The role of the extracellular matrix protein TGFBI in cancer

Developing and experimental validating a B cell exhaustion-related gene signature to assess prognosis and immunotherapeutic response in bladder cancer

BACKGROUND

B cell exhaustion (BEX) refers to the impairment of normal B cell functions and decreased proliferation capability. However, the prognostic value of BEX-related genes in bladder cancer (BLCA) remains unclear.

METHODS

BLCA cases from TCGA were used for training, while GSE5287, GSE13507, GSE31684, and GSE32894 cohorts from GEO were used for external validation. BEX-related genes were identified through literature retrieval, unsupervised clustering, and genomic difference detection. Gene pairing, LASSO, random forest, and Cox regression were employed to construct a predictive model. B cell samples from scRNAseqDB, GSE111636, and IMvigor210 were utilized to explore immunoprofiles and the predictive ability of the model in immunotherapeutic response. Additionally, 21 pairs of BLCA and paracarcinoma samples from Nanfang Hospital were used to re-confirm our findings through RT-qPCR, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry.

RESULTS

39 BEX-related genes were identified. A 4-gene-pair signature was constructed and served as a reliable prognostic predictor across multiple datasets (pooled HR = 2.32; 95 % CI = 1.81-2.98). The signature reflected the BEX statuses of B cells (FDR < 0.05) and showed promise in evaluating immunotherapeutic sensitivity (P < 0.001). In the local cohort, CD52, TUBB6, and CAV1 were down-regulated in BLCA tissues, while TGFBI, UBE2L6, TINAGL1, and IL32 were up-regulated (all P < 0.05). Furthermore, the infiltration levels of CD19 + CD52 + and CD19 + TUBB6 + B cells in paracarcinoma samples were higher than those in BLCA samples (all P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

A BEX-related gene signature was developed to predict prognosis and immunotherapeutic sensitivity in BLCA, providing valuable guidance for personalized treatment.

Biomarkers Identification in the Microenvironment of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review of Proteomic Studies

An important determinant for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) onset and outcome is the composition of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Thus, the study of the interactions occurring among cancer cells, immune cells, and cancer-associated fibroblasts within the TME could facilitate the understanding of the mechanisms underlying OSCC development and progression, as well as of its sensitivity or resistance to the therapy. In this context, it must be highlighted that the characterization of TME proteins is enabled by proteomic methodologies, particularly mass spectrometry (MS). Aiming to identify TME protein markers employable for diagnosing and prognosticating OSCC, we have retrieved a total of 119 articles spanning 2001 to 2023, of which 17 have passed the selection process, satisfying all its criteria. We have found a total of 570 proteins detected by MS-based proteomics in the TME of OSCC; among them, 542 are identified by a single study, while 28 are cited by two or more studies. These 28 proteins participate in extracellular matrix remodeling and/or energy metabolism. Here, we propose them as markers that could be used to characterize the TME of OSCC for diagnostic/prognostic purposes. Noteworthy, most of the 28 individuated proteins share one feature: being modulated by the hypoxia that is present in the proliferating OSCC mass.

Molecular screening of transitional B cells as a prognostic marker of improved graft outcome and reduced rejection risk in kidney transplant

Introduction

Understanding immune cell dynamics in kidney transplantation may provide insight into the mechanisms of rejection and improve patient management. B cells have gained interest with a special relevance of the "regulatory" subsets and their graft outcome prognostic value. In this study, we aimed to prove that the direct immunophenotyping and target gene expression analysis of kidney transplant patients' fresh whole blood will help to identify graft rejection risk and assist in the monitoring of kidney transplanted patients.

Methods

We employed flow cytometry and qPCR techniques to characterize B and T cell subsets within fresh whole blood samples, with particular emphasis on transitional B cells (TrB) identified as CD19+CD24hiCD38hi. TrB are a relevant population in the context of kidney transplantation and are closely associated with regulatory B cells (Bregs) in humans. Patients were monitored, tracking pertinent clinical parameters and kidney-related events, including alterations in graft function and episodes of biopsy proven rejection.

Results

Higher percentages of TrB cells at 3 months after transplantation were positively associated with better graft outcomes and lower biopsy-proven acute rejection risk. Furthermore, a novel panel of B cell regulatory associated genes was validated at 3 months post-transplantation by qPCR analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) mRNA, showing high predictive power of graft events and prognostic value.

Discussion

These findings suggest that monitoring TrB may provide interesting patient management information, improve transplant outcomes, and allow for personalized drug regimens to minimize clinical complications.

The expression spectrum of yak epididymal epithelial cells reveals the functional diversity of caput, corpus and cauda regions

Sperm undergo a series of changes in the epididymis region before acquiring the ability to move and fertilize, and the identification of genes expressed in a region-specific manner in the epididymis provides a valuable insight into functional differences between regions. We collected epididymal tissue from three yaks and cultured epithelial cells from the caput, corpus and cauda regions of the yak epididymis using the tissue block method. RNA sequencing analysis (RNA-seq) technology was used to detect gene expression in yak epididymal caput, corpus and cauda epithelial cells. The results showed that the DEGs were highest in the caput vs. corpus comparison, and lowest in the corpus vs. cauda comparison. Six DEGs were verified by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR), consistent with transcriptome sequencing results. The significantly enriched DNA replication pathway in the caput vs. corpus was coordinated with cell proliferation, while upregulated DEGs such as POLD1 and MCM4 were found in the DNA replication pathway. The AMPK signaling pathway was found significantly enriched in the caput vs cauda, suggesting its involvement in sperm maturation and capacitation. The TGF beta signaling pathway was screened in the corpus vs cauda and is crucial for mammalian reproductive regulation. Upregulated DEGs (TGFB3, INHBA, INHBB) are involved in the TGF beta signaling pathway. This study provides a reference for culturing yak epididymal epithelial cells in vitro, and elucidates the transcriptional profiles of epithelial cells in different segments of the epididymis, revealing the regulatory and functional differences between different segments, providing basic data for exploring the molecular mechanism of yak sperm maturation and improving the reproductive capacity of high-altitude mammals.

Identification and immune landscape of sarcopenia-related molecular clusters in inflammatory bowel disease by machine learning and integrated bioinformatics

Sarcopenia, a prevalent comorbidity of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), is characterized by diminished skeletal muscle mass and strength. Nevertheless, the underlying interconnected mechanisms remain elusive. This study identified distinct expression patterns of sarcopenia-associated genes (SRGs) across individuals with IBD and in samples of normal tissue. By analyzing SRG expression profiles, we effectively segregated 541 IBD samples into three distinct clusters, each marked by its unique immune landscape. To unravel the transcriptional disruptions underlying these clusters, the Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) algorithm was employed to spotlight key genes linked to each cluster. A diagnostic model based on four key genes (TIMP1, PLAU, PHLDA1, TGFBI) was established using Random Forest and LASSO (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) algorithms, and validated with the GSE179285 dataset. Moreover, the GSE112366 dataset facilitated the exploration of gene expression dynamics within the ileum mucosa of UC patients pre- and post-Ustekinumab treatment. Additionally, insights into the intricate relationship between immune cells and these pivotal genes were gleaned from the single-cell RNA dataset GSE162335. In conclusion, our findings collectively underscored the pivotal role of sarcopenia-related genes in the pathogenesis of IBD. Their potential as robust biomarkers for future diagnostic and therapeutic strategies is particularly promising, opening avenues for a deeper understanding and improved management of these interconnected conditions.

TGFBI promotes proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in renal cell carcinoma through PI3K/AKT/mTOR/HIF-1α pathway

BACKGROUND

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is presently recognized as the most prevalent kidney tumor. However, the role and underlying mechanism of action of the conversion factor-inducible protein (TGFBI), an extracellular matrix protein, in RCC remain poorly understood.

METHODS

In this study, we employed Western blot, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and immunohistochemistry techniques to assess the expression of TGFBI in RCC tissues or cells. Furthermore, we analyzed the proliferation and migration of RCC cells using CCK8, cloning, scratching, and migration assays. Additionally, we examined apoptosis and cell cycle progression through flow cytometry, analysis. Lastly, we employed gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) to investigate the biological processes associated with TGFBI, which were subsequently validated.

RESULTS

The findings indicate that TGFBI exhibits significantly elevated expression levels in both renal cell carcinoma (RCC) tissues and cells. Furthermore, the knockdown of TGFBI in SiRNA transfected cells resulted in the inhibition of RCC cell proliferation, migration, invasiveness, apoptosis, and alteration of the cell cycle. Additionally, TGFBI was found to impede the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process in RCC cells. Bioinformatics analysis suggests that TGFBI may exert its influence on various biological processes in RCC through the tumor immune microenvironment. Moreover, our study demonstrates that TGFBI promotes RCC progression by activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR/HIF-1α.

CONCLUSIONS

Our research indicates that TGFBI exhibits high expression in RCC and facilitate RCC progression and metastasis through various molecular mechanisms. Hence, TGFBI has the potential to be a novel therapeutic target for the diagnosis and treatment of RCC in the future.

γδ T cells in human colon adenocarcinomas comprise mainly Vδ1, Vδ2, and Vδ3 cells with distinct phenotype and function

Γδ T cell infiltration into tumours usually correlates with improved patient outcome, but both tumour-promoting and tumoricidal effects of γδ T cells have been documented. Human γδ T cells can be divided into functionally distinct subsets based on T cell receptor (TCR) Vδ usage. Still, the contribution of these different subsets to tumour immunity remains elusive. Here, we provide a detailed γδ T cell profiling in colon tumours, using mass and flow cytometry, mRNA quantification, and TCR sequencing. δ chain usage in both the macroscopically unaffected colon mucosa and tumours varied considerably between patients, with substantial fractions of Vδ1, Vδ2, and non-Vδ1 Vδ2 cells. Sequencing of the Vδ complementarity-determining region 3 showed that almost all non-Vδ1 Vδ2 cells used Vδ3 and that tumour-infiltrating γδ clonotypes were unique for every patient. Non-Vδ1Vδ2 cells from colon tumours expressed several activation markers but few NK cell receptors and exhaustion markers. In addition, mRNA analyses showed that non-Vδ1 Vδ2 cells expressed several genes for proteins with tumour-promoting functions, such as neutrophil-recruiting chemokines, Galectin 3, and transforming growth factor-beta induced. In summary, our results show a large variation in γδ T cell subsets between individual tumours, and that Vδ3 cells make up a substantial proportion of γδ T cells in colon tumours. We suggest that individual γδ T cell composition in colon tumours may contribute to the balance between favourable and adverse immune responses, and thereby also patient outcome.

TGFBI: A novel therapeutic target for cancer

TGFBI, an extracellular matrix protein induced by transforming growth factor β, has been found to exhibit aberrant expression in various types of cancer. TGFBI plays a crucial role in tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and apoptosis. It also facilitates invasion and metastasis in various types of cancer, including colon, head and neck squamous, renal, and prostate cancers. TGFBI, a prominent p-EMT marker, strongly correlates with lymph node metastasis. TGFBI demonstrates immunosuppressive effects within the tumor immune microenvironment. Targeted therapy directed at TGFBI shows promise as a potential strategy to combat cancer. Hence, a comprehensive review was conducted to examine the impact of TGFBI on various aspects of tumor biology, including cell proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, apoptosis, and the immune microenvironment. This review also delved into the underlying biochemical mechanisms to enhance our understanding of the research advancements related to TGFBI in the context of tumors.

Oncogenic and immunological role of EDIL3 in human tumours: From pan-cancer analysis to validation in gastric cancer

Background

Epidermal growth factor-like repeats and discoidin I-like domains 3 (EDIL3) is a secreted extracellular matrix protein implicated in diverse physiological and pathological processes including embryonic development, angiogenesis, and anti-inflammatory responses. Recent reports have indicated that EDIL3 play critical roles in carcinogenesis and progression of many cancers. Herein, we performed a pan-cancer investigation to study the potential functions of EDIL3 in various cancers and experimentally validate its function in gastric cancer (GC).

Methods

We analysed EDIL3 expression profiles in different tumours using The Cancer Genome Atlas database. The Kaplan-Meier Plotter was used to investigate the prognostic value of EDIL3, while receiver operating characteristic curve was performed to analyze its diagnostic efficacy. Several bioinformatics tools were used to study the association between EDIL3 and promoter methylation, gene enrichment analysis, immune infiltration, immune-related genes, and drug sensitivity. Molecular biology experiments were conducted to validate the tumorigenic effects of EDIL3.

Results

EDIL3 is variably expressed in different cancers and is closely associated with clinical outcomes. An inverse correlation between EDIL3 and DNA methylation has been observed in 13 cancers. Enrichment analysis indicated that EDIL3 is correlated with many cellular pathways such as extracellular matrix receptor interactions and focal adhesion. EDIL3 was tightly associated with immune infiltration and immune checkpoints. EDIL3 knockdown can promote GC calls apoptosis while preventing proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro.

Conclusion

EDIL3 is a promising prognostic, diagnostic, and immunological biomarker in various cancers, which could be applied as a new target for cancer therapy.

Effect of cellular senescence on the response of human peritoneal mesothelial cells to TGF-β

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is implicated in both mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (MMT) and cellular senescence of human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs). We previously showed that senescent HPMCs could spontaneously acquire some phenotypic features of MMT, which in young HPMCs were induced by TGF-β. Here, we used electron microscopy, as well as global gene and protein profiling to assess in detail how exposure to TGF-β impacts on young and senescent HPMCs in vitro. We found that TGF-β induced structural changes consistent with MMT in young, but not in senescent HPMCs. Of all genes and proteins identified reliably in HPMCs across all treatments and states, 4,656 targets represented overlapping genes and proteins. Following exposure to TGF-β, 137 proteins and 46 transcripts were significantly changed in young cells, compared to 225 proteins and only 2 transcripts in senescent cells. Identified differences between young and senescent HPMCs were related predominantly to wound healing, integrin-mediated signalling, production of proteases and extracellular matrix components, and cytoskeleton structure. Thus, the response of senescent HPMCs to TGF-β differs or is less pronounced compared to young cells. As a result, the character and magnitude of the postulated contribution of HPMCs to TGF-β-induced peritoneal remodelling may change with cell senescence.

Differential expression analysis identifies a prognostically significant extracellular matrix-enriched gene signature in hyaluronan-positive clear cell renal cell carcinoma

Hyaluronan (HA) accumulation in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is associated with poor prognosis; however, its biology and role in tumorigenesis are unknown. RNA sequencing of 48 HA-positive and 48 HA-negative formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples was performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEG). The DEGs were subjected to pathway and gene enrichment analyses. The Cancer Genome Atlas Kidney Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma (TCGA-KIRC) data and DEGs were used for the cluster analysis. In total, 129 DEGs were identified. HA-positive tumors exhibited enhanced expression of genes related to extracellular matrix (ECM) organization and ECM receptor interaction pathways. Gene set enrichment analysis showed that epithelial-mesenchymal transition-associated genes were highly enriched in the HA-positive phenotype. A protein-protein interaction network was constructed, and 17 hub genes were discovered. Heatmap analysis of TCGA-KIRC data identified two prognostic clusters corresponding to HA-positive and HA-negative phenotypes. These clusters were used to verify the expression levels and conduct survival analysis of the hub genes, 11 of which were linked to poor prognosis. These findings enhance our understanding of hyaluronan in ccRCC.

Identification and validation of a signature based on myofibroblastic cancer-associated fibroblast marker genes for predicting prognosis, immune infiltration, and therapeutic response in bladder cancer

PURPOSE

Myofibroblastic cancer-associated fibroblasts (myCAFs) are important components of the tumor microenvironment closely associated with tumor stromal remodeling and immunosuppression. This study aimed to explore myCAFs marker gene biomarkers for clinical diagnosis and therapy for patients with bladder cancer (BC).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

BC single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data were obtained from the National Center for Biotechnology Information Sequence Read Archive. Transcriptome and clinical data were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas and the Gene Expression Omnibus databases. Subsequently, univariate Cox and LASSO (Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator regression) regression analyses were performed to construct a prognostic signature. Immune cell activity was estimated using single-sample gene set enrichment analysis whilst the TIDE (tumor immune dysfunction and exclusion) method was employed to assess patient response to immunotherapy. The chemotherapy response of patients with BC was evaluated using genomics of drug sensitivity in cancer. Furthermore, Immunohistochemistry was used to verify the correlation between MAP1B expression and immunotherapy efficacy. The scRNA-seq data were analyzed to identify myCAFs marker genes.

RESULTS

Combined with bulk RNA-sequencing data, we constructed a two-gene (COL6A1 and MAP1B) risk signature. In patients with BC, the signature demonstrated outstanding prognostic value, immune infiltration, and immunotherapy response. This signature served as a crucial guide for the selection of anti-tumor chemotherapy medications. Additionally, immunohistochemistry confirmed that MAP1B expression was significantly correlated with immunotherapy efficacy.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings revealed a typical prognostic signature based on myCAF marker genes, which offers patients with BC a novel treatment target alongside theoretical justification.

Periostin in Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Promotes Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Progression by Enhancing Cancer and Stromal Cell Migration

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in the tumor microenvironment are involved in the progression of various cancers, including esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). CAF-like cells were generated through direct co-culture of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, one of CAF origins, with ESCC cells. Periostin (POSTN) was found to be highly expressed in CAF-like cells. After direct co-culture, ESCC cells showed increased malignant phenotypes, such as survival, growth, and migration, as well as increased phosphorylation of Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk). Recombinant human POSTN activated Akt and Erk signaling pathways in ESCC cells, enhancing survival and migration. The suppression of POSTN in CAF-like cells by siRNA during direct co-culture also suppressed enhanced survival and migration in ESCC cells. In ESCC cells, knockdown of POSTN receptor integrin β4 inhibited Akt and Erk phosphorylation, and survival and migration increased by POSTN. POSTN also enhanced mesenchymal stem cell and macrophage migration and endowed macrophages with tumor-associated macrophage-like properties. Immunohistochemistry showed that high POSTN expression in the cancer stroma was significantly associated with tumor invasion depth, lymphatic and blood vessel invasion, higher pathologic stage, CAF marker expression, and infiltrating tumor-associated macrophage numbers. Moreover, patients with ESCC with high POSTN expression exhibited poor postoperative outcomes. Thus, CAF-secreted POSTN contributed to tumor microenvironment development. These results indicate that POSTN may be a novel therapeutic target for ESCC.

Involvement of TGFBI-TAGLN axis in cancer stem cell property of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a significant healthcare burden globally. Previous research using single-cell transcriptome analysis identified TGFBI as a crucial marker for the partial-epithelial-mesenchymal transition (partial-EMT) program. However, the precise role of TGFBI in HNSCC progression remains unclear. Therefore, our study aimed to clarify the impact of TGFBI on the malignant behavior of HNSCC cells. Through RNA-sequencing data from the TCGA database, we validated that increased TGFBI expression correlates with a higher occurrence of lymph node metastasis and unfavorable prognosis in HNSCC cases. Functional experiments demonstrated that TGFBI overexpression enhances the ability of sphere formation, indicating stem-cell-like properties. Conversely, TGFBI depletion reduces sphere formation and suppresses the expression of cancer stem cell (CSC) markers. RNA-sequencing analysis of TGFBI-overexpressing and control HNSCC cells revealed TAGLN as a downstream effector mediating TGFBI-induced sphere formation. Remarkably, TAGLN depletion abolished TGFBI-induced sphere formation, while its overexpression rescued the suppressed sphere formation caused by TGFBI depletion. Moreover, elevated TAGLN expression showed correlations with the expression of TGFBI and partial-EMT-related genes in HNSCC cases. In conclusion, our findings suggest that TGFBI may promote CSC properties through the upregulation of TAGLN. These novel insights shed light on the involvement of the TGFBI-TAGLN axis in HNSCC progression and hold implications for the development of targeted therapies.

Unique Spatial Transcriptomic Profiling of the Murine Femoral Fracture Callus: A Preliminary Report

Fracture callus formation is a dynamic stage of bone activity and repair with precise, spatially localized gene expression. Metastatic breast cancer impairs fracture healing by disrupting bone homeostasis and imparting an altered genomic profile. Previous sequencing techniques such as single-cell RNA and in situ hybridization are limited by missing spatial context and low throughput, respectively. We present a preliminary approach using the Visium CytAssist spatial transcriptomics platform to provide the first spatially intact characterization of genetic expression changes within an orthopedic model of impaired fracture healing. Tissue slides prepared from BALB/c mice with or without MDA-MB-231 metastatic breast cancer cells were used. Both unsupervised clustering and histology-based annotations were performed to identify the hard callus, soft callus, and interzone for differential gene expression between the wild-type and pathological fracture model. The spatial transcriptomics platform successfully localized validated genes of the hard (Dmp1, Sost) and soft callus (Acan, Col2a1). The fibrous interzone was identified as a region of extensive genomic heterogeneity. MDA-MB-231 samples demonstrated downregulation of the critical bone matrix and structural regulators that may explain the weakened bone structure of pathological fractures. Spatial transcriptomics may represent a valuable tool in orthopedic research by providing temporal and spatial context.

HIF-2α-dependent TGFBI promotes ovarian cancer chemoresistance by activating PI3K/Akt pathway to inhibit apoptosis and facilitate DNA repair process

Hypoxia-mediated chemoresistance plays a crucial role in the development of ovarian cancer (OC). However, the roles of hypoxia-related genes (HRGs) in chemoresistance and prognosis prediction and theirs underlying mechanisms remain to be further elucidated. We intended to identify and validate classifiers of hub HRGs for chemoresistance, diagnosis, prognosis as well as immune microenvironment of OC, and to explore the function of the most crucial HRG in the development of the malignant phenotypes. The RNA expression and clinical data of HRGs were systematically evaluated in OC training group. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis were applied to construct hub HRGs classifiers for prognosis and diagnosis assessment. The relationship between classifiers and chemotherapy response and underlying pathways were detected by GSEA, CellMiner and CIBERSORT algorithm, respectively. OC cells were cultured under hypoxia or transfected with HIF-1α or HIF-2α plasmids, and the transcription levels of TGFBI were assessed by quantitative PCR. TGFBI was knocked down by siRNAs in OC cells, CCK8 and in vitro migration and invasion assays were performed to examine the changes in cell proliferation, motility and metastasis. The difference in TGFBI expression was examined between cisplatin-sensitive and -resistant cells, and the effects of TGFBI interference on cell apoptosis, DNA repair and key signaling molecules of cisplatin-resistant OC cells were explored. A total of 179 candidate HRGs were extracted and enrolled into univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis. Six hub genes (TGFBI, CDKN1B, AKAP12, GPC1, TGM2 and ANGPTL4) were selected to create a HRGs prognosis classifier and four genes (TGFBI, AKAP12, GPC1 and TGM2) were selected to construct diagnosis classifiers. The HRGs prognosis classifier could precisely distinguish OC patients into high-risk and low-risk groups and estimate their clinical outcomes. Furthermore, the high-risk group had higher percentage of Macrophages M2 and exhibited higher expression of immunecheckpoints such as PD-L2. Additionally, the diagnosis classifiers could accurately distinguish OC from normal samples. TGFBI was further verified as a specific key target and demonstrated that its high expression was closely correlated with poor prognosis and chemoresistance of OC. Hypoxia upregulated the expression level of TGFBI. The hypoxia-induced factor HIF-2α but not HIF-1α could directly bind to the promoter region of TGFBI, and facilitate its transcription level. TGFBI was upregulated in cisplatin-sensitive and resistant ovarian cancer cells in a cisplatin time-dependent manner. TGFBI interference downregulated DNA repair-related markers (p-p95/NBS1, RAD51, p-DNA-PKcs, DNA Ligase IV and Artemis), apoptosis-related marker (BCL2) and PI3K/Akt pathway-related markers (PI3K-p110 and p-Akt) in cisplatin-resistant OC cells. In summary, the HRGs prognosis risk classifier could be served as a predictor for OC prognosis and efficacy evaluation. TGFBI, upregulated by HIF-2α as an HRG, promoted OC chemoresistance through activating PI3K/Akt pathway to reduce apoptosis and enhance DNA damage repair pathway.

Single-cell transcriptome analysis reveals immunosuppressive landscape in overweight and obese colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND

Overweight and obesity are established risk factors for various types of cancers including colorectal cancer (CRC). However the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. An in-depth understanding of the oncologic characteristics of overweight and obese CRC at the single-cell level can provide valuable insights for the development of more effective treatment strategies for CRC.

METHODS

We conducted single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis on tumor and adjacent normal colorectal samples from 15 overweight/obese and 15 normal-weight CRC patients. Immunological and metabolic differences between overweight/obese CRC and non-obese CRC were characterized.

RESULTS

We obtained single-cell transcriptomics data from a total of 192,785 cells across all samples. By evaluating marker gene expression patterns, we annotated nine main cell types in the CRC ecosystem. Specifically, we found that the cytotoxic function of effector T cells and NK cells was impaired in overweight/obese CRC compared with non-obese CRC, relating to its metabolic dysregulation. CD4+T cells in overweight/obese CRC exhibited higher expression of immune checkpoint molecules. The antigen-presenting ability of DCs and B cells is down-regulated in overweight/obese CRC, which may further aggravate the immunosuppression of overweight/obese CRC. Additionally, dysfunctional stromal cells were identified, potentially promoting invasion and metastasis in overweight/obese CRC. Furthermore, we discovered the up-regulated metabolism of glycolysis and lipids of tumor cells in overweight/obese CRC, which may impact the metabolism and function of immune cells. We also identified inhibitory interactions between tumor cells and T cells in overweight/obese CRC.

CONCLUSIONS

The study demonstrated that overweight/obese CRC has a more immunosuppressive microenvironment and distinct metabolic reprogramming characterized by increased of glycolysis and lipid metabolism. These findings may have implications for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for overweight/obese CRC patients.

Clinically relevant molecular hallmarks of PFA ependymomas display intratumoral heterogeneity and correlate with tumor morphology

Posterior fossa type A (PF-EPN-A, PFA) ependymoma are aggressive tumors that mainly affect children and have a poor prognosis. Histopathology shows significant intratumoral heterogeneity, ranging from loose tissue to often sharply demarcated, extremely cell-dense tumor areas. To determine molecular differences in morphologically different areas and to understand their clinical significance, we analyzed 113 PF-EPN-A samples, including 40 corresponding relapse samples. Cell-dense areas ranged from 0 to 100% of the tumor area and displayed a higher proportion of proliferating tumor cells (p < 0.01). Clinically, cell density was associated with poor progression-free and overall survival (pPFS = 0.0026, pOS < 0.01). Molecularly, tumor areas with low and high cell density showed diverging DNA methylation profiles regarding their similarity to distinct previously discovered PF-EPN-A subtypes in 9/21 cases. Prognostically relevant chromosomal changes at 1q and 6q showed spatial heterogeneity within single tumors and were significantly enriched in cell-dense tumor areas as shown by single-cell RNA (scRNA)-sequencing as well as copy number profiling and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses of different tumor areas. Finally, spatial transcriptomics revealed cell-dense areas of different tumors to be more similar than various different areas of the same tumor. High-density areas distinctly overexpressed genes encoding histone proteins, WNT5A, TGFB1, or IGF2. Relapsing tumors displayed a higher proportion of cell-dense areas (p = 0.036), a change in PF-EPN-A methylation subtypes (13/32 patients), and novel chromosome 1q gains and 6q losses (12/32 cases) compared to corresponding primary tumors. Our data suggest that PF-EPN-A ependymomas habor a previously unrecognized intratumoral heterogeneity with clinical implications, which has to be accounted for when selecting diagnostic material, inter alia, by histological evaluation of the proportion of cell-dense areas.

Modulation of Extracellular Matrix Composition and Chronic Inflammation with Pirfenidone Promotes Scar Reduction in Retinal Wound Repair

Wound repair in the retina is a complex mechanism, and a deeper understanding of it is necessary for the development of effective treatments to slow down or even prevent degenerative processes leading to photoreceptor loss. In this study, we harnessed a laser-induced retinal degeneration model (532-nm laser photocoagulation with 300 μm spot size, 60 ms duration and 60 mV pulse), enabling a profound molecular elucidation and a comprehensive, prolonged observation of the wound healing sequence in a murine laser-induced degeneration model (C57BL/6J mice, 6-12 weeks) until day 49 post-laser. Our observations included the expression of specific extracellular matrix proteins and myofibroblast activity, along with an analysis of gene expression related to extracellular matrix and adhesion molecules through RNA measurements. Furthermore, the administration of pirfenidone (10 mg/kg via drinking water), an anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic compound, was used to modulate scar formation after laser treatment. Our data revealed upregulated collagen expression in late regenerative phases and sustained inflammation in the damaged tissue. Notably, treatment with pirfenidone was found to mitigate scar tissue formation, effectively downregulating collagen production and diminishing the presence of inflammatory markers. However, it did not lead to the regeneration of the photoreceptor layer.

Endothelial Overexpression of TGF-β-Induced Protein Impairs Venous Thrombus Resolution: Possible Role in CTEPH

Endothelial cells play a critical role during venous thrombus remodeling, and unresolved, fibrotic thrombi with irregular vessels obstruct the pulmonary artery in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). This study sought to identify endothelial mediators of impaired venous thrombus resolution and to determine their role in the pathogenesis of the vascular obstructions in patients with CTEPH. Endothelial cells outgrown from pulmonary endarterectomy specimens (PEA) were processed for mRNA profiling, and nCounter gene expression and immunohistochemistry analysis of PEA tissue microarrays and immunoassays of plasma were used to validate the expression in CTEPH. Lentiviral overexpression in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (HPAECs) and exogenous administration of the recombinant protein into C57BL/6J mice after inferior Vena cava ligation were employed to assess their role for venous thrombus resolution. RT2 PCR profiler analysis demonstrated the significant overexpression of factors downstream of transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), that is TGFβ-Induced Protein (TGFBI or BIGH3) and transgelin (TAGLN), or involved in TGFβ signaling, that is follistatin-like 3 (FSTL3) and stanniocalcin-2 (STC2). Gene expression and immunohistochemistry analysis of tissue microarrays localized potential disease candidates to vessel-rich regions. Lentiviral overexpression of TGFBI in HPAECs increased fibrotic remodeling of human blood clots in vitro, and exogenous administration of recombinant TGFBI in mice delayed venous thrombus resolution. Significantly elevated plasma TGFBI levels were observed in patients with CTEPH and decreased after PEA. Our findings suggest that overexpression of TGFBI in endothelial promotes venous thrombus non-resolution and fibrosis and is causally involved in the pathophysiology of CTEPH.

Single-cell landscape of the cellular microenvironment in three different colonic polyp subtypes in children

BACKGROUND

The understanding of the heterogeneous cellular microenvironment of colonic polyps in paediatric patients with solitary juvenile polyps (SJPs), polyposis syndrome (PJS) and Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) remains limited.

METHODS

We conducted single-cell RNA sequencing and multiplexed immunohistochemistry (mIHC) analyses on both normal colonic tissue and different types of colonic polyps obtained from paediatric patients.

RESULTS

We identified both shared and disease-specific cell subsets and expression patterns that played important roles in shaping the unique cellular microenvironments observed in each polyp subtype. As such, increased myeloid, endothelial and epithelial cells were the most prominent features of SJP, JPS and PJS polyps, respectively. Noticeably, memory B cells were increased, and a cluster of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-like colonocytes existed across all polyp subtypes. Abundant neutrophil infiltration was observed in SJP polyps, while CX3CR1hi CD8+ T cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) were predominant in SJP and JPS polyps, while GZMAhi natural killer T cells were predominant in PJS polyps. Compared with normal colonic tissues, myeloid cells exhibited specific induction of genes involved in chemotaxis and interferon-related pathways in SJP polyps, whereas fibroblasts in JPS polyps had upregulation of myofiber-associated genes and epithelial cells in PJS polyps exhibited induction of a series of nutrient absorption-related genes. In addition, the TNF-α response was uniformly upregulated in most cell subsets across all polyp subtypes, while endothelial cells and fibroblasts separately showed upregulated cell adhesion and EMT signalling in SJP and JPS polyps. Cell-cell interaction network analysis showed markedly enhanced intercellular communication, such as TNF, VEGF, CXCL and collagen signalling networks, among most cell subsets in polyps, especially SJP and JPS polyps.

CONCLUSION

These findings strengthen our understanding of the heterogeneous cellular microenvironment of polyp subtypes and identify potential therapeutic approaches to reduce the recurrence of polyps in children.

LINC00460 knockdown sensitizes cervical cancer to cisplatin by downregulating TGFBI

The acquired resistance of cancer to cisplatin (DDP) limits the efficacy of chemotherapy. The prognostic value of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) LINC00460 has been reported in cervical cancer. However, its effect on DDP sensitivity in cervical cancer remains poorly understood. In present study, LINC00460 was screened out through bioinformatics analysis. The expression levels of mRNAs and proteins were measured by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) or western blot analysis. The sensitivity to DDP was investigated using an CCK8 assay. Cell apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry. The differentially expressed genes that were associated with the poor prognosis of cervical cancer were screened, and their correlations with LINC00460 expression were explored using Pearson's correlation analysis. Tumor xenograft model was used to assess the effect of LINC00460 knockdown on DDP sensitivity in vivo. The interaction between miR-338-3p and LINC00460 or transforming growth factor β-induced protein (TGFBI) was confirmed by RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) and luciferase reporter assays. LINC00460 expression was increased in cervical cancer tissues and cells. High expression of LINC00460 was associated with dismal prognosis in cervical cancer patients. Silencing of LINC00460 increased drug sensitivity and induced apoptosis in DDP-resistant-cervical cancer cells. LINC00460 knockdown enhanced DDP sensitivity in cervical cancer cells largely by downregulating TGFBI expression. LINC00460 knockdown enhanced the sensitivity of cervical cancer to DDP in vivo, and this effect was partly mediated by the downregulation of TGFBI. LINC00460 positively regulated TGFBI expression, possibly by acting as a sponge of miR-338-3p. LINC00460 knockdown contributed to DDP sensitivity of cervical cancer by downregulating TGFBI, providing a novel mechanism underlying the acquisition of DDP sensitivity.

A novel role of TGFBI in macrophage polarization and macrophage-induced pancreatic cancer growth and therapeutic resistance

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), as a major and essential component of tumor microenvironment (TME), play a critical role in orchestrating pancreatic cancer (PaC) tumorigenesis from initiation to angiogenesis, growth, and systemic dissemination, as well as immunosuppression and resistance to chemotherapy and immunotherapy; however, the critical intrinsic factors responsible for TAMs reprograming and function remain to be identified. By performing single-cell RNA sequencing, transforming growth factor-beta-induced protein (TGFBI) was identified as TAM-producing factor in murine PaC tumors. TAMs express TGFBI in human PaC and TGFBI expression is positively related with human PaC growth. By inducing TGFBI loss-of-function in macrophage (MΦs) in vitro with siRNA and in vivo with Cre-Lox strategy in our developed TGFBI-floxed mice, we demonstrated disruption of TGFBI not only inhibited MΦ polarization to M2 phenotype and MΦ-mediated stimulation on PaC growth, but also significantly improved anti-tumor immunity, sensitizing PaC to chemotherapy in association with regulation of fibronectin 1, Cxcl10, and Ccl5. Our studies suggest that targeting TGFBI in MΦ can develop an effective therapeutic intervention for highly lethal PaC.

An engineered glioblastoma model yields novel macrophage-secreted drivers of invasion

Glioblastomas (GBMs) are highly invasive brain tumors replete with brain- and blood-derived macrophages, collectively known as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Targeting TAMs has been proposed as a therapeutic strategy but has thus far yielded limited clinical success in slowing GBM progression, due in part to an incomplete understanding of TAM function in GBM. Here, by using an engineered hyaluronic acid-based 3D invasion platform, patient-derived GBM cells, and multi-omics analysis of GBM tumor microenvironments, we show that M2-polarized macrophages stimulate GBM stem cell (GSC) mesenchymal transition and invasion. We identify TAM-derived transforming growth factor beta induced (TGFβI/BIGH3) as a pro-tumorigenic factor in the GBM microenvironment. In GBM patients, BIGH3 mRNA expression correlates with poor patient prognosis and is highest in the most aggressive GBM molecular subtype. Inhibiting TAM-derived BIGH3 signaling with a blocking antibody or small molecule inhibitor suppresses GSC invasion. Our work highlights the utility of 3D in vitro tumor microenvironment platforms to investigate TAM-cancer cell crosstalk and offers new insights into TAM function to guide novel TAM-targeting therapies.

Single-cell transcriptome analysis reveals the key genes associated with macrophage polarization in liver cancer

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study was to reveal the key genes associated with macrophage polarization in liver cancer.

METHODS

Data were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and the Cancer Genome Atlas databases (TCGA). R package Seurat 4.0 was used to preprocess the downloaded single-cell sequencing data, principal component analysis, and clustering. R package SingleR was used to annotate cell types and calculate macrophage polarization scores. Spearman correlation analysis was performed to obtain key genes highly correlated with macrophage polarization in liver cancer. The Tumor IMmune Estimation Resource algorithm was used to analyze the correlation between genes and the infiltration level of macrophages. Finally, the prognostic model was constructed based on 6 macrophage polarization-related genes by multivariate Cox regression analysis. Kaplan-Meier curves and receiver operating characteristic curves validated the prognostic value of the prognostic model.

RESULTS

Two thousand highly variable genes were obtained after the normalization of single-cell profiles. In all, 16 principal components and 15 cell clusters were obtained. Monocytes and macrophages were the main immune cells in the microenvironment of liver cancer tissues. Macrophage polarization scores showed that cluster 5 had the highest degree of polarization. Spearman analysis yielded that a total of 6 key genes associated with macrophage polarization (CD53, TGFBI, S100A4, pyruvate kinase M, LSP1, SPP1), and Tumor IMmune Estimation Resource analysis showed that 6 key genes were significantly positively correlated with macrophage infiltration levels. The model constructed by 6 key genes could effectively evaluate the prognosis of patients with liver cancer.

CONCLUSIONS

The key genes associated with macrophage polarization, namely CD53, TGFBI, S100A4, pyruvate kinase M, LSP1, and SPP1, may be potential therapeutic targets for liver cancer.

Absolute Quantification of Pan-Cancer Plasma Proteomes Reveals Unique Signature in Multiple Myeloma

Mass spectrometry based on data-independent acquisition (DIA) has developed into a powerful quantitative tool with a variety of implications, including precision medicine. Combined with stable isotope recombinant protein standards, this strategy provides confident protein identification and precise quantification on an absolute scale. Here, we describe a comprehensive targeted proteomics approach to profile a pan-cancer cohort consisting of 1800 blood plasma samples representing 15 different cancer types. We successfully performed an absolute quantification of 253 proteins in multiplex. The assay had low intra-assay variability with a coefficient of variation below 20% (CV = 17.2%) for a total of 1013 peptides quantified across almost two thousand injections. This study identified a potential biomarker panel of seven protein targets for the diagnosis of multiple myeloma patients using differential expression analysis and machine learning. The combination of markers, including the complement C1 complex, JCHAIN, and CD5L, resulted in a prediction model with an AUC of 0.96 for the identification of multiple myeloma patients across various cancer patients. All these proteins are known to interact with immunoglobulins.

The TGFBI gene and protein expression in topotecan resistant ovarian cancer cell lines

PURPOSE

The primary limiting factor in achieving cures for patients with cancer, particularly ovarian cancer, is drug resistance. The mechanisms of drug resistance of cancer cells during chemotherapy may include compounds of the extracellular matrix, such as the transforming growth factor-beta-induced protein (TGFBI). In this study, we aimed to analyze the TGFBI gene and protein expression in different sensitive and drug-resistant ovarian cancer cell lines, as well as test if TGFBI can be involved in the response to topotecan (TOP) at the very early stages of treatment.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this study, we conducted a detailed analysis of TGFBI expression in different ovarian cancer cell lines (A2780, A2780TR1, A2780TR2, W1, W1TR, SKOV-3, PEA1, PEA2 and PEO23). The level of TGFBI mRNA (QPCR), intracellular and extracellular protein (Western blot analysis) were assessed in this study.

RESULTS

We observed upregulation of TGFBI mRNA in drug-resistant cell lines and estrogen-receptor positive cell lines, which was supported by overexpression of both intracellular and extracellular TGFBI protein. We also showed the TGFBI expression after a short period of treatment of sensitive ovarian cancer cell lines with TOP.

CONCLUSION

The expression of TGFBI in ovarian cancer cell lines suggests its role in the development of drug resistance.

Novel cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers correlating with shunt responsiveness in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus

BACKGROUND

Idiopathic Normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is a form of adult hydrocephalus that is clinically characterized by progressive gait impairment, cognitive dysfunction, and urinary incontinence. The current standard method of treatment involves surgical installation of a CSF diversion shunt. However, only a fraction of patients shows an alleviation of symptoms from shunt surgery. Thus, the purpose of this prospective explorative proteomic study was to identify prognostic CSF biomarkers to predict shunt responsiveness in iNPH patients. Further, we evaluated the ability of the core Alzheimer's disease (AD) CSF biomarkers phosphorylated (p)-tau, total (t)-tau, and amyloid-β 1-42 (Aβ1-42) to serve as predictors of shunt response.

METHODS

We conducted a tandem mass tag (TMT) proteomic analysis of lumbar CSF from 68 iNPH patients, sampled pre-shunt surgery. Tryptic digests of CSF samples were labelled with TMTpro reagents. The TMT multiplex samples were fractionated in 24 concatenated fractions by reversed-phase chromatography at basic pH and analysed by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) on an Orbitrap Lumos mass spectrometer. The relative abundances of the identified proteins were correlated with (i) iNPH grading scale (iNPHGS) and (ii) gait speed change 1 year after surgery from baseline to identify predictors of shunt responsiveness.

RESULTS

We identified four CSF biomarker candidates which correlated most strongly with clinical improvement on the iNPHGS and were significantly changed in shunt-responsive compared to shunt-unresponsive iNPH patients 1 year post-surgery: FABP3 (R = - 0.46, log2(fold change (FC)) = - 0.25, p < 0.001), ANXA4 (R = 0.46, log2(FC) = 0.32, p < 0.001), MIF (R = -0.49, log2(FC) =  - 0.20, p < 0.001) and B3GAT2 (R = 0.54, log2(FC) = 0.20, p < 0.001). In addition, five biomarker candidates were selected based on their strong correlation with gait speed change 1 year after shunt installation: ITGB1 (R = - 0.48, p < 0.001), YWHAG (R = - 0.41, p < 0.01), OLFM2 (R = 0.39, p < 0.01), TGFBI (R = - 0.38, p < 0.01), and DSG2 (R = 0.37, p < 0.01). Concentrations of the CSF AD core biomarkers did not differ significantly with shunt responsiveness.

CONCLUSION

FABP3, MIF, ANXA4, B3GAT2, ITGB1, YWHAG, OLFM2, TGFBI and DSG2 in CSF are promising prognostic biomarker candidates to predict shunt responsiveness in iNPH patients.

Meta-analysis of expression and the targeting of cell adhesion associated genes in nine cancer types - A one research lab re-evaluation

Cancer presents as a highly heterogeneous disease with partly overlapping and partly distinct (epi)genetic characteristics. These characteristics determine inherent and acquired resistance, which need to be overcome for improving patient survival. In line with the global efforts in identifying druggable resistance factors, extensive preclinical research of the Cordes lab and others designated the cancer adhesome as a critical and general therapy resistance mechanism with multiple druggable cancer targets. In our study, we addressed pancancer cell adhesion mechanisms by connecting the preclinical datasets generated in the Cordes lab with publicly available transcriptomic and patient survival data. We identified similarly changed differentially expressed genes (scDEGs) in nine cancers and their corresponding cell models relative to normal tissues. Those scDEGs interconnected with 212 molecular targets from Cordes lab datasets generated during two decades of research on adhesome and radiobiology. Intriguingly, integrative analysis of adhesion associated scDEGs, TCGA patient survival and protein-protein network reconstruction revealed a set of overexpressed genes adversely affecting overall cancer patient survival and specifically the survival in radiotherapy-treated cohorts. This pancancer gene set includes key integrins (e.g. ITGA6, ITGB1, ITGB4) and their interconnectors (e.g. SPP1, TGFBI), affirming their critical role in the cancer adhesion resistome. In summary, this meta-analysis demonstrates the importance of the adhesome in general, and integrins together with their interconnectors in particular, as potentially conserved determinants and therapeutic targets in cancer.

Comparative Analysis of Epididymis Cauda of Yak before and after Sexual Maturity

Epididymis development is the basis of male reproduction and is a crucial site where sperm maturation occurs. In order to further understand the epididymal development of yak and how to regulate sperm maturation, we conducted a multi-omics analysis. We detected 2274 differential genes, 222 differential proteins and 117 co-expression genes in the cauda epididymis of yak before and after sexual maturity by RNA-seq and proteomics techniques, which included TGFBI, COL1A1, COL1A2, COL3A1, COL12A1, SULT2B1, KRT19, and NPC2. These high abundance genes are mainly related to cell growth, differentiation, adhesion and sperm maturation, and are mainly enriched via extracellular matrix receptor interaction, protein differentiation and absorption, and lysosome and estrogen signaling pathways. The abnormal expression of these genes may lead to the retardation of epididymal cauda development and abnormal sperm function in yak. In conclusion, through single and combined analysis, we provided a theoretical basis for the development of the yak epididymal cauda, sperm maturation, and screening of key genes involved in the regulation of male yak reproduction.

Integrative analysis of transcriptomic landscape and urinary signature reveals prognostic biomarkers for clear cell renal cell carcinoma

Background

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) patients with venous tumor thrombus (VTT) have poor prognosis. We aimed to reveal features of ccRCC with VTT and develop a urine-based prognostic classifier to predict ccRCC prognosis through integrative analyses of transcriptomic landscape and urinary signature.

Methods

RNA sequencing was performed in five patients with ccRCC thrombus-tumor-normal tissue triples, while mass spectrometry was performed for urine samples from 12 ccRCC and 11 healthy controls. A urine-based classifier consisting of three proteins was developed to predict patients' survival and validated in an independent cohort.

Results

Transcriptomic analysis identified 856 invasion-associated differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Furthermore, proteomic analysis showed 133 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). Integration of transcriptomic landscape and urinary signature reveals 6 urinary detectable proteins (VSIG4, C3, GAL3ST1, TGFBI, AKR1C3, P4HB) displaying abundance changes consistent with corresponding genes in transcriptomic profiling. According to TCGA database, VSIG4, TGFBI, and P4HB were significantly overexpressed in patients with shorter survival and might be independent prognostic factors for ccRCC (all p<0.05). A prognostic classifier consisting of the three DEPs highly associated with survival performed satisfactorily in predicting overall survival (HR=2.0, p<0.01) and disease-free survival (HR=1.6, p<0.001) of ccRCC patients. The ELISA analysis of urine samples from an independent cohort confirmed the satisfied predictive power of the classifier for pathological grade (AUC=0.795, p<0.001) and stage (AUC=0.894, p<0.001).

Conclusion

Based on integrative analyses of transcriptomic landscape and urinary signature, the urine-based prognostic classifier consisting of VSIG4, TGFBI, and P4HB has satisfied predictive power of ccRCC prognosis and may facilitate ccRCC molecular subtyping and treatment.

Identification of the Potential Molecular Mechanism of TGFBI Gene in Persistent Atrial Fibrillation

Background

Transforming growth factor beta-induced protein (TGFBI, encoded by TGFBI gene), is an extracellular matrix protein, widely expressed in variety of tissues. It binds to collagens type I, II, and IV and plays important roles in the interactions of cell with cell, collagen, and matrix. It has been reported to be associated with myocardial fibrosis, and the latter is an important pathophysiologyical basis of atrial fibrillation (AF). However, the mechanism of TGFBI in AF remains unclear. We aimed to detect the potential mechanism of TGFBI in AF via bioinformatics analysis.

Methods

The microarray dataset of GSE115574 was examined to detect the genes coexpressed with TGFBI from 14 left atrial tissue samples of AF patients. TGFBI coexpression genes were then screened using the R package. Using online analytical tools, we determined the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis, Gene Ontology (GO) annotation, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of TGFBI and its coexpression genes. The modules and hub genes of the PPI-network were then identified. Another dataset, GSE79768 was examined to verify the hub genes. DrugBank was used to detect the potential target drugs.

Results

In GSE115574 dataset, a total of 1818 coexpression genes (769 positive and 1049 negative) were identified, enriched in 120 biological processes (BP), 38 cellular components (CC), 36 molecular functions (MF), and 39 KEGG pathways. A PPI-network with average 12.2-degree nodes was constructed. The genes clustered in the top module constructed from this network mainly play a role in PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, viral myocarditis, inflammatory bowel disease, and platelet activation. CXCL12, C3, FN1, COL1A2, ACTB, VCAM1, and MMP2 were identified and finally verified as the hub genes, mainly enriched in pathways like leukocyte transendothelial migration, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, viral myocarditis, rheumatoid arthritis, and platelet activation. Pegcetacoplan, ocriplasmin, and carvedilol were the potential target drugs.

Conclusions

We used microdataset to identify the potential functions and mechanisms of the TGFBI and its coexpression genes in AF patients. Our findings suggest that CXCL12, C3, FN1, COL1A2, ACTB, VCAM1, and MMP2 may be the hub genes.

Transforming growth factor-β induced protein regulates pulmonary fibrosis via the G-protein signaling modulator 2 /Snail axis

Pulmonary fibrosis, a severe condition that can progress to respiratory failure and death, is characterized by aberrant activation/proliferation of fibroblasts and excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and has limited therapeutic options. Identifying novel mediators of pulmonary fibrosis is currently needed to facilitate the development of more effective therapeutic strategies targeting pulmonary fibrosis. The present study was designed to investigate whether transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) induced protein (TGFBI), an extracellular matrix protein, regulates pulmonary fibrosis in vitro and in vivo and the possible mechanism of actions. It was found that protein expressions of TGFBI were significantly upregulated and G-protein signaling modulator 2 (GPSM2) expression downregulated in fibrotic lung tissues from bleomycin (BLM)-induced rats and TGF-β1-stimulated human lung IMR-90 fibroblasts. Either silencing TGFBI with specific siRNA or treatment with the TGF-β signaling inhibitor SB431542 significantly inhibited TGF-β1-induced fibrotic effects and dysregulation of GPSM2 and Snail expressions in IMR-90 fibroblasts. Moreover, GPSM2 overexpression also inhibited TGF-β1-induced fibrotic effects and Snail upregulation in IMR-90 fibroblasts. Silencing Snail with specific siRNA attenuated TGF-β1-induced fibrotic effects. Therefore, our findings suggest that the extracellular matrix protein TGFBI mediates pulmonary fibrosis through regulation of the GPSM2/Snail axis, which identifies TGFBI as a novel mediator of pulmonary fibrosis and may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.

The Extracellular Matrix Environment of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma

Simple Summary

The extracellular matrix (ECM) controls fundamental properties of tumors, including growth, blood vessel investment, and invasion. The ECM defines rigidity of tumor tissue and individual ECM proteins have distinct biological effects on tumor cells. This article reviews the composition and biological functions of the ECM of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). The most frequent initiating genetic mutation in ccRCC inactivates the VHL gene, which plays a direct role in organizing the ECM. This is predicted to result in local ECM modification, which promotes the growth of tumor cells and the invasion of blood vessels. Later in tumor growth, connective tissue cells are recruited, which are predicted to produce large amounts of ECM, affecting the growth and invasive behaviors of tumor cells. Strategies to therapeutically control the ECM are under active investigation and a better understanding of the ccRCC ECM will determine the applicability of ECM-modifying drugs to this type of cancer.

Abstract

The extracellular matrix (ECM) of tumors is a complex mix of components characteristic of the tissue of origin. In the majority of clear cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCCs), the tumor suppressor VHL is inactivated. VHL controls matrix organization and its loss promotes a loosely organized and angiogenic matrix, predicted to be an early step in tumor formation. During tumor evolution, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) accumulate, and they are predicted to produce abundant ECM. The ccRCC ECM composition qualitatively resembles that of the healthy kidney cortex in which the tumor arises, but there are important differences. One is the quantitative difference between a healthy cortex ECM and a tumor ECM; a tumor ECM contains a higher proportion of interstitial matrix components and a lower proportion of basement membrane components. Another is the breakdown of tissue compartments in the tumor with mixing of ECM components that are physically separated in healthy kidney cortex. Numerous studies reviewed in this work reveal effects of specific ECM components on the growth and invasive behaviors of ccRCCs, and extrapolation from other work suggests an important role for ECM in controlling ccRCC tumor rigidity, which is predicted to be a key determinant of invasive behavior.

Proteomic alterations in extracellular vesicles induced by oncogenic PIK3CA mutations

PIK3CA is one of the most frequently mutated genes in human cancers, with the two most prevalent activating mutations being E545K and H1047R. Although the altered intracellular signaling pathways in these cells have been described, the effect of these mutations on their extracellular vesicles (EVs) has not yet been reported. To study altered cellular physiology and intercellular communication through proteomic analysis of EVs, MCF10A cells and their isogenic mutant versions (PIK3CA E545K and H1047R) were cultured and their EVs enriched by differential ultracentrifugation. Proteins were extracted, digested with trypsin and the peptides labeled with tandem mass tag (TMT) reagents and analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Four thousand six hundred and fifty-five peptides were identified from 579 proteins of which 522 proteins have been previously described in EVs. Relative quantitation revealed altered levels of EV proteins including several cell adhesion molecules. Mesothelin, E-cadherin, and epithelial cell adhesion molecule were elevated in both mutant cell-derived EVs. Markers of tumor invasion and progression like galectin-3 and transforming growth factor beta induced protein were increased in both mutants. Overall, activating mutations in PIK3CA result in altered EV composition with characteristic changes associated with these hotspot mutations.

The LIN28B/TGF-β/TGFBI feedback loop promotes cell migration and tumour initiation potential in cholangiocarcinoma

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a lethal malignancy of the biliary epithelium, is the second most common primary liver cancer. The poor prognosis of CCA is due to the high rate of tumour invasion and distant metastasis. We found that the RNA-binding protein LIN28B, a known regulator of microRNA biogenesis, stem cell maintenance, and oncogenesis, is expressed in a subpopulation of CCA patients. To further investigate the potential role of LIN28B in CCA pathogenesis, we studied the effect of LIN28B overexpression in the cholangiocyte cell line MMNK-1 and cholangiocarcinoma cell lines HuCCT-1 and KKU-214. Here, we show that enhanced LIN28B expression promoted cancer stem cell-like properties in CCA, including enhanced cell migration, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), increased cell proliferation and spheroid formation. Proteomic analysis revealed TGF-β-induced protein (TGFBI) as a novel LIN28B target gene, and further analysis showed upregulation of other components of the TGF-β signalling pathway, including TGF-β receptor type I (TGFBRI) expression and cytokine TGFB-I, II and III secretion. Importantly, the small molecule TGF-β inhibitor SB431542 negated the effects of LIN28B on both cell migration and clonogenic potential. Overexpression of TGFBI alone promoted cholangiocarcinoma cell migration and EMT changes, but not spheroid formation, suggesting that TGFBI partially contributes to LIN28B-mediated aggressive cell behaviour. These observations are consistent with a model in which TGF-β and LIN28B work together to form a positive feedback loop during cholangiocarcinoma metastasis and provide a therapeutic intervention opportunity.

Epigenetic Alteration of the Cancer-Related Gene TGFBI in B Cells Infected with Epstein-Barr Virus and Exposed to Aflatoxin B1: Potential Role in Burkitt Lymphoma Development

Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is a malignant B cell neoplasm that accounts for almost half of pediatric cancers in sub-Saharan African countries. Although the BL endemic prevalence is attributable to the combination of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection with malaria and environmental carcinogens exposure, such as the food contaminant aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), the molecular determinants underlying the pathogenesis are not fully understood. Consistent with the role of epigenetic mechanisms at the interface between the genome and environment, AFB1 and EBV impact the methylome of respectively leukocytes and B cells specifically. Here, we conducted a thorough investigation of common epigenomic changes following EBV or AFB1 exposure in B cells. Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling identified an EBV-AFB1 common signature within the TGFBI locus, which encodes for a putative tumor suppressor often altered in cancer. Subsequent mechanistic analyses confirmed a DNA-methylation-dependent transcriptional silencing of TGFBI involving the recruitment of DNMT1 methyltransferase that is associated with an activation of the NF-κB pathway. Our results reveal a potential common mechanism of B cell transformation shared by the main risk factors of endemic BL (EBV and AFB1), suggesting a key determinant of disease that could allow the development of more efficient targeted therapeutic strategies.

Multi-Omics Profiling to Assess Signaling Changes upon VHL Restoration and Identify Putative VHL Substrates in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Cell Lines

The inactivation of von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) is critical for clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and VHL syndrome. VHL loss leads to the stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor α (HIFα) and other substrate proteins, which, together, drive various tumor-promoting pathways. There is inadequate molecular characterization of VHL restoration in VHL-defective ccRCC cells. The identities of HIF-independent VHL substrates remain elusive. We reinstalled VHL expression in 786-O and performed transcriptome, proteome and ubiquitome profiling to assess the molecular impact. The transcriptome and proteome analysis revealed that VHL restoration caused the downregulation of hypoxia signaling, glycolysis, E2F targets, and mTORC1 signaling, and the upregulation of fatty acid metabolism. Proteome and ubiquitome co-analysis, together with the ccRCC CPTAC data, enlisted 57 proteins that were ubiquitinated and downregulated by VHL restoration and upregulated in human ccRCC. Among them, we confirmed the reduction of TGFBI (ubiquitinated at K676) and NFKB2 (ubiquitinated at K72 and K741) by VHL re-expression in 786-O. Immunoprecipitation assay showed the physical interaction between VHL and NFKB2. K72 of NFKB2 affected NFKB2 stability in a VHL-dependent manner. Taken together, our study generates a comprehensive molecular catalog of a VHL-restored 786-O model and provides a list of putative VHL-dependent ubiquitination substrates, including TGFBI and NFKB2, for future investigation.

Niclosamide Suppresses Migration and Invasion of Human Osteosarcoma Cells by Repressing TGFBI Expression via the ERK Signaling Pathway

Osteosarcoma is a highly common malignant bone tumor. Its highly metastatic properties are the leading cause of mortality for cancer. Niclosamide, a salicylanilide derivative, is an oral antihelminthic drug of known anticancer potential. However, the effect of niclosamide on osteosarcoma cell migration, invasion and the mechanisms underlying have not been fully clarified. Therefore, this study investigated niclosamide’s underlying pathways and antimetastatic effects on osteosarcoma. In this study, U2OS and HOS osteosarcoma cell lines were treated with niclosamide and then subjected to assays for determining cell migration ability. The results indicated that niclosamide, at concentrations of up to 200 nM, inhibited the migration and invasion of human osteosarcoma U2OS and HOS cells and repressed the transforming growth factor beta-induced protein (TGFBI) expression of U2OS cells, without cytotoxicity. After TGFBI knockdown occurred, cellular migration and invasion behaviors of U2OS cells were significantly reduced. Moreover, niclosamide significantly decreased the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in U2OS cells and the combination treatment of the MEK inhibitor (U0126) and niclosamide resulted in the intensive inhibition of the TGFBI expression and the migratory ability in U2OS cells. Therefore, TGFBI derived from osteosarcoma cells via the ERK pathway contributed to cellular migration and invasion and niclosamide inhibited these processes. These findings indicate that niclosamide may be a powerful preventive agent against the development and metastasis of osteosarcoma.

Human amniotic epithelial cell-derived extracellular vesicles provide an extracellular matrix-based microenvironment for corneal injury repair

To study the biological functions and applications of human amniotic epithelial cell-derived extracellular vesicles (hAEC-EVs), the cargos of hAEC-EVs were analyzed using miRNA sequencing and proteomics analysis. The hAECs and hAEC-EVs in this study had specific characteristics. Multi-omics analyses showed that extracellular matrix (ECM) reorganization, inhibition of excessive myofibroblasts, and promotion of target cell adhesion to the ECM were their primary functions. We evaluated the application of hAEC-EVs for corneal alkali burn healing in rabbits and elucidated the fundamental mechanisms. Slit-lamp images revealed that corneal alkali burns induced central epithelial loss, stromal haze, iris, and pupil obscurity in rabbits. Slit-lamp examination and histological findings indicated that hAEC-EVs facilitated re-epithelialization of the cornea after alkali burns, reduced scar formation and promoted the restoration of corneal tissue transparency. Significantly fewer α-SMA-positive myofibroblasts were observed in the hAEC-EV-treated group than the PBS group. HAEC-EVs effectively promoted the proliferation and migration of hCECs and hCSCs in vitro and activated the focal adhesion signaling pathway. We demonstrated that hAEC-EVs were excellent cell-free candidates for the treatment of ECM lesion-based diseases, including corneal alkali burns. HAEC-EVs promoted ECM reorganization and cell adhesion of target tissues or cells via orderly activation of the focal adhesion signaling pathway.

The role of ceRNA-mediated diagnosis and therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide due to its high degree of malignancy, high incidence, and low survival rate. However, the underlying mechanisms of hepatocarcinogenesis remain unclear. Long non coding RNA (lncRNA) has been shown as a novel type of RNA. lncRNA by acting as ceRNA can participate in various biological processes of HCC cells, such as tumor cell proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis and drug resistance by regulating downstream target gene expression and cancer-related signaling pathways. Meanwhile, lncRNA can predict the efficacy of treatment strategies for HCC and serve as a potential target for the diagnosis and treatment of HCC. Therefore, lncRNA serving as ceRNA may become a vital candidate biomarker for clinical diagnosis and treatment. In this review, the epidemiology of HCC, including morbidity, mortality, regional distribution, risk factors, and current treatment advances, was briefly discussed, and some biological functions of lncRNA in HCC were summarized with emphasis on the molecular mechanism and clinical application of lncRNA-mediated ceRNA regulatory network in HCC. This paper can contribute to the better understanding of the mechanism of the influence of lncRNA-mediated ceRNA networks (ceRNETs) on HCC and provide directions and strategies for future studies.

Proteomic identification of novel plasma biomarkers associated with spontaneous preterm birth in women with preterm labor without infection/inflammation

Objective

We sought to identify plasma biomarkers associated with spontaneous preterm birth (SPTB, delivery within 21 days of sampling) in women with preterm labor (PTL) without intra-amniotic infection/inflammation (IAI) using label-free quantitative proteomic analysis, as well as to elucidate specific protein pathways involved in these cases.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study comprising 104 singleton pregnant women with PTL (24–32 weeks) who underwent amniocentesis and demonstrated no evidence of IAI. Analysis of pooled plasma samples collected from SPTB cases and term birth (TB) controls (n = 10 for each group) was performed using label-free quantitative mass spectrometry for proteome profiling in a nested case-control study design. Eight candidate proteins of interest were validated by ELISA-based assay and a clot-based assay in the total cohort.

Results

Ninety-one proteins were differentially expressed (P < 0.05) in plasma samples obtained from SPTB cases, of which 53 (58.2%) were upregulated and 38 (41.8%) were downregulated when compared to TD controls. A validation study confirmed that plasma from women who delivered spontaneously within 21 days of sampling contained significantly higher levels of coagulation factor Ⅴ and lower levels of S100 calcium binding protein A9 (S100A9), especially the former which was independent of baseline variables. The top-ranked pathways related to the 91 differentially expressed proteins were liver-X-receptor/retinoid X receptor (RXR) activation, acute phase response signaling, farnesoid X receptor/RXR activation, coagulation system, and complement system.

Conclusions

Proteomic analyses in this study identified potential novel biomarkers (i.e., coagulation factor V and S100A9) and potential protein pathways in plasma associated with SPTB in the absence of IAI in women with PTL. The present findings provide novel insights into the molecular pathogenesis and therapeutic targets specific for idiopathic SPTB.