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Lee VK, Lee T, Ghosh A, Saha T, Bais MV, Bharani KK, Chag M, Parikh K, Bhatt P, Namgung B, Venkataramanan G, Agrawal A, Sonaje K, Mavely L, Sengupta S, Mashelkar RA, Jang HL. An architecturally rational hemostat for rapid stopping of massive bleeding on anticoagulation therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2316170121. [PMID: 38252814 PMCID: PMC10835033 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316170121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Hemostatic devices are critical for managing emergent severe bleeding. With the increased use of anticoagulant therapy, there is a need for next-generation hemostats. We rationalized that a hemostat with an architecture designed to increase contact with blood, and engineered from a material that activates a distinct and undrugged coagulation pathway can address the emerging need. Inspired by lung alveolar architecture, here, we describe the engineering of a next-generation single-phase chitosan hemostat with a tortuous spherical microporous design that enables rapid blood absorption and concentrated platelets and fibrin microthrombi in localized regions, a phenomenon less observed with other classical hemostats without structural optimization. The interaction between blood components and the porous hemostat was further amplified based on the charged surface of chitosan. Contrary to the dogma that chitosan does not directly affect physiological clotting mechanism, the hemostat induced coagulation via a direct activation of platelet Toll-like receptor 2. Our engineered porous hemostat effectively stopped the bleeding from murine liver wounds, swine liver and carotid artery injuries, and the human radial artery puncture site within a few minutes with significantly reduced blood loss, even under the anticoagulant treatment. The integration of engineering design principles with an understanding of the molecular mechanisms can lead to hemostats with improved functions to address emerging medical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian K. Lee
- Center for Engineered Therapeutics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard–Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Taewoo Lee
- Center for Engineered Therapeutics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard–Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Amrit Ghosh
- Center for Engineered Therapeutics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard–Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Tanmoy Saha
- Center for Engineered Therapeutics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard–Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Manish V. Bais
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Translational Dental Medicine, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA02118
| | - Kala Kumar Bharani
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, P. V. Narasimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad 500030, India
| | - Milan Chag
- Care Institute of Medical Sciences, Ahmedabad 380060, India
| | - Keyur Parikh
- Care Institute of Medical Sciences, Ahmedabad 380060, India
| | - Parloop Bhatt
- Care Institute of Medical Sciences, Ahmedabad 380060, India
| | - Bumseok Namgung
- Center for Engineered Therapeutics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard–Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Geethapriya Venkataramanan
- Center for Engineered Therapeutics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard–Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | | | - Kiran Sonaje
- Axio Biosolutions Private Limited, Ahmedabad 382220, India
| | - Leo Mavely
- Axio Biosolutions Private Limited, Ahmedabad 382220, India
- Advamedica Inc., Boston, MA 02138
| | - Shiladitya Sengupta
- Center for Engineered Therapeutics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard–Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | | | - Hae Lin Jang
- Center for Engineered Therapeutics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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2
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Qin H, Wang W, Hu L, Yu Z, Chen Y, Zhao Y, Liao Y, Yang R. New Insights into the Role of HMGB2 in ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Int J Gen Med 2023; 16:4181-4191. [PMID: 37727529 PMCID: PMC10506601 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s429761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ischemic heart disease is one of the leading causes of death in the world, of which ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is an important type. Inappropriate activation and accumulation of platelets typically induced thrombosis, which may result in acute vessel occlusion and STEMI. Multiple cytokines have been shown to regulate platelet activation, but the relationship between HMGB2 and platelet activation has not been elucidated. Methods We collected peripheral blood of STEMI patients and healthy adults, and mass spectrometry analysis of platelet proteins was conducted. The "edgeR" package was used to identify the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), Gene ontology (GO) and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) were used to identify the significantly changed pathways. Western blot and ELISA were used to detect the expression of a high mobility group box 2 (HMGB2). Flow cytometric analysis and platelet aggregation rate were performed to evaluate the activation of platelets. Results We identified ALOX5, HIST1H1B, S100A11, HMGB2, and RPS15A were the top five up-regulated proteins by differential expression analysis. Western blot verified that the relative protein expression of HMGB2 in platelet was significantly higher in STEMI patients compared with control adults, and the results of ELISA indicated that the serum HMGB2 level increased and significantly correlated with neutrophil count in STEMI patients. Further investigation showed that the platelet aggregation induced by ADP, the activation of integrin αIIbβ3 and CD62P expression on platelet surface were all enhanced by the recombinant HMGB2 (rHMGB2). Conclusion In conclusion, HMGB2 may be the key molecule to regulate platelet activation in patients with STEMI, which may serve as a potential therapeutic target for STEMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Qin
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Longlong Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zuozhong Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanbin Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanhui Liao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Renqiang Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People’s Republic of China
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A Novel TLR4-SYK Interaction Axis Plays an Essential Role in the Innate Immunity Response in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells. Biomedicines 2022; 11:biomedicines11010097. [PMID: 36672605 PMCID: PMC9855420 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary gland epithelium, as the first line of defense for bovine mammary gland immunity, is crucial in the process of mammary glands’ innate immunity, especially that of bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMECs). Our previous studies successfully marked SYK as an important candidate gene for mastitis traits via GWAS and preliminarily confirmed that SYK expression is down-regulated in bMECs with LPS (E. coli) stimulation, but its work mechanism is still unclear. In this study, for the first time, in vivo, TLR4 and SYK were colocalized and had a high correlation in mastitis mammary epithelium; protein−protein interaction results also confirmed that there was a direct interaction between them in mastitis tissue, suggesting that SYK participates in the immune regulation of the TLR4 cascade for bovine mastitis. In vitro, TLR4 also interacts with SYK in LPS (E. coli)-stimulated or GBS (S. agalactiae)-infected bMECs, respectively. Moreover, TLR4 mRNA expression and protein levels were little affected in bMECsSYK- with LPS stimulation or GBS infection, indicating that SYK is an important downstream element of the TLR4 cascade in bMECs. Interestingly, IL-1β, IL-8, NF-κB and NLRP3 expression in LPS-stimulated or GBS-infected bMECsSYK- were significantly higher than in the control group, while AKT1 expression was down-regulated, implying that SYK could inhibit the IL-1β, IL-8, NF-κB and NLRP3 expression and alleviate inflammation in bMECs with LPS and GBS. Taken together, our solid evidence supports that TLR4/SYK/NF-κB signal axis in bMECs regulates the innate immunity response to LPS or GBS.
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Salamone A, Terrone G, Di Sapia R, Balosso S, Ravizza T, Beltrame L, Craparotta I, Mannarino L, Cominesi SR, Rizzi M, Pauletti A, Marchini S, Porcu L, Zimmer TS, Aronica E, During M, Abrahams B, Kondo S, Nishi T, Vezzani A. Cholesterol 24-hydroxylase is a novel pharmacological target for anti-ictogenic and disease modification effects in epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 173:105835. [PMID: 35932989 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapies for epilepsy mainly provide symptomatic control of seizures since most of the available drugs do not target disease mechanisms. Moreover, about one-third of patients fail to achieve seizure control. To address the clinical need for disease-modifying therapies, research should focus on targets which permit interventions finely balanced between optimal efficacy and safety. One potential candidate is the brain-specific enzyme cholesterol 24-hydroxylase. This enzyme converts cholesterol to 24S-hydroxycholesterol, a metabolite which among its biological roles modulates neuronal functions relevant for hyperexcitability underlying seizures. To study the role of cholesterol 24-hydroxylase in epileptogenesis, we administered soticlestat (TAK-935/OV935), a potent and selective brain-penetrant inhibitor of the enzyme, during the early disease phase in a mouse model of acquired epilepsy using a clinically relevant dose. During soticlestat treatment, the onset of epilepsy was delayed and the number of ensuing seizures was decreased by about 3-fold compared to vehicle-treated mice, as assessed by EEG monitoring. Notably, the therapeutic effect was maintained 6.5 weeks after drug wash-out when seizure number was reduced by about 4-fold and their duration by 2-fold. Soticlestat-treated mice showed neuroprotection of hippocampal CA1 neurons and hilar mossy cells as assessed by post-mortem brain histology. High throughput RNA-sequencing of hippocampal neurons and glia in mice treated with soticlestat during epileptogenesis showed that inhibition of cholesterol 24-hydroxylase did not directly affect the epileptogenic transcriptional network, but rather modulated a non-overlapping set of genes that might oppose the pathogenic mechanisms of the disease. In human temporal lobe epileptic foci, we determined that cholesterol 24-hydroxylase expression trends higher in neurons, similarly to epileptic mice, while the enzyme is ectopically induced in astrocytes compared to control specimens. Soticlestat reduced significantly the number of spontaneous seizures in chronic epileptic mice when was administered during established epilepsy. Data show that cholesterol 24-hydroxylase contributes to spontaneous seizures and is involved in disease progression, thus it represents a novel target for chronic seizures inhibition and disease-modification therapy in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Salamone
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Gaetano Terrone
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Rossella Di Sapia
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Balosso
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Teresa Ravizza
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Beltrame
- Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Ilaria Craparotta
- Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Mannarino
- Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Sara Raimondi Cominesi
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Massimo Rizzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Pauletti
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Sergio Marchini
- Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Porcu
- Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Till S Zimmer
- Department of Neuropathology, Amsterdam UMC, 1105 Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of Neuropathology, Amsterdam UMC, 1105 Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), 2103 Heemstede, the Netherlands
| | | | - Brett Abrahams
- Ovid Therapeutics, 10036 New York, NY, USA; Departments of Genetics and Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 10461 Bronx, USA
| | - Shinichi Kondo
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 251-8555 Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Toshiya Nishi
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 251-8555 Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Annamaria Vezzani
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milano, Italy.
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Parra-Izquierdo I, Lakshmanan HHS, Melrose AR, Pang J, Zheng TJ, Jordan KR, Reitsma SE, McCarty OJT, Aslan JE. The Toll-Like Receptor 2 Ligand Pam2CSK4 Activates Platelet Nuclear Factor-κB and Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Signaling to Promote Platelet-Endothelial Cell Interactions. Front Immunol 2021; 12:729951. [PMID: 34527000 PMCID: PMC8435771 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.729951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating platelets establish a variety of immunological programs and orchestrate inflammatory responses at the endothelium. Platelets express the innate immunity family of Toll-like receptors (TLRs). While TLR2/TLR1 ligands are known to activate platelets, the effects of TLR2/TLR6 ligands on platelet function remain unclear. Here, we aim to determine whether the TLR2/TLR6 agonists Pam2CSK4 and FSL-1 activate human platelets. In addition, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and platelets were co-cultured to analyze the role of platelet TLR2/TLR6 on inflammation and adhesion to endothelial cells. Pam2CSK4, but not FSL-1, induced platelet granule secretion and integrin αIIbβ3 activation in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, Pam2CSK4 promoted platelet aggregation and increased platelet adhesion to collagen-coated surfaces. Mechanistic studies with blocking antibodies and pharmacologic inhibitors demonstrated that the TLR2/Nuclear factor-κB axis, Bruton’s-tyrosine kinase, and a secondary ADP feedback loop are involved in Pam2CSK4-induced platelet functional responses. Interestingly, Pam2CSK4 showed cooperation with immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-mediated signaling to enhance platelet activation. Finally, the presence of platelets increased inflammatory responses in HUVECs treated with Pam2CSK4, and platelets challenged with Pam2CSK4 showed increased adhesion to HUVECs under static and physiologically relevant flow conditions. Herein, we define a functional role for platelet TLR2-mediated signaling, which may represent a druggable target to dampen excessive platelet activation in thrombo-inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Parra-Izquierdo
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute and Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Hari Hara Sudhan Lakshmanan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Alexander R Melrose
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute and Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Jiaqing Pang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Tony J Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Kelley R Jordan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Stéphanie E Reitsma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Owen J T McCarty
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Joseph E Aslan
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute and Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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6
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Patel P, Shaik NF, Zhou Y, Golla K, McKenzie SE, Naik UP. Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 regulates immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, thrombosis, and systemic shock. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:3013-3028. [PMID: 32767736 PMCID: PMC7831975 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune complexes (ICs) bind to and activate platelets via FcγRIIA, causing patients to experience thrombocytopenia, as well as an increased risk of forming occlusive thrombi. Although platelets have been shown to mediate IC-induced pathologies, the mechanisms involved have yet to be fully elucidated. We identified that apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) is present in both human and mouse platelets and potentiates many platelet functions. OBJECTIVES Here we set out to study ASK1's role in regulating IC-mediated platelet functions in vitro and IC-induced pathologies using an in vivo mouse model. METHODS Using human platelets treated with an ASK1-specific inhibitor and platelets from FCGR2A/Ask1-/- transgenic mice, we examined various platelet functions induced by model ICs in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS We found that ASK1 was activated in human platelets following cross-linking of FcγRIIA using either anti-hCD9 or IV.3 + goat-anti-mouse. Although genetic deletion or inhibition of ASK1 significantly attenuated anti-CD9-induced platelet aggregation, activation of the canonical FcγRIIA signaling targets Syk and PLCγ2 was unaffected. We further found that anti-mCD9-induced cPla2 phosphorylation and TxA2 generation is delayed in Ask1 null transgenic mouse platelets leading to diminished δ-granule secretion. In vivo, absence of Ask1 protected FCGR2A transgenic mice from thrombocytopenia, thrombosis, and systemic shock following injection of anti-mCD9. In whole blood microfluidics, platelet adhesion and thrombus formation on fibrinogen was enhanced by Ask1. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that ASK1 inhibition may be a potential target for the treatment of IC-induced shock and other immune-mediated thrombotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Patel
- Cardeza Center for Hemostasis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Noor F. Shaik
- Cardeza Center for Hemostasis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Yuhang Zhou
- Cardeza Center for Hemostasis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
- Dell Children’s Hospital, University of Texas, Austin, TX
| | - Kalyan Golla
- Cardeza Center for Hemostasis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Blood Research, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Steven E. McKenzie
- Cardeza Center for Hemostasis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ulhas P. Naik
- Cardeza Center for Hemostasis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
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Dib PRB, Quirino-Teixeira AC, Merij LB, Pinheiro MBM, Rozini SV, Andrade FB, Hottz ED. Innate immune receptors in platelets and platelet-leukocyte interactions. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:1157-1182. [PMID: 32779243 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4mr0620-701r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are chief cells in hemostasis. Apart from their hemostatic roles, platelets are major inflammatory effector cells that can influence both innate and adaptive immune responses. Activated platelets have thromboinflammatory functions linking hemostatic and immune responses in several physiological and pathological conditions. Among many ways in which platelets exert these functions, platelet expression of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including TLR, Nod-like receptor, and C-type lectin receptor families, plays major roles in sensing and responding to pathogen-associated or damage-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs and DAMPs, respectively). In this review, an increasing body of evidence is compiled showing the participation of platelet innate immune receptors, including PRRs, in infectious diseases, sterile inflammation, and cancer. How platelet recognition of endogenous DAMPs participates in sterile inflammatory diseases and thrombosis is discussed. In addition, platelet recognition of both PAMPs and DAMPs initiates platelet-mediated inflammation and vascular thrombosis in infectious diseases, including viral, bacterial, and parasite infections. The study also focuses on the involvement of innate immune receptors in platelet activation during cancer, and their contribution to tumor microenvironment development and metastasis. Finally, how innate immune receptors participate in platelet communication with leukocytes, modulating leukocyte-mediated inflammation and immune functions, is highlighted. These cell communication processes, including platelet-induced release of neutrophil extracellular traps, platelet Ag presentation to T-cells and platelet modulation of monocyte cytokine secretion are discussed in the context of infectious and sterile diseases of major concern in human health, including cardiovascular diseases, dengue, HIV infection, sepsis, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ribeiro Braga Dib
- Laboratory of Immunothrombosis, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil.,Laboratory of Immunology, Infectious Diseases and Obesity, Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Anna Cecíllia Quirino-Teixeira
- Laboratory of Immunothrombosis, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Laura Botelho Merij
- Laboratory of Immunothrombosis, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Mariana Brandi Mendonça Pinheiro
- Laboratory of Immunothrombosis, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Stephane Vicente Rozini
- Laboratory of Immunothrombosis, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Brandi Andrade
- Laboratory of Immunothrombosis, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Eugenio Damaceno Hottz
- Laboratory of Immunothrombosis, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
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8
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Zhang J, Wieser A, Lin H, Li H, Hu M, Behrens IK, Schiergens TS, Gerbes AL, Steib CJ. Kupffer cell activation by different microbial lysates: Toll-like receptor-2 plays pivotal role on thromboxane A 2 production in mice and humans. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:1988-1997. [PMID: 32618365 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Thromboxane (TX) A2 has been identified as an important intrahepatic vasoconstrictor upon Kupffer cell (KC) activation during infections such as spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP). The study aimed to investigate the role of TLRs in the TXA2 increase in liver nonparenchymal cells and their related mechanisms. Here, we identified TLR-2 as a common pathway for different microbials: microbial lysates including Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and fungi all increased TXA2 secretion via activation of TLR-2 in human KCs, accompanied by increased expression and phosphorylation of Myd88-related pathway. Of all TLR agonists, only TLR-1, -2, and -4 agonists increased TXA2 in human KCs. These results were further confirmed by mouse liver nonparenchymal cells. Comparing the effects of TLR-1, -2, and -4 antagonists, only TLR-2 antagonist showed inhibitory effects with all tested microbial lysates. Pretreatment with TLR-2 antagonist in human KCs blocked the secretion of IL-10, CXCL-10, TNF-α, and IL-6 induced by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial stimulation. IL-23 and IL-1β were only induced by Gram-negative bacteria. Thus, TLR-2 might be a potential marker and an attractive target for future treatment of patients with SBP. In addition, IL-23 and IL-1β might distinguish early between Gram-positive and Gram-negative SBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Zhang
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, Liver Centre Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Wieser
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Max von Pettenkofer Institute, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hao Lin
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, Liver Centre Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hanwei Li
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, Liver Centre Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Moyan Hu
- Chair for Fish Diseases and Fisheries Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ina-Kristin Behrens
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Max von Pettenkofer Institute, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias S Schiergens
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander L Gerbes
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, Liver Centre Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian J Steib
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, Liver Centre Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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9
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Zhou Y, Little PJ, Downey L, Afroz R, Wu Y, Ta HT, Xu S, Kamato D. The Role of Toll-like Receptors in Atherothrombotic Cardiovascular Disease. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:457-471. [PMID: 32566912 PMCID: PMC7296543 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are dominant components of the innate immune system. Activated by both pathogen-associated molecular patterns and damage-associated molecular patterns, TLRs underpin the pathology of numerous inflammation related diseases that include not only immune diseases, but also cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes, obesity, and cancers. Growing evidence has demonstrated that TLRs are involved in multiple cardiovascular pathophysiologies, such as atherosclerosis and hypertension. Specifically, a trial called the Canakinumab Anti-inflammatory Thrombosis Outcomes Study showed the use of an antibody that neutralizes interleukin-1β, reduces the recurrence of cardiovascular events, demonstrating inflammation as a therapeutic target and also the research value of targeting the TLR system in CVD. In this review, we provide an update of the interplay between TLR signaling, inflammatory mediators, and atherothrombosis, with an aim to identify new therapeutic targets for atherothrombotic CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy
Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Peter J. Little
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy
Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
- Department
of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-Sen
University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510520, China
| | - Liam Downey
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy
Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Rizwana Afroz
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy
Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Yuao Wu
- Australian
Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Hang T. Ta
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy
Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
- Australian
Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Suowen Xu
- Aab
Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - Danielle Kamato
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy
Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
- Department
of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-Sen
University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510520, China
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10
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Pretreatment with zinc protects Kupffer cells following administration of microbial products. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 127:110208. [PMID: 32417689 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic inflammation and severe fibrosis can reduce serum zinc levels, while zinc supplementation is reported to improve the prognosis of patients with chronic liver disease (CLD). OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the clinical application of serum zinc in patients with CLD and the anti-infective mechanism of zinc supplementation. METHODS Based on the serum zinc level, 149 CLD patients were divided into 3 groups and their clinical parameters were compared. In in-vitro experiments, microbial isolates derived from patients were used to stimulate human liver non-parenchymal cells, and the zinc sulfate solution was added in certain experiments. The effect of zinc was compared by LDH and thromboxane A2 levels in the cell supernatant. RESULT Compared with other groups, patients with low serum zinc levels had significantly higher C-reactive protein (CRP), total bilirubin, INR, creatinine, and MELD scores, while albumin and GOT levels were reduced. Only CRP and albumin were significantly correlated with serum zinc in both low and normal-zinc groups. Bacterial isolates significantly increased LDH levels in Kupffer cells (KCs) and stellate cells but had no effect on sinusoidal endothelial cells, whereas zinc pretreatment protected KCs but not stellate cells. Thromboxane A2 secreted by KCs can also be induced by bacterial stimulation, accompanied by increased gene expression of Myd88, MAPK and NF-kB, while zinc pretreatment can attenuate that. CONCLUSION Serum zinc levels can be used to estimate infection and liver fibrosis in CLD patients. As a new antibacterial weapon, zinc supplementation acts on KCs through Myd88-MAPK related pathways.
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11
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Hally KE, Bird GK, La Flamme AC, Harding SA, Larsen PD. Platelets modulate multiple markers of neutrophil function in response to in vitro Toll-like receptor stimulation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223444. [PMID: 31581214 PMCID: PMC6776355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In addition to their role in facilitating leukocyte-mediated inflammation, platelets can dampen leukocyte pro-inflammatory responses in some contexts. Consequently, platelets are increasingly appreciated as regulators of inflammation. Together, platelets and neutrophils play a role in inflammation through Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression, although we do not fully understand how platelets shape neutrophil responses to TLR stimulation. Here, we aimed to determine the extent to which platelets can modulate neutrophil function in response to in vitro stimulation with TLR4, TLR2/1, and TLR2/6 agonists. METHODS Neutrophils from 10 healthy individuals were cultured alone or with autologous platelets. Neutrophils ± platelets were left unstimulated or were stimulated with 1 or 100 ng/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS; a TLR4 agonist), Pam3CSK4 (a TLR2/1 agonist) and fibroblast-stimulating lipopeptide (FSL)-1 (a TLR2/6 agonist). Neutrophil activation and phagocytic activity were assessed by flow cytometry, and elastase and interleukin-8 secretion were assessed by ELISA. RESULTS The addition of platelets attenuated neutrophil CD66b and CD11b expression in response to various doses of Pam3CSK4 and FSL-1. Furthermore, platelet co-culture was associated with higher CD62L expression (indicating reduced CD62L shedding) in response to these TLR agonists. Platelets also reduced elastase secretion in unstimulated cultures and in response to low-dose TLR stimulation. Conversely, platelet co-culture increased neutrophil phagocytosis in unstimulated cultures and in response to low-dose Pam3CSK4 and FSL-1. Platelets also increased IL-8 secretion in response to low-dose LPS. CONCLUSION Platelets are complex immunomodulators that can attenuate some, and simultaneously augment other, neutrophil functions. This modulation can occur both in the absence and presence of TLR stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E. Hally
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesia, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- Wellington Cardiovascular Research Group, Wellington, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
| | - Georgina K. Bird
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- Wellington Cardiovascular Research Group, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Anne C. La Flamme
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- Wellington Cardiovascular Research Group, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Scott A. Harding
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- Wellington Cardiovascular Research Group, Wellington, New Zealand
- Department of Cardiology, Wellington Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Peter D. Larsen
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesia, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- Wellington Cardiovascular Research Group, Wellington, New Zealand
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12
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Koupenova M, Clancy L, Corkrey HA, Freedman JE. Circulating Platelets as Mediators of Immunity, Inflammation, and Thrombosis. Circ Res 2019; 122:337-351. [PMID: 29348254 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.310795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 558] [Impact Index Per Article: 111.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Platelets, non-nucleated blood components first described over 130 years ago, are recognized as the primary cell regulating hemostasis and thrombosis. The vascular importance of platelets has been attributed to their essential role in thrombosis, mediating myocardial infarction, stroke, and venous thromboembolism. Increasing knowledge on the platelets' role in the vasculature has led to many advances in understanding not only how platelets interact with the vessel wall but also how they convey changes in the environment to other circulating cells. In addition to their well-described hemostatic function, platelets are active participants in the immune response to microbial organisms and foreign substances. Although incompletely understood, the immune role of platelets is a delicate balance between its pathogenic response and its regulation of thrombotic and hemostatic functions. Platelets mediate complex vascular homeostasis via specific receptors and granule release, RNA transfer, and mitochondrial secretion that subsequently regulates hemostasis and thrombosis, infection, and innate and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milka Koupenova
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester.
| | - Lauren Clancy
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
| | - Heather A Corkrey
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
| | - Jane E Freedman
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
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13
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Uncovering the pharmacological mechanism of Carthamus tinctorius L. on cardiovascular disease by a systems pharmacology approach. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 117:109094. [PMID: 31203131 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Carthamus tinctorius L. is widely used in traditional Chinese medicines for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. However, our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms supporting its clinical application still lags behind. In this study, a systems pharmacology approach integrating drug-likeness evaluation, oral bioavailability prediction, target exploration, GO enrichment analysis, KEGG pathway performance and network construction was adopted to explore its therapeutic mechanism. A total of 21 active ingredients contained in Carthamus tinctorius L. and 113 major proteins were screened out as effective players in the treatment of cardiovascular disease through some related pathways. And the association among the active ingredients, major hubs and main pathways was investigated, implying the potential biological progression of Carthamus tinctorius L. acting on cardiovascular disease. Importantly, the majority of hubs and pathways were found to be highly related with platelet activation process. Core genes that can be regulated by Carthamus tinctorius L. in platelet activation pathway were PRKACA, PIK3R1, MAPK1, PPP1CC, PIK3CA and SYK, and they may play a central role in suppressing platelet aggregation. The systems pharmacology approach used in this study may provide a feasible tool to clarify the mechanism of traditional Chinese medicines and further develop their therapeutic potentials.
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14
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Kardeby C, Fälker K, Haining EJ, Criel M, Lindkvist M, Barroso R, Påhlsson P, Ljungberg LU, Tengdelius M, Rainger GE, Watson S, Eble JA, Hoylaerts MF, Emsley J, Konradsson P, Watson SP, Sun Y, Grenegård M. Synthetic glycopolymers and natural fucoidans cause human platelet aggregation via PEAR1 and GPIbα. Blood Adv 2019; 3:275-287. [PMID: 30700416 PMCID: PMC6373755 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018024950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fucoidans are sulfated fucose-based polysaccharides that activate platelets and have pro- and anticoagulant effects; thus, they may have therapeutic value. In the present study, we show that 2 synthetic sulfated α-l-fucoside-pendant glycopolymers (with average monomeric units of 13 and 329) and natural fucoidans activate human platelets through a Src- and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent and Syk-independent signaling cascade downstream of the platelet endothelial aggregation receptor 1 (PEAR1). Synthetic glycopolymers and natural fucoidan stimulate marked phosphorylation of PEAR1 and Akt, but not Syk. Platelet aggregation and Akt phosphorylation induced by natural fucoidan and synthetic glycopolymers are blocked by a monoclonal antibody to PEAR1. Direct binding of sulfated glycopolymers to epidermal like growth factor (EGF)-like repeat 13 of PEAR1 was shown by avidity-based extracellular protein interaction screen technology. In contrast, synthetic glycopolymers and natural fucoidans activate mouse platelets through a Src- and Syk-dependent pathway regulated by C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC-2) with only a minor role for PEAR1. Mouse platelets lacking the extracellular domain of GPIbα and human platelets treated with GPIbα-blocking antibodies display a reduced aggregation response to synthetic glycopolymers. We found that synthetic sulfated glycopolymers bind directly to GPIbα, substantiating that GPIbα facilitates the interaction of synthetic glycopolymers with CLEC-2 or PEAR1. Our results establish PEAR1 as the major signaling receptor for natural fucose-based polysaccharides and synthetic glycopolymers in human, but not in mouse, platelets. Sulfated α-l-fucoside-pendant glycopolymers are unique tools for further investigation of the physiological role of PEAR1 in platelets and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Kardeby
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Knut Fälker
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth J Haining
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Maarten Criel
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Madelene Lindkvist
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Ruben Barroso
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Påhlsson
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, and
| | - Liza U Ljungberg
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | | | - G Ed Rainger
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Watson
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Johannes A Eble
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; and
| | - Marc F Hoylaerts
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jonas Emsley
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, United Kingdom
- Division of Biomolecular Science and Medicinal Chemistry, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Konradsson
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Steve P Watson
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Yi Sun
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Magnus Grenegård
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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15
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Serbulea V, Upchurch CM, Ahern KW, Bories G, Voigt P, DeWeese DE, Meher AK, Harris TE, Leitinger N. Macrophages sensing oxidized DAMPs reprogram their metabolism to support redox homeostasis and inflammation through a TLR2-Syk-ceramide dependent mechanism. Mol Metab 2018; 7:23-34. [PMID: 29153923 PMCID: PMC5784323 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Macrophages control tissue homeostasis and inflammation by sensing and responding to environmental cues. However, the metabolic adaptation of macrophages to oxidative tissue damage and its translation into inflammatory mechanisms remains enigmatic. METHODS Here we identify the critical regulatory pathways that are induced by endogenous oxidation-derived DAMPs (oxidized phospholipids, OxPL) in vitro, leading to formation of a unique redox-regulatory metabolic phenotype (Mox), which is strikingly different from conventional classical or alternative macrophage activation. RESULTS Unexpectedly, metabolomic analyses demonstrated that Mox heavily rely on glucose metabolism and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) to support GSH production and Nrf2-dependent antioxidant gene expression. While the metabolic adaptation of macrophages to OxPL involved transient suppression of aerobic glycolysis, it also led to upregulation of inflammatory gene expression. In contrast to classically activated (M1) macrophages, Hif1α mediated expression of OxPL-induced Glut1 and VEGF but was dispensable for Il1β expression. Mechanistically, we show that OxPL suppress mitochondrial respiration via TLR2-dependent ceramide production, redirecting TCA metabolites to GSH synthesis. Finally, we identify spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) as a critical downstream signaling mediator that translates OxPL-induced effects into ceramide production and inflammatory gene regulation. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data demonstrate the metabolic and bioenergetic requirements that enable macrophages to translate tissue oxidation status into either antioxidant or inflammatory responses via sensing OxPL. Targeting dysregulated redox homeostasis in macrophages could therefore lead to novel therapies to treat chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlad Serbulea
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Clint M Upchurch
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Katelyn W Ahern
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Gael Bories
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Paxton Voigt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Dory E DeWeese
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Akshaya K Meher
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Thurl E Harris
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Norbert Leitinger
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA.
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16
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Liu X, Liu H, Luo X, Zhang P, Gao Y, Xie S, Xu K, Chang J, Ma L. Strains of Group B streptococci from septic patients induce platelet activation via Toll-like Receptor 2. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 44:335-343. [PMID: 27885699 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) causes life-threatening bacterial sepsis, especially in newborns and pregnant women. Patients suffering from sepsis often display low platelet counts, characterized by thrombocytopenia, because of platelet activation. In the present study, the roles of six GBS strains from septic patients in platelet aggregation, as well as the underlying mechanisms, were investigated. Incubation of platelets with three of the strains induced platelet aggregation, increased the secretion of cellular adhesin molecule CD62P and activation of GPIIb/IIIa. Furthermore, the GBS strains that induced platelet activation also caused an increase in the expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 in platelets. Pre-incubation of platelets with anti-TLR2 monoclonal antibody, but not anti-TLR4 monoclonal antibody, inhibited these functional responses induced by GBS. TLR2 stimulation also activated the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-K)/Akt signalling pathway in platelets, and inhibition of PI3-K significantly reduced GBS-induced platelet responses. Our results indicate that three of the GBS strains from the septic patients can trigger platelet activation by interacting with platelets, which involves the elevation of platelet TLR2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Hematology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongyun Liu
- Department of Hematology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianming Luo
- Department of Hematology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanmin Gao
- Department of Hematology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuangfeng Xie
- Department of Hematology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kang Xu
- Department of General surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianxing Chang
- Department of General surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liping Ma
- Department of Hematology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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17
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Platelet populations and priming in hematological diseases. Blood Rev 2017; 31:389-399. [PMID: 28756877 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In healthy subjects and patients with hematological diseases, platelet populations can be distinguished with different response spectra in hemostatic and vascular processes. These populations partly overlap, and are less distinct than those of leukocytes. The platelet heterogeneity is linked to structural properties, and is enforced by inequalities in the environment. Contributing factors are variability between megakaryocytes, platelet ageing, and positive or negative priming of platelets during their time in circulation. Within a hemostatic plug or thrombus, platelet heterogeneity is enhanced by unequal exposure to agonists, with populations of contracted platelets in the thrombus core, discoid platelets at the thrombus surface, patches of ballooned and procoagulant platelets forming thrombin, and coated platelets binding fibrin. Several pathophysiological hematological conditions can positively or negatively prime the responsiveness of platelet populations. As a consequence, in vivo and in vitro markers of platelet activation can differ in thrombotic and hematological disorders.
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18
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Yasuda K, Ushio H. Keyhole limpet hemocyanin induces innate immunity via Syk and Erk phosphorylation. EXCLI JOURNAL 2016; 15:474-481. [PMID: 27822175 PMCID: PMC5083961 DOI: 10.17179/excli2016-488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hemocyanin is an extracellular respiratory protein containing copper in hemolymph of invertebrates, such as Mollusk and Arthropod. Keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) is one of hemocyanins and has many years of experience for vaccine developments and immunological studies in mammals including human. However, the association between KLH and the immune systems, especially the innate immune systems, remains poorly understood. The aim of this study is to clarify the direct effects of KLH on the innate immune systems. KLH activated an inflammation-related transcription factor NF-κB as much as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in a human monocytic leukemia THP-1 reporter cell line. We have found that the KLH-induced NF-κB activation is partially involved in a spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) pathway. We have also successfully revealed that an extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk), a member of mitogen-activated protein kinases, is located in an upstream of NF-κB activation induced by KLH. Furthermore, a Syk phosphorylation inhibitor partially suppressed the Erk activation in KLH-stimulated THP-1. These results suggest that both Syk and Erk associate with the KLH-induced NF-κB activation in the human monocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Yasuda
- Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Hideki Ushio
- Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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19
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Terrisse AD, Laurent PA, Garcia C, Gratacap MP, Vanhaesebroeck B, Sié P, Payrastre B. The class I phosphoinositide 3-kinases α and β control antiphospholipid antibodies-induced platelet activation. Thromb Haemost 2016; 115:1138-46. [PMID: 26818901 DOI: 10.1160/th15-08-0661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disease characterised by the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) associated with increased thrombotic risk and pregnancy morbidity. Although aPL are heterogeneous auto-antibodies, the major pathogenic target is the plasma protein β2-glycoprotein 1. The molecular mechanisms of platelet activation by aPL remain poorly understood. Here, we explored the role of the class IA phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) α and β isoforms in platelet activation by aPL. Compared to control IgG from healthy individuals, the IgG fraction isolated from patients with APS potentiates platelet aggregation induced by low dose of thrombin in vitro and increases platelet adhesion and thrombus growth on a collagen matrix under arterial shear rate through a mechanism involving glycoprotein Ib (GPIb) and Toll Like Receptor 2 (TLR-2). Using isoforms-selective pharmacological PI3K inhibitors and mice with megakaryocyte/platelet lineage-specific inactivation of class IA PI3K isoforms, we demonstrate a critical role of the PI3Kβ and PI3Kα isoforms in platelet activation induced by aPL. Our data show that aPL potentiate platelet activation through GPIbα and TLR-2 via a mechanism involving the class IA PI3Kα and β isoforms, which represent new potential therapeutic targets in the prevention or treatment of thrombotic events in patients with APS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Dominique Terrisse
- Anne-Dominique Terrisse, Inserm U1048, I2MC, 1 Avenue Jean Poulhés, BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 04, France, Tel.: +33 5 3122 4150, Fax: +33 5 6132 5621, E-mail:
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20
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Toll like receptor 2/1 mediated platelet adhesion and activation on bacterial mimetic surfaces is dependent on src/Syk-signaling and purinergic receptor P2X1 and P2Y12 activation. Biointerphases 2015; 9:041003. [PMID: 25553878 DOI: 10.1116/1.4901135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are considered to have important functions in inflammatory processes as key players in innate immunity. Toll like receptors (TLRs), expressed on platelets, recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns and trigger immune responses. Pathogens are able to adhere to human tissues and form biofilms which cause a continuous activation of the immune system. The authors aimed to investigate how immobilized Pam3CSK4 (a synthetic TLR2/1 agonist) and IgG, respectively, resembling a bacterial focus, affects adhesion and activation of platelets including release of two cytokines, regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). The authors also aim to clarify the signaling downstream of TLR2/1 and FcγRII (IgG receptor) and the role of adenine nucleotides in this process. Biolayers of Pam3CSK4 and IgG, respectively, were confirmed by null-ellipsometry and contact angle measurements. Platelets were preincubated with signaling inhibitors for scr and Syk and antagonists for P2X1 or P2Y1 [adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptors] prior to addition to the surfaces. The authors show that platelets adhere and spread on both Pam3CSK4- and IgG-coated surfaces and that this process is antagonized by scr and Syc inhibitors as well as P2X1 and P2Y antagonists. This suggests that Pam3CSK4 activated platelets utilize the same pathway as FcγRII. Moreover, the authors show that ATP-ligation of P2X1 is of importance for further platelet activation after TLR2/1-activation, and that P2Y12 is the prominent ADP-receptor involved in adhesion and spreading. RANTES and MIF were secreted over time from platelets adhering to the coated surfaces, but no MIF was released upon stimulation with soluble Pam3CSK4. These results clarify the importance of TLR2/1 and FcγRII in platelet adhesion and activation, and strengthen the role of platelets as an active player in sensing bacterial infections.
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Holinstat M, Tourdot BE. Coronary heart disease risk factors take a disproportional toll on women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:750-1. [PMID: 25810295 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.305466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Holinstat
- From the Departments of Pharmacology (M.H., B.E.T.) and Internal Medicine (M.H.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
| | - Benjamin E Tourdot
- From the Departments of Pharmacology (M.H., B.E.T.) and Internal Medicine (M.H.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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Activation of glycoprotein VI (GPVI) and C-type lectin-like receptor-2 (CLEC-2) underlies platelet activation by diesel exhaust particles and other charged/hydrophobic ligands. Biochem J 2015; 468:459-73. [PMID: 25849538 DOI: 10.1042/bj20150192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Platelets are activated by a range of stimuli that share little or no resemblance in structure to each other or to recognized ligands, including diesel exhaust particles (DEP), small peptides [4N1-1, Champs (computed helical anti-membrane proteins), LSARLAF (Leu-Ser-Ala-Arg-Leu-Ala-Phe)], proteins (histones) and large polysaccharides (fucoidan, dextran sulfate). This miscellaneous group stimulate aggregation of human and mouse platelets through the glycoprotein VI (GPVI)-FcR γ-chain complex and/or C-type lectin-like receptor-2 (CLEC-2) as shown using platelets from mice deficient in either or both of these receptors. In addition, all of these ligands stimulate tyrosine phosphorylation in GPVI/CLEC-2-double-deficient platelets, indicating that they bind to additional surface receptors, although only in the case of dextran sulfate does this lead to activation. DEP, fucoidan and dextran sulfate, but not the other agonists, activate GPVI and CLEC-2 in transfected cell lines as shown using a sensitive reporter assay confirming a direct interaction with the two receptors. We conclude that this miscellaneous group of ligands bind to multiple proteins on the cell surface including GPVI and/or CLEC-2, inducing activation. These results have pathophysiological significance in a variety of conditions that involve exposure to activating charged/hydrophobic agents.
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Duerschmied D, Bode C, Ahrens I. Immune functions of platelets. Thromb Haemost 2014; 112:678-91. [PMID: 25209670 DOI: 10.1160/th14-02-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This review collects evidence about immune and inflammatory functions of platelets from a clinician's point of view. A focus on clinically relevant immune functions aims at stimulating further research, because the complexity of platelet immunity is incompletely understood and not yet translated into patient care. Platelets promote chronic inflammatory reactions (e.g. in atherosclerosis), modulate acute inflammatory disorders such as sepsis and other infections (participating in the host defense against pathogens), and contribute to exacerbations of autoimmune conditions (like asthma or arthritis). It would hence be obsolete to restrict a description of platelet functions to thrombosis and haemostasis--platelets clearly are the most abundant cells with immune functions in the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Duerschmied
- Daniel Duerschmied, MD, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany, Tel.: +49 761 207 34410, Fax: +49 761 270 37855, E-mail:
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Andres O, Schulze H, Speer CP. Platelets in neonates: central mediators in haemostasis, antimicrobial defence and inflammation. Thromb Haemost 2014; 113:3-12. [PMID: 25185520 DOI: 10.1160/th14-05-0476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Platelets are not only centrally involved in haemostasis, but also in antimicrobial defence and inflammation. Since evaluation of platelet physiology in the particular patient group of preterm and term neonatal infants is highly restricted for ethical reasons, there are hardly any data available in healthy and much less in extremely immature or ill neonates. By summarising current knowledge and addressing both platelet researchers and neonatologists, we describe neonatal platelet count and morphology, report on previous analyses of neonatal platelet function in primary haemostasis and provide insights into recent advances in platelet immunology that considerably impacts our clinical view on the critically ill neonatal infant. We conclude that neonatal platelets, originating from liver megakaryocytes, substantially differ from adult platelets and may play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of neonatal sepsis or intraventricular haemorrhage, both complications which seriously augment perinatal morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Andres
- Dr. med. Oliver Andres, University Children's Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany, Tel.: +49 931 201 27728, Fax: +49 931 201 6027799, E-mail:
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Andrews RK, Arthur JF, Gardiner EE. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and the role of platelets in infection. Thromb Haemost 2014; 112:659-65. [PMID: 25265341 DOI: 10.1160/th14-05-0455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In addition to playing a central role in normal haemostasis, platelets make important contributions to host inflammatory and immune responses to injury or infection. Under pathophysiological conditions where platelet function is not tightly controlled, platelets also play critical roles in pathogenic processes underlying cardiovascular disease, uncontrolled inflammation, coagulopathy and in tumour metastasis. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are webs of histone-modified nuclear material extruded from activated neutrophils during inflammatory responses and these degranulation events can be directly triggered by platelet/neutrophil engagement. Emerging research describes how NETs influence platelet function, particularly in the setting of infection and inflammation. Especially intriguing is the potential for platelet-driven coagulation to be modulated by NETs in plasma and interstitial spaces. These findings also reveal new perspectives related to improved therapy for venous thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elizabeth E Gardiner
- Dr. Elizabeth E. Gardiner, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Level 6, 89 Commercial Road,, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia, Tel.: +613 9903 0756, E-mail:
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Andrews RK, Arthur JF, Gardiner E. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and the role of platelets in infection. Thromb Haemost 2014; 112:659-665. [PMID: 25144936 DOI: 10.1160/th-14-05-0455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In addition to playing a central role in normal haemostasis, platelets make important contributions to host inflammatory and immune responses to injury or infection. Under pathophysiological conditions where platelet function is not tightly controlled, platelets also play critical roles in pathogenic processes underlying cardiovascular disease, uncontrolled inflammation, coagulopathy and in tumour metastasis. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are webs of histone-modified nuclear material extruded from activated neutrophils during inflammatory responses and these degranulation events can be directly triggered by platelet/neutrophil engagement. Emerging research describes how NETs influence platelet function, particularly in the setting of infection and inflammation. Especially intriguing is the potential for platelet-driven coagulation to be modulated by NETs in plasma and interstitial spaces. These findings also reveal new perspectives related to improved therapy for venous thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Andrews
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jane F Arthur
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Gardiner
- Dr. Elizabeth E. Gardiner, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Level 6, 89 Commercial Road,, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia, Tel.: +613 9903 0756, E-mail:
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