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Hornigold K, Baker MJ, Machin PA, Chetwynd SA, Johnsson AK, Pantarelli C, Islam P, Stammers M, Crossland L, Oxley D, Okkenhaug H, Walker S, Walker R, Segonds-Pichon A, Fukui Y, Malliri A, Welch HCE. The Rac-GEF Tiam1 controls integrin-dependent neutrophil responses. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1223653. [PMID: 38077328 PMCID: PMC10703174 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1223653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Rac GTPases are required for neutrophil adhesion and migration, and for the neutrophil effector responses that kill pathogens. These Rac-dependent functions are impaired when neutrophils lack the activators of Rac, Rac-GEFs from the Prex, Vav, and Dock families. In this study, we demonstrate that Tiam1 is also expressed in neutrophils, governing focal complexes, actin cytoskeletal dynamics, polarisation, and migration, in a manner depending on the integrin ligand to which the cells adhere. Tiam1 is dispensable for the generation of reactive oxygen species but mediates degranulation and NETs release in adherent neutrophils, as well as the killing of bacteria. In vivo, Tiam1 is required for neutrophil recruitment during aseptic peritonitis and for the clearance of Streptococcus pneumoniae during pulmonary infection. However, Tiam1 functions differently to other Rac-GEFs. Instead of promoting neutrophil adhesion to ICAM1 and stimulating β2 integrin activity as could be expected, Tiam1 restricts these processes. In accordance with these paradoxical inhibitory roles, Tiam1 limits the fMLP-stimulated activation of Rac1 and Rac2 in adherent neutrophils, rather than activating Rac as expected. Tiam1 promotes the expression of several regulators of small GTPases and cytoskeletal dynamics, including αPix, Psd4, Rasa3, and Tiam2. It also controls the association of Rasa3, and potentially αPix, Git2, Psd4, and 14-3-3ζ/δ, with Rac. We propose these latter roles of Tiam1 underlie its effects on Rac and β2 integrin activity and on cell responses. Hence, Tiam1 is a novel regulator of Rac-dependent neutrophil responses that functions differently to other known neutrophil Rac-GEFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsti Hornigold
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J. Baker
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cell Signalling Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Polly A. Machin
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Priota Islam
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - David Oxley
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Simon Walker
- Imaging Facility, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael Walker
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Yoshinori Fukui
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Angeliki Malliri
- Cell Signalling Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
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Machin PA, Johnsson AKE, Massey EJ, Pantarelli C, Chetwynd SA, Chu JY, Okkenhaug H, Segonds-Pichon A, Walker S, Malliri A, Fukui Y, Welch HCE. Dock2 generates characteristic spatiotemporal patterns of Rac activity to regulate neutrophil polarisation, migration and phagocytosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1180886. [PMID: 37383235 PMCID: PMC10293741 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1180886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Rac-GTPases and their Rac-GEF activators play important roles in neutrophil-mediated host defence. These proteins control the adhesion molecules and cytoskeletal dynamics required for neutrophil recruitment to inflamed and infected organs, and the neutrophil effector responses that kill pathogens. Methods Here, we used live cell TIRF-FRET imaging in neutrophils from Rac-FRET reporter mice with deficiencies in the Rac-GEFs Dock2, Tiam1 or Prex1/Vav1 to evaluate if these proteins activate spatiotemporally distinct pools of Rac, and to correlate patterns of Rac activity with the neutrophil responses they control. Results All the GEFs were required for neutrophil adhesion, and Prex1/Vav1 were important during spreading and for the velocity of migration during chemotaxis. However, Dock2 emerged as the prominent regulator of neutrophil responses, as this GEF was required for neutrophil polarisation and random migration, for migration velocity during chemokinesis, for the likelihood to migrate and for the speed of migration and of turning during chemotaxis, as well as for rapid particle engulfment during phagocytosis. We identified characteristic spatiotemporal patterns of Rac activity generated by Dock2 which correlate with the importance of the Rac-GEF in these neutrophil responses. We also demonstrate a requirement for Dock2 in neutrophil recruitment during aseptic peritonitis. Discussion Collectively, our data provide a first direct comparison of the pools of Rac activity generated by different types of Rac-GEFs, and identify Dock2 as a key regulator of polarisation, migration and phagocytosis in primary neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polly A. Machin
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anna-Karin E. Johnsson
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ellie J. Massey
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Chiara Pantarelli
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen A. Chetwynd
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Y. Chu
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hanneke Okkenhaug
- Imaging Facility, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Segonds-Pichon
- Bioinformatics Facility, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Walker
- Imaging Facility, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Angeliki Malliri
- Cell Signalling, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Yoshinori Fukui
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Heidi C. E. Welch
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Conway JRW, Warren SC, Lee YK, McCulloch AT, Magenau A, Lee V, Metcalf XL, Stoehr J, Haigh K, Abdulkhalek L, Guaman CS, Reed DA, Murphy KJ, Pereira BA, Mélénec P, Chambers C, Latham SL, Lenthall H, Deenick EK, Ma Y, Phan T, Lim E, Joshua AM, Walters S, Grey ST, Shi YC, Zhang L, Herzog H, Croucher DR, Philp A, Scheele CLGJ, Herrmann D, Sansom OJ, Morton JP, Papa A, Haigh JJ, Nobis M, Timpson P. Monitoring AKT activity and targeting in live tissue and disease contexts using a real-time Akt-FRET biosensor mouse. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf9063. [PMID: 37126544 PMCID: PMC10132756 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf9063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant AKT activation occurs in a number of cancers, metabolic syndrome, and immune disorders, making it an important target for the treatment of many diseases. To monitor spatial and temporal AKT activity in a live setting, we generated an Akt-FRET biosensor mouse that allows longitudinal assessment of AKT activity using intravital imaging in conjunction with image stabilization and optical window technology. We demonstrate the sensitivity of the Akt-FRET biosensor mouse using various cancer models and verify its suitability to monitor response to drug targeting in spheroid and organotypic models. We also show that the dynamics of AKT activation can be monitored in real time in diverse tissues, including in individual islets of the pancreas, in the brown and white adipose tissue, and in the skeletal muscle. Thus, the Akt-FRET biosensor mouse provides an important tool to study AKT dynamics in live tissue contexts and has broad preclinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R W Conway
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Sean C Warren
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Young-Kyung Lee
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Andrew T McCulloch
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Randwick Clinical Campus, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Astrid Magenau
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Victoria Lee
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Xanthe L Metcalf
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Janett Stoehr
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Katharina Haigh
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Lea Abdulkhalek
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Cristian S Guaman
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Daniel A Reed
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Kendelle J Murphy
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Brooke A Pereira
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Pauline Mélénec
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Cecilia Chambers
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Sharissa L Latham
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Helen Lenthall
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Elissa K Deenick
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Yuanqing Ma
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Tri Phan
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Elgene Lim
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Anthony M Joshua
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Stacey Walters
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Shane T Grey
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Yan-Chuan Shi
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Lei Zhang
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Herbert Herzog
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - David R Croucher
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Andy Philp
- School of Clinical Medicine, Randwick Clinical Campus, UNSW Sydney, Centre for Healthy Ageing, Centenary Institute, Missenden Road, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Colinda L G J Scheele
- Laboratory for Intravital Imaging and Dynamics of Tumor Progression, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - David Herrmann
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G611BD, UK
- School of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G611QH, UK
| | - Jennifer P Morton
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G611BD, UK
- School of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G611QH, UK
| | - Antonella Papa
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jody J Haigh
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Max Nobis
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- Laboratory for Intravital Imaging and Dynamics of Tumor Progression, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Intravital Imaging Expertise Center, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Timpson
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
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4
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Scheele CLGJ, Herrmann D, Yamashita E, Celso CL, Jenne CN, Oktay MH, Entenberg D, Friedl P, Weigert R, Meijboom FLB, Ishii M, Timpson P, van Rheenen J. Multiphoton intravital microscopy of rodents. NATURE REVIEWS. METHODS PRIMERS 2022; 2:89. [PMID: 37621948 PMCID: PMC10449057 DOI: 10.1038/s43586-022-00168-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Tissues are heterogeneous with respect to cellular and non-cellular components and in the dynamic interactions between these elements. To study the behaviour and fate of individual cells in these complex tissues, intravital microscopy (IVM) techniques such as multiphoton microscopy have been developed to visualize intact and live tissues at cellular and subcellular resolution. IVM experiments have revealed unique insights into the dynamic interplay between different cell types and their local environment, and how this drives morphogenesis and homeostasis of tissues, inflammation and immune responses, and the development of various diseases. This Primer introduces researchers to IVM technologies, with a focus on multiphoton microscopy of rodents, and discusses challenges, solutions and practical tips on how to perform IVM. To illustrate the unique potential of IVM, several examples of results are highlighted. Finally, we discuss data reproducibility and how to handle big imaging data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colinda L. G. J. Scheele
- Laboratory for Intravital Imaging and Dynamics of Tumor Progression, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - David Herrmann
- Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Department, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Erika Yamashita
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Drug Discovery, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Cristina Lo Celso
- Department of Life Sciences and Centre for Hematology, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Sir Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Craig N. Jenne
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Maja H. Oktay
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Integrated Imaging Program, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - David Entenberg
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Integrated Imaging Program, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Peter Friedl
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- David H. Koch Center for Applied Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Roberto Weigert
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Franck L. B. Meijboom
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Sustainable Animal Stewardship, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Faculty of Humanities, Ethics Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Masaru Ishii
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Drug Discovery, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Paul Timpson
- Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Department, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jacco van Rheenen
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Hornigold K, Chu JY, Chetwynd SA, Machin PA, Crossland L, Pantarelli C, Anderson KE, Hawkins PT, Segonds-Pichon A, Oxley D, Welch HCE. Age-related decline in the resistance of mice to bacterial infection and in LPS/TLR4 pathway-dependent neutrophil responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:888415. [PMID: 36090969 PMCID: PMC9450589 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.888415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Host defense against bacterial and fungal infections diminishes with age. In humans, impaired neutrophil responses are thought to contribute to this decline. However, it remains unclear whether neutrophil responses are also impaired in old mice. Here, we investigated neutrophil function in old mice, focusing on responses primed by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an endotoxin released by gram-negative bacteria like E. coli, which signals through toll-like receptor (TLR) 4. We show that old mice have a reduced capacity to clear pathogenic E. coli during septic peritonitis. Neutrophil recruitment was elevated during LPS-induced but not aseptic peritonitis. Neutrophils from old mice showed reduced killing of E. coli. Their reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was impaired upon priming with LPS but not with GM-CSF/TNFα. Phagocytosis and degranulation were reduced in a partially LPS-dependent manner, whereas impairment of NET release in response to S. aureus was independent of LPS. Unexpectedly, chemotaxis was normal, as were Rac1 and Rac2 GTPase activities. LPS-primed activation of Erk and p38 Mapk was defective. PIP3 production was reduced upon priming with LPS but not with GM-CSF/TNFα, whereas PIP2 levels were constitutively low. The expression of 5% of neutrophil proteins was dysregulated in old age. Granule proteins, particularly cathepsins and serpins, as well as TLR-pathway proteins and membrane receptors were upregulated, whereas chromatin and RNA regulators were downregulated. The upregulation of CD180 and downregulation of MyD88 likely contribute to the impaired LPS signaling. In summary, all major neutrophil responses except chemotaxis decline with age in mice, particularly upon LPS priming. This LPS/TLR4 pathway dependence resolves previous controversy regarding effects of age on murine neutrophils and confirms that mice are an appropriate model for the decline in human neutrophil function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsti Hornigold
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Y. Chu
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Polly A. Machin
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Laraine Crossland
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Chiara Pantarelli
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Karen E. Anderson
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - David Oxley
- Proteomics Facility, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Heidi C. E. Welch
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Heidi C. E. Welch,
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Consalvo KM, Kirolos SA, Sestak CE, Gomer RH. Sex-Based Differences in Human Neutrophil Chemorepulsion. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:354-367. [PMID: 35793910 PMCID: PMC9283293 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A considerable amount is known about how eukaryotic cells move toward an attractant, and the mechanisms are conserved from Dictyostelium discoideum to human neutrophils. Relatively little is known about chemorepulsion, where cells move away from a repellent signal. We previously identified pathways mediating chemorepulsion in Dictyostelium, and here we show that these pathways, including Ras, Rac, protein kinase C, PTEN, and ERK1 and 2, are required for human neutrophil chemorepulsion, and, as with Dictyostelium chemorepulsion, PI3K and phospholipase C are not necessary, suggesting that eukaryotic chemorepulsion mechanisms are conserved. Surprisingly, there were differences between male and female neutrophils. Inhibition of Rho-associated kinases or Cdc42 caused male neutrophils to be more repelled by a chemorepellent and female neutrophils to be attracted to the chemorepellent. In the presence of a chemorepellent, compared with male neutrophils, female neutrophils showed a reduced percentage of repelled neutrophils, greater persistence of movement, more adhesion, less accumulation of PI(3,4,5)P3, and less polymerization of actin. Five proteins associated with chemorepulsion pathways are differentially abundant, with three of the five showing sex dimorphism in protein localization in unstimulated male and female neutrophils. Together, this indicates a fundamental difference in a motility mechanism in the innate immune system in men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara A Kirolos
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Chelsea E Sestak
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Richard H Gomer
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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Hu J, Gong X, Strömblad S. Local temporal Rac1-GTP nadirs and peaks restrict cell protrusions and retractions. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl3667. [PMID: 35319996 PMCID: PMC8942371 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl3667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cells probe their microenvironment using membrane protrusion-retraction cycles. Spatiotemporal coordination of Rac1 and RhoA GTP-binding activities initiates and reinforces protrusions and retractions, but the control of their finite lifetime remains unclear. We examined the relations of Rac1 and RhoA GTP-binding levels to key protrusion and retraction events, as well as to cell-ECM traction forces at physiologically relevant ECM stiffness. High RhoA-GTP preceded retractions and Rac1-GTP elevation before protrusions. Notable temporal Rac1-GTP nadirs and peaks occurred at the maximal edge velocity of local membrane protrusions and retractions, respectively, followed by declined edge velocity. Moreover, altered local Rac1-GTP consistently preceded similarly altered traction force. Local optogenetic Rac1-GTP perturbations defined a function of Rac1 in restricting protrusions and retractions and in promoting local traction force. Together, we show that Rac1 plays a fundamental role in restricting the size and durability of protrusions and retractions, plausibly in part through controlling traction forces.
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8
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Floerchinger A, Murphy KJ, Latham SL, Warren SC, McCulloch AT, Lee YK, Stoehr J, Mélénec P, Guaman CS, Metcalf XL, Lee V, Zaratzian A, Da Silva A, Tayao M, Rolo S, Phimmachanh M, Sultani G, McDonald L, Mason SM, Ferrari N, Ooms LM, Johnsson AKE, Spence HJ, Olson MF, Machesky LM, Sansom OJ, Morton JP, Mitchell CA, Samuel MS, Croucher DR, Welch HCE, Blyth K, Caldon CE, Herrmann D, Anderson KI, Timpson P, Nobis M. Optimizing metastatic-cascade-dependent Rac1 targeting in breast cancer: Guidance using optical window intravital FRET imaging. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109689. [PMID: 34525350 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Assessing drug response within live native tissue provides increased fidelity with regards to optimizing efficacy while minimizing off-target effects. Here, using longitudinal intravital imaging of a Rac1-Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensor mouse coupled with in vivo photoswitching to track intratumoral movement, we help guide treatment scheduling in a live breast cancer setting to impair metastatic progression. We uncover altered Rac1 activity at the center versus invasive border of tumors and demonstrate enhanced Rac1 activity of cells in close proximity to live tumor vasculature using optical window imaging. We further reveal that Rac1 inhibition can enhance tumor cell vulnerability to fluid-flow-induced shear stress and therefore improves overall anti-metastatic response to therapy during transit to secondary sites such as the lung. Collectively, this study demonstrates the utility of single-cell intravital imaging in vivo to demonstrate that Rac1 inhibition can reduce tumor progression and metastases in an autochthonous setting to improve overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Floerchinger
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Kendelle J Murphy
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Sharissa L Latham
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Sean C Warren
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Andrew T McCulloch
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Young-Kyung Lee
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Janett Stoehr
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Pauline Mélénec
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Cris S Guaman
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Xanthe L Metcalf
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Victoria Lee
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Anaiis Zaratzian
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Andrew Da Silva
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Michael Tayao
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Sonia Rolo
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G611BD, UK
| | - Monica Phimmachanh
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Ghazal Sultani
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Laura McDonald
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G611BD, UK
| | - Susan M Mason
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G611BD, UK
| | - Nicola Ferrari
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G611BD, UK; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Glasgow G111QH, UK
| | - Lisa M Ooms
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
| | | | - Heather J Spence
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Michael F Olson
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto ON, M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Laura M Machesky
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G611BD, UK; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Glasgow G111QH, UK
| | - Jennifer P Morton
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G611BD, UK; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Glasgow G111QH, UK
| | - Christina A Mitchell
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Michael S Samuel
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia; and the School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - David R Croucher
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Heidi C E Welch
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB223AT, UK
| | - Karen Blyth
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G611BD, UK; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Glasgow G111QH, UK
| | - C Elizabeth Caldon
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - David Herrmann
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Kurt I Anderson
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G611BD, UK; Francis Crick Institute, London NW11AT, UK
| | - Paul Timpson
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Max Nobis
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
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9
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The GPCR adaptor protein norbin suppresses the neutrophil-mediated immunity of mice to pneumococcal infection. Blood Adv 2021; 5:3076-3091. [PMID: 34402884 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcal pneumonia is a worldwide health problem that kills ∼2 million people each year, particularly young children, the elderly, and immunosuppressed individuals. Alveolar macrophages and neutrophils provide the early innate immune response to clear pneumococcus from infected lungs. However, the level of neutrophil involvement is context dependent, both in humans and in mouse models of the disease, influenced by factors such as bacterial load, age, and coinfections. Here, we show that the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) adaptor protein norbin (neurochondrin, NCDN), which was hitherto known as a regulator of neuronal function, is a suppressor of neutrophil-mediated innate immunity. Myeloid norbin deficiency improved the immunity of mice to pneumococcal infection by increasing the involvement of neutrophils in clearing the bacteria, without affecting neutrophil recruitment or causing autoinflammation. It also improved immunity during Escherichia coli-induced septic peritonitis. It increased the responsiveness of neutrophils to a range of stimuli, promoting their ability to kill bacteria in a reactive oxygen species-dependent manner, enhancing degranulation, phagocytosis, and the production of reactive oxygen species and neutrophil extracellular traps, raising the cell surface levels of selected GPCRs, and increasing GPCR-dependent Rac and Erk signaling. The Rac guanine-nucleotide exchange factor Prex1, a known effector of norbin, was dispensable for most of these effects, which suggested that norbin controls additional downstream targets. We identified the Rac guanine-nucleotide exchange factor Vav as one of these effectors. In summary, our study presents the GPCR adaptor protein norbin as an immune suppressor that limits the ability of neutrophils to clear bacterial infections.
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10
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Murphy KJ, Reed DA, Trpceski M, Herrmann D, Timpson P. Quantifying and visualising the nuances of cellular dynamics in vivo using intravital imaging. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2021; 72:41-53. [PMID: 34091131 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Intravital imaging is a powerful technology used to quantify and track dynamic changes in live cells and tissues within an intact environment. The ability to watch cell biology in real-time 'as it happens' has provided novel insight into tissue homeostasis, as well as disease initiation, progression and response to treatment. In this minireview, we highlight recent advances in the field of intravital microscopy, touching upon advances in awake versus anaesthesia-based approaches, as well as the integration of biosensors into intravital imaging. We also discuss current challenges that, in our opinion, need to be overcome to further advance the field of intravital imaging at the single-cell, subcellular and molecular resolution to reveal nuances of cell behaviour that can be targeted in complex disease settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendelle J Murphy
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Theme, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Daniel A Reed
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Theme, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Michael Trpceski
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Theme, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - David Herrmann
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Theme, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.
| | - Paul Timpson
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Theme, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.
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11
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Lauri A, Fasano G, Venditti M, Dallapiccola B, Tartaglia M. In vivo Functional Genomics for Undiagnosed Patients: The Impact of Small GTPases Signaling Dysregulation at Pan-Embryo Developmental Scale. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:642235. [PMID: 34124035 PMCID: PMC8194860 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.642235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
While individually rare, disorders affecting development collectively represent a substantial clinical, psychological, and socioeconomic burden to patients, families, and society. Insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying these disorders are required to speed up diagnosis, improve counseling, and optimize management toward targeted therapies. Genome sequencing is now unveiling previously unexplored genetic variations in undiagnosed patients, which require functional validation and mechanistic understanding, particularly when dealing with novel nosologic entities. Functional perturbations of key regulators acting on signals' intersections of evolutionarily conserved pathways in these pathological conditions hinder the fine balance between various developmental inputs governing morphogenesis and homeostasis. However, the distinct mechanisms by which these hubs orchestrate pathways to ensure the developmental coordinates are poorly understood. Integrative functional genomics implementing quantitative in vivo models of embryogenesis with subcellular precision in whole organisms contribute to answering these questions. Here, we review the current knowledge on genes and mechanisms critically involved in developmental syndromes and pediatric cancers, revealed by genomic sequencing and in vivo models such as insects, worms and fish. We focus on the monomeric GTPases of the RAS superfamily and their influence on crucial developmental signals and processes. We next discuss the effectiveness of exponentially growing functional assays employing tractable models to identify regulatory crossroads. Unprecedented sophistications are now possible in zebrafish, i.e., genome editing with single-nucleotide precision, nanoimaging, highly resolved recording of multiple small molecules activity, and simultaneous monitoring of brain circuits and complex behavioral response. These assets permit accurate real-time reporting of dynamic small GTPases-controlled processes in entire organisms, owning the potential to tackle rare disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Lauri
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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12
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Wang Y, Hsu AY, Walton EM, Park SJ, Syahirah R, Wang T, Zhou W, Ding C, Lemke AP, Zhang G, Tobin DM, Deng Q. A robust and flexible CRISPR/Cas9-based system for neutrophil-specific gene inactivation in zebrafish. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:237799. [PMID: 33722979 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9-based tissue-specific knockout techniques are essential for probing the functions of genes in embryonic development and disease using zebrafish. However, the lack of capacity to perform gene-specific rescue or live imaging in the tissue-specific knockout background has limited the utility of this approach. Here, we report a robust and flexible gateway system for tissue-specific gene inactivation in neutrophils. Using a transgenic fish line with neutrophil-restricted expression of Cas9 and ubiquitous expression of single guide (sg)RNAs targeting rac2, specific disruption of the rac2 gene in neutrophils is achieved. Transient expression of sgRNAs targeting rac2 or cdk2 in the neutrophil-restricted Cas9 line also results in significantly decreased cell motility. Re-expressing sgRNA-resistant rac2 or cdk2 genes restores neutrophil motility in the corresponding knockout background. Moreover, active Rac and force-bearing F-actins localize to both the cell front and the contracting tail during neutrophil interstitial migration in an oscillating fashion that is disrupted when rac2 is knocked out. Together, our work provides a potent tool that can be used to advance the utility of zebrafish in identifying and characterizing gene functions in a tissue-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyang Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Alan Y Hsu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Eric M Walton
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, and Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sung Jun Park
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Ramizah Syahirah
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Tianqi Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Wenqing Zhou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Chang Ding
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Abby Pei Lemke
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - GuangJun Zhang
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.,Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology, & Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.,Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.,Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - David M Tobin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, and Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Qing Deng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.,Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology, & Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.,Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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13
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Peng Q, Weng K, Li S, Xu R, Wang Y, Wu Y. A Perspective of Epigenetic Regulation in Radiotherapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:624312. [PMID: 33681204 PMCID: PMC7930394 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.624312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) has been employed as a tumoricidal modality for more than 100 years and on 470,000 patients each year in the United States. The ionizing radiation causes genetic changes and results in cell death. However, since the biological mechanism of radiation remains unclear, there is a pressing need to understand this mechanism to improve the killing effect on tumors and reduce the side effects on normal cells. DNA break and epigenetic remodeling can be induced by radiotherapy. Hence the modulation of histone modification enzymes may tune the radiosensitivity of cancer cells. For instance, histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors sensitize irradiated cancer cells by amplifying the DNA damage signaling and inhibiting double-strand DNA break repair to influence the irradiated cells’ survival. However, the combination of epigenetic drugs and radiotherapy has only been evaluated in several ongoing clinical trials for limited cancer types, partly due to a lack of knowledge on the potential mechanisms on how radiation induces epigenetic regulation and chromatin remodeling. Here, we review recent advances of radiotherapy and radiotherapy-induced epigenetic remodeling and introduce related technologies for epigenetic monitoring. Particularly, we exploit the application of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensors to visualize dynamic epigenetic regulations in single living cells and tissue upon radiotherapy and drug treatment. We aim to bridge FRET biosensor, epigenetics, and radiotherapy, providing a perspective of using FRET to assess epigenetics and provide guidance for radiotherapy to improve cancer treatment. In the end, we discuss the feasibility of a combination of epigenetic drugs and radiotherapy as new approaches for cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Peng
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Kegui Weng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Shitian Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Richard Xu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Yingxiao Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Yongzhong Wu
- Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
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14
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Pickering KA, Gilroy K, Cassidy JW, Fey SK, Najumudeen AK, Zeiger LB, Vincent DF, Gay DM, Johansson J, Fordham RP, Miller B, Clark W, Hedley A, Unal EB, Kiel C, McGhee E, Machesky LM, Nixon C, Johnsson AE, Bain M, Strathdee D, van Hoof SR, Medema JP, Anderson KI, Brachmann SM, Stucke VM, Malliri A, Drysdale M, Turner M, Serrano L, Myant K, Campbell AD, Sansom OJ. A RAC-GEF network critical for early intestinal tumourigenesis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:56. [PMID: 33397922 PMCID: PMC7782582 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20255-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
RAC1 activity is critical for intestinal homeostasis, and is required for hyperproliferation driven by loss of the tumour suppressor gene Apc in the murine intestine. To avoid the impact of direct targeting upon homeostasis, we reasoned that indirect targeting of RAC1 via RAC-GEFs might be effective. Transcriptional profiling of Apc deficient intestinal tissue identified Vav3 and Tiam1 as key targets. Deletion of these indicated that while TIAM1 deficiency could suppress Apc-driven hyperproliferation, it had no impact upon tumourigenesis, while VAV3 deficiency had no effect. Intriguingly, deletion of either gene resulted in upregulation of Vav2, with subsequent targeting of all three (Vav2-/- Vav3-/- Tiam1-/-), profoundly suppressing hyperproliferation, tumourigenesis and RAC1 activity, without impacting normal homeostasis. Critically, the observed RAC-GEF dependency was negated by oncogenic KRAS mutation. Together, these data demonstrate that while targeting RAC-GEF molecules may have therapeutic impact at early stages, this benefit may be lost in late stage disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Pickering
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - K Gilroy
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - J W Cassidy
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 ORE, UK
| | - S K Fey
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - A K Najumudeen
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - L B Zeiger
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - D F Vincent
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - D M Gay
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - J Johansson
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - R P Fordham
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - B Miller
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - W Clark
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - A Hedley
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - E B Unal
- EMBL/CRG Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRC), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - C Kiel
- EMBL/CRG Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - E McGhee
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - L M Machesky
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - C Nixon
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - A E Johnsson
- The Babraham Institute, Babraham Hall, Babraham, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - M Bain
- IBAHCM and School of Veterinary Medicine, 464 Bearsden Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - D Strathdee
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - S R van Hoof
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine (CEMM) and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J P Medema
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine (CEMM) and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K I Anderson
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, NW7 1AA, UK
| | - S M Brachmann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Klybeckstrasse, 141, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - V M Stucke
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Klybeckstrasse, 141, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - A Malliri
- CRUK Manchester Institute, 553 Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - M Drysdale
- Broad Institute, 415 Main St, Cambridge, MA, 02142, United States
| | - M Turner
- The Babraham Institute, Babraham Hall, Babraham, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - L Serrano
- EMBL/CRG Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - K Myant
- Edinburgh Research Centre, The Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK.
| | - A D Campbell
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK.
| | - O J Sansom
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK.
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK.
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15
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Srijakotre N, Liu HJ, Nobis M, Man J, Yip HYK, Papa A, Abud HE, Anderson KI, Welch HCE, Tiganis T, Timpson P, McLean CA, Ooms LM, Mitchell CA. PtdIns(3,4,5)P 3-dependent Rac exchanger 1 (P-Rex1) promotes mammary tumor initiation and metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:28056-28067. [PMID: 33097662 PMCID: PMC7668035 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2006445117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rac-GEF, P-Rex1, activates Rac1 signaling downstream of G protein-coupled receptors and PI3K. Increased P-Rex1 expression promotes melanoma progression; however, its role in breast cancer is complex, with differing reports of the effect of its expression on disease outcome. To address this we analyzed human databases, undertook gene array expression analysis, and generated unique murine models of P-Rex1 gain or loss of function. Analysis of PREX1 mRNA expression in breast cancer cDNA arrays and a METABRIC cohort revealed that higher PREX1 mRNA in ER+ve/luminal tumors was associated with poor outcome in luminal B cancers. Prex1 deletion in MMTV-neu or MMTV-PyMT mice reduced Rac1 activation in vivo and improved survival. High level MMTV-driven transgenic PREX1 expression resulted in apicobasal polarity defects and increased mammary epithelial cell proliferation associated with hyperplasia and development of de novo mammary tumors. MMTV-PREX1 expression in MMTV-neu mice increased tumor initiation and enhanced metastasis in vivo, but had no effect on primary tumor growth. Pharmacological inhibition of Rac1 or MEK1/2 reduced P-Rex1-driven tumoroid formation and cell invasion. Therefore, P-Rex1 can act as an oncogene and cooperate with HER2/neu to enhance breast cancer initiation and metastasis, despite having no effect on primary tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuthasuda Srijakotre
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Heng-Jia Liu
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Max Nobis
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Joey Man
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Hon Yan Kelvin Yip
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Antonella Papa
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Helen E Abud
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Kurt I Anderson
- Tumour Cell Migration, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, G611BD Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Crick Advanced Light Microscopy, Francis Crick Institute, NW11AT London, United Kingdom
| | - Heidi C E Welch
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, CB22 3AT Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tony Tiganis
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Paul Timpson
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Catriona A McLean
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, VIC 3181, Australia
| | - Lisa M Ooms
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Christina A Mitchell
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia;
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16
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Margarido AS, Bornes L, Vennin C, van Rheenen J. Cellular Plasticity during Metastasis: New Insights Provided by Intravital Microscopy. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2020; 10:cshperspect.a037267. [PMID: 31615867 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a037267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is a highly dynamic process during which cancer and microenvironmental cells undergo a cascade of events required for efficient dissemination throughout the body. During the metastatic cascade, tumor cells can change their state and behavior, a phenomenon commonly defined as cellular plasticity. To monitor cellular plasticity during metastasis, high-resolution intravital microscopy (IVM) techniques have been developed and allow us to visualize individual cells by repeated imaging in animal models. In this review, we summarize the latest technological advancements in the field of IVM and how they have been applied to monitor metastatic events. In particular, we highlight how longitudinal imaging in native tissues can provide new insights into the plastic physiological and developmental processes that are hijacked by cancer cells during metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia S Margarido
- Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Bornes
- Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Claire Vennin
- Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacco van Rheenen
- Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Baker MJ, Cooke M, Kreider-Letterman G, Garcia-Mata R, Janmey PA, Kazanietz MG. Evaluation of active Rac1 levels in cancer cells: A case of misleading conclusions from immunofluorescence analysis. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:13698-13710. [PMID: 32817335 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of aggressive cancer cell lines display elevated levels of activated Rac1, a small GTPase widely implicated in cytoskeleton reorganization, cell motility, and metastatic dissemination. A commonly accepted methodological approach for detecting Rac1 activation in cancer cells involves the use of a conformation-sensitive antibody that detects the active (GTP-bound) Rac1 without interacting with the GDP-bound inactive form. This antibody has been extensively used in fixed cell immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. Taking advantage of prostate and pancreatic cancer cell models known to have high basal Rac1-GTP levels, here we have established that this antibody does not recognize Rac1 but rather detects the intermediate filament protein vimentin. Indeed, Rac1-null PC3 prostate cancer cells or cancer models with low levels of Rac1 activation still show a high signal with the anti-Rac1-GTP antibody, which is lost upon silencing of vimentin expression. Moreover, this antibody was unable to detect activated Rac1 in membrane ruffles induced by epidermal growth factor stimulation. These results have profound implications for the study of this key GTPase in cancer, particularly because a large number of cancer cell lines with characteristic mesenchymal features show simultaneous up-regulation of vimentin and high basal Rac1-GTP levels when measured biochemically. This misleading correlation can lead to assumptions about the validity of this antibody and inaccurate conclusions that may affect the development of appropriate therapeutic approaches for targeting the Rac1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Baker
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Mariana Cooke
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Medicine, Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Paul A Janmey
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marcelo G Kazanietz
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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18
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Nobis M, Herrmann D, Warren SC, Strathdee D, Cox TR, Anderson KI, Timpson P. Shedding new light on RhoA signalling as a drug target in vivo using a novel RhoA-FRET biosensor mouse. Small GTPases 2020; 11:240-247. [PMID: 29457531 PMCID: PMC7549666 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2018.1438024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The small GTPase RhoA is a master regulator of signalling in cell-extracellular matrix interactions. RhoA signalling is critical to many cellular processes including migration, mechanotransduction, and is often disrupted in carcinogenesis. Investigating RhoA activity in a native tissue environment is challenging using conventional biochemical methods; we therefore developed a RhoA-FRET biosensor mouse, employing the adaptable nature of intravital imaging to a variety of settings. Mechanotransduction was explored in the context of osteocyte processes embedded in the calvaria responding in a directional manner to compression stress. Further, the migration of neutrophils was examined during in vivo "chemotaxis" in wound response. RhoA activity was tightly regulated during tissue remodelling in mammary gestation, as well as during mammary and pancreatic carcinogenesis. Finally, pharmacological inhibition of RhoA was temporally resolved by the use of optical imaging windows in fully developed pancreatic and mammary tumours in vivo. The RhoA-FRET mouse therefore constitutes a powerful tool to facilitate development of new inhibitors targeting the RhoA signalling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Nobis
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2010NSW, Australia
| | - David Herrmann
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2010NSW, Australia
| | - Sean C. Warren
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2010NSW, Australia
| | - Douglas Strathdee
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, GlasgowG611BD, UK
| | - Thomas R. Cox
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2010NSW, Australia
| | | | - Paul Timpson
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2010NSW, Australia
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19
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Kotelevets L, Chastre E. Rac1 Signaling: From Intestinal Homeostasis to Colorectal Cancer Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030665. [PMID: 32178475 PMCID: PMC7140047 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The small GTPase Rac1 has been implicated in a variety of dynamic cell biological processes, including cell proliferation, cell survival, cell-cell contacts, epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), cell motility, and invasiveness. These processes are orchestrated through the fine tuning of Rac1 activity by upstream cell surface receptors and effectors that regulate the cycling Rac1-GDP (off state)/Rac1-GTP (on state), but also through the tuning of Rac1 accumulation, activity, and subcellular localization by post translational modifications or recruitment into molecular scaffolds. Another level of regulation involves Rac1 transcripts stability and splicing. Downstream, Rac1 initiates a series of signaling networks, including regulatory complex of actin cytoskeleton remodeling, activation of protein kinases (PAKs, MAPKs) and transcription factors (NFkB, Wnt/β-catenin/TCF, STAT3, Snail), production of reactive oxygen species (NADPH oxidase holoenzymes, mitochondrial ROS). Thus, this GTPase, its regulators, and effector systems might be involved at different steps of the neoplastic progression from dysplasia to the metastatic cascade. After briefly placing Rac1 and its effector systems in the more general context of intestinal homeostasis and in wound healing after intestinal injury, the present review mainly focuses on the several levels of Rac1 signaling pathway dysregulation in colorectal carcinogenesis, their biological significance, and their clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Kotelevets
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Site Bâtiment Kourilsky, 75012 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (L.K.); (E.C.)
| | - Eric Chastre
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Site Bâtiment Kourilsky, 75012 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (L.K.); (E.C.)
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20
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Yurdagul A, Subramanian M, Wang X, Crown SB, Ilkayeva OR, Darville L, Kolluru GK, Rymond CC, Gerlach BD, Zheng Z, Kuriakose G, Kevil CG, Koomen JM, Cleveland JL, Muoio DM, Tabas I. Macrophage Metabolism of Apoptotic Cell-Derived Arginine Promotes Continual Efferocytosis and Resolution of Injury. Cell Metab 2020; 31:518-533.e10. [PMID: 32004476 PMCID: PMC7173557 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Continual efferocytic clearance of apoptotic cells (ACs) by macrophages prevents necrosis and promotes injury resolution. How continual efferocytosis is promoted is not clear. Here, we show that the process is optimized by linking the metabolism of engulfed cargo from initial efferocytic events to subsequent rounds. We found that continual efferocytosis is enhanced by the metabolism of AC-derived arginine and ornithine to putrescine by macrophage arginase 1 (Arg1) and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). Putrescine augments HuR-mediated stabilization of the mRNA encoding the GTP-exchange factor Dbl, which activates actin-regulating Rac1 to facilitate subsequent rounds of AC internalization. Inhibition of any step along this pathway after first-AC uptake suppresses second-AC internalization, whereas putrescine addition rescues this defect. Mice lacking myeloid Arg1 or ODC have defects in efferocytosis in vivo and in atherosclerosis regression, while treatment with putrescine promotes atherosclerosis resolution. Thus, macrophage metabolism of AC-derived metabolites allows for optimal continual efferocytosis and resolution of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Yurdagul
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Manikandan Subramanian
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Scott B Crown
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Olga R Ilkayeva
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Lancia Darville
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core, Department of Molecular Oncology, and Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Gopi K Kolluru
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | | | - Brennan D Gerlach
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ze Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - George Kuriakose
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Christopher G Kevil
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - John M Koomen
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core, Department of Molecular Oncology, and Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - John L Cleveland
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core, Department of Molecular Oncology, and Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Deborah M Muoio
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Ira Tabas
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Physiology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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21
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Follain G, Herrmann D, Harlepp S, Hyenne V, Osmani N, Warren SC, Timpson P, Goetz JG. Fluids and their mechanics in tumour transit: shaping metastasis. Nat Rev Cancer 2020; 20:107-124. [PMID: 31780785 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-019-0221-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is a dynamic succession of events involving the dissemination of tumour cells to distant sites within the body, ultimately reducing the survival of patients with cancer. To colonize distant organs and, therefore, systemically disseminate within the organism, cancer cells and associated factors exploit several bodily fluid systems, which provide a natural transportation route. Indeed, the flow mechanics of the blood and lymphatic circulatory systems can be co-opted to improve the efficiency of cancer cell transit from the primary tumour, extravasation and metastatic seeding. Flow rates, vessel size and shear stress can all influence the survival of cancer cells in the circulation and control organotropic seeding patterns. Thus, in addition to using these fluids as a means to travel throughout the body, cancer cells exploit the underlying physical forces within these fluids to successfully seed distant metastases. In this Review, we describe how circulating tumour cells and tumour-associated factors leverage bodily fluids, their underlying forces and imposed stresses during metastasis. As the contribution of bodily fluids and their mechanics raises interesting questions about the biology of the metastatic cascade, an improved understanding of this process might provide a new avenue for targeting cancer cells in transit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautier Follain
- INSERM UMR_S1109, Tumor Biomechanics, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
| | - David Herrmann
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sébastien Harlepp
- INSERM UMR_S1109, Tumor Biomechanics, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Vincent Hyenne
- INSERM UMR_S1109, Tumor Biomechanics, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
- CNRS SNC 505, Strasbourg, France
| | - Naël Osmani
- INSERM UMR_S1109, Tumor Biomechanics, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Sean C Warren
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul Timpson
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Jacky G Goetz
- INSERM UMR_S1109, Tumor Biomechanics, Strasbourg, France.
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France.
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22
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Perrin L, Bayarmagnai B, Gligorijevic B. Frontiers in Intravital Multiphoton Microscopy of Cancer. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2020; 3:e1192. [PMID: 32368722 PMCID: PMC7197974 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer is a highly complex disease which involves the co-operation of tumor cells with multiple types of host cells and the extracellular matrix. Cancer studies which rely solely on static measurements of individual cell types are insufficient to dissect this complexity. In the last two decades, intravital microscopy has established itself as a powerful technique that can significantly improve our understanding of cancer by revealing the dynamic interactions governing cancer initiation, progression and treatment effects, in living animals. This review focuses on intravital multiphoton microscopy (IV-MPM) applications in mouse models of cancer. Recent Findings IV-MPM studies have already enabled a deeper understanding of the complex events occurring in cancer, at the molecular, cellular and tissue levels. Multiple cells types, present in different tissues, influence cancer cell behavior via activation of distinct signaling pathways. As a result, the boundaries in the field of IV-MPM are continuously being pushed to provide an integrated comprehension of cancer. We propose that optics, informatics and cancer (cell) biology are co-evolving as a new field. We have identified four emerging themes in this new field. First, new microscopy systems and image processing algorithms are enabling the simultaneous identification of multiple interactions between the tumor cells and the components of the tumor microenvironment. Second, techniques from molecular biology are being exploited to visualize subcellular structures and protein activities within individual cells of interest, and relate those to phenotypic decisions, opening the door for "in vivo cell biology". Third, combining IV-MPM with additional imaging modalities, or omics studies, holds promise for linking the cell phenotype to its genotype, metabolic state or tissue location. Finally, the clinical use of IV-MPM for analyzing efficacy of anti-cancer treatments is steadily growing, suggesting a future role of IV-MPM for personalized medicine. Conclusion IV-MPM has revolutionized visualization of tumor-microenvironment interactions in real time. Moving forward, incorporation of novel optics, automated image processing, and omics technologies, in the study of cancer biology, will not only advance our understanding of the underlying complexities but will also leverage the unique aspects of IV-MPM for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisiane Perrin
- Department of BioengineeringTemple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | | | - Bojana Gligorijevic
- Department of BioengineeringTemple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
- Fox Chase Cancer CenterCancer Biology ProgramPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
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23
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Francou A, Anderson KV. The Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in Development and Cancer. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY-SERIES 2019; 4:197-220. [PMID: 34113749 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030518-055425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) are complex cellular processes where cells undergo dramatic changes in signaling, transcriptional programming, and cell shape, while directing the exit of cells from the epithelium and promoting migratory properties of the resulting mesenchyme. EMTs are essential for morphogenesis during development and are also a critical step in cancer progression and metastasis formation. Here we provide an overview of the molecular regulation of the EMT process during embryo development, focusing on chick and mouse gastrulation and neural crest development. We go on to describe how EMT regulators participate in the progression of pancreatic and breast cancer in mouse models, and discuss the parallels with developmental EMTs and how these help to understand cancer EMTs. We also highlight the differences between EMTs in tumor and in development to arrive at a broader view of cancer EMT. We conclude by discussing how further advances in the field will rely on in vivo dynamic imaging of the cellular events of EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Francou
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York NY 10065 USA
| | - Kathryn V Anderson
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York NY 10065 USA
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24
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Di Martino JS, Mondal C, Bravo-Cordero JJ. Textures of the tumour microenvironment. Essays Biochem 2019; 63:619-629. [PMID: 31654075 PMCID: PMC6839695 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we present recent findings on the dynamic nature of the tumour microenvironment (TME) and how intravital microscopy studies have defined TME components in a spatiotemporal manner. Intravital microscopy has shed light into the nature of the TME, revealing structural details of both tumour cells and other TME co-habitants in vivo, how these cells communicate with each other, and how they are organized in three-dimensional space to orchestrate tumour growth, invasion, dissemination and metastasis. We will review different imaging tools, imaging reporters and fate-mapping strategies that have begun to uncover the complexity of the TME in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie S Di Martino
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at
Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chandrani Mondal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at
Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jose Javier Bravo-Cordero
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at
Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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25
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Kunschmann T, Puder S, Fischer T, Steffen A, Rottner K, Mierke CT. The Small GTPase Rac1 Increases Cell Surface Stiffness and Enhances 3D Migration Into Extracellular Matrices. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7675. [PMID: 31118438 PMCID: PMC6531482 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43975-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane ruffling and lamellipodia formation promote the motility of adherent cells in two-dimensional motility assays by mechano-sensing of the microenvironment and initiation of focal adhesions towards their surroundings. Lamellipodium formation is stimulated by small Rho GTPases of the Rac subfamily, since genetic removal of these GTPases abolishes lamellipodium assembly. The relevance of lamellipodial or invadopodial structures for facilitating cellular mechanics and 3D cell motility is still unclear. Here, we hypothesized that Rac1 affects cell mechanics and facilitates 3D invasion. Thus, we explored whether fibroblasts that are genetically deficient for Rac1 (lacking Rac2 and Rac3) harbor altered mechanical properties, such as cellular deformability, intercellular adhesion forces and force exertion, and exhibit alterations in 3D motility. Rac1 knockout and control cells were analyzed for changes in deformability by applying an external force using an optical stretcher. Five Rac1 knockout cell lines were pronouncedly more deformable than Rac1 control cells upon stress application. Using AFM, we found that cell-cell adhesion forces are increased in Rac1 knockout compared to Rac1-expressing fibroblasts. Since mechanical deformability, cell-cell adhesion strength and 3D motility may be functionally connected, we investigated whether increased deformability of Rac1 knockout cells correlates with changes in 3D motility. All five Rac1 knockout clones displayed much lower 3D motility than Rac1-expressing controls. Moreover, force exertion was reduced in Rac1 knockout cells, as assessed by 3D fiber displacement analysis. Interference with cellular stiffness through blocking of actin polymerization by Latrunculin A could not further reduce invasion of Rac1 knockout cells. In contrast, Rac1-expressing controls treated with Latrunculin A were again more deformable and less invasive, suggesting actin polymerization is a major determinant of observed Rac1-dependent effects. Together, we propose that regulation of 3D motility by Rac1 partly involves cellular mechanics such as deformability and exertion of forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Kunschmann
- University of Leipzig, Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Biological Physics Division, Linnestr. 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefanie Puder
- University of Leipzig, Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Biological Physics Division, Linnestr. 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tony Fischer
- University of Leipzig, Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Biological Physics Division, Linnestr. 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anika Steffen
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Claudia Tanja Mierke
- University of Leipzig, Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Biological Physics Division, Linnestr. 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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26
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Kriplani N, Duncan RR, Leslie NR. SWAP70 undergoes dynamic conformational regulation at the leading edge of migrating cells. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:395-405. [PMID: 30636036 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton are regulated in part by dynamic localised activation and inactivation of Rho family small GTPases. SWAP70 binds to and activates the small GTPase RAC1 as well as binding to filamentous actin and PIP3 . We have developed an encoded biosensor, which uses Forster resonance energy transfer to reveal conformational changes in SWAP70 in live cells. SWAP70 adopts a distinct conformation at the plasma membrane, which in migrating glioma cells is enriched at the leading edge but does not always associate with its PIP3 -dependent translocation to the membrane. This supports a role for SWAP70 in positive feedback activation of RAC1 at sites of filamentous actin, PIP3 and active RAC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Kriplani
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rory R Duncan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nicholas R Leslie
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
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27
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Live-Cell FRET Imaging Reveals a Role of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Activity Dynamics in Thymocyte Motility. iScience 2018; 10:98-113. [PMID: 30508722 PMCID: PMC6277225 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) plays critical roles in T cell development in the thymus. Nevertheless, the dynamics of ERK activity and the role of ERK in regulating thymocyte motility remain largely unknown due to technical limitations. To visualize ERK activity in thymocytes, we here developed knockin reporter mice expressing a Förster/fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based biosensor for ERK from the ROSA26 locus. Live imaging of thymocytes isolated from the reporter mice revealed that ERK regulates thymocyte motility in a subtype-specific manner. Negative correlation between ERK activity and motility was observed in CD4/CD8 double-positive thymocytes and CD8 single-positive thymocytes, but not in CD4 single-positive thymocytes. Interestingly, however, the temporal deviations of ERK activity from the average correlate with the motility of CD4 single-positive thymocytes. Thus, live-cell FRET imaging will open a window to understanding the dynamic nature and the diverse functions of ERK signaling in T cell biology. Mice expressing EKAREV from ROSA26 locus enable ERK activity monitoring in T cells ERK activity negatively regulates the motility of thymocytes in the thymus Temporal dynamics of ERK activity regulates cell motility of CD4-SP in the medulla TCR signal from intercellular association induces ERK activity dynamics in CD4-SP
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28
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de Beco S, Vaidžiulytė K, Manzi J, Dalier F, di Federico F, Cornilleau G, Dahan M, Coppey M. Optogenetic dissection of Rac1 and Cdc42 gradient shaping. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4816. [PMID: 30446664 PMCID: PMC6240110 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07286-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During cell migration, Rho GTPases spontaneously form spatial gradients that define the front and back of cells. At the front, active Cdc42 forms a steep gradient whereas active Rac1 forms a more extended pattern peaking a few microns away. What are the mechanisms shaping these gradients, and what is the functional role of the shape of these gradients? Here we report, using a combination of optogenetics and micropatterning, that Cdc42 and Rac1 gradients are set by spatial patterns of activators and deactivators and not directly by transport mechanisms. Cdc42 simply follows the distribution of Guanine nucleotide Exchange Factors, whereas Rac1 shaping requires the activity of a GTPase-Activating Protein, β2-chimaerin, which is sharply localized at the tip of the cell through feedbacks from Cdc42 and Rac1. Functionally, the spatial extent of Rho GTPases gradients governs cell migration, a sharp Cdc42 gradient maximizes directionality while an extended Rac1 gradient controls the speed. A steep gradient of Cdc42 is at the front of migrating cells, whereas the active Rac1 gradient is graded. Here the authors show that Cdc42 gradients follow the distribution of GEFs and govern direction of migration, while Rac1 gradients require the activity of the GAP β2-chimaerin and control cell speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S de Beco
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - K Vaidžiulytė
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - J Manzi
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - F Dalier
- PASTEUR, Département de chimie, École normale supérieure, CNRS UMR 8640, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, 75005, Paris, France
| | - F di Federico
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - G Cornilleau
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - M Dahan
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - M Coppey
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France.
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29
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Pantarelli C, Welch HCE. Rac-GTPases and Rac-GEFs in neutrophil adhesion, migration and recruitment. Eur J Clin Invest 2018; 48 Suppl 2:e12939. [PMID: 29682742 PMCID: PMC6321979 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rac-GTPases and their Rac-GEF activators play important roles in the recruitment and host defence functions of neutrophils. These proteins control the activation of adhesion molecules and the cytoskeletal dynamics that enable the adhesion, migration and tissue recruitment of neutrophils. They also regulate the effector functions that allow neutrophils to kill bacterial and fungal pathogens, and to clear debris. This review focuses on the roles of Rac-GTPases and Rac-GEFs in neutrophil adhesion, migration and recruitment.
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30
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Abstract
The pulmonary endothelial cell forms a critical semi-permeable barrier between the vascular and interstitial space. As part of the blood-gas barrier in the lung, the endothelium plays a key role in normal physiologic function and pathologic disease. Changes in endothelial cell shape, defined by its plasma membrane, determine barrier integrity. A number of key cytoskeletal regulatory and effector proteins including non-muscle myosin light chain kinase, cortactin, and Arp 2/3 mediate actin rearrangements to form cortical and membrane associated structures in response to barrier enhancing stimuli. These actin formations support and interact with junctional complexes and exert forces to protrude the lipid membrane to and close gaps between individual cells. The current knowledge of these cytoskeletal processes and regulatory proteins are the subject of this review. In addition, we explore novel advancements in cellular imaging that are poised to shed light on the complex nature of pulmonary endothelial permeability.
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31
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Chitty JL, Filipe EC, Lucas MC, Herrmann D, Cox TR, Timpson P. Recent advances in understanding the complexities of metastasis. F1000Res 2018; 7. [PMID: 30135716 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.15064.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour metastasis is a dynamic and systemic process. It is no longer seen as a tumour cell-autonomous program but as a multifaceted and complex series of events, which is influenced by the intrinsic cellular mutational burden of cancer cells and the numerous bidirectional interactions between malignant and non-malignant cells and fine-tuned by the various extrinsic cues of the extracellular matrix. In cancer biology, metastasis as a process is one of the most technically challenging aspects of cancer biology to study. As a result, new platforms and technologies are continually being developed to better understand this process. In this review, we discuss some of the recent advances in metastasis and how the information gleaned is re-shaping our understanding of metastatic dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Chitty
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Elysse C Filipe
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Morghan C Lucas
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - David Herrmann
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW , 2010, Australia
| | - Thomas R Cox
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW , 2010, Australia
| | - Paul Timpson
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW , 2010, Australia
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32
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Chitty JL, Filipe EC, Lucas MC, Herrmann D, Cox TR, Timpson P. Recent advances in understanding the complexities of metastasis. F1000Res 2018; 7. [PMID: 30135716 PMCID: PMC6073095 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.15064.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour metastasis is a dynamic and systemic process. It is no longer seen as a tumour cell-autonomous program but as a multifaceted and complex series of events, which is influenced by the intrinsic cellular mutational burden of cancer cells and the numerous bidirectional interactions between malignant and non-malignant cells and fine-tuned by the various extrinsic cues of the extracellular matrix. In cancer biology, metastasis as a process is one of the most technically challenging aspects of cancer biology to study. As a result, new platforms and technologies are continually being developed to better understand this process. In this review, we discuss some of the recent advances in metastasis and how the information gleaned is re-shaping our understanding of metastatic dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Chitty
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Elysse C Filipe
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Morghan C Lucas
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - David Herrmann
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW , 2010, Australia
| | - Thomas R Cox
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW , 2010, Australia
| | - Paul Timpson
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW , 2010, Australia
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33
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Warren SC, Nobis M, Magenau A, Mohammed YH, Herrmann D, Moran I, Vennin C, Conway JR, Mélénec P, Cox TR, Wang Y, Morton JP, Welch HC, Strathdee D, Anderson KI, Phan TG, Roberts MS, Timpson P. Removing physiological motion from intravital and clinical functional imaging data. eLife 2018; 7:35800. [PMID: 29985127 PMCID: PMC6037484 DOI: 10.7554/elife.35800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravital microscopy can provide unique insights into the function of biological processes in a native context. However, physiological motion caused by peristalsis, respiration and the heartbeat can present a significant challenge, particularly for functional readouts such as fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM), which require longer acquisition times to obtain a quantitative readout. Here, we present and benchmark Galene, a versatile multi-platform software tool for image-based correction of sample motion blurring in both time resolved and conventional laser scanning fluorescence microscopy data in two and three dimensions. We show that Galene is able to resolve intravital FLIM-FRET images of intra-abdominal organs in murine models and NADH autofluorescence of human dermal tissue imaging subject to a wide range of physiological motions. Thus, Galene can enable FLIM imaging in situations where a stable imaging platform is not always possible and rescue previously discarded quantitative imaging data. Understanding how molecules and cells behave in living animals can give researchers key insights into what goes wrong in diseases such as cancer, and how well potential treatments for these diseases work. A number of tools help us to see these processes. For example, fluorescent ‘biosensors’ change colour to tell us how active a particular protein is. This can indicate how well a drug works in different parts of a tumour. High resolution microscopy makes it possible to image events happening in single cells, or even specific parts of a cell. However, small movements like those due to the heartbeat or breathing can blur the images, making it difficult to study living animals. This is particularly problematic for images that take several minutes to capture. Warren et al. have now developed a new open source software tool called Galene. The tool can correct for small movements in images collected by a technique called fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). As a result, clear images can be captured in situations that were not previously possible. For example, Warren et al. watched cancer cells migrating to the liver of a mouse from the spleen over 24 hours, and, using a fluorescent biosensor, showed that a repurposed drug interferes with how well the cells can attach to the liver. In addition, Warren et al. used the software to take steady 3D images of human skin in a volunteer’s arm, which could be used to study drug penetration. Galene could help researchers to study a wide range of biological processes in living animals. The software can also be applied to existing data to clean up blurred images. In the future Galene could be further developed to work with the imaging techniques used during surgery. For example, surgeons could use it to help them find the edges of tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean C Warren
- Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Max Nobis
- Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Astrid Magenau
- Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yousuf H Mohammed
- Therapeutics Research Centre, Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - David Herrmann
- Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Imogen Moran
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Claire Vennin
- Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - James Rw Conway
- Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Pauline Mélénec
- Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Thomas R Cox
- Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yingxiao Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | | | - Heidi Ce Welch
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kurt I Anderson
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tri Giang Phan
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael S Roberts
- Therapeutics Research Centre, Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia.,Therapeutics Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Paul Timpson
- Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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34
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Sumigray KD, Terwilliger M, Lechler T. Morphogenesis and Compartmentalization of the Intestinal Crypt. Dev Cell 2018; 45:183-197.e5. [PMID: 29689194 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The adult mammalian intestine is composed of two connected structures, the absorptive villi and the crypts, which house progenitor cells. Mouse crypts develop postnatally and are the architectural unit of the stem cell niche, yet the pathways that drive their formation are not known. Here, we combine transcriptomic, quantitative morphometric, and genetic analyses to identify mechanisms of crypt development. We uncover the upregulation of a contractility gene network at the earliest stage of crypt formation, which drives myosin II-dependent apical constriction and invagination of the crypt progenitor cells. Subsequently, hinges form, compartmentalizing crypts from villi. Hinges contain basally constricted cells, and this cell shape change was inhibited by increased hemidesmosomal adhesion in Rac1 null mice. Loss of hinges resulted in reduced villar spacing, revealing an unexpected role for crypts in tissue architecture and physiology. These studies provide a framework for studying crypt morphogenesis and identify essential regulators of niche formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaelyn D Sumigray
- Departments of Dermatology and Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, 310 Nanaline Duke Building, Box 3709, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Michael Terwilliger
- Departments of Dermatology and Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, 310 Nanaline Duke Building, Box 3709, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Terry Lechler
- Departments of Dermatology and Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, 310 Nanaline Duke Building, Box 3709, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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35
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Hastings JF, Skhinas JN, Fey D, Croucher DR, Cox TR. The extracellular matrix as a key regulator of intracellular signalling networks. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 176:82-92. [PMID: 29510460 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a salient feature of all solid tissues within the body. This complex, acellular entity is composed of hundreds of individual molecules whose assembly, architecture and biomechanical properties are critical to controlling the behaviour and phenotype of the different cell types residing within tissues. Cells are the basic unit of life and the core building block of tissues and organs. At their simplest, they follow a set of rules, governed by their genetic code and effected through the complex protein signalling networks that these genes encode. These signalling networks assimilate and process the information received by the cell to control cellular decisions that govern cell fate. The ECM is the biggest provider of external stimuli to cells and as such is responsible for influencing intracellular signalling dynamics. In this review, we discuss the inclusion of ECM as a central regulatory signalling sub-network in computational models of cellular decision making, with a focus on its role in diseases such as cancer. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Translating the Matrix. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.1/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan F Hastings
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Joanna N Skhinas
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Dirk Fey
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - David R Croucher
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, 2010, Australia.,School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Thomas R Cox
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, 2010, Australia
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36
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Bruche S, Zaccolo M. FRET-ting about RhoA signalling in heart and vasculature: a new tool in our cardiovascular toolbox. Cardiovasc Res 2018; 114:e25-e27. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Susann Bruche
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Manuela Zaccolo
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
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37
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Nobis M, Warren SC, Lucas MC, Murphy KJ, Herrmann D, Timpson P. Molecular mobility and activity in an intravital imaging setting - implications for cancer progression and targeting. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:131/5/jcs206995. [PMID: 29511095 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.206995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular mobility, localisation and spatiotemporal activity are at the core of cell biological processes and deregulation of these dynamic events can underpin disease development and progression. Recent advances in intravital imaging techniques in mice are providing new avenues to study real-time molecular behaviour in intact tissues within a live organism and to gain exciting insights into the intricate regulation of live cell biology at the microscale level. The monitoring of fluorescently labelled proteins and agents can be combined with autofluorescent properties of the microenvironment to provide a comprehensive snapshot of in vivo cell biology. In this Review, we summarise recent intravital microscopy approaches in mice, in processes ranging from normal development and homeostasis to disease progression and treatment in cancer, where we emphasise the utility of intravital imaging to observe dynamic and transient events in vivo We also highlight the recent integration of advanced subcellular imaging techniques into the intravital imaging pipeline, which can provide in-depth biological information beyond the single-cell level. We conclude with an outlook of ongoing developments in intravital microscopy towards imaging in humans, as well as provide an overview of the challenges the intravital imaging community currently faces and outline potential ways for overcoming these hurdles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Nobis
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Sean C Warren
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Morghan C Lucas
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Kendelle J Murphy
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - David Herrmann
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Paul Timpson
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
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38
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Boyle ST, Kular J, Nobis M, Ruszkiewicz A, Timpson P, Samuel MS. Acute compressive stress activates RHO/ROCK-mediated cellular processes. Small GTPases 2018; 11:354-370. [PMID: 29455593 PMCID: PMC7549670 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2017.1413496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to rapidly respond to applied force underpins cell/tissue homeostasis. This response is mediated by mechanotransduction pathways that regulate remodeling and tension of the actomyosin cytoskeleton to counterbalance external forces. Enhanced extracellular matrix tension hyper-activates mechanotransduction and characterizes diseased states such as cancer, but is also required for normal epidermal regeneration. While the impact of extracellular matrix tension on signaling and cell biology are well appreciated, that of acute compressive force is under-studied. We show here that acute compressive force applied to cells and tissues in a native 3-dimensional context elevates RHOA-GTP levels and increases regulatory myosin phosphorylation, actomyosin contractility and tension via ROCK. In consequence, cell proliferation was increased, as was the expression of regulators of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Pharmacological inhibition of ROCK abrogated myosin phosphorylation, but not RHOA activation. Our results strongly suggest that acute compressive stress impairs cellular homeostasis in a RHO/ROCK-dependent manner, with implications for disease states such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah T Boyle
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia , Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jasreen Kular
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia , Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Max Nobis
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre & Garvan Institute of Medical Research and St. Vincent's Clinical School , Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew Ruszkiewicz
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia , Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Paul Timpson
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre & Garvan Institute of Medical Research and St. Vincent's Clinical School , Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael S Samuel
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia , Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, Australia
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39
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Martin KJ, McGhee EJ, Schwarz JP, Drysdale M, Brachmann SM, Stucke V, Sansom OJ, Anderson KI. Accepting from the best donor; analysis of long-lifetime donor fluorescent protein pairings to optimise dynamic FLIM-based FRET experiments. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0183585. [PMID: 29293509 PMCID: PMC5749721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
FRET biosensors have proven very useful tools for studying the activation of specific signalling pathways in living cells. Most biosensors designed to date have been predicated on fluorescent protein pairs that were identified by, and for use in, intensity based measurements, however fluorescence lifetime provides a more reliable measurement of FRET. Both the technology and fluorescent proteins available for FRET have moved on dramatically in the last decade. Lifetime imaging systems have become increasingly accessible and user-friendly, and there is an entire field of biology dedicated to refining and adapting different characteristics of existing and novel fluorescent proteins. This growing pool of fluorescent proteins includes the long-lifetime green and cyan fluorescent proteins Clover and mTurquoise2, the red variant mRuby2, and the dark acceptor sREACh. Here, we have tested these donors and acceptors in appropriate combinations against the standard or recommended norms (EGFP and mTFP as donors, mCherry and either Ypet or Venus as acceptors) to determine if they could provide more reliable, reproducible and quantifiable FLIM-FRET data to improve on the dynamic range compared to other donors and breadth of application of biosensor technologies. These tests were performed for comparison on both a wide-field, frequency domain system and a multiphoton, TCSPC time domain FLIM system. Clover proved to be an excellent donor with extended dynamic range in combination with mCherry on both platforms, while mRuby2 showed a high degree of variability and poor FRET efficiencies in all cases. mTFP-Venus was the most consistent cyan-yellow pair between the two FLIM methodologies, but mTurquoise2 has better dynamic range and transfers energy consistently over time to the dark acceptor sRCh. Combination of mTFP-sRCh with Clover-mCherry would allow the simultaneous use of two FLIM-FRET biosensors within one sample by eliminating the crosstalk between the yellow acceptor and green donor emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ewan J. McGhee
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Martin Drysdale
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Volker Stucke
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Owen J. Sansom
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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40
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Halls ML, Canals M. Genetically Encoded FRET Biosensors to Illuminate Compartmentalised GPCR Signalling. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017; 39:148-157. [PMID: 29054309 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Genetically encoded Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensors have been instrumental to our understanding of how intracellular signalling is organised and regulated within cells. In the last decade, the toolbox, dynamic range and applications of these sensors have expanded beyond basic cell biology applications. In particular, FRET biosensors have shed light onto the mechanisms that control the intracellular organisation of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signalling and have allowed the visualisation of signalling events with unprecedented temporal and spatial resolution. Here we review the use of these sensors in the GPCR field and how it has already provided invaluable advances towards our understanding of the complexity of GPCR signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Halls
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - Meritxell Canals
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
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41
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Nobis M, Herrmann D, Warren SC, Kadir S, Leung W, Killen M, Magenau A, Stevenson D, Lucas MC, Reischmann N, Vennin C, Conway JRW, Boulghourjian A, Zaratzian A, Law AM, Gallego-Ortega D, Ormandy CJ, Walters SN, Grey ST, Bailey J, Chtanova T, Quinn JMW, Baldock PA, Croucher PI, Schwarz JP, Mrowinska A, Zhang L, Herzog H, Masedunskas A, Hardeman EC, Gunning PW, Del Monte-Nieto G, Harvey RP, Samuel MS, Pajic M, McGhee EJ, Johnsson AKE, Sansom OJ, Welch HCE, Morton JP, Strathdee D, Anderson KI, Timpson P. A RhoA-FRET Biosensor Mouse for Intravital Imaging in Normal Tissue Homeostasis and Disease Contexts. Cell Rep 2017; 21:274-288. [PMID: 28978480 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The small GTPase RhoA is involved in a variety of fundamental processes in normal tissue. Spatiotemporal control of RhoA is thought to govern mechanosensing, growth, and motility of cells, while its deregulation is associated with disease development. Here, we describe the generation of a RhoA-fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensor mouse and its utility for monitoring real-time activity of RhoA in a variety of native tissues in vivo. We assess changes in RhoA activity during mechanosensing of osteocytes within the bone and during neutrophil migration. We also demonstrate spatiotemporal order of RhoA activity within crypt cells of the small intestine and during different stages of mammary gestation. Subsequently, we reveal co-option of RhoA activity in both invasive breast and pancreatic cancers, and we assess drug targeting in these disease settings, illustrating the potential for utilizing this mouse to study RhoA activity in vivo in real time.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Biosensing Techniques
- Bone and Bones/cytology
- Bone and Bones/metabolism
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Dasatinib/pharmacology
- Erlotinib Hydrochloride/pharmacology
- Female
- Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer/instrumentation
- Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer/methods
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Intestine, Small/ultrastructure
- Intravital Microscopy/instrumentation
- Intravital Microscopy/methods
- Mammary Glands, Animal/blood supply
- Mammary Glands, Animal/drug effects
- Mammary Glands, Animal/ultrastructure
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/blood supply
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/ultrastructure
- Mechanotransduction, Cellular
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neutrophils/metabolism
- Neutrophils/ultrastructure
- Osteocytes/metabolism
- Osteocytes/ultrastructure
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/blood supply
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/ultrastructure
- Time-Lapse Imaging/instrumentation
- Time-Lapse Imaging/methods
- rho GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics
- rho GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- rhoA GTP-Binding Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Nobis
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - David Herrmann
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Sean C Warren
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Shereen Kadir
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G611BD, UK
| | - Wilfred Leung
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Monica Killen
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Astrid Magenau
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - David Stevenson
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G611BD, UK
| | - Morghan C Lucas
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Nadine Reischmann
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Claire Vennin
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - James R W Conway
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Alice Boulghourjian
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Anaiis Zaratzian
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Andrew M Law
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - David Gallego-Ortega
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Christopher J Ormandy
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Stacey N Walters
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Shane T Grey
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Bailey
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Tatyana Chtanova
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Julian M W Quinn
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Paul A Baldock
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Peter I Croucher
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Juliane P Schwarz
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G611BD, UK
| | - Agata Mrowinska
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G611BD, UK
| | - Lei Zhang
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Herbert Herzog
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Andrius Masedunskas
- Neuromuscular and Regenerative Medicine Unit, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; Oncology Research Unit, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Edna C Hardeman
- Neuromuscular and Regenerative Medicine Unit, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Peter W Gunning
- Oncology Research Unit, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Gonzalo Del Monte-Nieto
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Richard P Harvey
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Michael S Samuel
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Marina Pajic
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Ewan J McGhee
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G611BD, UK
| | | | - Owen J Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G611BD, UK
| | - Heidi C E Welch
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB223AT, UK
| | - Jennifer P Morton
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G611BD, UK
| | - Douglas Strathdee
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G611BD, UK
| | | | - Paul Timpson
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
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42
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Hiratsuka T, Sano T, Kato H, Komatsu N, Imajo M, Kamioka Y, Sumiyama K, Banno F, Miyata T, Matsuda M. Live imaging of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and protein kinase A activities during thrombus formation in mice expressing biosensors based on Förster resonance energy transfer. J Thromb Haemost 2017; 15:1487-1499. [PMID: 28453888 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Essentials Spatiotemporal regulation of protein kinases during thrombus formation remains elusive in vivo. Activities of protein kinases were live imaged in mouse platelets at laser-ablated arterioles. Protein kinase A was activated in the dislodging platelets at the downstream side of the thrombus. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase was activated at the core of contracting platelet aggregates. SUMMARY Background The dynamic features of thrombus formation have been visualized by conventional video widefield microscopy or confocal microscopy in live mice. However, owing to technical limitations, the precise spatiotemporal regulation of intracellular signaling molecule activities, which have been extensively studied in vitro, remains elusive in vivo. Objectives To visualize, by the use of two-photon excitation microscopy of transgenic mice expressing Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensors for extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and protein kinase A (PKA), ERK and PKA activities during thrombus formation in laser-injured subcutaneous arterioles. Results When a core of densely packed platelets had developed, ERK activity was increased from the basal region close to the injured arterioles. PKA was activated at the downstream side of an unstable shell overlaying the core of platelets. Intravenous administration of a MEK inhibitor, PD0325901, suppressed platelet tethering and dislodged platelet aggregates, indicating that ERK activity is indispensable for both initiation and maintenance of the thrombus. A cAMP analog, dbcAMP, inhibited platelet tethering but failed to dislodge the preformed platelet aggregates, suggesting that PKA can antagonize thrombus formation only in the early phase. Conclusion In vivo imaging of transgenic mice expressing FRET biosensors will open a new opportunity to visualize the spatiotemporal changes in signaling molecule activities not only during thrombus formation but also in other hematologic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hiratsuka
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - T Sano
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - H Kato
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - N Komatsu
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - M Imajo
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Y Kamioka
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - K Sumiyama
- Laboratory for Mouse Genetic Engineering, Quantitative Biology Center, RIKEN, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - F Banno
- Research Institute, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - T Miyata
- Research Institute, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - M Matsuda
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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43
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Suijkerbuijk SJE, van Rheenen J. From good to bad: Intravital imaging of the hijack of physiological processes by cancer cells. Dev Biol 2017; 428:328-337. [PMID: 28473106 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Homeostasis of tissues is tightly regulated at the cellular, tissue and organismal level. Interestingly, tumor cells have found ways to hijack many of these physiological processes at all the different levels. Here we review how intravital microscopy techniques have provided new insights into our understanding of tissue homeostasis and cancer progression. In addition, we highlight the different strategies that tumor cells have adopted to use these physiological processes for their own benefit. We describe how visualization of these dynamic processes in living mice has broadened to our view on cancer initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia J E Suijkerbuijk
- Hubrecht Institute - KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; Cancer Genomics Netherlands, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jacco van Rheenen
- Hubrecht Institute - KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; Cancer Genomics Netherlands, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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44
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Conway JRW, Warren SC, Timpson P. Context-dependent intravital imaging of therapeutic response using intramolecular FRET biosensors. Methods 2017; 128:78-94. [PMID: 28435000 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravital microscopy represents a more physiologically relevant method for assessing therapeutic response. However, the movement into an in vivo setting brings with it several additional considerations, the primary being the context in which drug activity is assessed. Microenvironmental factors, such as hypoxia, pH, fibrosis, immune infiltration and stromal interactions have all been shown to have pronounced effects on drug activity in a more complex setting, which is often lost in simpler two- or three-dimensional assays. Here we present a practical guide for the application of intravital microscopy, looking at the available fluorescent reporters and their respective expression systems and analysis considerations. Moving in vivo, we also discuss the microscopy set up and methods available for overlaying microenvironmental context to the experimental readouts. This enables a smooth transition into applying higher fidelity intravital imaging to improve the drug discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R W Conway
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Sean C Warren
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Paul Timpson
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
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45
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Wildenberg ME, Koelink PJ, Diederen K, Te Velde AA, Wolfkamp SCS, Nuij VJ, Peppelenbosch MP, Nobis M, Sansom OJ, Anderson KI, van der Woude CJ, D'Haens GRAM, van den Brink GR. The ATG16L1 risk allele associated with Crohn's disease results in a Rac1-dependent defect in dendritic cell migration that is corrected by thiopurines. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:352-360. [PMID: 27435106 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Thiopurines are commonly used drugs in the therapy of Crohn's disease, but unfortunately only show a 30% response rate. The biological basis for the thiopurine response is unclear, thus hampering patient selection prior to treatment. A genetic risk factor associated specifically with Crohn's disease is a variant in ATG16L1 that reduces autophagy. We have previously shown that autophagy is involved in dendritic cell (DC)-T-cell interactions and cytoskeletal regulation. Here we further investigated the role of autophagy in DC cytoskeletal modulation and cellular trafficking. Autophagy-deficient DC displayed loss of filopodia, altered podosome distribution, and increased membrane ruffling, all consistent with increased cellular adhesion. Consequently, autophagy-deficient DC showed reduced migration. The cytoskeletal aberrations were mediated through hyperactivation of Rac1, a known thiopurine target. Indeed thiopurines restored the migratory defects in autophagy-deficient DC. Clinically, the ATG16L1 risk variant associated with increased response to thiopurine treatment in patients with Crohn's disease but not ulcerative colitis. These results suggest that the association between ATG16L1 and Crohn's disease is mediated at least in part through Rac1 hyperactivation and subsequent defective DC migration. As this phenotype can be corrected using thiopurines, ATG16L1 genotyping may be useful in the identification of patients that will benefit most from thiopurine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Wildenberg
- Tytgat Institute for Intestinal and Liver Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P J Koelink
- Tytgat Institute for Intestinal and Liver Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K Diederen
- Tytgat Institute for Intestinal and Liver Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A A Te Velde
- Tytgat Institute for Intestinal and Liver Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S C S Wolfkamp
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - V J Nuij
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M P Peppelenbosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Nobis
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK
| | - O J Sansom
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK
| | - K I Anderson
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK
| | - C J van der Woude
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G R A M D'Haens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G R van den Brink
- Tytgat Institute for Intestinal and Liver Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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46
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Integrin-Dependent Regulation of Small GTPases: Role in Cell Migration. J Indian Inst Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s41745-016-0010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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47
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Li C, Imanishi A, Komatsu N, Terai K, Amano M, Kaibuchi K, Matsuda M. A FRET Biosensor for ROCK Based on a Consensus Substrate Sequence Identified by KISS Technology. Cell Struct Funct 2017; 42:1-13. [DOI: 10.1247/csf.16016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chunjie Li
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University
| | - Ayako Imanishi
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University
| | - Naoki Komatsu
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University
| | - Kenta Terai
- Imaging Platform for Spatio-Temporal Information, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University
| | - Mutsuki Amano
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University
| | - Kozo Kaibuchi
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University
| | - Michiyuki Matsuda
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University
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48
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Sano T, Kobayashi T, Negoro H, Sengiku A, Hiratsuka T, Kamioka Y, Liou LS, Ogawa O, Matsuda M. Intravital imaging of mouse urothelium reveals activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase by stretch-induced intravesical release of ATP. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/21/e13033. [PMID: 27905300 PMCID: PMC5112504 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
To better understand the roles played by signaling molecules in the bladder, we established a protocol of intravital imaging of the bladder of mice expressing a Förster/fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensor for extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK), which plays critical roles not only in cell growth but also stress responses. With an upright two‐photon excitation microscope and a vacuum‐stabilized imaging window, cellular ERK activity was visualized in the whole bladder wall, from adventitia to urothelium. We found that bladder distention caused by elevated intravesical pressure (IVP) activated ERK in the urothelium, but not in the detrusor smooth muscle. When bladder distension was prevented, high IVP failed to activate ERK, suggesting that mechanical stretch, but not the high IVP, caused ERK activation. To delineate its molecular mechanism, the stretch‐induced ERK activation was reproduced in an hTERT‐immortalized human urothelial cell line (TRT‐HU1) in vitro. We found that uniaxial stretch raised the ATP concentration in the culture medium and that inhibition of ATP signaling by apyrase or suramin suppressed the stretch‐induced ERK activation in TRT‐HU1 cells. In agreement with this in vitro observation, pretreatment with apyrase or suramin suppressed the high IVP‐induced urothelial ERK activation in vivo. Thus, we propose that mechanical stretch induces intravesical secretion of ATP and thereby activates ERK in the urothelium. Our method of intravital imaging of the bladder of FRET biosensor‐expressing mice should open a pathway for the future association of physiological stimuli with the activities of intracellular signaling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Sano
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Kobayashi
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Negoro
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sengiku
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takuya Hiratsuka
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuji Kamioka
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Louis S Liou
- Department of Urology, Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Osamu Ogawa
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michiyuki Matsuda
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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49
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Day RN, Tao W, Dunn KW. A simple approach for measuring FRET in fluorescent biosensors using two-photon microscopy. Nat Protoc 2016; 11:2066-80. [DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2016.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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50
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Yamauchi F, Kamioka Y, Yano T, Matsuda M. In Vivo FRET Imaging of Tumor Endothelial Cells Highlights a Role of Low PKA Activity in Vascular Hyperpermeability. Cancer Res 2016; 76:5266-76. [PMID: 27488524 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-3534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vascular hyperpermeability is a pathological hallmark of cancer. Previous in vitro studies have elucidated roles of various signaling molecules in vascular hyperpermeability; however, the activities of such signaling molecules have not been examined in live tumor tissues for technical reasons. Here, by in vivo two-photon excitation microscopy with transgenic mice expressing biosensors based on Förster resonance energy transfer, we examined the activity of protein kinase A (PKA), which maintains endothelial barrier function. The level of PKA activity was significantly lower in the intratumoral endothelial cells than the subcutaneous endothelial cells. PKA activation with a cAMP analogue alleviated the tumor vascular hyperpermeability, suggesting that the low PKA activity in the endothelial cells may be responsible for the tumor-tissue hyperpermeability. Because the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor is a canonical inducer of vascular hyperpermeability and a molecular target of anticancer drugs, we examined the causality between VEGF receptor activity and the PKA activity. Motesanib, a kinase inhibitor for VEGF receptor, activated tumor endothelial PKA and reduced the vascular permeability in the tumor. Conversely, subcutaneous injection of VEGF decreased endothelial PKA activity and induced hyperpermeability of subcutaneous blood vessels. Notably, in cultured human umbilical vascular endothelial cells, VEGF activated PKA rather than decreasing its activity, highlighting the remarkable difference between its actions in vitro and in vivo These data suggested that the VEGF receptor signaling pathway increases vascular permeability, at least in part, by reducing endothelial PKA activity in the live tumor tissue. Cancer Res; 76(18); 5266-76. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Yamauchi
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. Medical Imaging System Development Center, R&D Headquarters, Canon Inc., Japan
| | - Yuji Kamioka
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. Innovative Techno-Hub for Integrated Medical Bio-Imaging, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yano
- Medical Imaging System Development Center, R&D Headquarters, Canon Inc., Japan
| | - Michiyuki Matsuda
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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