effects of a neurotensin receptor type 1 agonist. Behav Brain Res 2016; 305:8-17. [PMID: 26909848 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although neurotensin (NT) analogs are known to produce antipsychotic-like effects, the therapeutic possibility of a brain penetrant NTS1 agonist in treating psychiatric disorders has not been well studied. Here, we examined whether PD149163, a brain-penetrant NTS1-specific agonist, displays antipsychotic-like effects in C57BL/6J mice by investigating the effect of PD149163 on amphetamine-mediated hyperactivity and amphetamine-induced disruption of prepulse inhibition. In addition, we assessed the effect of PD149163 on glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) activity, a downstream molecular target of antipsychotics and mood stabilizers, using phospho-specific antibodies. PD149163 (0.1 and 0.5mg/kg) inhibited amphetamine-induced hyperactivity in mice, indicating that NTS1 activation inhibits psychomotor agitation. PD149163 (0.5mg/kg) also increased prepulse inhibition, suggesting that NTS1 activation reduces prepulse inhibition deficits which often co-occur with psychosis in humans. Interestingly, PD149163 increased the inhibitory serine phosphorylation on both GSK-3α and GSK-3β in a dose- and time-dependent manner in the nucleus accumbens and medial prefrontal cortex of the mice. Moreover, PD149163 inhibited GSK-3 activity in the nucleus accumbens and medial prefrontal cortex in the presence of amphetamine. Thus, like most current antipsychotics and mood stabilizers, PD149163 inhibited GSK-3 activity in cortico-striatal circuitry. Together, our findings indicate that PD149163 may be a novel antipsychotic.
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12
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Banko NS, McAlpine CS, Venegas-Pino DE, Raja P, Shi Y, Khan MI, Werstuck GH. Glycogen synthase kinase 3α deficiency attenuates atherosclerosis and hepatic steatosis in high fat diet-fed low density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:3394-404. [PMID: 25451156 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Studies have implicated signaling through glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) 3α/β in the activation of pro-atherogenic pathways and the accelerated development of atherosclerosis. By using a mouse model, we examined the role of GSK3α in the development and progression of accelerated atherosclerosis. We crossed Gsk3a/GSK3α-knockout mice with low-density lipoprotein receptor (Ldlr) knockout mice. Five-week-old Ldlr(-/-);Gsk3a(+/+), Ldlr(-/-);Gsk3a(+/-), and Ldlr(-/-);Gsk3a(-/-) mice were fed a chow diet or a high-fat diet for 10 weeks and then sacrificed. GSK3α deficiency had no detectible effect on any measured parameters in chow-fed mice. High-fat-diet fed Ldlr(-/-) mice that were deficient for GSK3α had significantly less hepatic lipid accumulation and smaller atherosclerotic lesions (60% smaller in Ldlr(-/-);Gsk3a(+/-) mice, 80% smaller in Ldlr(-/-);Gsk3a(-/-) mice; P < 0.05), compared with Ldlr(-/-);Gsk3a(+/+) controls. GSK3α deficiency was associated with a significant increase in plasma IL-10 concentration and IL-10 expression in isolated macrophages. A twofold to threefold enhancement in endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced IL-10 expression was observed in Thp-1-derived macrophages that were pretreated with the GSK3α/β inhibitor CT99021. Together, these results suggest that GSK3α plays a pro-atherogenic role, possibly by mediating the effects of endoplasmic reticulum stress in the activation of pro-atherogenic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S Banko
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cameron S McAlpine
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel E Venegas-Pino
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Preeya Raja
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yuanyuan Shi
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mohammad I Khan
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Geoff H Werstuck
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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13
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Bhushan S, Kondo K, Polhemus DJ, Otsuka H, Nicholson CK, Tao YX, Huang H, Georgiopoulou VV, Murohara T, Calvert JW, Butler J, Lefer DJ. Nitrite therapy improves left ventricular function during heart failure via restoration of nitric oxide-mediated cytoprotective signaling. Circ Res 2014; 114:1281-91. [PMID: 24599803 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.301475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability is reduced in the setting of heart failure. Nitrite (NO2) is a critically important NO intermediate that is metabolized to NO during pathological states. We have previously demonstrated that sodium nitrite ameliorates acute myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. OBJECTIVE No evidence exists as to whether increasing NO bioavailability via nitrite therapy attenuates heart failure severity after pressure-overload-induced hypertrophy. METHODS AND RESULTS Serum from patients with heart failure exhibited significantly decreased nitrosothiol and cGMP levels. Transverse aortic constriction was performed in mice at 10 to 12 weeks. Sodium nitrite (50 mg/L) or saline vehicle was administered daily in the drinking water postoperative from day 1 for 9 weeks. Echocardiography was performed at baseline and at 1, 3, 6, and 9 weeks after transverse aortic constriction to assess left ventricular dimensions and ejection fraction. We observed increased cardiac nitrite, nitrosothiol, and cGMP levels in mice treated with nitrite. Sodium nitrite preserved left ventricular ejection fraction and improved left ventricular dimensions at 9 weeks (P<0.001 versus vehicle). In addition, circulating and cardiac brain natriuretic peptide levels were attenuated in mice receiving nitrite (P<0.05 versus vehicle). Western blot analyses revealed upregulation of Akt-endothelial nitric oxide-nitric oxide-cGMP-GS3Kβ signaling early in the progression of hypertrophy and heart failure. CONCLUSIONS These results support the emerging concept that nitrite therapy may be a viable clinical option for increasing NO levels and may have a practical clinical use in the treatment of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Bhushan
- From the LSU Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA (S.B., D.J.P., H.O., D.J.L.); Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (K.K., T.M.); Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Carlyle Fraser Heart Center (C.K.N., J.W.C.) and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (V.V.G., J.B.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; and Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, AL (Y.-X.T., H.H.)
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Dannoura A, Giraldo A, Pereira I, Gibbins JM, Dash PR, Bicknell KA, Brooks G. Ibuprofen inhibits migration and proliferation of human coronary artery smooth muscle cells by inducing a differentiated phenotype: role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ. J Pharm Pharmacol 2014; 66:779-92. [PMID: 24438071 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The search for agents that are capable of preventing restenosis and reduce the risk of late thrombosis is of utmost importance. In this study we aim to evaluate the in vitro effects of ibuprofen on proliferation and migration of human coronary artery smooth muscle cells and on endothelial cells. METHODS Cell proliferation was evaluated by trypan blue exclusion. Cell migration was assessed by wound-healing 'scratch' assay and time-lapse video microscopy. Protein expression was assessed by immunoblotting, and morphology by immunocytochemistry. The involvement of the PPARγ pathway was studied with the agonist troglitazone, and the use of selective antagonists such as PGF2α and GW9662. KEY FINDINGS We demonstrate that ibuprofen inhibits proliferation and migration of HCASMCs and induces a switch in HCASMCs towards a differentiated and contractile phenotype, and that these effects are mediated through the PPARγ pathway. Importantly we also show that the effects of ibuprofen are cell type-specific as it does not affect migration and proliferation of endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results suggest that ibuprofen could be an effective drug for the development of novel drug-eluting stents that could lead to reduced rates of restenosis and potentially other complications of DES implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer Dannoura
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, UK; Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading, UK
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15
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Sethna F, Moon C, Wang H. From FMRP function to potential therapies for fragile X syndrome. Neurochem Res 2013; 39:1016-31. [PMID: 24346713 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1229-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is caused by mutations in the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene. Most FXS cases occur due to the expansion of the CGG trinucleotide repeats in the 5' un-translated region of FMR1, which leads to hypermethylation and in turn silences the expression of FMRP (fragile X mental retardation protein). Numerous studies have demonstrated that FMRP interacts with both coding and non-coding RNAs and represses protein synthesis at dendritic and synaptic locations. In the absence of FMRP, the basal protein translation is enhanced and not responsive to neuronal stimulation. The altered protein translation may contribute to functional abnormalities in certain aspects of synaptic plasticity and intracellular signaling triggered by Gq-coupled receptors. This review focuses on the current understanding of FMRP function and potential therapeutic strategies that are mainly based on the manipulation of FMRP targets and knowledge gained from FXS pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferzin Sethna
- Genetics Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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16
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Colombo R, Siqueira R, Becker CU, Fernandes TG, Pires KM, Valença SS, Souza-Rabbo MP, Araujo AS, Belló-Klein A. Effects of exercise on monocrotaline-induced changes in right heart function and pulmonary artery remodeling in rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2013; 91:38-44. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2012-0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) induced by monocrotaline (MCT) is an experimental protocol of right heart failure. We analyzed the role of exercise training on the right ventricle structure and function, pulmonary artery remodeling, and GSK-3β expression. Rats were divided among the following groups: sedentary control (SC), sedentary monocrotaline (SM), trained control (TC), and trained monocrotaline (TM). Rats underwent exercise training for a period of 5 weeks, with 3 weeks post-MCT injection. Rats in the SM and TM groups presented with an increase in right ventricle hypertrophy indexes and lung congestion. The right ventricular end diastolic pressure (RVEDP), right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), and its minimum and maximal pressure derivates were increased in the SM and TM groups. The right ventricle interstitial volume pulmonary artery thickness and p-GSK-3β/GSK-3β were increased in the MCT groups as compared with the control groups. The TM group had a reduction in interstitial volume, p-GSK-3β/GSK-3β ratio, pulmonary artery thickness, RVEDP, and an increase in intramyocardial vessels volume as compared with the SM group. The overall results have shown that the exercise protocol used promoted positive changes in right ventricle and pulmonary artery remodeling. These observations also suggest that structural remodeling may be influenced by signaling proteins, such as GSK-3β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Colombo
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Cardiovascular e Espécies Ativas de Oxigênio, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite 500, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | - Rafaela Siqueira
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Cardiovascular e Espécies Ativas de Oxigênio, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite 500, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | - Cristiano Urbano Becker
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Cardiovascular e Espécies Ativas de Oxigênio, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite 500, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | - Tânia Gatelli Fernandes
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Cardiovascular e Espécies Ativas de Oxigênio, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite 500, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | - Karla Maria Pires
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Estresse Oxidativo e Câncer, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Samuel Santos Valença
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Estresse Oxidativo e Câncer, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | | - Alex Sander Araujo
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Cardiovascular e Espécies Ativas de Oxigênio, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite 500, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | - Adriane Belló-Klein
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Cardiovascular e Espécies Ativas de Oxigênio, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite 500, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, Brasil
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Sharma N, Castorena CM, Cartee GD. Tissue-specific responses of IGF-1/insulin and mTOR signaling in calorie restricted rats. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38835. [PMID: 22701721 PMCID: PMC3368930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Moderate calorie restriction (CR) (∼60% of ad libitum, AL, intake) has been associated with numerous favorable physiological outcomes in many species, and the insulin/IGF-1 and mTOR signaling pathways have each been proposed as potential mediators for many of CR's bioeffects. However, few studies have assessed the widely held idea that CR induces the down-regulation of the insulin/IGF-1 and/or mTOR pathways in multiple tissues. Accordingly, we analyzed the phosphorylation status of 11 key signaling proteins from the insulin/IGF-1 (IRTyr1162/1163, IGF-1RTyr1135/1136, IRS-1Ser312, PTENSer380, AktSer473, GSK3αSer21, GSK3βSer9) and mTOR (TSC2Ser939, mTORSer2448, P70S6KThr412, RPS6Ser235/236) pathways in 11 diverse tissues [liver, kidney, lung, aorta, two brain regions (cortex and cerebellum), and two slow-twitch and three fast-twitch skeletal muscles] from 9-month-old male AL and CR Fischer 344 x Brown Norway rats. The rats were studied under two conditions: with endogenous insulin levels (i.e., AL>CR) and with insulin infused during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp so that plasma insulin concentrations were matched between the two diet groups. The most striking and consistent effect of CR was greater pAkt in 3 of the 5 skeletal muscles of CR vs. AL rats. There were no significant CR effects on the mTOR signaling pathway and no evidence that CR caused a general attenuation of mTOR signaling across the tissues studied. Rather than supporting the premise of a global downregulation of insulin/IGF-1 and/or mTOR signaling in many tissues, the current results revealed clear tissue-specific CR effects for the insulin signaling pathway without CR effects on the mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Sharma
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Carlos M. Castorena
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Gregory D. Cartee
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Abdillahi M, Ananthakrishnan R, Vedantham S, Shang L, Zhu Z, Rosario R, Zirpoli H, Bohren KM, Gabbay KH, Ramasamy R. Aldose reductase modulates cardiac glycogen synthase kinase-3β phosphorylation during ischemia-reperfusion. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 303:H297-308. [PMID: 22661511 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00999.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Earlier studies have demonstrated that aldose reductase (AR) plays a key role in mediating ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Our objective was to investigate if AR mediates I/R injury by influencing phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (p-GSK3β). To investigate this issue, we used three separate models to study the effects of stress injury on the heart. Hearts isolated from wild-type (WT), human expressing AR transgenic (ARTg), and AR knockout (ARKO) mice were perfused with/without GSK3β inhibitors (SB-216763 and LiCl) and subjected to I/R. Ad-human AR (Ad-hAR)-expressing HL-1 cardiac cells were exposed to hypoxia (0.5% O(2)) and reoxygenation (20.9% O(2)) conditions. I/R in a murine model of transient occlusion and reperfusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was used to study if p-GSK3β was affected through increased AR flux. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) were measured. LVDP was decreased in hearts from ARTg mice compared with WT and ARKO after I/R, whereas LDH release and apoptotic markers were increased (P < 0.05). p-GSK3β was decreased in ARTg hearts compared with WT and ARKO (P < 0.05). In ARKO, p-GSK3β and apoptotic markers were decreased compared with WT (P < 0.05). WT and ARTg hearts perfused with GSK3β inhibitors improved p-GSK3β expression and LVDP and exhibited decreased LDH release, apoptosis, and mitochondrial pore opening (P < 0.05). Ad-hAR-expressing HL-1 cardiac cells, exposed to hypoxia (0.5% O(2)) and reoxygenation (20.9% O(2)), had greater LDH release compared with control HL-1 cells (P < 0.05). p-GSK3β was decreased and correlated with increased apoptotic markers in Ad-hAR HL-1 cells (P < 0.05). Treatment with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) inhibitor increased injury demonstrated by increased LDH release in ARTg, WT, and ARKO hearts and in Ad-hAR-expressing HL-1 cells. Cells treated with protein kinase C (PKC) α/β inhibitor displayed significant increases in p-Akt and p-GSK3β expression, and resulted in decreased LDH release. In summary, AR mediates changes in p-GSK3β, in part, via PKCα/β and Akt during I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariane Abdillahi
- Diabetes Research Program, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, USA
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19
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Dendelé B, Tekpli X, Sergent O, Dimanche-Boitrel MT, Holme JA, Huc L, Lagadic-Gossmann D. Identification of the couple GSK3α/c-Myc as a new regulator of hexokinase II in benzo[a]pyrene-induced apoptosis. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 26:94-101. [PMID: 22100782 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The early apoptotic events induced by environmental pollutants with carcinogenic properties are poorly understood. Here, we focus on the early cytotoxic effects of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). In F258 rat hepatic epithelial cells, B[a]P induces intrinsic apoptosis via a mitochondrial dysfunction characterized by the release of hexokinase II (HKII) from the mitochondria. Cancer cells often have an anomalous cell energy metabolism; since HKII dysfunction regulates B[a]P-induced apoptosis in F258 cells, but may also alter cell energy metabolism, HKII release from the mitochondria may represent an important B[a]P-related carcinogenic issue. Thus in the present study, we aimed at deciphering the mechanisms underlying HKII dysfunction upon B[a]P exposure. We show that while glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) regulated the expression of HKII at the transcriptional level, glycogen synthase kinase 3 alpha (GSK3α) was involved in B[a]P-induced apoptosis via a decrease in c-Myc expression. The reduced level of c-Myc caused the relocation of HKII from the mitochondria to the cytosol, thereby being involved in the formation of reactive oxygen species and apoptosis. In conclusion, we show that the couple GSK3α/c-Myc plays a key role in B[a]P-induced early apoptotic cell signaling via HKII dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Dendelé
- EA SeRAIC, Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, IRSET, Université de Rennes 1, IFR 140, Rennes, France
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20
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Zhao Y, Tan Y, Dai J, Wang B, Li B, Guo L, Cui J, Wang G, Li W, Cai L. Zinc deficiency exacerbates diabetic down-regulation of Akt expression and function in the testis: essential roles of PTEN, PTP1B and TRB3. J Nutr Biochem 2011; 23:1018-26. [PMID: 22000581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Since zinc (Zn) plays an important role in the spermatogenesis and Zn deficiency exacerbated diabetes-induced testicular apoptosis, the present study investigated the effect of Zn deficiency on diabetes-induced testicular Akt-mediated glucose metabolism changes and inflammation. Zn deficiency was induced by chronic treatment of normal and diabetic mice with the Zn chelator N,N,N',N', tetrakis (2-pyridylmethyl) ethylenediaminepentaethylene (TPEN). After diabetes onset induced by streptozotocin, both diabetic and age-matched control mice were given TPEN intraperitoneally for 4 months. Western blotting assay revealed that Akt-mediated glucose metabolism signaling was down-regulated in the diabetic testis and was further decreased in diabetic mice with Zn deficiency, reflected by reduced phosphorylation of both Akt and GSK-3β and increased phosphorylation of glycogen synthase along with a disarrangement of fatty acid metabolism (increased expression of PPAR-α and decreased adenosine-monophosphate-activated protein kinase phosphorylation). Testicular expressions of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 as inflammatory factors were increased in the TPEN or diabetes-alone group, but not additive in the group of diabetes with Zn deficiency. A mechanistic study showed that Akt negative regulators phosphatase and tensin homology deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN), protein tyrosine phosphatases 1B and Tribbles 3 all increased in diabetic testis and further increased in the testis of diabetic mice with Zn deficiency. These studies suggest that Zn deficiency significantly exacerbated diabetic down-regulation of Akt expression and function, most likely by up-regulation of Akt negative regulators. Therefore, prevention of Zn deficiency for diabetic patients is important in order to avoid the exacerbation of diabetic inhibition of glucose metabolism in the testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuguang Zhao
- The Cancer Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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21
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Sussman MA, Völkers M, Fischer K, Bailey B, Cottage CT, Din S, Gude N, Avitabile D, Alvarez R, Sundararaman B, Quijada P, Mason M, Konstandin MH, Malhowski A, Cheng Z, Khan M, McGregor M. Myocardial AKT: the omnipresent nexus. Physiol Rev 2011; 91:1023-70. [PMID: 21742795 PMCID: PMC3674828 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00024.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the greatest examples of integrated signal transduction is revealed by examination of effects mediated by AKT kinase in myocardial biology. Positioned at the intersection of multiple afferent and efferent signals, AKT exemplifies a molecular sensing node that coordinates dynamic responses of the cell in literally every aspect of biological responses. The balanced and nuanced nature of homeostatic signaling is particularly essential within the myocardial context, where regulation of survival, energy production, contractility, and response to pathological stress all flow through the nexus of AKT activation or repression. Equally important, the loss of regulated AKT activity is primarily the cause or consequence of pathological conditions leading to remodeling of the heart and eventual decompensation. This review presents an overview compendium of the complex world of myocardial AKT biology gleaned from more than a decade of research. Summarization of the widespread influence that AKT exerts upon myocardial responses leaves no doubt that the participation of AKT in molecular signaling will need to be reckoned with as a seemingly omnipresent regulator of myocardial molecular biological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Sussman
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, SDSU Heart Institute, San Diego, California 92182, USA.
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22
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Ciccarelli M, Chuprun JK, Rengo G, Gao E, Wei Z, Peroutka RJ, Gold J, Gumpert A, Chen M, Otis NJ, Dorn GW, Trimarco B, Iaccarino G, Koch WJ. G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 activity impairs cardiac glucose uptake and promotes insulin resistance after myocardial ischemia. Circulation 2011; 123:1953-62. [PMID: 21518983 PMCID: PMC3113597 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.110.988642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alterations in cardiac energy metabolism downstream of neurohormonal stimulation play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of heart failure. The chronic adrenergic stimulation that accompanies heart failure is a signaling abnormality that leads to the upregulation of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2), which is pathological in the myocyte during disease progression in part owing to uncoupling of the β-adrenergic receptor system. In this study, we explored the possibility that enhanced GRK2 expression and activity, as seen during heart failure, can negatively affect cardiac metabolism as part of its pathogenic profile. METHODS AND RESULTS Positron emission tomography studies revealed in transgenic mice that cardiac-specific overexpression of GRK2 negatively affected cardiac metabolism by inhibiting glucose uptake and desensitization of insulin signaling, which increases after ischemic injury and precedes heart failure development. Mechanistically, GRK2 interacts with and directly phosphorylates insulin receptor substrate-1 in cardiomyocytes, causing insulin-dependent negative signaling feedback, including inhibition of membrane translocation of the glucose transporter GLUT4. This identifies insulin receptor substrate-1 as a novel nonreceptor target for GRK2 and represents a new pathological mechanism for this kinase in the failing heart. Importantly, inhibition of GRK2 activity prevents postischemic defects in myocardial insulin signaling and improves cardiac metabolism via normalized glucose uptake, which appears to participate in GRK2-targeted prevention of heart failure. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide novel insights into how GRK2 is pathological in the injured heart. Moreover, it appears to be a critical mechanistic link within neurohormonal crosstalk governing cardiac contractile signaling/function through β-adrenergic receptors and metabolism through the insulin receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Ciccarelli
- George Zallie and Family Laboratory for Cardiovascular Gene Therapy, Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Cardiovascular Science, “Federico II” University of Naples, Italy
| | - J. Kurt Chuprun
- George Zallie and Family Laboratory for Cardiovascular Gene Therapy, Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Giuseppe Rengo
- George Zallie and Family Laboratory for Cardiovascular Gene Therapy, Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Fondazione “Salvatore Maugeri” – IRCCS – Istituto di Telese Terme – Italy
| | - Erhe Gao
- George Zallie and Family Laboratory for Cardiovascular Gene Therapy, Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zhengyu Wei
- George Zallie and Family Laboratory for Cardiovascular Gene Therapy, Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Raymond J. Peroutka
- George Zallie and Family Laboratory for Cardiovascular Gene Therapy, Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jessica Gold
- George Zallie and Family Laboratory for Cardiovascular Gene Therapy, Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anna Gumpert
- George Zallie and Family Laboratory for Cardiovascular Gene Therapy, Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mai Chen
- George Zallie and Family Laboratory for Cardiovascular Gene Therapy, Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Otis
- George Zallie and Family Laboratory for Cardiovascular Gene Therapy, Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gerald W. Dorn
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bruno Trimarco
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Cardiovascular Science, “Federico II” University of Naples, Italy
| | - Guido Iaccarino
- University of Salerno, Department of Medicine, Salerno, Italy Ciccarelli, GRK2 and Cardiac Metabolism
| | - Walter J. Koch
- George Zallie and Family Laboratory for Cardiovascular Gene Therapy, Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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23
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Prévilon M, Pezet M, Dachez C, Mercadier JJ, Rouet-Benzineb P. Sequential alterations in Akt, GSK3β, and calcineurin signalling in the mouse left ventricle after thoracic aortic constriction. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2011; 88:1093-101. [PMID: 21076497 DOI: 10.1139/y10-087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is an adaptive response to chronic biomechanical stress that generally progresses to maladaptive hypertrophy and heart failure (HF). We studied the activation of protein kinase B (Akt/PKB), glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β), and calcineurin (Cn) at 3, 7, 15, 30, and 60 days following transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in 4-week-old mice. Following TAC, GSK3β inactivation at day 3 was associated with Akt activation, whereas at days 15 and 30, it appeared to be controlled by other kinases. Moderate nonsignificant Cn activation occurred at the early stages, and peak activation at day 30, concomitant with GSK3β inactivation and overt LVH and HF. At the latest stage (day 60), despite further progression of LVH and HF, Cn activation appeared attenuated. Early stages of LVH were associated with Ca2+-handling protein upregulation, whereas major Cn activation, associated with GSK3β inactivation, appeared to engage maladaptive hypertrophy and progression to HF associated with Ca2+-handling protein downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miresta Prévilon
- Inserm and Université Paris Diderot, UMR 698, 46 rue Henri Huchard, Paris, France
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24
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Shin SY, Yang HW, Kim JR, Do Heo W, Cho KH. A hidden incoherent switch regulates RCAN1 in the calcineurin–NFAT signaling network. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:82-90. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.076034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulator of calcineurin 1 (RCAN1) is a key regulator of the calcineurin–NFAT signaling network in organisms ranging from yeast to human, but its functional role is still under debate because different roles of RCAN1 have been suggested under various experimental conditions. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the RCAN1 regulatory system, we used a systems approach by combining single-cell experimentation with in silico simulations. In particular, we found that the nuclear export of GSK3β, which switches on the facilitative role of RCAN1 in the calcineurin–NFAT signaling pathway, is promoted by PI3K signaling. Based on this, along with integrated information from previous experiments, we developed a mathematical model in which the functional role of RCAN1 changes in a dose-dependent manner: RCAN1 functions as an inhibitor when its levels are low, but as a facilitator when its levels are high. Furthermore, we identified a hidden incoherent regulation switch that mediates this role change, which entails negative regulation through RCAN1 binding to calcineurin and positive regulation through sequential phosphorylation of RCAN1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Young Shin
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Won Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Rae Kim
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mathematics, University of Seoul, Seoul 130-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Do Heo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyun Cho
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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25
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Raffaello A, Milan G, Masiero E, Carnio S, Lee D, Lanfranchi G, Goldberg AL, Sandri M. JunB transcription factor maintains skeletal muscle mass and promotes hypertrophy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 191:101-13. [PMID: 20921137 PMCID: PMC2953439 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201001136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Decreasing JunB expression causes muscle atrophy, whereas overexpression induces hypertrophy and blocks atrophy via myostatin inhibition and regulation of atrogin-1 and MuRF expression via FoxO3. The size of skeletal muscle cells is precisely regulated by intracellular signaling networks that determine the balance between overall rates of protein synthesis and degradation. Myofiber growth and protein synthesis are stimulated by the IGF-1/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. In this study, we show that the transcription factor JunB is also a major determinant of whether adult muscles grow or atrophy. We found that in atrophying myotubes, JunB is excluded from the nucleus and that decreasing JunB expression by RNA interference in adult muscles causes atrophy. Furthermore, JunB overexpression induces hypertrophy without affecting satellite cell proliferation and stimulated protein synthesis independently of the Akt/mTOR pathway. When JunB is transfected into denervated muscles, fiber atrophy is prevented. JunB blocks FoxO3 binding to atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 promoters and thus reduces protein breakdown. Therefore, JunB is important not only in dividing populations but also in adult muscle, where it is required for the maintenance of muscle size and can induce rapid hypertrophy and block atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Raffaello
- Department of Biology, Innovative Biotechnologies Interdepartmental Research Center, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy
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26
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Ben Mosbah I, Alfany-Fernández I, Martel C, Zaouali MA, Bintanel-Morcillo M, Rimola A, Rodés J, Brenner C, Roselló-Catafau J, Peralta C. Endoplasmic reticulum stress inhibition protects steatotic and non-steatotic livers in partial hepatectomy under ischemia-reperfusion. Cell Death Dis 2010; 1:e52. [PMID: 21364657 PMCID: PMC3032561 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2010.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During partial hepatectomy, ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) is commonly applied in clinical practice to reduce blood flow. Steatotic livers show impaired regenerative response and reduced tolerance to hepatic injury. We examined the effects of tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) and 4-phenyl butyric acid (PBA) in steatotic and non-steatotic livers during partial hepatectomy under I/R (PH+I/R). Their effects on the induction of unfolded protein response (UPR) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress were also evaluated. We report that PBA, and especially TUDCA, reduced inflammation, apoptosis and necrosis, and improved liver regeneration in both liver types. Both compounds, especially TUDCA, protected both liver types against ER damage, as they reduced the activation of two of the three pathways of UPR (namely inositol-requiring enzyme and PKR-like ER kinase) and their target molecules caspase 12, c-Jun N-terminal kinase and C/EBP homologous protein-10. Only TUDCA, possibly mediated by extracellular signal-regulated kinase upregulation, inactivated glycogen synthase kinase-3β. This is turn, inactivated mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel, reduced cytochrome c release from the mitochondria and caspase 9 activation and protected both liver types against mitochondrial damage. These findings indicate that chemical chaperones, especially TUDCA, could protect steatotic and non-steatotic livers against injury and regeneration failure after PH+I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ben Mosbah
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona, Spain
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27
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Gruson D, Ginion A, Decroly N, Lause P, Vanoverschelde JL, Ketelslegers JM, Bertrand L, Thissen JP. Urotensin II induction of adult cardiomyocytes hypertrophy involves the Akt/GSK-3beta signaling pathway. Peptides 2010; 31:1326-33. [PMID: 20416349 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Urotensin II (UII) a potent vasoactive peptide is upregulated in the failing heart and promotes cardiomyocytes hypertrophy, in particular through mitogen-activated protein kinases. However, the regulation by UII of GSK-3beta, a recognized pivotal signaling element of cardiac hypertrophy has not yet been documented. We therefore investigated in adult cardiomyocytes, if UII phosphorylates GSK-3beta and Akt, one of its upstream regulators and stabilizes beta-catenin, a GSK-3beta dependent nuclear transcriptional co-activator. Primary cultures of adult rat cardiomyocytes were stimulated for 48h with UII. Cell size and protein/DNA contents were determined. Phosphorylated and total forms of Akt, GSK-3beta and the total amount of beta-catenin were quantified by western blot. The responses of cardiomyocytes to UII were also evaluated after pretreatment with the chemical phosphatidyl-inositol-3-kinase inhibitor, LY294002, and urantide, a competitive UII receptor antagonist. UII increased cell size and the protein/DNA ratio, consistent with a hypertrophic response. UII also increased phosphorylation of Akt and its downstream target GSK-3beta. beta-Catenin protein levels were increased. All of these effects of UII were prevented by LY294002, and urantide. The UII-induced adult cardiomyocytes hypertrophy involves the Akt/GSK-3beta signaling pathways and is accompanied by the stabilization of the beta-catenin. All these effects are abolished by competitive inhibition of the UII receptor, consistent with new therapeutic perspectives for heart failure treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gruson
- Université catholique de Louvain, Unit of Diabetes and Nutrition, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
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28
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Markou T, Marshall AK, Cullingford TE, Tham EL, Sugden PH, Clerk A. Regulation of the cardiomyocyte transcriptome vs translatome by endothelin-1 and insulin: translational regulation of 5' terminal oligopyrimidine tract (TOP) mRNAs by insulin. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:343. [PMID: 20509958 PMCID: PMC2900265 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in cellular phenotype result from underlying changes in mRNA transcription and translation. Endothelin-1 stimulates cardiomyocyte hypertrophy with associated changes in mRNA/protein expression and an increase in the rate of protein synthesis. Insulin also increases the rate of translation but does not promote overt cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. One mechanism of translational regulation is through 5' terminal oligopyrimidine tracts (TOPs) that, in response to growth stimuli, promote mRNA recruitment to polysomes for increased translation. TOP mRNAs include those encoding ribosomal proteins, but the full panoply remains to be established. Here, we used microarrays to compare the effects of endothelin-1 and insulin on the global transcriptome of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, and on mRNA recruitment to polysomes (i.e. the translatome). RESULTS Globally, endothelin-1 and insulin (1 h) promoted >1.5-fold significant (false discovery rate < 0.05) changes in expression of 341 and 38 RNAs, respectively. For these transcripts with this level of change there was little evidence of translational regulation. However, 1336 and 712 RNAs had >1.25-fold significant changes in expression in total and/or polysomal RNA induced by endothelin-1 or insulin, respectively, of which approximately 35% of endothelin-1-responsive and approximately 56% of insulin-responsive transcripts were translationally regulated. Of mRNAs for established proteins recruited to polysomes in response to insulin, 49 were known TOP mRNAs with a further 15 probable/possible TOP mRNAs, but 49 had no identifiable TOP sequences or other consistent features in the 5' untranslated region. CONCLUSIONS Endothelin-1, rather than insulin, substantially affects global transcript expression to promote cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Effects on RNA recruitment to polysomes are subtle, with differential effects of endothelin-1 and insulin on specific transcripts. Furthermore, although insulin promotes recruitment of TOP mRNAs to cardiomyocyte polysomes, not all recruited mRNAs are TOP mRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomais Markou
- National Heart and Lung Institute (Cardiovascular Sciences), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew K Marshall
- National Heart and Lung Institute (Cardiovascular Sciences), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Timothy E Cullingford
- National Heart and Lung Institute (Cardiovascular Sciences), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - El L Tham
- National Heart and Lung Institute (Cardiovascular Sciences), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Peter H Sugden
- National Heart and Lung Institute (Cardiovascular Sciences), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Angela Clerk
- National Heart and Lung Institute (Cardiovascular Sciences), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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29
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Quintavalle C, Incoronato M, Puca L, Acunzo M, Zanca C, Romano G, Garofalo M, Iaboni M, Croce CM, Condorelli G. c-FLIPL enhances anti-apoptotic Akt functions by modulation of Gsk3β activity. Cell Death Differ 2010; 17:1908-16. [PMID: 20508645 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2010.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Akt is a serine-threonine kinase that has an important role in transducing survival signals. Akt also regulates a number of proteins involved in the apoptotic process. To find new Akt interactors, we performed a two-hybrid screening in yeast using full-length Akt cDNA as bait and a human cDNA heart library as prey. Among 200 clones obtained, two of them were identified as coding for the c-FLIP(L) protein. c-FLIP(L) is an endogenous inhibitor of death receptor-induced apoptosis through the caspase-8 pathway. Using co-immunoprecipitation experiments of either transfected or endogenous proteins, we confirmed the interaction between Akt and c-FLIP(L). Furthermore, we observed that c-FLIP(L) overexpression interferes with Gsk3-β phosphorylation levels. Moreover, through its effects on Gsk3β, c-FLIP(L) overexpression in cancer cells induced resistance to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). This effect was mediated by the regulation of p27(Kip1) and caspase-3 expression. These results indicate the existence of a new mechanism of resistance to TRAIL in cancer cells, and unexpected functions of c-FLIP(L).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Quintavalle
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Pathology, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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30
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Shang L, Ananthakrishnan R, Li Q, Quadri N, Abdillahi M, Zhu Z, Qu W, Rosario R, Touré F, Yan SF, Schmidt AM, Ramasamy R. RAGE modulates hypoxia/reoxygenation injury in adult murine cardiomyocytes via JNK and GSK-3beta signaling pathways. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10092. [PMID: 20404919 PMCID: PMC2852407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) have been implicated in diverse pathological settings including diabetes, inflammation and acute ischemia/reperfusion injury in the heart. AGEs interact with the receptor for AGEs (RAGE) and transduce signals through activation of MAPKs and proapoptotic pathways. In the current study, adult cardiomyocytes were studied in an in vitro ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury model to delineate the molecular mechanisms underlying RAGE-mediated injury due to hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R). Methodology/Principal Findings Cardiomyocytes isolated from adult wild-type (WT), homozygous RAGE-null (RKO), and WT mice treated with soluble RAGE (sRAGE) were subjected to hypoxia for 30 minutes alone or followed by reoxygenation for 1 hour. In specific experiments, RAGE ligand carboxymethyllysine (CML)-AGE (termed “CML” in this manuscript) was evaluated in vitro. LDH, a marker of cellular injury, was assayed in the supernatant in the presence or absence of signaling inhibitor-treated cardiomyocytes. Cardiomyocyte levels of heterogeneous AGEs were measured using ELISA. A pronounced increase in RAGE expression along with AGEs was observed in H/R vs. normoxia in WT cardiomyocytes. WT cardiomyocytes after H/R displayed increased LDH release compared to RKO or sRAGE-treated cardiomyocytes. Our results revealed significant increases in phospho-JNK in WT cardiomyocytes after H/R. In contrast, neither RKO nor sRAGE-treated cardiomyocytes exhibited increased phosphorylation of JNK after H/R stress. The impact of RAGE deletion on GSK-3β phosphorylation in the cardiomyocytes subjected to H/R revealed significantly higher levels of phospho-GSK-3β/total GSK-3β in RKO, as well as in sRAGE-treated cardiomyocytes versus WT cardiomyocytes after H/R. Further investigation established a key role for Akt, which functions upstream of GSK-3β, in modulating H/R injury in adult cardiomyocytes. Conclusions/Significance These data illustrate key roles for RAGE-ligand interaction in the pathogenesis of cardiomyocyte injury induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation and indicate that the effects of RAGE are mediated by JNK activation and dephosphorylation of GSK-3β. The outcome in this study lends further support to the potential use of RAGE blockade as an adjunctive therapy for protection of the ischemic heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linshan Shang
- Division of Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Radha Ananthakrishnan
- Division of Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Qing Li
- Division of Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Nosirudeen Quadri
- Division of Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mariane Abdillahi
- Division of Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Zhengbin Zhu
- Division of Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Wu Qu
- Division of Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Rosa Rosario
- Division of Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Fatouma Touré
- Division of Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Shi Fang Yan
- Division of Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ann Marie Schmidt
- Division of Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ravichandran Ramasamy
- Division of Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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31
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Webb IG, Nishino Y, Clark JE, Murdoch C, Walker SJ, Makowski MR, Botnar RM, Redwood SR, Shah AM, Marber MS. Constitutive glycogen synthase kinase-3alpha/beta activity protects against chronic beta-adrenergic remodelling of the heart. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 87:494-503. [PMID: 20299330 PMCID: PMC2904659 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvq061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) signalling is implicated in the growth of the heart during development and in response to stress. However, its precise role remains unclear. We set out to characterize developmental growth and response to chronic isoproterenol (ISO) stress in knockin (KI) mice lacking the critical N-terminal serines, 21 of GSK-3α and 9 of GSK-3β respectively, required for inactivation by upstream kinases. Methods and results Between 5 and 15 weeks, KI mice grew more rapidly, but normalized heart weight and contractile performance were similar to wild-type (WT) mice. Isolated hearts of both genotypes responded comparably to acute ISO infusion with increases in heart rate and contractility. In WT mice, chronic subcutaneous ISO infusion over 14 days resulted in cardiac hypertrophy, interstitial fibrosis, and impaired contractility, accompanied by foetal gene reactivation. These effects were all significantly attenuated in KI mice. Indeed, ISO-treated KI hearts demonstrated reversible physiological remodelling traits with increased stroke volume and a preserved contractile response to acute adrenergic stimulation. Furthermore, simultaneous pharmacological inhibition of GSK-3 in KI mice treated with chronic subcutaneous ISO recapitulated the adverse remodelling phenotype seen in WT hearts. Conclusion Expression of inactivation-resistant GSK-3α/β does not affect eutrophic myocardial growth but protects against pathological hypertrophy induced by chronic adrenergic stimulation, maintaining cardiac function and attenuating interstitial fibrosis. Accordingly, strategies to prevent phosphorylation of Ser-21/9, and consequent inactivation of GSK-3α/β, may enable a sustained cardiac response to chronic β-agonist stimulation while preventing pathological remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian G Webb
- Division of Cardiology, King's College London BHF Centre, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, Lambeth Palace Road, London SE1 7EH, UK
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32
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Kurdi M, Booz GW. JAK redux: a second look at the regulation and role of JAKs in the heart. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 297:H1545-56. [PMID: 19717737 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00032.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A number of type 1 receptor cytokine family members protect the heart from acute and chronic oxidative stress. This protection involves activation of two intracellular signaling cascades: the reperfusion injury salvage kinase (RISK) pathway, which entails activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) and ERK1/2, and JAK-STAT signaling, which involves activation of transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Obligatory for activation of both RISK and STAT3 by nearly all of these cytokines are the kinases JAK1 and JAK2. Yet surprisingly little is known about how JAK1 and JAK2 are regulated in the heart or how they couple to PI3-kinase activation. Although the JAKs are linked to antioxidative stress programs in the heart, we recently reported that these kinases are inhibited by oxidative stress in cardiac myocytes. In contrast, others have reported that cardiac JAK2 is activated by acute oxidative stress by an undefined process. Here we summarize recent insights into the regulation of JAK1 and JAK2. Besides oxidative stress, inhibitory regulation involves phosphorylation, nitration, and intramolecular restraints. Stimulatory regulation involves phosphorylation and adaptor proteins. The net effect of stress on JAK activity in the heart likely represents the sum of both inhibitory and stimulatory processes, along with their dynamic interaction. Thus the regulation of JAKs in the heart, once touted as the paragon of simplicity, is proving rather complicated indeed, requiring a second look. It is our contention that a better understanding of the regulation of this kinase family that is implicated in cardiac protection could translate into effective therapeutic strategies for preventing myocardial damage or repairing the injured heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen Kurdi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Rafic Hariri Educational Campus, Hadath, Lebanon
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Wang Y, Feng W, Xue W, Tan Y, Hein DW, Li XK, Cai L. Inactivation of GSK-3beta by metallothionein prevents diabetes-related changes in cardiac energy metabolism, inflammation, nitrosative damage, and remodeling. Diabetes 2009; 58:1391-402. [PMID: 19324938 PMCID: PMC2682666 DOI: 10.2337/db08-1697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3beta plays an important role in cardiomyopathies. Cardiac-specific metallothionein-overexpressing transgenic (MT-TG) mice were highly resistant to diabetes-induced cardiomyopathy. Therefore, we investigated whether metallothionein cardiac protection against diabetes is mediated by inactivation of GSK-3beta. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Diabetes was induced with streptozotocin in both MT-TG and wild-type mice. Changes of energy metabolism-related molecules, lipid accumulation, inflammation, nitrosative damage, and fibrotic remodeling were examined in the hearts of diabetic mice 2 weeks, 2 months, and 5 months after the onset of diabetes with Western blotting, RT-PCR, and immunohistochemical assays. RESULTS Activation (dephosphorylation) of GSK-3beta was evidenced in the hearts of wild-type diabetic mice but not MT-TG diabetic mice. Correspondingly, cardiac glycogen synthase phosphorylation, hexokinase II, PPARalpha, and PGC-1alpha expression, which mediate glucose and lipid metabolisms, were significantly changed along with cardiac lipid accumulation, inflammation (TNF-alpha, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 [PAI-1], and intracellular adhesion molecule 1 [ICAM-1]), nitrosative damage (3-nitrotyrosin accumulation), and fibrosis in the wild-type diabetic mice. The above pathological changes were completely prevented either by cardiac metallothionein in the MT-TG diabetic mice or by inhibition of GSK-3beta activity in the wild-type diabetic mice with a GSK-3beta-specific inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that activation of GSK-3beta plays a critical role in diabetes-related changes in cardiac energy metabolism, inflammation, nitrosative damage, and remodeling. Metallothionein inactivation of GSK-3beta plays a critical role in preventing diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehui Wang
- Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, Wenzhou Medical College, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Wenke Feng
- Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, Wenzhou Medical College, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Wanli Xue
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Yi Tan
- Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, Wenzhou Medical College, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - David W. Hein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Xiao-Kun Li
- Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, Wenzhou Medical College, Zhejiang, China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin, China
- Corresponding authors: Lu Cai, , and Xiao-Kun Li,
| | - Lu Cai
- Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, Wenzhou Medical College, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- Corresponding authors: Lu Cai, , and Xiao-Kun Li,
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Rayasam GV, Tulasi VK, Sodhi R, Davis JA, Ray A. Glycogen synthase kinase 3: more than a namesake. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 156:885-98. [PMID: 19366350 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2008.00085.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3), a constitutively acting multi-functional serine threonine kinase is involved in diverse physiological pathways ranging from metabolism, cell cycle, gene expression, development and oncogenesis to neuroprotection. These diverse multiple functions attributed to GSK3 can be explained by variety of substrates like glycogen synthase, tau protein and beta catenin that are phosphorylated leading to their inactivation. GSK3 has been implicated in various diseases such as diabetes, inflammation, cancer, Alzheimer's and bipolar disorder. GSK3 negatively regulates insulin-mediated glycogen synthesis and glucose homeostasis, and increased expression and activity of GSK3 has been reported in type II diabetics and obese animal models. Consequently, inhibitors of GSK3 have been demonstrated to have anti-diabetic effects in vitro and in animal models. However, inhibition of GSK3 poses a challenge as achieving selectivity of an over achieving kinase involved in various pathways with multiple substrates may lead to side effects and toxicity. The primary concern is developing inhibitors of GSK3 that are anti-diabetic but do not lead to up-regulation of oncogenes. The focus of this review is the recent advances and the challenges surrounding GSK3 as an anti-diabetic therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Vani Rayasam
- Department of Pharmacology, Research & Development (R&D III), Ranbaxy Research Labs, Gurgaon, Haryana, India.
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Clerk A, Cullingford TE, Fuller SJ, Giraldo A, Sugden PH. Endothelin-1 regulation of immediate early gene expression in cardiac myocytes: negative feedback regulation of interleukin 6 by Atf3 and Klf2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 49:30-42. [PMID: 19192484 DOI: 10.1016/j.advenzreg.2008.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Clerk
- NHLI Division (Cardiovascular Sciences), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Flowers Building, Armstrong Road, London SW72AZ, UK.
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Cook SA, Clerk A, Sugden PH. Are transgenic mice the 'alkahest' to understanding myocardial hypertrophy and failure? J Mol Cell Cardiol 2008; 46:118-29. [PMID: 19071133 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2008.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Revised: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Murine transgenesis using cardioselective promoters has become increasingly common in studies of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure, with expression mediated by pronuclear microinjection being the commonest format. Without wishing to decry their usefulness, in our view, such studies are not necessarily as unambiguous as sometimes portrayed and clarity is not always their consequence. We describe broadly the types of approach undertaken in the heart and point out some of the drawbacks. We provide three arbitrarily-chosen examples where, in spite of a number of often-independent studies, no consensus has yet been achieved. These include glycogen synthase kinase 3, the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway and the ryanodine receptor 2. We believe that the transgenic approach should not be viewed in an empyreal light and, depending on the questions asked, we suggest that other experimental systems provide equal (or even more) valuable outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A Cook
- NHLI Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Flowers Building, Armstrong Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Cullingford TE, Butler MJ, Marshall AK, Tham EL, Sugden PH, Clerk A. Differential regulation of Krüppel-like factor family transcription factor expression in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes: effects of endothelin-1, oxidative stress and cytokines. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2008; 1783:1229-36. [PMID: 18406357 PMCID: PMC2396231 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2007] [Revised: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Krüppel-like transcription factors (Klfs) modulate fundamental cell processes. Cardiac myocytes are terminally-differentiated, but hypertrophy in response to stimuli such as endothelin-1. H2O2 or cytokines promote myocyte apoptosis. Microarray studies of neonatal rat myocytes identified several Klfs as endothelin-1-responsive genes. We used quantitative PCR for further analysis of Klf expression in neonatal rat myocytes. In response to endothelin-1, Klf2 mRNA expression was rapidly increased (∼ 9-fold; 15–30 min) with later increases in expression of Klf4 and Klf6 (∼ 5-fold; 30–60 min). All were regulated as immediate early genes (cycloheximide did not inhibit the increases in expression). Klf5 expression was increased at 1–2 h (∼ 13-fold) as a second phase response (cycloheximide inhibited the increase). These increases were transient and attenuated by U0126. H2O2 increased expression of Klf2, Klf4 and Klf6, but interleukin-1β or tumor necrosis factor α downregulated Klf2 expression with no effect on Klf4 or Klf6. Of the Klfs which repress transcription, endothelin-1 rapidly downregulated expression of Klf3, Klf11 and Klf15. The dynamic regulation of expression of multiple Klf family members in cardiac myocytes suggests that, as a family, they are actively involved in regulating phenotypic responses (hypertrophy and apoptosis) to extracellular stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E Cullingford
- National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI) Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Flowers Building (4th Floor), Armstrong Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Cullingford TE, Markou T, Fuller SJ, Giraldo A, Pikkarainen S, Zoumpoulidou G, Alsafi A, Ekere C, Kemp TJ, Dennis JL, Game L, Sugden PH, Clerk A. Temporal regulation of expression of immediate early and second phase transcripts by endothelin-1 in cardiomyocytes. Genome Biol 2008; 9:R32. [PMID: 18275597 PMCID: PMC2374717 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2008-9-2-r32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2007] [Revised: 01/07/2008] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelin-1 stimulates Gq protein-coupled receptors to promote proliferation in dividing cells or hypertrophy in terminally differentiated cardiomyocytes. In cardiomyocytes, endothelin-1 rapidly (within minutes) stimulates protein kinase signaling, including extracellular-signal regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2; though not ERK5), with phenotypic/physiological changes developing from approximately 12 h. Hypertrophy is associated with changes in mRNA/protein expression, presumably consequent to protein kinase signaling, but the connections between early, transient signaling events and developed hypertrophy are unknown. RESULTS Using microarrays, we defined the early transcriptional responses of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes to endothelin-1 over 4 h, differentiating between immediate early gene (IEG) and second phase RNAs with cycloheximide. IEGs exhibited differential temporal and transient regulation, with expression of second phase RNAs within 1 h. Of transcripts upregulated at 30 minutes encoding established proteins, 28 were inhibited >50% by U0126 (which inhibits ERK1/2/5 signaling), with 9 inhibited 25-50%. Expression of only four transcripts was not inhibited. At 1 h, most RNAs (approximately 67%) were equally changed in total and polysomal RNA with approximately 17% of transcripts increased to a greater extent in polysomes. Thus, changes in expression of most protein-coding RNAs should be reflected in protein synthesis. However, approximately 16% of transcripts were essentially excluded from the polysomes, including some protein-coding mRNAs, presumably inefficiently translated. CONCLUSION The phasic, temporal regulation of early transcriptional responses induced by endothelin-1 in cardiomyocytes indicates that, even in terminally differentiated cells, signals are propagated beyond the primary signaling pathways through transcriptional networks leading to phenotypic changes (that is, hypertrophy). Furthermore, ERK1/2 signaling plays a major role in this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E Cullingford
- National Heart and Lung Institute Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Armstrong Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Thomais Markou
- National Heart and Lung Institute Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Armstrong Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Stephen J Fuller
- National Heart and Lung Institute Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Armstrong Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Alejandro Giraldo
- National Heart and Lung Institute Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Armstrong Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Sampsa Pikkarainen
- National Heart and Lung Institute Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Armstrong Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Georgia Zoumpoulidou
- National Heart and Lung Institute Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Armstrong Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Ali Alsafi
- National Heart and Lung Institute Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Armstrong Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Collins Ekere
- National Heart and Lung Institute Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Armstrong Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Timothy J Kemp
- National Heart and Lung Institute Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Armstrong Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jayne L Dennis
- Clinical Sciences Centre/Imperial College Microarray Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Laurence Game
- Clinical Sciences Centre/Imperial College Microarray Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Peter H Sugden
- National Heart and Lung Institute Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Armstrong Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Angela Clerk
- National Heart and Lung Institute Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Armstrong Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) in the heart: a point of integration in hypertrophic signalling and a therapeutic target? A critical analysis. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 153 Suppl 1:S137-53. [PMID: 18204489 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3, of which there are two isoforms, GSK3alpha and GSK3beta) was originally characterized in the context of regulation of glycogen metabolism, though it is now known to regulate many other cellular processes. Phosphorylation of GSK3alpha(Ser21) and GSK3beta(Ser9) inhibits their activity. In the heart, emphasis has been placed particularly on GSK3beta, rather than GSK3alpha. Importantly, catalytically-active GSK3 generally restrains gene expression and, in the heart, catalytically-active GSK3 has been implicated in anti-hypertrophic signalling. Inhibition of GSK3 results in changes in the activities of transcription and translation factors in the heart and promotes hypertrophic responses, and it is generally assumed that signal transduction from hypertrophic stimuli to GSK3 passes primarily through protein kinase B/Akt (PKB/Akt). However, recent data suggest that the situation is far more complex. We review evidence pertaining to the role of GSK3 in the myocardium and discuss effects of genetic manipulation of GSK3 activity in vivo. We also discuss the signalling pathways potentially regulating GSK3 activity and propose that, depending on the stimulus, phosphorylation of GSK3 is independent of PKB/Akt. Potential GSK3 substrates studied in relation to myocardial hypertrophy include nuclear factors of activated T cells, beta-catenin, GATA4, myocardin, CREB, and eukaryotic initiation factor 2Bvarepsilon. These and other transcription factor substrates putatively important in the heart are considered. We discuss whether cardiac pathologies could be treated by therapeutic intervention at the GSK3 level but conclude that any intervention would be premature without greater understanding of the precise role of GSK3 in cardiac processes.
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