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Zhang C, Wei W, Tu S, Liang B, Li C, Li Y, Luo W, Wu Y, Dai X, Wang Y, Zheng L, Hao L, Zhang C, Luo Z, Chen YG, Yan X. Upregulation of CYR61 by TGF-β and YAP signaling exerts a counter-suppression of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107208. [PMID: 38521502 PMCID: PMC11021963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and Hippo signaling are two critical pathways engaged in cancer progression by regulating both oncogenes and tumor suppressors, yet how the two pathways coordinately exert their functions in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains elusive. In this study, we firstly conducted an integrated analysis of public liver cancer databases and our experimental TGF-β target genes, identifying CYR61 as a pivotal candidate gene relating to HCC development. The expression of CYR61 is downregulated in clinical HCC tissues and cell lines than that in the normal counterparts. Evidence revealed that CYR61 is a direct target gene of TGF-β in liver cancer cells. In addition, TGF-β-stimulated Smad2/3 and the Hippo pathway downstream effectors YAP and TEAD4 can form a protein complex on the promoter of CYR61, thereby activating the promoter activity and stimulating CYR61 gene transcription in a collaborative manner. Functionally, depletion of CYR61 enhanced TGF-β- or YAP-mediated growth and migration of liver cancer cells. Consistently, ectopic expression of CYR61 was capable of impeding TGF-β- or YAP-induced malignant transformation of HCC cells in vitro and attenuating HCC xenograft growth in nude mice. Finally, transcriptomic analysis indicates that CYR61 can elicit an antitumor program in liver cancer cells. Together, these results add new evidence for the crosstalk between TGF-β and Hippo signaling and unveil an important tumor suppressor function of CYR61 in liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- The MOE Basic Research and Innovation Center for the Targeted Therapeutics of Solid Tumors, School of Basic Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China; The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wenjing Wei
- The MOE Basic Research and Innovation Center for the Targeted Therapeutics of Solid Tumors, School of Basic Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shuo Tu
- The MOE Basic Research and Innovation Center for the Targeted Therapeutics of Solid Tumors, School of Basic Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bo Liang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chun Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yining Li
- The MOE Basic Research and Innovation Center for the Targeted Therapeutics of Solid Tumors, School of Basic Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Weicheng Luo
- The MOE Basic Research and Innovation Center for the Targeted Therapeutics of Solid Tumors, School of Basic Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yiqing Wu
- The MOE Basic Research and Innovation Center for the Targeted Therapeutics of Solid Tumors, School of Basic Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaohui Dai
- The MOE Basic Research and Innovation Center for the Targeted Therapeutics of Solid Tumors, School of Basic Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yi Wang
- The MOE Basic Research and Innovation Center for the Targeted Therapeutics of Solid Tumors, School of Basic Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lijuan Zheng
- The MOE Basic Research and Innovation Center for the Targeted Therapeutics of Solid Tumors, School of Basic Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Liang Hao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chunbo Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhijun Luo
- Queen Mary School, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ye-Guang Chen
- The MOE Basic Research and Innovation Center for the Targeted Therapeutics of Solid Tumors, School of Basic Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohua Yan
- The MOE Basic Research and Innovation Center for the Targeted Therapeutics of Solid Tumors, School of Basic Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China; The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
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2
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Mooring M, Yeung GA, Luukkonen P, Liu S, Akbar MW, Zhang GJ, Balogun O, Yu X, Mo R, Nejak-Bowen K, Poyurovsky MV, Booth CJ, Konnikova L, Shulman GI, Yimlamai D. Hepatocyte CYR61 polarizes profibrotic macrophages to orchestrate NASH fibrosis. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eade3157. [PMID: 37756381 PMCID: PMC10874639 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.ade3157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is increasing worldwide and leads to a multitude of metabolic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61 (CYR61) is associated with the progression of NASH, but it has been described to have anti- and proinflammatory properties. We sought to examine the role of liver CYR61 in NASH progression. CYR61 liver-specific knockout mice on a NASH diet showed improved glucose tolerance, decreased liver inflammation, and reduced fibrosis. CYR61 polarized infiltrating monocytes promoting a proinflammatory/profibrotic phenotype through an IRAK4/SYK/NF-κB signaling cascade. In vitro, CYR61 activated a profibrotic program, including PDGFa/PDGFb expression in macrophages, in an IRAK4/SYK/NF-κB-dependent manner. Furthermore, targeted-antibody blockade reduced CYR61-driven signaling in macrophages in vitro and in vivo, reducing fibrotic development. This study demonstrates that CYR61 is a key driver of liver inflammation and fibrosis in NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Mooring
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics; Yale School of Medicine; New Haven, Connecticut 06514, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Grace A. Yeung
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics; Yale School of Medicine; New Haven, Connecticut 06514, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Panu Luukkonen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine; New Haven, Connecticut 06514, USA
| | - Silvia Liu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Muhammad Waqas Akbar
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics; Yale School of Medicine; New Haven, Connecticut 06514, USA
| | - Gary J. Zhang
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics; Yale School of Medicine; New Haven, Connecticut 06514, USA
| | - Oluwashanu Balogun
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh
| | - Xuemei Yu
- Kadmon Corporation, LLC; 450 East 29th Street, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Rigen Mo
- Kadmon Corporation, LLC; 450 East 29th Street, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Kari Nejak-Bowen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Masha V. Poyurovsky
- Kadmon Corporation, LLC; 450 East 29th Street, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Carmen J. Booth
- Department of Comparative Medicine; Yale School of Medicine; New Haven, Connecticut 06514, USA
| | - Liza Konnikova
- Section of Neonatology; Department of Pediatrics; Yale School of Medicine; New Haven, Connecticut 06514, USA
| | - Gerald I. Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine; New Haven, Connecticut 06514, USA
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine; New Haven, Connecticut 06514, USA
| | - Dean Yimlamai
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics; Yale School of Medicine; New Haven, Connecticut 06514, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
- The Yale Liver Center, Yale School of Medicine; New Haven, Connecticut 06514, USA
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3
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Bresgen N, Kovacs M, Lahnsteiner A, Felder TK, Rinnerthaler M. The Janus-Faced Role of Lipid Droplets in Aging: Insights from the Cellular Perspective. Biomolecules 2023; 13:912. [PMID: 37371492 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that nine hallmarks-including mitochondrial dysfunction, epigenetic alterations, and loss of proteostasis-exist that describe the cellular aging process. Adding to this, a well-described cell organelle in the metabolic context, namely, lipid droplets, also accumulates with increasing age, which can be regarded as a further aging-associated process. Independently of their essential role as fat stores, lipid droplets are also able to control cell integrity by mitigating lipotoxic and proteotoxic insults. As we will show in this review, numerous longevity interventions (such as mTOR inhibition) also lead to strong accumulation of lipid droplets in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, and mammalian cells, just to name a few examples. In mammals, due to the variety of different cell types and tissues, the role of lipid droplets during the aging process is much more complex. Using selected diseases associated with aging, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, type II diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, we show that lipid droplets are "Janus"-faced. In an early phase of the disease, lipid droplets mitigate the toxicity of lipid peroxidation and protein aggregates, but in a later phase of the disease, a strong accumulation of lipid droplets can cause problems for cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Bresgen
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Paris-Lodron University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Melanie Kovacs
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Paris-Lodron University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Angelika Lahnsteiner
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Paris-Lodron University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Klaus Felder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Mark Rinnerthaler
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Paris-Lodron University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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Xega V, Alami T, Liu JL. Recent progress on the role of cellular communication network factors (CCN) 3, 4 and 6 in regulating adiposity, liver fibrosis and pancreatic islets. J Cell Commun Signal 2023:10.1007/s12079-023-00765-8. [PMID: 37245185 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-023-00765-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
CCN/WISP (cellular communication network factors, or Wnt-inducted secreted proteins) family of proteins consists of six extracellular matrix (ECM)-associated proteins that regulate development, cell adhesion and proliferation, ECM remodeling, inflammation, and tumorigenesis. In the last two decades, metabolic regulation by these matricellular proteins has been studied extensively, several excellent reviews have covered the roles of CCN1, -2 and - 5. In this brief review, we will focus on those lesser-known members and more recent discoveries, together with other recent articles presenting a more complete picture of the current state of knowledge. We have found that CCN2, -4, and - 5 promote pancreatic islet function, while CCN3 plays a unique and negative role. CCN3 and - 4 are pro-adiposity leading to insulin resistance, but CCN5 and - 6 are anti-adiposity. While CCN2 and - 4 promote tissue fibrosis and inflammation, all other four members are clearly anti-fibrotic. As for cellular signaling, they are known to interact with integrins, other cell membrane proteins and ECM thereby regulate Akt/protein kinase B, myocardin-related transcription factor (MRTF), and focal adhesion kinase. Yet, a cohesive mechanism of action to comprehensively explain those major functions is still lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Xega
- MeDiC Program, The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Tara Alami
- MeDiC Program, The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Jun-Li Liu
- MeDiC Program, The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.
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5
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Barkin JM, Jin-Smith B, Torok K, Pi L. Significance of CCNs in liver regeneration. J Cell Commun Signal 2023:10.1007/s12079-023-00762-x. [PMID: 37202628 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-023-00762-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver has an inherent regenerative capacity via hepatocyte proliferation after mild-to-modest damage. When hepatocytes exhaust their replicative ability during chronic or severe liver damage, liver progenitor cells (LPC), also termed oval cells (OC) in rodents, are activated in the form of ductular reaction (DR) as an alternative pathway. LPC is often intimately associated with hepatic stellate cells (HSC) activation to promote liver fibrosis. The Cyr61/CTGF/Nov (CCN) protein family consists of six extracellular signaling modulators (CCN1-CCN6) with affinity to a repertoire of receptors, growth factors, and extracellular matrix proteins. Through these interactions, CCN proteins organize microenvironments and modulate cell signalings in a diverse variety of physiopathological processes. In particular, their binding to subtypes of integrin (αvβ5, αvβ3, α6β1, αvβ6, etc.) influences the motility and mobility of macrophages, hepatocytes, HSC, and LPC/OC during liver injury. This paper summarizes the current understanding of the significance of CCN genes in liver regeneration in relation to hepatocyte-driven or LPC/OC-mediated pathways. Publicly available datasets were also searched to compare dynamic levels of CCNs in developing and regenerating livers. These insights not only add to our understanding of the regenerative capability of the liver but also provide potential targets for the pharmacological management of liver repair in the clinical setting. Ccns in liver regeneration Restoring damaged or lost tissues requires robust cell growth and dynamic matrix remodeling. Ccns are matricellular proteins highly capable of influencing cell state and matrix production. Current studies have identified Ccns as active players in liver regeneration. Cell types, modes of action, and mechanisms of Ccn induction may vary depending on liver injuries. Hepatocyte proliferation is a default pathway for liver regeneration following mild-to-modest damages, working in parallel with the transient activation of stromal cells, such as macrophages and hepatic stellate cells (HSC). Liver progenitor cells (LPC), also termed oval cells (OC) in rodents, are activated in the form of ductular reaction (DR) and are associated with sustained fibrosis when hepatocytes lose their proliferative ability in severe or chronic liver damage. Ccns may facilitate both hepatocyte regeneration and LPC/OC repair via various mediators (growth factors, matrix proteins, integrins, etc.) for cell-specific and context-dependent functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Barkin
- Department of Pathology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Brady Jin-Smith
- Department of Pathology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Kendle Torok
- Department of Pathology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Liya Pi
- Department of Pathology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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Borkham-Kamphorst E, Meurer SK, Weiskirchen R. Expression and biological function of the cellular communication network factor 5 (CCN5) in primary liver cells. J Cell Commun Signal 2023:10.1007/s12079-023-00757-8. [PMID: 37166689 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-023-00757-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular (centralized) communication network (CCN) factor protein family contains six small secreted cysteine-rich proteins sharing high structural similarity. These matricellular proteins have vital biological functions in cell adhesion, migration, cell cycle progression, and control of production and degradation of extracellular matrix. However, in liver the biological functions of CCN proteins become most visible during hepatic injury, disease, and remodeling. In particular, most of the hepatic functions of CCN proteins were derived from CCN2/CTGF, which becomes highly expressed in damaged hepatocytes and acts as a profibrogenic molecule. On the contrary, CCN1/CYR61 seems to have opposite effects, while the biological activity during hepatic fibrosis is somewhat controversially discussed for other CCN family members. In the present study, we analyzed the expression of CCN5/WISP2 in cultures of different types of primary liver cells and in an experimental model of hepatic fibrosis. We found that CCN5 is expressed in hepatic stellate cells, myofibroblasts and portal myofibroblasts, while CCN5 expression is virtually absent in hepatocytes. During hepatic fibrogenesis, CCN5 is significantly upregulated. Overexpression of CCN5 in portal myofibroblasts reduced expression of transforming growth factor-β receptor I (ALK5) and concomitant Smad2 activation, whereas JunB expression is upregulated. Moreover, elevated expression of CCN5 induces endoplasmic reticulum stress, unfolded protein response and apoptosis in portal myofibroblasts. We suggest that upregulated expression of CCN5 might be an intrinsic control mechanism that counteracts overshooting fibrotic responses in profibrogenic liver cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erawan Borkham-Kamphorst
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Steffen K Meurer
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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Hou XX, Li YW, Song JL, Zhang W, Liu R, Yuan H, Feng TT, Jiang ZY, Li WT, Zhu CL. Cryptotanshinone induces apoptosis of activated hepatic stellate cells via modulating endoplasmic reticulum stress. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:2616-2627. [PMID: 37213406 PMCID: PMC10198054 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i17.2616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptotanshinone (CPT) has wide biological functions, including anti-oxidative, antifibrosis, and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the effect of CPT on hepatic fibrosis is unknown.
AIM To investigate the effects of CPT treatment on hepatic fibrosis and its underlying mechanism of action.
METHODS Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and normal hepatocytes were treated with different concentrations of CPT and salubrinal. The CCK-8 assay was used to determine cell viability. Flow cytometry was used to measure apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot analyses were used to measure mRNA levels and protein expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) signaling pathway related molecules, respectively. Carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) was used to induce in vivo hepatic fibrosis in mice. Mice were treated with CPT and salubrinal, and blood and liver samples were collected for histopathological examination.
RESULTS We found that CPT treatment significantly reduced fibrogenesis by modulating the synthesis and degradation of the extracellular matrix in vitro. CPT inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase in cultured HSCs. Furthermore, we found that CPT promoted apoptosis of activated HSCs by upregulating expression of ERS markers (CHOP and GRP78) and activating ERS pathway molecules (PERK, IRE1α, and ATF4), which were inhibited by salubrinal. Inhibition of ERS by salubrinal partially eliminated the therapeutic effect of CPT in our CCL4-induced hepatic fibrosis mouse model.
CONCLUSION CPT can promote apoptosis of HSCs and alleviate hepatic fibrosis through modulating the ERS pathway, which represents a promising strategy for treating hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xue Hou
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu-Wen Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jia-Li Song
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570000, Hainan Province, China
| | - Hui Yuan
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tian-Tong Feng
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zheng-Yi Jiang
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wen-Ting Li
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570000, Hainan Province, China
| | - Chuan-Long Zhu
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
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8
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Leal AF, Alméciga-Díaz CJ. Efficient CRISPR/Cas9 nickase-mediated genome editing in an in vitro model of mucopolysaccharidosis IVA. Gene Ther 2023; 30:107-114. [PMID: 35581402 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-022-00344-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis IVA (MPS IVA) is a lysosomal storage disorder (LSD) caused by mutations in gene encoding for GALNS enzyme. Lack of GALNS activity leads to the accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) keratan sulfate and chondroitin 6-sulfate. Although enzyme replacement therapy has been approved since 2014 for MPS IVA, still there is an unmet medical need to have improved therapies for this disorder. CRISPR/Cas9-based gene therapy has been tested for several LSDs with encouraging findings, but to date it has not been assayed on MPS IVA. In this work, we validated for the first time the use of CRISPR/Cas9, using a Cas9 nickase, for the knock-in of an expression cassette containing GALNS cDNA in an in vitro model of MPS IVA. The results showed the successful homologous recombination of the expression cassette into the AAVS1 locus, as well as a long-term increase in GALNS activity reaching up to 40% of wild-type levels. We also observed normalization of lysosomal mass, total GAGs, and oxidative stress, which are some of the major findings regarding the pathophysiological events in MPS IVA. These results represent a proof-of-concept of the use of CRISPR/Cas9 nickase strategy for the development of a novel therapeutic alternative for MPS IVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Felipe Leal
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Faculty of Science, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., 110231, Colombia
| | - Carlos Javier Alméciga-Díaz
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Faculty of Science, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., 110231, Colombia.
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9
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Pavlović N, Heindryckx F. Targeting ER stress in the hepatic tumor microenvironment. FEBS J 2022; 289:7163-7176. [PMID: 34331743 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer. It currently ranks as one of the most aggressive and deadly cancers worldwide, with an increasing mortality rate and limited treatment options. An important hallmark of liver pathologies, such as liver fibrosis and HCC, is the accumulation of misfolded and unfolded proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which induces ER stress and leads to the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Upon accumulation of misfolded proteins, ER stress is sensed through three transmembrane proteins, IRE1α, PERK, and ATF6, which trigger the UPR to either alleviate ER stress or induce apoptosis. Increased expression of ER stress markers has been widely shown to correlate with fibrosis, inflammation, drug resistance, and overall HCC aggressiveness, as well as poor patient prognosis. While preclinical in vivo cancer models and in vitro approaches have shown promising results by pharmacologically targeting ER stress mediators, the major challenge of this therapeutic strategy lies in specifically and effectively targeting ER stress in HCC. Furthermore, both ER stress inducers and inhibitors have been shown to ameliorate HCC progression, adding to the complexity of targeting ER stress players as an anticancer strategy. More studies are needed to better understand the dual role and molecular background of ER stress in HCC, as well as its therapeutic potential for patients with liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Pavlović
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Sweden
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10
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Delivery and assessment of a CRISPR/nCas9-based genome editing system on in vitro models of mucopolysaccharidoses IVA assisted by magnetite-based nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15045. [PMID: 36057729 PMCID: PMC9440901 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19407-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis IV A (MPS IVA) is a lysosomal disorder caused by mutations in the GALNS gene. Consequently, the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) keratan sulfate and chondroitin 6-sulfate accumulate in the lysosomal lumen. Although enzyme replacement therapy has shown essential advantages for the patients, several challenges remain to overcome, such as the limited impact on the bone lesion and recovery of oxidative profile. Recently, we validated a CRISPR/nCas9-based gene therapy with promising results in an in vitro MPS IVA model. In this study, we have expanded the use of this CRISPR/nCas9 system to several MPS IVA fibroblasts carrying different GALNS mutations. Considering the latent need to develop more safety vectors for gene therapy, we co-delivered the CRISPR/nCas9 system with a novel non-viral vector based on magnetoliposomes (MLPs). We found that the CRISPR/nCas9 treatment led to an increase in enzyme activity between 5 and 88% of wild-type levels, as well as a reduction in GAGs accumulation, lysosomal mass, and mitochondrial-dependent oxidative stress, in a mutation-dependent manner. Noteworthy, MLPs allowed to obtain similar results to those observed with the conventional transfection agent lipofectamine. Overall, these results confirmed the potential of CRISPR/nCas9 as a genome editing tool for treating MPS IVA. We also demonstrated the potential use of MLPs as a novel delivery system for CRISPR/nCas9-based therapies.
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11
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Zhou H, Zhang Y, Wang J, Yan Y, Liu Y, Shi X, Zhang Q, Xu X. The CREB and AP-1-Dependent Cell Communication Network Factor 1 Regulates Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus-Induced Cell Apoptosis Inhibiting Virus Replication Through the p53 Pathway. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:831852. [PMID: 35418961 PMCID: PMC8996185 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.831852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection causes severe diarrhea, dehydration, and high mortality in sick pigs, causing huge economic losses to the pig industry. However, the relationship between cell communication network factor 1 (CCN1) and PEDV infection has not been reported. In this study, we showed that the expression of CCN1 was enhanced by PEDV infection, and we observed that PEDV promotes the CREB and AP-1 activation to promote CCN1 expression. The PKA and p38 inhibitors significantly suppress CCN1 expression, indicating that PEDV-induced CCN1 expression may be through PKA and p38 pathway. Further tests confirmed that CREB and AP-1 are regulated by PKA and p38, respectively. Overexpression of CCN1 decreased the replication of PEDV, whereas knockdown of CCN1 increased the replication of PEDV. We proved that the overexpression of CCN1 increased the phosphorylation level of p53, promoted the expresion of Bax and the cleavage of caspase 9 and caspase 3, and inhibited the production of Bcl-2. CCN1 knockdown decreased the phosphorylation level of p53, inhibited the production of Bax and the cleavage of caspase 9 and caspase 3, and promoted the expression of Bcl-2. The treatment of PFT-α (p53 inhibitor) significantly suppressed the expression of cleaved caspase 9 and caspase 3, leading to the decrease of apoptosis. Together, these studies showed that PEDV promotes the activation of CREB and AP-1 to increase the expression of CCN1. Overexpression of CCN1 promotes apoptosis by elevating p53 protein phosphorylation and inhibits PEDV replication, and knockdown of CCN1 inhibits apoptosis by decreasing p53 protein phosphorylation and promotes PEDV replication. Our study could provide some reference for the molecular mechanisms of PEDV-induced CCN1 induction and supply a new therapeutic target for PEDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchao Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Yuchao Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Yi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Xiaojie Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Xingang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
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12
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Liedtke C, Nevzorova YA, Luedde T, Zimmermann H, Kroy D, Strnad P, Berres ML, Bernhagen J, Tacke F, Nattermann J, Spengler U, Sauerbruch T, Wree A, Abdullah Z, Tolba RH, Trebicka J, Lammers T, Trautwein C, Weiskirchen R. Liver Fibrosis-From Mechanisms of Injury to Modulation of Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:814496. [PMID: 35087852 PMCID: PMC8787129 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.814496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Transregional Collaborative Research Center "Organ Fibrosis: From Mechanisms of Injury to Modulation of Disease" (referred to as SFB/TRR57) was funded for 13 years (2009-2021) by the German Research Council (DFG). This consortium was hosted by the Medical Schools of the RWTH Aachen University and Bonn University in Germany. The SFB/TRR57 implemented combined basic and clinical research to achieve detailed knowledge in three selected key questions: (i) What are the relevant mechanisms and signal pathways required for initiating organ fibrosis? (ii) Which immunological mechanisms and molecules contribute to organ fibrosis? and (iii) How can organ fibrosis be modulated, e.g., by interventional strategies including imaging and pharmacological approaches? In this review we will summarize the liver-related key findings of this consortium gained within the last 12 years on these three aspects of liver fibrogenesis. We will highlight the role of cell death and cell cycle pathways as well as nutritional and iron-related mechanisms for liver fibrosis initiation. Moreover, we will define and characterize the major immune cell compartments relevant for liver fibrogenesis, and finally point to potential signaling pathways and pharmacological targets that turned out to be suitable to develop novel approaches for improved therapy and diagnosis of liver fibrosis. In summary, this review will provide a comprehensive overview about the knowledge on liver fibrogenesis and its potential therapy gained by the SFB/TRR57 consortium within the last decade. The kidney-related research results obtained by the same consortium are highlighted in an article published back-to-back in Frontiers in Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Liedtke
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Yulia A Nevzorova
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Complutense University Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tom Luedde
- Medical Faculty, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Henning Zimmermann
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Daniela Kroy
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Pavel Strnad
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marie-Luise Berres
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bernhagen
- Chair of Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Klinikum der Universität München (KUM), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jacob Nattermann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrich Spengler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tilman Sauerbruch
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Wree
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zeinab Abdullah
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - René H Tolba
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Experimental Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jonel Trebicka
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Twan Lammers
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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13
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Yamamura S, Kawaguchi T, Nakano D, Tomiyasu Y, Yoshinaga S, Doi Y, Takahashi H, Anzai K, Eguchi Y, Torimura T. Prevalence and Independent Factors for Fatty Liver and Significant Hepatic Fibrosis Using B-Mode Ultrasound Imaging and Two Dimensional-Shear Wave Elastography in Health Check-up Examinees. Kurume Med J 2021; 66:225-237. [PMID: 34690209 DOI: 10.2739/kurumemedj.ms664008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Exercise is beneficial for metabolic syndrome. Fatty liver and significant hepatic fibrosis, hepatic manifestations of metabolic syndrome, are becoming an epidemic. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of fatty liver and significant fibrosis and examined the independent factors for these conditions. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We enrolled 1,361 health check-up examinees (median age, 53 years; female/male, 813/548). Fatty liver and fibrosis were evaluated by B-mode ultrasound imaging and shear wave elastography. Factors associated with fatty liver and significant fibrosis were analyzed by logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Fatty liver and significant fibrosis were observed in 50.5% and 42.7% of enrolled subjects, respectively. Independent factors associated with fatty liver were BMI (OR 1.46; 95%CI 1.397-1.537; P<0.0001) and no exer cise habits (OR 1.47; 95% CI 1.101-1.984; P=0.0093). Independent factors associated with significant fibrosis were age, female, BMI (OR 1.37; 95%CI 1.311-1.436; P<0.0001), and no exercise habits (OR 1.49; 95% CI 1.102-2.031; P=0.0097). CONCLUSIONS Fatty liver and significant fibrosis were frequently seen in health check-up examinees and the common independent factors were higher BMI and no exercise habits. Thus, weight loss and exercise may ameliorate fatty liver and significant hepatic fibrosis in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakura Yamamura
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine
| | - Takumi Kawaguchi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine
| | - Dan Nakano
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine
| | - Yoshiko Tomiyasu
- Medical Examination Section, Medical Examination Part Facilities, Public Utility Foundation Saga Prefectural Health Promotion Foundation
| | - Shinobu Yoshinaga
- Medical Examination Section, Medical Examination Part Facilities, Public Utility Foundation Saga Prefectural Health Promotion Foundation
| | - Yumi Doi
- Medical Examination Section, Medical Examination Part Facilities, Public Utility Foundation Saga Prefectural Health Promotion Foundation
| | - Hirokazu Takahashi
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga University Hospital
| | - Keizo Anzai
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga University Hospital
| | - Yuichiro Eguchi
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga University Hospital.,Liver Center, Saga University Hospital
| | - Takuji Torimura
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine
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14
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Liu H, Li J, Jiang C, Yuan T, Ma H. Cellular communication network factor 1 (CCN1) knockdown exerts a protective effect for hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury by deactivating the MEK/ERK pathway. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2021; 45:101737. [PMID: 34144219 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2021.101737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) is an unsettled and intractable conundrum in clinical treatment after liver transplantation and resection. Cellular communication network factor 1 (CCN1) is upregulated in liver IRI and may play a key role in this process. The objective of this study is to investigate the regulatory mechanism of CCN1 in liver IRI, which may provide new insight into liver IRI clinical treatment. METHODS The hepatic ischemia/reperfusion model was established in male C57BL/6 mice by occlusion of vessels in the liver followed by reperfusion. The mice were transfected with two small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) against CCN1 for CCN1 knockdown. The hypoxia/reoxygenation (HR) model was established in vitro using mouse hepatic cells followed by transfection with a siRNA and treatment with an ERK activator TPA to confirm the effects of CCN1 on the MEK/ERK pathway in liver IRI. RESULTS In hepatic IRI, CCN1 was upregulated and its knockdown reduced alanine aminotransferase and aspartate transaminase levels, myeloperoxidase activity, and the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α. CCN1 downregulation alleviated inflammatory cell infiltration and apoptosis in the liver. The expressions of cleaved caspase-9, cleaved caspase-3, Bax, and CHOP were decreased with an increased Bcl-2 level after CCN1 knockdown. The phosphorylation and activation of proteins in ER stress and MEK/ERK pathway were inhibited by CCN1 knockdown. In vitro, the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, apoptosis-inducing proteins, and proteins in ER stress and MEK/ERK pathway, which were decreased by CCN1 knockdown in HR, were restored by TPA, confirming that the activation of ERK aggravated cell apoptosis after reoxygenation. CONCLUSION Overall, CCN1 knockdown may suppress the inflammation, apoptosis during hepatic IRI by reducing the MEK/ERK pathway activation, which may be a breakthrough point in clinical alleviation of hepatic IRI caused by liver transplantation and resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanqiu Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Chengwei Jiang
- Department of Pathology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Tong Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China.
| | - Haichun Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China.
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15
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Huang ZM, Wang H, Ji ZG. Bladder mesenchymal stromal cell-derived exosomal miRNA-217 modulates bladder cancer cell survival through Hippo-YAP pathway. Inflamm Res 2021; 70:959-969. [PMID: 34390377 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-021-01494-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Donor cell-derived exosomes regulate recipient cell functions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of human normal bladder stromal cell (hBSC) derived exosomal miR-217 on bladder cell cancer proliferation and migration. METHODS Human BSCs were transfected with miR-217 mimic or inhibitor and hBSC-derived exosomes were isolated. Human bladder cancer cell lines (T24 and 5367) were co-cultured with hBSC-derived exosomal miR-217 mimic or inhibitor. Proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of the bladder cancer cells were assessed by Edu assay, Transwell migration assay, and Annexin V assay. RESULTS Expression of miR-217 was significantly higher in the T24 and 5367 cell lines (P < 0.01). Exosomal miR-217 mimic enhanced proliferation and migration of T24 and 5367 cells, but inhibited apoptosis of the cells (P < 0.01); in contrast, exosomal miR-217 inhibitor suppressed proliferation and migration but stimulated apoptosis of the two cancer cell lines (P < 0.01). Moreover, exosomal miR-217 mimic stimulated YAP and its target proteins including Cyr61, CTGF, and ANKRD1 (P < 0.01), and in contrast, exosomal miR-217 inhibitor suppressed YAP and its target proteins (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION These findings suggested that hBSC-derived exosomal miR-217 may act as oncogene in bladder cancer cells, and that Hippo-YAP signaling pathway maybe the target for miR-217 in the bladder cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Ming Huang
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing, Dongcheng, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Hai Wang
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing, Dongcheng, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Ji
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing, Dongcheng, Beijing, 100730, China.
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16
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The Cyr61 Is a Potential Target for Rotundifuran, a Natural Labdane-Type Diterpene from Vitex trifolia L., to Trigger Apoptosis of Cervical Cancer Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6677687. [PMID: 34234887 PMCID: PMC8218918 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6677687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is a common female malignant tumor that seriously threatens human health. This study explored the anticervical cancer effects and potential mechanisms of Rotundifuran (RTF), a natural product isolated from Vitex trifolia L. In this study, we found that RTF can suppress the proliferation of cervical cancer cell lines, including HeLa and SiHa cells (with the IC50 less than 10 μM), via induction of apoptosis in vitro, and the antitumor effect of RTF is further confirmed on the HeLa cell-inoculated xenograft model. In addition, our results proved that the antitumor effects of RTF might be related with the reactive oxygen species- (ROS-) induced mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis through MAPK and PI3K/Akt signal pathways. Using proteomics analysis and the drug affinity responsive target stability- (DARTS-) combined mass spectrometry (DARTS-MS), Cyr61 was indicated as a potential target for RTF in cervical cancer cells. Our present study would be beneficial for the development of RTF as a candidate for treatment of cervical cancer in the future.
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17
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Cao J, Xu T, Zhou C, Wang S, Jiang B, Wu K, Ma L. NR4A1 knockdown confers hepatoprotection against ischaemia-reperfusion injury by suppressing TGFβ1 via inhibition of CYR61/NF-κB in mouse hepatocytes. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:5099-5112. [PMID: 33942481 PMCID: PMC8178266 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptor subfamily 4, group A, member 1 (NR4A1) can aggravate ischaemia‐reperfusion (I/R) injury in the heart, kidney and brain. Thus, the present study aimed to unravel the role of NR4A1 on hepatic I/R injury. For this purpose, the mouse hepatic I/R model and H/R‐exposed mouse hepatocytes model were established to stimulate the hepatic and hepatocellular damage. Then, the levels of ALT and AST as well as TNF‐α and IL‐1β expression were measured in the mouse serum and supernatant of hepatocyte s, respectively. Thereafter, we quantified the levels of NR4A1, CYR61, NF‐kB p65 and TGFβ1 under pathological conditions, and their interactions were analysed using ChIP and dual‐luciferase reporter gene assays. The in vivo and in vitro effects of NR4A1, CYR61, NF‐kB p65 and TGFβ1 on I/R‐induced hepatic and H/R‐induced hepatocellular damage were evaluated using gain‐ and loss‐of‐function approaches. NR4A1 was up‐regulated in the hepatic tissues of I/R‐operated mice and in H/R‐treated hepatocytes. Silencing NR4A1 relieved the I/R‐induced hepatic injury, as supported by suppression of ALT and AST as well as TNF‐α and IL‐1β. Meanwhile, NR4A1 knockdown attenuated the H/R‐induced hepatocellular damage by inhibiting the apoptosis of hepatocyte s. Moreover, we also found that NR4A1 up‐regulated the expression of CYR61 which resulted in the activation of the NF‐κB signalling pathway, thereby enhancing the transcription of TGFβ1, which was validated to be the mechanism underlying the contributory role of NR4A1 in hepatic I/R injury. Taken together, NR4A1 silencing reduced the expression of CYR61/NF‐κB/TGFβ1, thereby relieving the hepatic I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cao
- Department of hepatic and Laparoscopic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Ting Xu
- The Affiliated Huai'an No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Chengming Zhou
- Department of hepatic and Laparoscopic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Shaochuang Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Huai'an No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Baofei Jiang
- Department of General surgery, The Affiliated Huai'an No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Kun Wu
- Department of General surgery, The Affiliated Huai'an No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Long Ma
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
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18
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Moore MP, Cunningham RP, Davis RAH, Deemer SE, Roberts BM, Plaisance EP, Rector RS. A dietary ketone ester mitigates histological outcomes of NAFLD and markers of fibrosis in high-fat diet fed mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 320:G564-G572. [PMID: 33501889 PMCID: PMC8238172 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00259.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nutritional ketosis as a therapeutic tool has been extended to the treatment of metabolic diseases, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The purpose of this study was to determine whether dietary administration of the ketone ester (KE) R,S-1,3-butanediol diacetoacetate (BD-AcAc2) attenuates markers of hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and hepatic fibrosis in the context of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. Six-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were placed on a 10-wk ad libitum HFD (45% fat, 32% carbohydrates, 23% proteins). Mice were then randomized to one of three groups (n = 10 per group) for an additional 12 wk: 1) control (CON), continuous HFD; 2) pair-fed (PF) to KE, and 3) KE (HFD + 30% energy from BD-AcAc2, KE). KE feeding significantly reduced histological steatosis, inflammation, and total NAFLD activity score versus CON, beyond improvements observed for calorie restriction alone (PF). Dietary KE supplementation also reduced the protein content and gene expression of profibrotic markers (α-SMA, COL1A1, PDGF-β, MMP9) versus CON (P < 0.05), beyond reductions observed for PF versus CON. Furthermore, KE feeding increased hepatic markers of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages (CD163) and also reduced proinflammatory markers [tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and cellular communication network factor 1 (CCN1)] versus CON and PF (P ≤ 0.05), in the absence of changes in markers of total hepatic macrophage content (F4/80 and CD68; P > 0.05). These data highlight that the dietary ketone ester BD-AcAc2 ameliorates histological NAFLD and inflammation and reduces profibrotic and proinflammatory markers. Future studies to further explore potential mechanisms are warranted.NEW & NOTEWORTHY To our knowledge, this is the first study focusing on hepatic outcomes in response to dietary ketone ester feeding in male mice with HFD-induced NAFLD. Novel findings include that dietary ketone ester feeding ameliorates NAFLD outcomes via reductions in histological steatosis and inflammation. These improvements were beyond those observed for caloric restriction alone. Furthermore, dietary ketone ester feeding was associated with greater reductions in markers of hepatic fibrogenesis and inflammation compared with control and calorie-restricted mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary P Moore
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Rory P Cunningham
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Rachel A H Davis
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Sarah E Deemer
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Brandon M Roberts
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Eric P Plaisance
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Department of Health Behavior, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - R Scott Rector
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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19
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Sun J, Zhang W, Tan Z, Zheng C, Tang Y, Ke X, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Li P, Hu Q, Wang H, Mao P, Zheng Z. Zika virus promotes CCN1 expression via the CaMKIIα-CREB pathway in astrocytes. Virulence 2021; 11:113-131. [PMID: 31957543 PMCID: PMC6984649 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1715189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in the human central nervous system (CNS) causes Guillain–Barre syndrome, cerebellum deformity, and other diseases. Astrocytes are immune response cells in the CNS and an important component of the blood–brain barrier. Consequently, any damage to astrocytes facilitates the spread of ZIKV in the CNS. Connective tissue growth factor/Nephroblastoma overexpressed gene family 1 (CCN1), an important inflammatory factor secreted by astrocytes, is reported to regulate innate immunity and viral infection. However, the mechanism by which astrocyte viral infection affects CCN1 expression remains undefined. In this study, we demonstrate that ZIKV infection up-regulates CCN1 expression in astrocytes, thus promoting intracellular viral replication. Other studies revealed that the cAMP response element (CRE) in the CCN1 promoter is activated by the ZIKV NS3 protein. The cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB), a transacting factor of the CRE, is also activated by NS3 or ZIKV. Furthermore,a specific inhibitor of CREB, i.e. SGC-CBP30, reduced ZIKV-induced CCN1 up-regulation and ZIKV replication. Moreover, co-immunoprecipitation, overexpression, and knockdown studies confirmed that the interaction between NS3 and the regulatory domain of CaMKIIα could activate the CREB pathway, thus resulting in the up-regulation of CCN1 expression and enhancement of virus replication. In conclusion, the findings of our investigations on the NS3-CaMKIIα-CREB-CCN1 pathway provide a foundation for understanding the infection mechanism of ZIKV in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhong Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of life sciences and health, Wuhan university of science and technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wanpo Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhongyuan Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Caishang Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianliang Ke
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Penghui Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qinxue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Hanzhong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Panyong Mao
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases,Military Hospital of China, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zhenhua Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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20
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Sun C, Zhang H, Liu X. Emerging role of CCN family proteins in fibrosis. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:4195-4206. [PMID: 33222181 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a common pathological change characterized by the excessive accumulation of fibrous connective tissue. Once uncontrolled, this pathological progress can lead to irreversible damage to the structure and function of organs, which is a serious threat to human health and life. Actually, the disability and death of patients caused by many chronic diseases have a closed relationship with fibrosis. The CCN protein family, including six members, is a small group of matrix proteins exhibiting structurally similar features. In the past 20 years, different biological functions of CCN proteins have been identified in various diseases. Of note, it has been recently shown that they are implicated in the key pathological process of fibrosis. In this review, we summarize the current status of knowledge regarding the role of CCN proteins involved in the pathogenesis of fibrosis diseases in detail. Furthermore, we highlight some of the underlying interaction mechanisms of CCN protein acting in fibrosis that helps to develop new drugs and determine appropriate clinical strategies for fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Sun
- Department of Spine Surgery, the Affiliated Jiangning Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, the Affiliated Jiangning Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinhui Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, the Affiliated Jiangning Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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21
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Liu X, Wang D, Yang W, Wu X. Oxymatrine exerts anti-fibrotic effects in a rat model of hepatic fibrosis by suppressing endoplasmic reticulum stress. J Int Med Res 2020; 48:300060520961681. [PMID: 33044865 PMCID: PMC7556176 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520961681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study evaluated the anti-fibrotic effects of oxymatrine and the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in hepatic fibrosis (HF) in animal models. Methods The HF rat model was established by exposure to NaAsO2, followed by treatment with oxymatrine. Biomarkers of HF and ER stress were measured. The difference in protein expression between groups was evaluated using isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) analysis. The mechanism by which oxymatrine modulated ER stress to alleviate arsenic-induced HF was evaluated using LX2 hepatic stellate cells in vitro. Results The rat model mimicked the pathological and physical phenotypes of HF including ER stress, oxidative stress, impaired liver function, and fibrosis. Treatment with oxymatrine suppressed these responses. Moreover, apoptosis, inflammation, and hepatic stellate cell activation were also inhibited by oxymatrine treatment. The differentially expressed proteins and pathways related to ER stress were identified in the HF and oxymatrine-treated groups via iTRAQ analysis combined with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. LX2 cells were activated by NaAsO2in vitro. Meanwhile, oxymatrine suppressed the activation of LX2 cells by alleviating ER stress and regulating cellular calcium homeostasis. Conclusions Oxymatrine could reverse NaAsO2-induced HF by alleviating ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Medical Comprehensive, Second Affiliated Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Wenping Yang
- Department of Medical Comprehensive, Second Affiliated Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Xiaomeng Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
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Feng M, Peng H, Yao R, Zhang Z, Mao G, Yu H, Qiu Y. Inhibition of cellular communication network factor 1 (CCN1)-driven senescence slows down cartilage inflammaging and osteoarthritis. Bone 2020; 139:115522. [PMID: 32622876 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the role of cellular communication network factor 1 (CCN1) in cartilage inflammaging and osteoarthritis (OA) pathogenesis in the isolated primary human chondrocytes in vitro, cartilage explants ex vivo, and a pre-clinical mice model. METHODS Recombinant human CCN1 stimulation and small interfering RNA inhibition were conducted in human chondrocytes. The RNA was extracted to quantify catabolic targets and pro-inflammatory genes and the proteins were probed with specific antibodies. IL-1β and IL-6 were monitored by ELISA. IHC was performed to evaluate important hypertrophic hallmarks and catabolic markers. The effects of Tanshinone IIA on chondrocytes were investigated in both time-dependent and dose-dependent processes. Cartilage explants were cultured in growth medium and further treated with Tanshinone IIA. The intra-articular injection was performed in 13 months old C57BL/6J mice. Safranin O and fast green staining were performed to evaluate the histological change of cartilage followed by a semi-quantitative analysis using the OARSI scoring system. RESULTS RNA and protein levels of CCN1 increased in an age-dependent manner compared to young donors. Increased CCN1 expression was also found in the damaged area compared to the non-lesion area which correlated with the advanced pathological change in human OA. The overexpression of CCN1 promoted chondrocytes senescence, while the down-regulation of CCN1 by small interfering RNA reduced CCN1 production and limited inflammation secretion suggesting that CCN1 was a possible novel target to intervene OA. Inhibition of CCN1 by using Tanshinone IIA could reduce SASP components in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Additionally, our data showed that Tanshinone IIA was able to preserve articular cartilage integrity, suppress CCN1 production, and inhibit SASP factors in human cartilage explants and in aged mice model. CONCLUSION This study showed that CCN1 signaling aggravated cartilage inflammaing and matrix degradation. Collectively, our findings showed new insight into repurposing Tanshinone IIA for slowing down OA advancement in human and mice by inhibiting the CCN1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hang Peng
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Ricky Yao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, People's Republic of China; Department of Orthopedics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22908, USA
| | - Zhifeng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, People's Republic of China; Department of Joint Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, 010030 Hohhot, People's Republic of China
| | - Genwen Mao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiquan Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Yusheng Qiu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, People's Republic of China.
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Wang J, Jiang Y, Soulixay S, Fu D, You Y. [Angiotensin Ⅱ induces apoptosis of HEK293T cells by up-regulating Cyr61 expression]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2019; 39:810-815. [PMID: 31340914 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2019.07.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of Cyr61 in angiotensin Ⅱ (AngⅡ)-induced functional changes in HEK293 cells and explore the mechanism. METHODS Cyr61 knockdown in cultured HEK293T cells was achieved by transfection of the cells with CRISPR/Cas9 KO plasmid. The changes in apoptosis and expression levels of Cyr61 and Bcl-2 in the cells with or without Cyr61 knockdown in response to treatment with 10-7 mol/L AngⅡ for 48 h were analyzed using flow cytometry, qRT-PCR and Western blotting. RESULTS The cells with Cyr61 knockdown showed significantly decreased expression of Cyr61 protein as compared with the control cells (P < 0.05). AngⅡ treatment for 48 h significantly increased the expression of Cyr61 and lowers the expression of Bcl-2 at both the protein and mRNA levels in HEK293T cells. In HEK293T cells with Cyr61 knockdown, AngⅡ treatment resulted in significantly increased expression of Bcl-2 in HEK293T cells as compared with that of the control group (P < 0.05). AngⅡ treatment caused significantly increased apoptotic rate in HEK293T cells as compared with the cells with Cyr61 knockdown [(26.94 ± 3.73)% vs (3.87 ± 0.83)%, P < 0.05), and the apoptosis rate was significantly lowered to (15.76 ± 1.31)% in HEK293T cells with Cyr61 knockdown following AngⅡ treatment (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The up-regulation of Cyr61 expression is related with AngⅡ-induced injury in HEK293T cells, and down-regulating Cyr61 expression can effectively protect HEK293T cells against AngⅡ-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Science Lab Center, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, China
| | - Senouthai Soulixay
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, China
| | - Dongdong Fu
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, China
| | - Yanwu You
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, China
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Unfolded protein response is an early, non-critical event during hepatic stellate cell activation. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:98. [PMID: 30718473 PMCID: PMC6362073 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1327-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells activate upon liver injury and help at restoring damaged tissue by producing extracellular matrix proteins. A drastic increase in matrix proteins results in liver fibrosis and we hypothesize that this sudden increase leads to accumulation of proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and its compensatory mechanism, the unfolded protein response. We indeed observe a very early, but transient induction of unfolded protein response genes during activation of primary mouse hepatic stellate cells in vitro and in vivo, prior to induction of classical stellate cell activation genes. This unfolded protein response does not seem sufficient to drive stellate cell activation on its own, as chemical induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress with tunicamycin in 3D cultured, quiescent stellate cells is not able to induce stellate cell activation. Inhibition of Jnk is important for the transduction of the unfolded protein response. Stellate cells isolated from Jnk knockout mice do not activate as much as their wild-type counterparts and do not have an induced expression of unfolded protein response genes. A timely termination of the unfolded protein response is essential to prevent endoplasmic reticulum stress-related apoptosis. A pathway known to be involved in this termination is the non-sense-mediated decay pathway. Non-sense-mediated decay inhibitors influence the unfolded protein response at early time points during stellate cell activation. Our data suggest that UPR in HSCs is differentially regulated between acute and chronic stages of the activation process. In conclusion, our data demonstrates that the unfolded protein response is a JNK1-dependent early event during hepatic stellate cell activation, which is counteracted by non-sense-mediated decay and is not sufficient to drive the stellate cell activation process. Therapeutic strategies based on UPR or NMD modulation might interfere with fibrosis, but will remain challenging because of the feedback mechanisms between the stress pathways.
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25
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Loeuillard E, El Mourabit H, Lei L, Lemoinne S, Housset C, Cadoret A. Endoplasmic reticulum stress induces inverse regulations of major functions in portal myofibroblasts during liver fibrosis progression. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:3688-3696. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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26
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Gu LL, Shen ZL, Li YL, Bao YQ, Lu H. Oxymatrine Causes Hepatotoxicity by Promoting the Phosphorylation of JNK and Induction of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Mediated by ROS in LO2 Cells. Mol Cells 2018; 41:401-412. [PMID: 29754474 PMCID: PMC5974617 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2018.2180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxymatrine (OMT) often used in treatment for chronic hepatitis B virus infection in clinic. However, OMT-induced liver injury has been reported. In this study, we aim to investigate the possible mechanism of OMT-induced hepatotoxicity in human normal liver cells (L02). Exposed cells to OMT, the cell viability was decreased and apoptosis rate increased, the intracellular markers of oxidative stress were changed. Simultaneously, OMT altered apoptotic related proteins levels, including Bcl-2, Bax and pro-caspase-8/-9/-3. In addition, OMT enhanced the protein levels of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress makers (GRP78/Bip, CHOP, and cleaved-Caspase-4) and phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK), as well as the mRNA levels of GRP78/Bip, CHOP, caspase-4, and ER stress sensors (IREI, ATF6, and PERK). Pre-treatment with Z-VAD-fmk, JNK inhibitor SP600125 and N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), a ROS scavenger, partly improved the survival rates and restored OMT-induced cellular damage, and reduced caspase-3 cleavage. SP600125 or NAC reduced OMT-induced p-JNK and NAC significantly lowered caspase-4. Furthermore, 4-PBA, the ER stress inhibitor, weakened inhibitory effect of OMT on cells, on the contrary, TM worsen. 4-PBA also reduced the levels of p-JNK and cleaved-caspase-3 proteins. Therefore, OMT-induced injury in L02 cells was related to ROS mediated p-JNK and ER stress induction. Antioxidant, by inhibition of p-JNK or ER stress, may be a feasible method to alleviate OMT-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-li Gu
- College of Pharmaceutical science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang Province,
China
| | - Zhe-lun Shen
- College of Pharmaceutical science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang Province,
China
| | - Yang-Lei Li
- College of Pharmaceutical science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang Province,
China
| | - Yi-Qi Bao
- College of Pharmaceutical science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang Province,
China
| | - Hong Lu
- College of Pharmaceutical science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang Province,
China
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27
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Boyko TV, Bam R, Jiang D, Wang Z, Bhatia N, Tran MC, Longaker MT, Koong AC, Yang GP. Inhibition of IRE1 results in decreased scar formation. Wound Repair Regen 2018; 25:964-971. [PMID: 29316036 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Wound healing is characterized by the production of large amounts of protein necessary to replace lost cellular mass and extracellular matrix. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an important adaptive cellular response to increased protein synthesis. One of the main components of the UPR is IRE1, an endoplasmic reticulum transmembrane protein with endonuclease activity that produces the activated form of the transcription factor XBP1. Using luciferase reporter mice for Xbp1 splicing, we showed that IRE1 was up-regulated during excisional wound healing at the time in wound healing consistent with that of the proliferative phase, when the majority of protein synthesis for cellular proliferation and matrix deposition occurs. Furthermore, using a small molecule inhibitor of IRE1 we demonstrated that inhibition of IRE1 led to decreased scar formation in treated mice. Results were recapitulated in a hypertrophic scar mouse model. These data help provide a cellular pathway to target in the treatment of hypertrophic scarring and keloid disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana V Boyko
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Department of Surgery, University at Buffalo, SSUNY, Buffalo, New York
| | - Rakesh Bam
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Dadi Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Namrata Bhatia
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Misha C Tran
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Michael T Longaker
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Albert C Koong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - George P Yang
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Palo Alto VA Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
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Zhang H, Lian M, Zhang J, Bian Z, Tang R, Miao Q, Peng Y, Fang J, You Z, Invernizzi P, Wang Q, Gershwin ME, Ma X. A functional characteristic of cysteine-rich protein 61: Modulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in liver inflammation. Hepatology 2018; 67:232-246. [PMID: 28777871 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED There is increasing awareness of the immunologic roles of liver mononuclear populations, including myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). We took advantage of a large well-defined cohort of 148 patients with liver inflammation and 45 healthy controls to focus on the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of MDSCs. We investigated the frequency, phenotype, and functional capacities of MDSCs by using peripheral blood MDSCs in a cohort of 55 patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), 40 with autoimmune hepatitis, 39 with chronic hepatitis B, 14 with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and 45 healthy controls. This was followed by a liver-targeted determination in 27 patients with PBC, 27 with autoimmune hepatitis, 20 with chronic hepatitis B, 14 with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and 6 controls. We then focused on mechanisms of this expansion with PBC as an example, using both ursodeoxycholic acid-naive and treated patients. HLA-DR-/low CD33+ CD11b+ CD14+ CD15- monocytic MDSCs were elevated in diseases characterized by liver inflammation compared to healthy controls. Using PBC as a focus, there was a significant correlation between levels of circulating MDSCs and disease-related biochemical markers (alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin). We found higher amounts of MDSCs in patients with PBC who were responsive to ursodeoxycholic acid. MDSCs from PBC were found to manifest a potent immunosuppressive function. There was a significant correlation in the accumulation of hepatic MDSCs in the inflamed lesions of PBC with histologic changes, such as fibrosis. We also found that cysteine-rich protein 61 (CCN1), a highly expressed protein in impaired cholangiocytes and hepatocytes, contributes to MDSC expansion and MDSC inducible nitric oxide synthase-associated immune suppression. CONCLUSION CCN1 modulates expansion and a suppressive function of MDSCs. Our data highlight the potential functions of CCN1 on MDSCs and suggest therapeutic implications in inflammatory liver diseases. (Hepatology HEPATOLOGY 2018;67:232-246).
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Lian
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaolian Bian
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China.,Nantong Institute of Liver Disease, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nantong Third People's Hospital, Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruqi Tang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Miao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanshen Peng
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyuan Fang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengrui You
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Program for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, International Center for Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Qixia Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Xiong Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
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Li ZQ, Wu WR, Zhao C, Zhao C, Zhang XL, Yang Z, Pan J, Si WK. CCN1/Cyr61 enhances the function of hepatic stellate cells in promoting the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Mol Med 2017; 41:1518-1528. [PMID: 29286082 PMCID: PMC5819939 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the main extracellular matrix (ECM)-producing cells in liver fibrosis. Activated HSCs stimulate the proliferation and migration of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. Cysteine-rich 61 (CCN1/Cyr61) is an ECM protein. Our previous studies demonstrated that the expression of CCN1 was significantly higher in benign hepatic cirrhosis tissue and cancer-adjacent hepatic cirrhosis tissues. CCN1 is a target gene of β-catenin in HCC and promotes the proliferation of HCC cells. The present study aimed to examine whether CCN1 can activate HSCs and affect the function of activated HSCs in promoting the progression of HCC. CCN1 expression was determined during the progression of liver fibrosis in a mouse model. LX-2 cells, which were infected with adenoviruses AdCCN1 or AdRFP, and HepG2 cells were co-cultured or subcutaneously co-implanted into in nude mice. MTT assay, Crystal Violet staining, Boyden chamber, matrigel invasion and monolayer scratch assays were used to analyze the proliferation, migration and invasion capability of HepG2 cells. Xenograft sizes were measured and histological analyses were performed by hematoxylin and eosin, immunohistochemical, immunefluorescence and Sirius Red staining. It was demonstrated that the expression of CCN1 was continually increased in liver fibrosis and the that expression may be correlated with the progression of liver fibrosis. CCN1 affected the function of LX-2 and enhanced the effect of LX-2 on promoting the viability, migration and invasion of HepG2 cells in vitro. CCN1 enhanced the effect of LX-2 on promoting the growth of HepG2 xenografts in vivo. CCN1 also affected the function of activated HSCs and regulated the formation of the xenograft microenvironment, including fibrogenesis and angiogenesis, which are beneficial for the progression of HCC. These findings demonstrated that CCN1 may be involved in the progression of the hepatic cirrhosis-HCC axis through regulating HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qiang Li
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Ru Wu
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Chen Zhao
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Li Zhang
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Zhong Yang
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Jing Pan
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Ke Si
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
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30
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Yang R, Chen Y, Chen D. Biological functions and role of CCN1/Cyr61 in embryogenesis and tumorigenesis in the female reproductive system (Review). Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:3-10. [PMID: 29115499 PMCID: PMC5780141 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61 (CCN1/Cyr61) is a prompt response transcription product activated by growth factors. As a member of the CCN family, it mediates cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, migration, adhesion and synthesis of the extracellular matrix by binding directly to the integrins and heparin sulfate proteoglycans or activating multiple signaling transduction pathways. It has previously been demonstrated that CCN1/Cyr61 exhibits an important role in the female reproductive system during embryogenesis and tumorigenesis. However, the functions of CCN1/Cyr61 in the female reproductive system have not been systematically investigated, therefore, the primary aim of the present review is to introduce the role and function of CCN1/Cyr61 in the female reproductive system. The current review presents the molecular structure and biological function of CCN1/Cyr61 and provides detailed data on its expression pattern and contribution to the female reproductive system, including the role in embryogenesis and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214002, P.R. China
| | - Ying Chen
- Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214002, P.R. China
| | - Daozhen Chen
- Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214002, P.R. China
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Calpain Activation in Alzheimer's Model Mice Is an Artifact of APP and Presenilin Overexpression. J Neurosci 2017; 36:9933-6. [PMID: 27656030 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1907-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Intraneuronal calcium stimulates the calpain-dependent conversion of p35 to p25, a CDK5 activator. It is widely believed that amyloid β peptide (Aβ) induces this conversion that, in turn, has an essential role in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. However, in vivo studies on p25 generation used transgenic mice overexpressing mutant amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin (PS). Here, using single App knock-in mice, we show that p25 generation is an artifact caused by membrane protein overexpression. We show that massive Aβ42 accumulation without overexpression of APP or presenilin does not produce p25, whereas p25 generation occurred with APP/PS overexpression and in postmortem mouse brain. We further support this finding using mice deficient for calpastatin, the sole calpain-specific inhibitor protein. Thus, the intracerebral environment of the APP/PS mouse brain and postmortem brain is an unphysiological state. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We recently estimated using single App knock-in mice that accumulate amyloid β peptide without transgene overexpression that 60% of the phenotypes observed in Alzheimer's model mice overexpressing mutant amyloid precursor protein (APP) or APP and presenilin are artifacts (Saito et al., 2014). The current study further supports this estimate by invalidating key results from papers that were published in Cell These findings suggest that more than 3000 publications based on APP and APP/PS overexpression must be reevaluated.
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32
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CCN3 Regulates Macrophage Foam Cell Formation and Atherosclerosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:1230-1237. [PMID: 28527710 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies implicate the Cyr61, CTGF, Nov (CCN) matricellular signaling protein family as emerging players in vascular biology, with NOV (alias CCN3) as an important regulator of vascular homeostasis. Herein, we examined the role of CCN3 in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In response to a 15-week high-fat diet feeding, CCN3-deficient mice on the atherosclerosis-prone Apoe-/- background developed increased aortic lipid-rich plaques compared to control Apoe-/- mice, a result that was observed in the absence of alterations in plasma lipid content. To address the cellular contributor(s) responsible for the atherosclerotic phenotype, we performed bone marrow transplantation experiments. Transplantation of Apoe; Ccn3 double-knockout bone marrow into Apoe-/- mice resulted in an increase of atherosclerotic plaque burden, whereas transplantation of Apoe-/- marrow to Apoe; Ccn3 double-knockout mice caused a reduction of atherosclerosis. These results indicate that CCN3 deficiency, specifically in the bone marrow, plays a major role in the development of atherosclerosis. Mechanistically, cell-based studies in isolated peritoneal macrophages demonstrated that CCN3 deficiency leads to an increase of lipid uptake and foam cell formation, an effect potentially attributed to the increased expression of scavenger receptors CD36 and SRA1, key factors involved in lipoprotein uptake. These results suggest that bone marrow-derived CCN3 is an essential regulator of atherosclerosis and point to a novel role of CCN3 in modulating lipid accumulation within macrophages.
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Sasaguri H, Nilsson P, Hashimoto S, Nagata K, Saito T, De Strooper B, Hardy J, Vassar R, Winblad B, Saido TC. APP mouse models for Alzheimer's disease preclinical studies. EMBO J 2017; 36:2473-2487. [PMID: 28768718 PMCID: PMC5579350 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201797397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 441] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models of human diseases that accurately recapitulate clinical pathology are indispensable for understanding molecular mechanisms and advancing preclinical studies. The Alzheimer's disease (AD) research community has historically used first‐generation transgenic (Tg) mouse models that overexpress proteins linked to familial AD (FAD), mutant amyloid precursor protein (APP), or APP and presenilin (PS). These mice exhibit AD pathology, but the overexpression paradigm may cause additional phenotypes unrelated to AD. Second‐generation mouse models contain humanized sequences and clinical mutations in the endogenous mouse App gene. These mice show Aβ accumulation without phenotypes related to overexpression but are not yet a clinical recapitulation of human AD. In this review, we evaluate different APP mouse models of AD, and review recent studies using the second‐generation mice. We advise AD researchers to consider the comparative strengths and limitations of each model against the scientific and therapeutic goal of a prospective preclinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Sasaguri
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan .,Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Per Nilsson
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan.,Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Shoko Hashimoto
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan
| | - Kenichi Nagata
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan.,Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Bart De Strooper
- Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK.,Department for Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - John Hardy
- Reta Lila Research Laboratories and the Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Robert Vassar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bengt Winblad
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan
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de Oliveira da Silva B, Ramos LF, Moraes KCM. Molecular interplays in hepatic stellate cells: apoptosis, senescence, and phenotype reversion as cellular connections that modulate liver fibrosis. Cell Biol Int 2017; 41:946-959. [PMID: 28498509 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a pathophysiological process correlated with intense repair and cicatrization mechanisms in injured liver, and over the past few years, the characterization of the fine-tuning of molecular interconnections that support the development of liver fibrosis has been investigated. In this cellular process, the hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) support the organ fibrogenesis. The HSCs are found in two distinct morpho-physiological states: quiescent and activated. In normal liver, most HSCs are found in quiescent state, presenting a considerable amount of lipid droplets in the cytoplasm, while in injured liver, the activated phenotype of HSCs is a myofibroblast, that secrete extracellular matrix elements and contribute to the establishment of the fibrotic process. Studies on the molecular mechanisms by which HSCs try to restore their quiescent state have been performed; however, no effective treatment to reverse fibrosis has been so far prescribed. Therefore, the elucidation of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of apoptosis, senescence, and the cell reversion phenotype process from activate to quiescent state will certainly contribute to the development of effective therapies to treat hepatic fibrosis. In this context, this review aimed to address central elements of apoptosis, senescence, and reversal of HSC phenotype in the control of hepatic fibrogenesis, as a guide to future development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda de Oliveira da Silva
- Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Molecular Biology Laboratory, Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho"-Campus Rio Claro, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Letícia Ferrreira Ramos
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho"-Campus Rio Claro, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karen C M Moraes
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho"-Campus Rio Claro, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
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Abshagen K, Rotberg T, Genz B, Vollmar B. No significant impact of Foxf1 siRNA treatment in acute and chronic CCl 4 liver injury. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017. [PMID: 28629226 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217716425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver injury of any etiology is the main trigger of fibrogenic responses and thought to be mediated by hepatic stellate cells. Herein, activating transcription factors like forkhead box f1 are described to stimulate pro-fibrogenic genes in hepatic stellate cells. By using a liver-specific siRNA delivery system (DBTC), we evaluated whether forkhead box f1 siRNA treatment exhibit beneficial effects in murine models of acute and chronic CCl4-induced liver injury. Systemic administration of DBTC-forkhead box f1 siRNA in mice was only sufficient to silence forkhead box f1 in acute CCl4 model, but was not able to attenuate liver injury as measured by liver enzymes and necrotic liver cell area. Therapeutic treatment of mice with DBTC-forkhead box f1 siRNA upon chronic CCl4 exposition failed to inhibit forkhead box f1 expression and hence lacked to diminish hepatic stellate cells activation or fibrosis development. As a conclusion, DBTC-forkhead box f1 siRNA reduced forkhead box f1 expression in a model of acute but not chronic toxic liver injury and showed no positive effects in either of these mice models. Impact statement As liver fibrosis is a worldwide health problem, antifibrotic therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. Therefore, further developments of new technologies including validation in different experimental models of liver disease are essential. Since activation of hepatic stellate cells is a key event upon liver injury, the activating transcription factor forkhead box f1 (Foxf1) represents a potential target gene. Previously, we evaluated Foxf1 silencing by a liver-specific siRNA delivery system (DBTC), exerting beneficial effects in cholestasis. The present study was designed to confirm the therapeutic potential of Foxf1 siRNA in models of acute and chronic CCl4-induced liver injury. DBTC-Foxf1 siRNA was only sufficient to silence Foxf1 in acute CCl4 model and did not ameliorate liver injury or fibrogenesis. This underlines the significance of the experimental model used. Each model displays specific characteristics in the pathogenic nature, time course and severity of fibrosis and the optimal time point for starting a therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Abshagen
- 1 Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Tobias Rotberg
- 1 Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Berit Genz
- 1 Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany.,2 QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Brigitte Vollmar
- 1 Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
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36
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Prakoura N, Chatziantoniou C. Matricellular Proteins and Organ Fibrosis. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-017-0138-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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37
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Adenoviral CCN gene transfers induce in vitro and in vivo endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:2604-2612. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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38
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Members of the Cyr61/CTGF/NOV Protein Family: Emerging Players in Hepatic Progenitor Cell Activation and Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2016; 2016:2313850. [PMID: 27829832 PMCID: PMC5088274 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2313850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic stem/progenitor cells (HPC) reside quiescently in normal biliary trees and are activated in the form of ductular reactions during severe liver damage when the replicative ability of hepatocytes is inhibited. HPC niches are full of profibrotic stimuli favoring scarring and hepatocarcinogenesis. The Cyr61/CTGF/NOV (CCN) protein family consists of six members, CCN1/CYR61, CCN2/CTGF, CCN3/NOV, CCN4/WISP1, CCN5/WISP2, and CCN6/WISP3, which function as extracellular signaling modulators to mediate cell-matrix interaction during angiogenesis, wound healing, fibrosis, and tumorigenesis. This study investigated expression patterns of CCN proteins in HPC and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Mouse HPC were induced by the biliary toxin 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC). Differential expression patterns of CCN proteins were found in HPC from DDC damaged mice and in human CCA tumors. In addition, we utilized reporter mice that carried Ccn2/Ctgf promoter driven GFP and detected strong Ccn2/Ctgf expression in epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM)+ HPC under normal conditions and in DDC-induced liver damage. Abundant CCN2/CTGF protein was also found in cytokeratin 19 (CK19)+ human HPC that were surrounded by α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)+ myofibroblast cells in intrahepatic CCA tumors. These results suggest that CCN proteins, particularly CCN2/CTGF, function in HPC activation and CCA development.
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39
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Wu FL, Liu WY, Van Poucke S, Braddock M, Jin WM, Xiao J, Li XK, Zheng MH. Targeting endoplasmic reticulum stress in liver disease. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 10:1041-52. [PMID: 27093595 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2016.1179575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The accumulation of unfolded protein in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) initiates an unfolded protein response (UPR) via three signal transduction cascades, which involve protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK), inositol requiring enzyme-1α (IRE1α) and activating transcription factor-6α (ATF6α). An ER stress response is observed in nearly all physiologies related to acute and chronic liver disease and therapeutic targeting of the mechanisms implicated in UPR signaling have attracted considerable attention. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on the correlation between ER stress and liver disease and the possible targets which may drive the potential for novel therapeutic intervention. Expert Commentary: We describe pathways which are involved in UPR signaling and their potential correlation with various liver diseases and underlying mechanisms which may present opportunities for novel therapeutic strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa-Ling Wu
- a Department of Hepatology, Liver Research Center , the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China.,b Institute of Hepatology , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China
| | - Wen-Yue Liu
- c Department of Endocrinology , the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China
| | - Sven Van Poucke
- d Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy , Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg , Genk , Belgium
| | - Martin Braddock
- e Global Medicines Development , AstraZeneca R&D , Alderley Park , UK
| | - Wei-Min Jin
- f Department of Infection Diseases , People Hospital of Wencheng County , Wenzhou , China
| | - Jian Xiao
- g Institute of Biology Science , Wenzhou University , Wenzhou , China.,h School of Pharmacy , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China
| | - Xiao-Kun Li
- g Institute of Biology Science , Wenzhou University , Wenzhou , China.,h School of Pharmacy , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China
| | - Ming-Hua Zheng
- a Department of Hepatology, Liver Research Center , the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China.,b Institute of Hepatology , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China
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40
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Sun GZ, Gao FF, Zhao ZM, Sun H, Xu W, Wu LW, He YC. Endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis in the penumbra aggravates secondary damage in rats with traumatic brain injury. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:1260-6. [PMID: 27651773 PMCID: PMC5020824 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.189190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal apoptosis is mediated by intrinsic and extrinsic signaling pathways such as the membrane-mediated, mitochondrial, and endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways. Few studies have examined the endoplasmic reticulum-mediated apoptosis pathway in the penumbra after traumatic brain injury, and it remains unclear whether endoplasmic reticulum stress can activate the caspase-12-dependent apoptotic pathway in the traumatic penumbra. Here, we established rat models of fluid percussion-induced traumatic brain injury and found that protein expression of caspase-12, caspase-3 and the endoplasmic reticulum stress marker 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein increased in the traumatic penumbra 6 hours after injury and peaked at 24 hours. Furthermore, numbers of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling-positive cells in the traumatic penumbra also reached peak levels 24 hours after injury. These findings suggest that caspase-12-mediated endoplasmic reticulum-related apoptosis is activated in the traumatic penumbra, and may play an important role in the pathophysiology of secondary brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-zhu Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
- Correspondence to: Guo-zhu Sun,
| | - Fen-fei Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zong-mao Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Hai Sun
- Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Li-wei Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yong-chang He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
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41
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Linden MA, Sheldon RD, Meers GM, Ortinau LC, Morris EM, Booth FW, Kanaley JA, Vieira-Potter VJ, Sowers JR, Ibdah JA, Thyfault JP, Laughlin MH, Rector RS. Aerobic exercise training in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease related fibrosis. J Physiol 2016; 594:5271-84. [PMID: 27104887 DOI: 10.1113/jp272235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Physiologically relevant rodent models of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) that resemble the human condition are limited. Exercise training and energy restriction are first-line recommendations for the treatment of NASH. Hyperphagic Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty rats fed a western diet high in fat, sucrose and cholesterol for 24 weeks developed a severe NASH with fibrosis phenotype. Moderate intensity exercise training and modest energy restriction provided some improvement in the histological features of NASH that coincided with alterations in markers of hepatic stellate cell activation and extracellular matrix remodelling. The present study highlights the importance of lifestyle modification, including exercise training and energy restriction, in the regulation of advanced liver disease. ABSTRACT The incidence of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is rising but the efficacy of lifestyle modifications to improve NASH-related outcomes remain unclear. We hypothesized that a western diet (WD) would induce NASH in the Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rat and that lifestyle modification would improve this condition. Eight-week-old Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (L) and OLETF (O) rats consumed a control diet (10% kcal fat, 3.5% sucrose) or a WD (45% kcal fat, 17% sucrose, 1% cholesterol) for 24 weeks. At 20 weeks of age, additional WD-fed OLETFs were randomized to sedentary (O-SED), food restriction (O-FR; ∼25% kcal reduction vs. O-SED) or exercise training (O-EX; treadmill running 20 m min(-1) with a 15% incline, 60 min day(-1) , 5 days week(-1) ) conditions for 12 weeks. WD induced a NASH phenotype in OLETFs characterized by hepatic fibrosis (collagen 1α1 mRNA and hydroxyproline content), as well as elevated inflammation and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease activity scores, and hepatic stellate cell activation (α-smooth muscle actin) compared to Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka rats. FR and EX modestly improved NASH-related fibrosis markers (FR: hydroxyproline content, P < 0.01; EX: collagen 1α1 mRNA, P < 0.05; both: fibrosis score, P < 0.01) and inflammation (both: inflammation score; FR: interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor α) vs. O-SED. FR reduced hepatic stellate cell activation markers (transforming growth factor-β protein and α-smooth muscle actin mRNA), whereas EX increased the hepatic stellate cell senescence marker CCN1 (P < 0.01 vs. O-SED). Additionally, both FR and EX normalized extracellular matrix remodelling markers to levels similar to L-WD (P > 0.05). Although neither EX nor FR led to complete resolution of the WD-induced NASH phenotype, both independently benefitted liver fibrosis via altered hepatic stellate cell activation and extracellular matrix remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Linden
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial VA Hospital.,Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology
| | - Ryan D Sheldon
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial VA Hospital.,Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology
| | - Grace M Meers
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial VA Hospital.,Department of Medicine-Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
| | | | - E Matthew Morris
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Centre, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Frank W Booth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Centre
| | | | | | - James R Sowers
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial VA Hospital.,Medicine-Division of Endocrinology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jamal A Ibdah
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial VA Hospital.,Department of Medicine-Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology
| | - John P Thyfault
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Centre, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Kansas City VA Medical Centre, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | | | - R Scott Rector
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial VA Hospital. .,Department of Medicine-Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. .,Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology.
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