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Chung DD, Chen AC, Choo CH, Zhang W, Williams D, Griffis CG, Bonezzi P, Jatavallabhula K, Sampath AP, Aldave AJ. Investigation of the functional impact of CHED- and FECD4-associated SLC4A11 mutations in human corneal endothelial cells. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296928. [PMID: 38252645 PMCID: PMC10802951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the solute linked carrier family 4 member 11 (SLC4A11) gene are associated with congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy (CHED) and Fuchs corneal endothelial dystrophy type 4 (FECD4), both characterized by corneal endothelial cell (CEnC) dysfunction and/or cell loss leading to corneal edema and visual impairment. In this study, we characterize the impact of CHED-/FECD4-associated SLC4A11 mutations on CEnC function and SLC4A11 protein localization by generating and comparing human CEnC (hCEnC) lines expressing wild type SLC4A11 (SLC4A11WT) or mutant SLC4A11 harboring CHED-/FECD4-associated SLC4A11 mutations (SLC4A11MU). SLC4A11WT and SLC4A11MU hCEnC lines were generated to express either SLC4A11 variant 2 (V2WT and V2MU) or variant 3 (V3WT and V3MU), the two major variants expressed in ex vivo hCEnC. Functional assays were performed to assess cell barrier, proliferation, viability, migration, and NH3-induced membrane conductance. We demonstrate SLC4A11-/- and SLC4A11MU hCEnC lines exhibited increased migration rates, altered proliferation and decreased cell viability compared to SLC4A11WT hCEnC. Additionally, SLC4A11-/- hCEnC demonstrated decreased cell-substrate adhesion and membrane capacitances compared to SLC4A11WT hCEnC. Induction with 10mM NH4Cl led SLC4A11WT hCEnC to depolarize; conversely, SLC4A11-/- hCEnC hyperpolarized and the majority of SLC4A11MU hCEnC either hyperpolarized or had minimal membrane potential changes following NH4Cl induction. Immunostaining of primary hCEnC and SLC4A11WT hCEnC lines for SLC4A11 demonstrated predominately plasma membrane staining with poor or partial colocalization with mitochondrial marker COX4 within a subset of punctate subcellular structures. Overall, our findings suggest CHED-associated SLC4A11 mutations likely lead to hCEnC dysfunction, and ultimately CHED, by interfering with cell migration, proliferation, viability, membrane conductance, barrier function, and/or cell surface localization of the SLC4A11 protein in hCEnC. Additionally, based on their similar subcellular localization and exhibiting similar cell functional profiles, protein isoforms encoded by SLC4A11 variant 2 and variant 3 likely have highly overlapping functional roles in hCEnC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doug D. Chung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Angela C. Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Charlene H. Choo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Wenlin Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Dominic Williams
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher G. Griffis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Paul Bonezzi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kavya Jatavallabhula
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Alapakkam P. Sampath
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Anthony J. Aldave
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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Lanser DM, Bennett AB, Vu K, Gelli A. Macropinocytosis as a potential mechanism driving neurotropism of Cryptococcus neoformans. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1331429. [PMID: 38149006 PMCID: PMC10750359 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1331429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans can invade the central nervous system by crossing the blood-brain barrier via a transcellular mechanism that relies on multiple host factors. In this narrative, we review the evidence that a direct interplay between C. neoformans and brain endothelial cells forms the basis for invasion and transmigration across the brain endothelium. Adherence and internalization of C. neoformans is dependent on transmembrane proteins, including a hyaluronic acid receptor and an ephrin receptor tyrosine kinase. We consider the role of EphA2 in facilitating the invasion of the central nervous system by C. neoformans and highlight experimental evidence supporting macropinocytosis as a potential mechanism of internalization and transcytosis. How macropinocytosis might be conclusively demonstrated in the context of C. neoformans is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Angie Gelli
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Zhang J, Hu X, Wang T, Xiao R, Zhu L, Ruiz M, Dupuis J, Hu Q. Extracellular vesicles in venous thromboembolism and pulmonary hypertension. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:461. [PMID: 38037042 PMCID: PMC10691137 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02216-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a multifactorial disease, and pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a serious condition characterized by pulmonary vascular remodeling leading with increased pulmonary vascular resistance, ultimately leading to right heart failure and death. Although VTE and PH have distinct primary etiologies, they share some pathophysiologic similarities such as dysfunctional vasculature and thrombosis. In both conditions there is solid evidence that EVs derived from a variety of cell types including platelets, monocytes, endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells contribute to vascular endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, thrombosis, cellular activation and communications. However, the roles and importance of EVs substantially differ between studies depending on experimental conditions and parent cell origins of EVs that modify the nature of their cargo. Numerous studies have confirmed that EVs contribute to the pathophysiology of VTE and PH and increased levels of various EVs in relation with the severity of VTE and PH, confirming its potential pathophysiological role and its utility as a biomarker of disease severity and as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwei Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health, Tongji Medical College, HUST, Wuhan, China
- Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, HUST, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyi Hu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health, Tongji Medical College, HUST, Wuhan, China
- Department of Cardiopulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, HUST, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Xiao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health, Tongji Medical College, HUST, Wuhan, China
| | - Liping Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health, Tongji Medical College, HUST, Wuhan, China
| | - Matthieu Ruiz
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jocelyn Dupuis
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Qinghua Hu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health, Tongji Medical College, HUST, Wuhan, China.
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Yeo NJY, Wazny V, Nguyen NLU, Ng CY, Wu KX, Fan Q, Cheung CMG, Cheung C. Single-Cell Transcriptome of Wet AMD Patient-Derived Endothelial Cells in Angiogenic Sprouting. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012549. [PMID: 36293401 PMCID: PMC9604336 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a global leading cause of visual impairment in older populations. ‘Wet’ AMD, the most common subtype of this disease, occurs when pathological angiogenesis infiltrates the subretinal space (choroidal neovascularization), causing hemorrhage and retinal damage. Gold standard anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment is an effective therapy, but the long-term prevention of visual decline has not been as successful. This warrants the need to elucidate potential VEGF-independent pathways. We generated blood out-growth endothelial cells (BOECs) from wet AMD and normal control subjects, then induced angiogenic sprouting of BOECs using a fibrin gel bead assay. To deconvolute endothelial heterogeneity, we performed single-cell transcriptomic analysis on the sprouting BOECs, revealing a spectrum of cell states. Our wet AMD BOECs share common pathways with choroidal neovascularization such as extracellular matrix remodeling that promoted proangiogenic phenotype, and our ‘activated’ BOEC subpopulation demonstrated proinflammatory hallmarks, resembling the tip-like cells in vivo. We uncovered new molecular insights that pathological angiogenesis in wet AMD BOECs could also be driven by interleukin signaling and amino acid metabolism. A web-based visualization of the sprouting BOEC single-cell transcriptome has been created to facilitate further discovery research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Jia Ying Yeo
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore
| | - Vanessa Wazny
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore
| | - Nhi Le Uyen Nguyen
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore
| | - Chun-Yi Ng
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore
| | - Kan Xing Wu
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore
| | - Qiao Fan
- Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Chui Ming Gemmy Cheung
- Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- Correspondence: (C.M.G.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Christine Cheung
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138673, Singapore
- Correspondence: (C.M.G.C.); (C.C.)
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Beloglazova I, Zubkova E, Dergilev K, Goltseva Y, Parfyonova Y. New Insight on 2D In Vitro Angiogenesis Models: All That Stretches Is Not a Tube. Cells 2022; 11:cells11203278. [PMID: 36291145 PMCID: PMC9600603 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Highlights Abstract A Matrigel-based tube formation assay is a simple and widely accepted 2D angiogenesis model in vitro. Extracellular matrix (EM) proteins and growth factors (GFs) from MatrigelTM exclusively trigger endothelial cell (EC) tubular network (ETN) formation. Co-culture of ECs with mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) is another and more reliable in vitro angiogenesis assay. MSCs modulate ETN formation through intercellular interactions and as a supplier of EM and GFs. The aim of the present study was to compare the expression profile of ECs in both models. We revealed upregulation of the uPA, uPAR, Jagged1, and Notch2 genes in dividing/migrating ECs and for ECs in both experimental models at 19 h. The expression of endothelial–mesenchymal transition genes largely increased in co-cultured ECs whereas Notch and Hippo signaling pathway genes were upregulated in ECs on MatrigelTM. We showed that in the co-culture model, basement membrane (BM) deposition is limited only to cell-to-cell contacts in contrast to MatrigelTM, which represents by itself fully pre-assembled BM matrix. We suggest that ETN in a co-culture model is still in a dynamic process due to immature BM whereas ECs in the MatrigelTM assay seem to be at the final stage of ETN formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Beloglazova
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis, Chazov National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow 121552, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Ekaterina Zubkova
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis, Chazov National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow 121552, Russia
| | - Konstantin Dergilev
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis, Chazov National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow 121552, Russia
| | - Yulia Goltseva
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis, Chazov National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow 121552, Russia
| | - Yelena Parfyonova
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis, Chazov National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow 121552, Russia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119192, Russia
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Najar MA, Arefian M, Sidransky D, Gowda H, Prasad TSK, Modi PK, Chatterjee A. Tyrosine Phosphorylation Profiling Revealed the Signaling Network Characteristics of CAMKK2 in Gastric Adenocarcinoma. Front Genet 2022; 13:854764. [PMID: 35646067 PMCID: PMC9136244 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.854764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CAMKK2) is a serine/threonine protein kinase which functions via the calcium-triggered signaling cascade with CAMK1, CAMK4, and AMPKα as the immediate downstream substrates. CAMKK2 is reported to be overexpressed in gastric cancer; however, its signaling mechanism is poorly understood. We carried out label-free quantitative tyrosine phosphoproteomics to investigate tyrosine-mediated molecular signaling associated with CAMKK2 in gastric cancer cells. Using a high-resolution Orbitrap Fusion Tribrid Fourier-transform mass spectrometer, we identified 350 phosphotyrosine sites mapping to 157 proteins. We observed significant alterations in 81 phosphopeptides corresponding to 63 proteins upon inhibition of CAMKK2, among which 16 peptides were hyperphosphorylated corresponding to 13 proteins and 65 peptides were hypophosphorylated corresponding to 51 proteins. We report here that the inhibition of CAMKK2 leads to changes in the phosphorylation of several tyrosine kinases such as PKP2, PTK2, EPHA1, EPHA2, PRKCD, MAPK12, among others. Pathway analyses revealed that proteins are differentially phosphorylated in response to CAMKK2 inhibition involved in focal adhesions, actin cytoskeleton, axon guidance, and signaling by VEGF. The western blot analysis upon inhibition and/or silencing of CAMKK2 revealed a decrease in phosphorylation of PTK2 at Y925, c-JUN at S73, and STAT3 at Y705, which was in concordance with the mass spectrometry data. The study indicates that inhibition of CAMKK2 has an anti-oncogenic effect in gastric cells regulating phosphorylation of STAT3 through PTK2/c-JUN in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd. Altaf Najar
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Mohammad Arefian
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - David Sidransky
- Department of Oncology and Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Harsha Gowda
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - T. S. Keshava Prasad
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Prashant Kumar Modi
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
- *Correspondence: Prashant Kumar Modi, ; Aditi Chatterjee,
| | - Aditi Chatterjee
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
- *Correspondence: Prashant Kumar Modi, ; Aditi Chatterjee,
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7
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Yonehara K, Zhou Y, Takahashi JI, Yokoyama S, Tomihara K, Noguchi M, Sakurai H. RSK-Mediated Non-canonical Activation of EphA2 by Tamoxifen. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:162-168. [PMID: 35110502 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The long-term administration of tamoxifen to estrogen receptor α (ERα)-positive breast cancer patients is an established treatment that reduces mortality and recurrence. However, resistance to tamoxifen and an increased risk of endometrial cancer may occur; therefore, the mechanisms by which tamoxifen causes these adverse effects warrant further study. Tamoxifen has been shown to activate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in an ERα-independent manner; therefore, we investigated its effects on the MAPK-mediated non-canonical activation of EphA2, a critical event regulating cell migration. Tamoxifen at slightly higher concentrations induced the rapid phosphorylation of EphA2 at Ser-897 via the MAPK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase (MEK)-ERK-ribosomal S6 kinases (RSK) pathway in HeLa cells. In addition, tamoxifen significantly enhanced the migration ability of ERα-negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells in RSK- and EphA2-dependent manners. Phosphorylated EphA2 was internalized and re-localized to the plasma membrane, including lamellipodia, in an RSK-dependent manner. Collectively, the present results provide novel insights into the tumor-promoting activity of tamoxifen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yonehara
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
| | - Jun-Ichiro Takahashi
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
| | - Satoru Yokoyama
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
| | - Kei Tomihara
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama
| | - Makoto Noguchi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama
| | - Hiroaki Sakurai
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
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8
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Büyük B, Aydeğer C, Adalı Y, Eroğlu HA. The Effect of Topically Applied Boric Acid on Ephrin-Eph Pathway in Wound Treatment: An Experimental Study. INT J LOW EXTR WOUND 2021:15347346211055260. [PMID: 34775861 DOI: 10.1177/15347346211055260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Wound healing has a vital importance for the organism and various agents are used to accelerate wound healing. Although the effect of boron on wound healing is known, its mechanisms are not completely clear yet. In this study, the effect of boron in the Ephrin /Eph pathway will be evaluated. Methods: Forty adult female rats were used in the study. A full-thickness excisional wound model was created in all groups divided as Control, Fito, Boron and Plu groups. After the applications performed twice a day and lasting 7 days, skin tissues obtained and evaluated histopathological (inflammatory cell infiltration, oedema, and fibroblast proliferation density) and immunohistochemical (TNF-α, EphrinA1, EphrinB1, EphrinB2 and EphB4). Results: Inflammatory cell infiltration score was found to be higher in the Fito group compared to Boron group (p = .018). Fibroblast proliferation density was higher in Plu group than Boron group (p = .012). While TNF-α was lower in boron group than Plu (p = .027) and Fito (p = .016) groups, EphrinA1 was higher in Boron group than Plu group (p = .005). EphrinB1 expression was higher in Boron group compared to Plu (p = .015) and Fito (p = .015) groups, and the same difference was also observed in EphrinB2 (p values .000). Similarly, EphB4 immunoreactivity was higher in the Boron group compared to Plu (p = .000) and Fito (p = .002). Conclusion: One of the mechanisms of action of boron in wound healing is to increase EphrinB1, EphrinB2 and EphB4. Low TNF-α and histopathological findings indicate that boron limits extensive wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Başak Büyük
- 496533İzmir Democracy University , İzmir, Turkey
| | - Cemre Aydeğer
- 52950Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University , Çanakkale, Turkey
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9
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Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Endothelial Progenitor Cells Protect Human Glomerular Endothelial Cells and Podocytes from Complement- and Cytokine-Mediated Injury. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071675. [PMID: 34359843 PMCID: PMC8304261 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glomerulonephritis are renal inflammatory processes characterized by increased permeability of the Glomerular Filtration Barrier (GFB) with consequent hematuria and proteinuria. Glomerular endothelial cells (GEC) and podocytes are part of the GFB and contribute to the maintenance of its structural and functional integrity through the release of paracrine mediators. Activation of the complement cascade and pro-inflammatory cytokines (CK) such as Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNF-α) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) can alter GFB function, causing acute glomerular injury and progression toward chronic kidney disease. Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPC) are bone-marrow-derived hematopoietic stem cells circulating in peripheral blood and able to induce angiogenesis and to repair injured endothelium by releasing paracrine mediators including Extracellular Vesicles (EVs), microparticles involved in intercellular communication by transferring proteins, lipids, and genetic material (mRNA, microRNA, lncRNA) to target cells. We have previously demonstrated that EPC-derived EVs activate an angiogenic program in quiescent endothelial cells and renoprotection in different experimental models. The aim of the present study was to evaluate in vitro the protective effect of EPC-derived EVs on GECs and podocytes cultured in detrimental conditions with CKs (TNF-α/IL-6) and the complement protein C5a. EVs were internalized in both GECs and podocytes mainly through a L-selectin-based mechanism. In GECs, EVs enhanced the formation of capillary-like structures and cell migration by modulating gene expression and inducing the release of growth factors such as VEGF-A and HGF. In the presence of CKs, and C5a, EPC-derived EVs protected GECs from apoptosis by decreasing oxidative stress and prevented leukocyte adhesion by inhibiting the expression of adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-selectin). On podocytes, EVs inhibited apoptosis and prevented nephrin shedding induced by CKs and C5a. In a co-culture model of GECs/podocytes that mimicked GFB, EPC-derived EVs protected cell function and permeselectivity from inflammatory-mediated damage. Moreover, RNase pre-treatment of EVs abrogated their protective effects, suggesting the crucial role of RNA transfer from EVs to damaged glomerular cells. In conclusion, EPC-derived EVs preserved GFB integrity from complement- and cytokine-induced damage, suggesting their potential role as therapeutic agents for drug-resistant glomerulonephritis.
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10
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Teo L, Boghdadi AG, Homman-Ludiye J, Mundinano IC, Kwan WC, Bourne JA. Replicating infant-specific reactive astrocyte functions in the injured adult brain. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 204:102108. [PMID: 34147584 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Infants and adults respond differently to brain injuries. Specifically, improved neuronal sparing along with reduced astrogliosis and glial scarring often observed earlier in life, likely contributes to improved long-term outcomes. Understanding the underlying mechanisms could enable the recapitulation of neuroprotective effects, observed in infants, to benefit adults after brain injuries. We reveal that in primates, Eph/ ephrin signaling contributes to age-dependent reactive astrocyte behavior. Ephrin-A5 expression on astrocytes was more protracted in adults, whereas ephrin-A1 was only expressed on infant astrocytes. Furthermore, ephrin-A5 exacerbated major hallmarks of astrocyte reactivity via EphA2 and EphA4 receptors, which was subsequently alleviated by ephrin-A1. Rather than suppressing reactivity, ephrin-A1 signaling shifted astrocytes towards GAP43+ neuroprotection, accounting for improved neuronal sparing in infants. Reintroducing ephrin-A1 after middle-aged focal ischemic injury significantly attenuated glial scarring, improved neuronal sparing and preserved circuitry. Therefore, beneficial infant mechanisms can be recapitulated in adults to improve outcomes after CNS injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Teo
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, 15 Innovation Walk, Monash University, Clayton VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Anthony G Boghdadi
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, 15 Innovation Walk, Monash University, Clayton VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Jihane Homman-Ludiye
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, 15 Innovation Walk, Monash University, Clayton VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Inaki-Carril Mundinano
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, 15 Innovation Walk, Monash University, Clayton VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - William C Kwan
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, 15 Innovation Walk, Monash University, Clayton VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - James A Bourne
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, 15 Innovation Walk, Monash University, Clayton VIC, 3800, Australia.
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11
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Turner A, Aggarwal P, Matter A, Olson B, Gu CC, Hunt SC, Lewis CE, Arnett DK, Lorier R, Broeckel U. Donor-specific phenotypic variation in hiPSC cardiomyocyte-derived exosomes impacts endothelial cell function. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 320:H954-H968. [PMID: 33416449 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00463.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are an important mechanism of cell-cell interaction in the cardiovascular system, both in maintaining homeostasis and in stress response. Interindividual differences that alter content in exosomes may play a role in cardiovascular disease pathology. To study the effect of interindividual cardiomyocyte (CM) variation, we characterized exosomal content in phenotypically diverse human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived CMs (hiPSC-CMs). Cell lines were generated from six participants in the HyperGEN cohort: three with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and three with normal left ventricular mass (LVM). Sequence analysis of the intracellular and exosomal RNA populations showed distinct expression pattern differences between hiPSC-CM lines derived from individuals with LVH and those with normal LVM. Functional analysis of hiPSC-endothelial cells (hiPSC-ECs) treated with exosomes from both hiPSC-CM groups showed significant variation in response, including differences in tube formation, migration, and proliferation. Overall, treatment of hiPSC-ECs with exosomes resulted in significant expression changes associated with angiogenesis and endothelial cell vasculogenesis. However, the hiPSC-ECs treated with exosomes from the LVH-affected donors exhibited significantly increased proliferation but decreased tube formation and migration, suggesting angiogenic dysregulation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The intracellular RNA and the miRNA content in exosomes are significantly different in hiPSC-CMs derived from LVH-affected individuals compared with those from unaffected individuals. Treatment of endothelial cells with these exosomes functionally affects cellular phenotypes in a donor-specific manner. These findings provide novel insight into underlying mechanisms of hypertrophic cell signaling between different cell types. With a growing interest in stem cells and exosomes for cardiovascular therapeutic use, this also provides information important for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Turner
- Section of Genomic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Medicine and Physiology, Children's Research Institute and Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Praful Aggarwal
- Section of Genomic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Medicine and Physiology, Children's Research Institute and Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Andrea Matter
- Section of Genomic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Medicine and Physiology, Children's Research Institute and Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Benjamin Olson
- Section of Genomic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Medicine and Physiology, Children's Research Institute and Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Genomics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - C Charles Gu
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Steven C Hunt
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Doha, Qatar.,Division of Epidemiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Cora E Lewis
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Donna K Arnett
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Rachel Lorier
- Section of Genomic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Medicine and Physiology, Children's Research Institute and Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Ulrich Broeckel
- Section of Genomic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Medicine and Physiology, Children's Research Institute and Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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12
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Vreeken D, Zhang H, van Zonneveld AJ, van Gils JM. Ephs and Ephrins in Adult Endothelial Biology. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165623. [PMID: 32781521 PMCID: PMC7460586 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Eph receptors and their ephrin ligands are important guidance molecules during neurological and vascular development. In recent years, it has become clear that the Eph protein family remains functional in adult physiology. A subset of Ephs and ephrins is highly expressed by endothelial cells. As endothelial cells form the first barrier between the blood and surrounding tissues, maintenance of a healthy endothelium is crucial for tissue homeostasis. This review gives an overview of the current insights of the role of ephrin ligands and receptors in endothelial function and leukocyte recruitment in the (patho)physiology of adult vascular biology.
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13
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Tailoring of cardiovascular stent material surface by immobilizing exosomes for better pro-endothelialization function. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 189:110831. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.110831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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14
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Effect of EphA2 knockdown on melanoma metastasis depends on intrinsic ephrinA1 level. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2020; 43:655-667. [PMID: 32291572 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-020-00511-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Upregulation of receptor tyrosine kinase EphA2 has been found to be associated with a poor prognosis in many types of cancer and is considered an attractive therapeutic target. As yet, few efforts have been focused on its tumor suppressive activity triggered by its ligand, ephrinA1. Here, we aimed to determine the potential of ephrinA1 as an important player in melanoma metastasis. METHODS Data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) were analyzed to explore the expression and prognostic implications of EphA2 and ephrinA1 in melanoma. Western blotting, shRNA, colony formation and immunofluorescence assays, as well as two in vivo xenograft models (subcutaneous and metastatic) were used to evaluate the role of EphA2 in melanoma progression. Akt inhibition and ephrinA1-Fc were used to confirm the influence of Akt activation and ephrinA1 levels on the EphA2 effects. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed on xenograft and patient melanoma tissues. RESULTS We found that high levels of ephrinA1, but not EphA2, were negatively correlated with melanoma metastasis. The expression levels of EphA2 and ephrinA1 were not correlated. After EphA2 downregulation, colony forming abilities and lung metastatic growth were reduced in melanoma cell lines with a low ephrinA1 expression, but were increased in melanoma cell lines with a high ephrinA1 expression. EphA2-mediated colony formation in EphA2-high/ephrinA1-low cells was found to be Akt-dependent and to be inhibited by the addition of ephrinA1-Fc. IHC staining of primary melanoma specimens revealed that EphA2-high/ephrinA1-low patients exhibited poorer outcomes than EphA2-high/ephrinA1-high patients. CONCLUSIONS From our data we conclude that evaluation of ephrinA1 levels may be helpful for the application of EphA2-targeted therapies and for prognostic predictions in melanoma patients.
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15
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Kuo MT, Long Y, Tsai WB, Li YY, Chen HHW, Feun LG, Savaraj N. Collaboration Between RSK-EphA2 and Gas6-Axl RTK Signaling in Arginine Starvation Response That Confers Resistance to EGFR Inhibitors. Transl Oncol 2019; 13:355-364. [PMID: 31887630 PMCID: PMC6938815 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many human malignancies require extracellular arginine (Arg) for survival because the key enzyme for de novo Arg biosynthesis, argininosuccinate synthetase 1 (ASS1), is silenced. Recombinant arginine deiminase (ADI-PEG20), which digests extracellular Arg, has been in clinical trials for treating ASS1-negative tumors. Reactivation of ASS1 is responsible for the treatment failure. We previously demonstrated that ASS1 reactivation is transcriptionally regulated by c-Myc via the upstream Gas6-Axl tyrosine kinase (RTK) signal. Here, we report that another RTK EphA2 is coactivated via PI3K-ERK/RSK1 pathway in a ligand-independent mechanism. EphA2 is also regulated by c-Myc. Moreover, we found that knockdown Axl upregulates EphA2 expression, demonstrating cross-talk between these RTKs. ADIR cell lines exhibits enhanced sensitivities to nutrient deprivation such as charcoal-stripped FBS and multiple RTK inhibitor foretinib but resistance to EGFR inhibitors. Knockdown EphA2, and to lesser extent, Axl, overcomes EGFRi resistance. c-Myc inhibitor JQ1 can also sensitize ADIR cells to ADI-PEG20. This study elucidates molecular interactions of multiple RTKs in Arg-stress response and offers approaches for developing strategies of overcoming ADI-PEG20 resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macus Tien Kuo
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Yan Long
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wen-Bin Tsai
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ying-Ying Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Helen H W Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70428, Taiwan
| | - Lynn G Feun
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Niramol Savaraj
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Miami, FL, USA.
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16
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Rieger J, Hopperdietzel C, Kaessmeyer S, Slosarek I, Diecke S, Richardson K, Plendl J. Human and equine endothelial cells in a live cell imaging scratch assay in vitro. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2019; 70:495-509. [DOI: 10.3233/ch-189316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Rieger
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Germany
| | - Carsten Hopperdietzel
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Germany
| | - Sabine Kaessmeyer
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Germany
| | - Ilka Slosarek
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Germany
| | - Sebastian Diecke
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany
| | - Ken Richardson
- Murdoch University, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Johanna Plendl
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Germany
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17
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Lim W, Bae H, Bazer FW, Song G. Ephrin A1 promotes proliferation of bovine endometrial cells with abundant expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and cyclin D1 changing the cell population at each stage of the cell cycle. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:4864-4873. [PMID: 30238980 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ephrin A1 has a role in a variety of biological events, including cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and angiogenesis. Ephrin A1 expression is abundant in trophoblasts and endometrial cells during the implantation period; however, its intracellular activities have not yet been reported in bovine endometrial (BEND) epithelial cells. The aim of this study was to identify the functional role of ephrin A1 in BEND cells, which have served as a good model system for investigating the regulation of signal transduction following treatment with interferon-τ (IFNT) in vitro. Supplementation of ephrin A1 to BEND cells increased cell proliferation and increased levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and cyclin D1 protein in BEND cell nuclei. To investigate intracellular mechanisms regulated by ephrin A1, we performed Western blot analysis focused on mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling, which are significantly involved in the successful maintenance of pregnancy. Ephrin A1 dose-dependently increased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK)1/2, c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), P38, protein kinase B (AKT), P70S6K, S6, and cyclin D1, and the activated proteins were suppressed by pharmacological inhibitors including wortmannin (a PI3K inhibitor), U0126 (an ERK1/2 inhibitor), and SP600125 (a JNK inhibitor). Among ephrin A1 receptors, abundant expression of EPHA2 and EPHA4 messenger RNA was detected in BEND cells by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis. Furthermore, tunicamycin-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress was inactivated by ephrin A1 treatment of BEND cells. Our findings suggest that ephrin A1 promotes the development of BEND cells and likely enhances uterine capacity and maintenance of pregnancy by activating MAPK and PI3K signaling cascades and by restoring ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whasun Lim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Hyocheol Bae
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Fuller W Bazer
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Animal Biotechnology and Genomics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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18
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Zhou Y, Sakurai H. Emerging and Diverse Functions of the EphA2 Noncanonical Pathway in Cancer Progression. Biol Pharm Bull 2018; 40:1616-1624. [PMID: 28966234 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b17-00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular receptor A2 (EphA2) receptor tyrosine kinase controls multiple physiological processes to maintain homeostasis in normal cells. In many types of solid tumors, it has been reported that EphA2 is overexpressed and plays a critical role in oncogenic signaling. However, in recent years, the opposing functions of EphA2 have been explained by the canonical and noncanonical signaling pathways. Ligand- and tyrosine kinase-dependent EphA2 activation (the canonical pathway) inhibits cancer cell proliferation and motility. In contrast, ligand- and tyrosine kinase-independent EphA2 signaling (the noncanonical pathway) promotes tumor survival and metastasis and controls acquired drug resistance and maintenance of cancer stem cell-like properties. Evidence has accumulated showing that the EphA2 noncanonical pathway is mainly regulated by inflammatory cytokines and growth factors via phosphorylation at Ser-897 in the intracellular C-tail region via some serine/threonine kinases, including p90 ribosomal S6 kinase. In this review, we focus on the regulation of Ser-897 phosphorylation and its functional importance in tumor malignancy and discuss future therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhou
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama.,The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Hiroaki Sakurai
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
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19
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Yang JS, Wei HX, Chen PP, Wu G. Roles of Eph/ephrin bidirectional signaling in central nervous system injury and recovery. Exp Ther Med 2018. [PMID: 29456630 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.5702.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple cellular components are involved in the complex pathological process following central nervous system (CNS) injury, including neurons, glial cells and endothelial cells. Previous studies and neurotherapeutic clinical trials have assessed the molecular mechanisms that underlie neuronal cell death following CNS injury. However, this approach has largely failed to reduce CNS damage or improve the functional recovery of patients. Erythropoietin-producing human hepatocellular (Eph) receptors and ephrin ligands have attracted considerable attention since their discovery, due to their extensive distribution and unique bidirectional signaling between astrocytes and neurons. Previous studies have investigated the roles of Eph/ephrin bidirectional signaling in the developing central nervous system. It was determined that Eph/ephrin bidirectional signaling is expressed in various CNS regions and cell types, and that it serves diverse roles in the adult CNS. In the present review, the roles of Eph/ephrin bidirectional signaling in CNS injuries are assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Shan Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Xing Wei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000, P.R. China
| | - Ping-Ping Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000, P.R. China
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000, P.R. China
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20
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Yang JS, Wei HX, Chen PP, Wu G. Roles of Eph/ephrin bidirectional signaling in central nervous system injury and recovery. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:2219-2227. [PMID: 29456630 PMCID: PMC5795627 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.5702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple cellular components are involved in the complex pathological process following central nervous system (CNS) injury, including neurons, glial cells and endothelial cells. Previous studies and neurotherapeutic clinical trials have assessed the molecular mechanisms that underlie neuronal cell death following CNS injury. However, this approach has largely failed to reduce CNS damage or improve the functional recovery of patients. Erythropoietin-producing human hepatocellular (Eph) receptors and ephrin ligands have attracted considerable attention since their discovery, due to their extensive distribution and unique bidirectional signaling between astrocytes and neurons. Previous studies have investigated the roles of Eph/ephrin bidirectional signaling in the developing central nervous system. It was determined that Eph/ephrin bidirectional signaling is expressed in various CNS regions and cell types, and that it serves diverse roles in the adult CNS. In the present review, the roles of Eph/ephrin bidirectional signaling in CNS injuries are assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Shan Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Xing Wei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000, P.R. China
| | - Ping-Ping Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000, P.R. China
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000, P.R. China
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Abstract
Eph-ephrin bidirectional signaling is essential for eye lens transparency in humans and mice. Our previous studies in mouse lenses demonstrate that ephrin-A5 is mainly expressed in the anterior epithelium, where it is required for maintaining the anterior epithelial monolayer. In contrast, EphA2 is localized in equatorial epithelial and fiber cells where it is essential for equatorial epithelial and fiber cell organization and hexagonal cell shape. Immunostaining of lens epithelial and fiber cells reveals that EphA2 and ephrin-A5 are also co-expressed in anterior fiber cell tips, equatorial epithelial cells and newly formed lens fibers, although they are not precisely colocalized. Due to this complex expression pattern and the promiscuous interactions between Eph receptors and ephrin ligands, as well as their complex bidirectional signaling pathways, cataracts in ephrin-A5(-/-) or EphA2(-/-) lenses may arise from loss of function or abnormal signaling mechanisms. To test whether abnormal signaling mechanisms may play a role in cataractogenesis in ephrin-A5(-/-) or EphA2(-/-) lenses, we generated EphA2 and ephrin-A5 double knockout (DKO) mice. We compared the phenotypes of EphA2(-/-) and ephrin-A5(-/-) lenses to that of DKO lenses. DKO lenses displayed an additive lens phenotype that was not significantly different from the two single KO lens phenotypes. Similar to ephrin-A5(-/-) lenses, DKO lenses had abnormal anterior epithelial cells leading to a large mass of epithelial cells that invade into the underlying fiber cell layer, directly resulting in anterior cataracts in ephrin-A5(-/-) and DKO lenses. Yet, similar to EphA2(-/-) lenses, DKO lenses also had abnormal packing of equatorial epithelial cells with disorganized meridional rows, lack of a lens fulcrum and disrupted fiber cells. The DKO lens phenotype rules out abnormal signaling by EphA2 in ephrin-A5(-/-) lenses or by ephrin-A5 in EphA2(-/-) lenses as possible cataract mechanisms. Thus, these results indicate that EphA2 and ephrin-A5 do not form a lens receptor-ligand pair, and that EphA2 and ephrin-A5 have other binding partners in the lens to help align differentiating equatorial epithelial cells or maintain the anterior epithelium, respectively.
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