1
|
Zhu D, Zhang J, Ma X, Hu M, Gao F, Hashem JB, Lyu J, Wei J, Cui Y, Qiu S, Chen C. Overabundant endocannabinoids in neurons are detrimental to cognitive function. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.09.17.613513. [PMID: 39345517 PMCID: PMC11430108 DOI: 10.1101/2024.09.17.613513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is the most prevalent endocannabinoid involved in maintaining brain homeostasis. Previous studies have demonstrated that inactivating monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), the primary enzyme responsible for degrading 2-AG in the brain, alleviates neuropathology and prevents synaptic and cognitive decline in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. However, we show that selectively inhibiting 2-AG metabolism in neurons impairs cognitive function in mice. This cognitive impairment appears to result from decreased expression of synaptic proteins and synapse numbers, impaired long-term synaptic plasticity and cortical circuit functional connectivity, and diminished neurogenesis. Interestingly, the synaptic and cognitive deficits induced by neuronal MAGL inactivation can be counterbalanced by inhibiting astrocytic 2-AG metabolism. Transcriptomic analyses reveal that inhibiting neuronal 2-AG degradation leads to widespread changes in expression of genes associated with synaptic function. These findings suggest that crosstalk in 2-AG signaling between astrocytes and neurons is crucial for maintaining synaptic and cognitive functions and that excessive 2-AG in neurons alone is detrimental to cognitive function.
Collapse
|
2
|
Morales-Soto W, Thomasi B, Gulbransen BD. Endocannabinoids regulate enteric neuron-glia networks and visceral hypersensitivity following inflammation through a glial-dependent mechanism. Glia 2024. [PMID: 39132860 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Acute gastrointestinal (GI) inflammation induces neuroplasticity that produces long-lasting changes in gut motor function and pain. The endocannabinoid system is an attractive target to correct pain and dysmotility, but how inflammation changes endocannabinoid control over cellular communication in enteric neurocircuits is not understood. Enteric glia modulate gut neurons that control motility and pain and express monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) which controls endocannabinoid availability. We used a combination of in situ calcium imaging, chemogenetics, and selective drugs to study how endocannabinoid mechanisms affect glial responses and subsequent enteric neuron activity in health and following colitis in Wnt1Cre;GCaMP5g-tdT;GFAP::hM3Dq mice. Trpv1Cre;GCaMP5gtdT mice were used to study nociceptor sensitivity and Sox10CreERT2;Mgllf/f mice were used to test the role of glial MAGL in visceral pain. The data show that endocannabinoid signaling regulates neuro-glial signaling in gut neurocircuits in a sexually dimorphic manner. Inhibiting MAGL in healthy samples decreased glial responsiveness but this effect was lost in females following colitis and converted to an excitatory effect in males. Manipulating CB1 and CB2 receptors revealed further sex differences amongst neuro-glia signaling that were impacted following inflammation. Inflammation increased gut nociceptor sensitivity in both sexes but only females exhibited visceral hypersensitivity in vivo. Blocking MAGL normalized nociceptor responses in vitro and deleting glial Mgll in vivo rescued visceral hypersensitivity in females. These results show that sex and inflammation impact endocannabinoid mechanisms that regulate intercellular enteric glia-neuron communication. Further, targeting glial MAGL could provide therapeutic benefits for visceral nociception in a sex-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wilmarie Morales-Soto
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Beatriz Thomasi
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Brian D Gulbransen
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Briand-Mésange F, Gennero I, Salles J, Trudel S, Dahan L, Ausseil J, Payrastre B, Salles JP, Chap H. From Classical to Alternative Pathways of 2-Arachidonoylglycerol Synthesis: AlterAGs at the Crossroad of Endocannabinoid and Lysophospholipid Signaling. Molecules 2024; 29:3694. [PMID: 39125098 PMCID: PMC11314389 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is the most abundant endocannabinoid (EC), acting as a full agonist at both CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors. It is synthesized on demand in postsynaptic membranes through the sequential action of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase Cβ1 (PLCβ1) and diacylglycerol lipase α (DAGLα), contributing to retrograde signaling upon interaction with presynaptic CB1. However, 2-AG production might also involve various combinations of PLC and DAGL isoforms, as well as additional intracellular pathways implying other enzymes and substrates. Three other alternative pathways of 2-AG synthesis rest on the extracellular cleavage of 2-arachidonoyl-lysophospholipids by three different hydrolases: glycerophosphodiesterase 3 (GDE3), lipid phosphate phosphatases (LPPs), and two members of ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterases (ENPP6-7). We propose the names of AlterAG-1, -2, and -3 for three pathways sharing an ectocellular localization, allowing them to convert extracellular lysophospholipid mediators into 2-AG, thus inducing typical signaling switches between various G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). This implies the critical importance of the regioisomerism of both lysophospholipid (LPLs) and 2-AG, which is the object of deep analysis within this review. The precise functional roles of AlterAGs are still poorly understood and will require gene invalidation approaches, knowing that both 2-AG and its related lysophospholipids are involved in numerous aspects of physiology and pathology, including cancer, inflammation, immune defenses, obesity, bone development, neurodegeneration, or psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Briand-Mésange
- Infinity-Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Paul Sabatier University, 31059 Toulouse, France; (F.B.-M.); (I.G.); (J.S.); (S.T.); (J.A.); (J.-P.S.)
| | - Isabelle Gennero
- Infinity-Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Paul Sabatier University, 31059 Toulouse, France; (F.B.-M.); (I.G.); (J.S.); (S.T.); (J.A.); (J.-P.S.)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Service de Biochimie, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Juliette Salles
- Infinity-Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Paul Sabatier University, 31059 Toulouse, France; (F.B.-M.); (I.G.); (J.S.); (S.T.); (J.A.); (J.-P.S.)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Service de Psychiatrie D’urgences, de Crise et de Liaison, Institut des Handicaps Neurologiques, Psychiatriques et Sensoriels, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphanie Trudel
- Infinity-Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Paul Sabatier University, 31059 Toulouse, France; (F.B.-M.); (I.G.); (J.S.); (S.T.); (J.A.); (J.-P.S.)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Service de Biochimie, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Lionel Dahan
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France;
| | - Jérôme Ausseil
- Infinity-Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Paul Sabatier University, 31059 Toulouse, France; (F.B.-M.); (I.G.); (J.S.); (S.T.); (J.A.); (J.-P.S.)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Service de Biochimie, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Bernard Payrastre
- I2MC-Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM UMR1297 and University of Toulouse III, 31400 Toulouse, France;
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Laboratoire d’Hématologie, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Salles
- Infinity-Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Paul Sabatier University, 31059 Toulouse, France; (F.B.-M.); (I.G.); (J.S.); (S.T.); (J.A.); (J.-P.S.)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Unité d’Endocrinologie et Maladies Osseuses, Hôpital des Enfants, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Hugues Chap
- Infinity-Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Paul Sabatier University, 31059 Toulouse, France; (F.B.-M.); (I.G.); (J.S.); (S.T.); (J.A.); (J.-P.S.)
- Académie des Sciences, Inscriptions et Belles Lettres de Toulouse, Hôtel d’Assézat, 31000 Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yamasaki T, Mori W, Ohkubo T, Hiraishi A, Zhang Y, Kurihara Y, Nengaki N, Tashima H, Fujinaga M, Zhang MR. Potential for in vivo visualization of intracellular pH gradient in the brain using PET imaging. Brain Commun 2024; 6:fcae172. [PMID: 38863573 PMCID: PMC11166174 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcae172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Intracellular pH is a valuable index for predicting neuronal damage and injury. However, no PET probe is currently available for monitoring intracellular pH in vivo. In this study, we developed a new approach for visualizing the hydrolysis rate of monoacylglycerol lipase, which is widely distributed in neurons and astrocytes throughout the brain. This approach uses PET with the new radioprobe [11C]QST-0837 (1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl-3-(1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)azetidine-1-[11C]carboxylate), a covalent inhibitor containing an azetidine carbamate skeleton for monoacylglycerol lipase. The uptake and residence of this new radioprobe depends on the intracellular pH gradient, and we evaluated this with in silico, in vitro and in vivo assessments. Molecular dynamics simulations predicted that because the azetidine carbamate moiety is close to that of water molecules, the compound containing azetidine carbamate would be more easily hydrolyzed following binding to monoacylglycerol lipase than would its analogue containing a piperidine carbamate skeleton. Interestingly, it was difficult for monoacylglycerol lipase to hydrolyze the azetidine carbamate compound under weakly acidic (pH 6) conditions because of a change in the interactions with water molecules on the carbamate moiety of their complex. Subsequently, an in vitro assessment using rat brain homogenate to confirm the molecular dynamics simulation-predicted behaviour of the azetidine carbamate compound showed that [11C]QST-0837 reacted with monoacylglycerol lipase to yield an [11C]complex, which was hydrolyzed to liberate 11CO2 as a final product. Additionally, the 11CO2 liberation rate was slower at lower pH. Finally, to indicate the feasibility of estimating how the hydrolysis rate depends on intracellular pH in vivo, we performed a PET study with [11C]QST-0837 using ischaemic rats. In our proposed in vivo compartment model, the clearance rate of radioactivity from the brain reflected the rate of [11C]QST-0837 hydrolysis (clearance through the production of 11CO2) in the brain, which was lower in a remarkably hypoxic area than in the contralateral region. In conclusion, we indicated the potential for visualization of the intracellular pH gradient in the brain using PET imaging, although some limitations remain. This approach should permit further elucidation of the pathological mechanisms involved under acidic conditions in multiple CNS disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoteru Yamasaki
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Wakana Mori
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ohkubo
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
- SHI Accelerator Service Co. Ltd., Tokyo 141-0031, Japan
| | - Atsuto Hiraishi
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yiding Zhang
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kurihara
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
- SHI Accelerator Service Co. Ltd., Tokyo 141-0031, Japan
| | - Nobuki Nengaki
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
- SHI Accelerator Service Co. Ltd., Tokyo 141-0031, Japan
| | - Hideaki Tashima
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujinaga
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hosseininia M, Rostami F, Delphi L, Ghasemzadeh Z, Kouhkan F, Rezayof A. Memory impairment was ameliorated by corticolimbic microinjections of arachidonylcyclopropylamide (ACPA) and miRNA-regulated lentiviral particles in a streptozotocin-induced Alzheimer's rat model. Exp Neurol 2023; 370:114560. [PMID: 37783412 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of corticolimbic cannabinoid CB1 receptors activity on memory impairment in the intracerebroventricular (ICV)-streptozotocin (STZ) animal model of Alzheimer's like-disease. This study also assessed whether the corticolimbic overexpression of miRNA-137 or -let-7a could increase the endocannabinoids by inhibiting the monoglyceride lipase (MAGL) to ameliorate STZ response. The results showed that ICV microinjection of STZ (3 mg/kg/10 μl) impaired passive avoidance memory retrieval. The chronic microinjection of arachidonylcyclopropylamide (ACPA; 10 ng/0.5 μl), a selective cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist, into the hippocampal CA1 region, the central amygdala (CeA) or the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) ameliorated the amnesic effect of ICV-STZ. Intra-CA1 or -CeA microinjection of ACPA alone did not affect memory retrieval, while its microinjection into the mPFC impaired memory formation. Based on bioinformatics analysis and verification of the MAGL gene, miRNA-137 and -let-7a were chosen to target the expression levels of MAGL in the corticolimbic regions. The chronic corticolimbic microinjection of lentiviral particles containing miRNA-137 or -let-7a ameliorated ICV-STZ-induced memory impairment. The high transfection efficiency was determined for each virus using comparing fluorescent and conventional vision. Corticolimbic overexpression of miRNA-137 or -let-7a decreased the MAGL gene expression that encodes the MAGL enzyme to increase the endocannabinoids. Thus, among the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), it is worth mentioning the role of endocannabinoids in the corticolimbic regions. CB1 receptor agonists, miRNA-137 or -let-7a, may be potential therapeutic targets against cognitive decline in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hosseininia
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rostami
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center, P.O. Box: 15856-36473, 15856-36473 Tehran, Iran
| | - Ladan Delphi
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Ghasemzadeh
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Kouhkan
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center, P.O. Box: 15856-36473, 15856-36473 Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ameneh Rezayof
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hill MN, Haney M, Hillard CJ, Karhson DS, Vecchiarelli HA. The endocannabinoid system as a putative target for the development of novel drugs for the treatment of psychiatric illnesses. Psychol Med 2023; 53:7006-7024. [PMID: 37671673 PMCID: PMC10719691 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291723002465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis is well established to impact affective states, emotion and perceptual processing, primarily through its interactions with the endocannabinoid system. While cannabis use is quite prevalent in many individuals afflicted with psychiatric illnesses, there is considerable controversy as to whether cannabis may worsen these conditions or provide some form of therapeutic benefit. The development of pharmacological agents which interact with components of the endocannabinoid system in more localized and discrete ways then via phytocannabinoids found in cannabis, has allowed the investigation if direct targeting of the endocannabinoid system itself may represent a novel approach to treat psychiatric illness without the potential untoward side effects associated with cannabis. Herein we review the current body of literature regarding the various pharmacological tools that have been developed to target the endocannabinoid system, their impact in preclinical models of psychiatric illness and the recent data emerging of their utilization in clinical trials for psychiatric illnesses, with a specific focus on substance use disorders, trauma-related disorders, and autism. We highlight several candidate drugs which target endocannabinoid function, particularly inhibitors of endocannabinoid metabolism or modulators of cannabinoid receptor signaling, which have emerged as potential candidates for the treatment of psychiatric conditions, particularly substance use disorder, anxiety and trauma-related disorders and autism spectrum disorders. Although there needs to be ongoing clinical work to establish the potential utility of endocannabinoid-based drugs for the treatment of psychiatric illnesses, the current data available is quite promising and shows indications of several potential candidate diseases which may benefit from this approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N. Hill
- Departments of Cell Biology and Anatomy & Psychiatry, Cumming School of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and The Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Margaret Haney
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Cecilia J. Hillard
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Debra S. Karhson
- Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kouchaeknejad A, Van Der Walt G, De Donato MH, Puighermanal E. Imaging and Genetic Tools for the Investigation of the Endocannabinoid System in the CNS. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15829. [PMID: 37958825 PMCID: PMC10648052 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As central nervous system (CNS)-related disorders present an increasing cause of global morbidity, mortality, and high pressure on our healthcare system, there is an urgent need for new insights and treatment options. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a critical network of endogenous compounds, receptors, and enzymes that contribute to CNS development and regulation. Given its multifaceted involvement in neurobiology and its significance in various CNS disorders, the ECS as a whole is considered a promising therapeutic target. Despite significant advances in our understanding of the ECS's role in the CNS, its complex architecture and extensive crosstalk with other biological systems present challenges for research and clinical advancements. To bridge these knowledge gaps and unlock the full therapeutic potential of ECS interventions in CNS-related disorders, a plethora of molecular-genetic tools have been developed in recent years. Here, we review some of the most impactful tools for investigating the neurological aspects of the ECS. We first provide a brief introduction to the ECS components, including cannabinoid receptors, endocannabinoids, and metabolic enzymes, emphasizing their complexity. This is followed by an exploration of cutting-edge imaging tools and genetic models aimed at elucidating the roles of these principal ECS components. Special emphasis is placed on their relevance in the context of CNS and its associated disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Emma Puighermanal
- Neuroscience Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (A.K.); (G.V.D.W.); (M.H.D.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen C. Inhibiting degradation of 2-arachidonoylglycerol as a therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 244:108394. [PMID: 36966972 PMCID: PMC10123871 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are endogenous lipid signaling mediators that participate in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is the most abundant endocannabinoid and is a full agonist of G-protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors (CB1R and CB2R), which are targets of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), the main psychoactive ingredient in cannabis. While 2-AG has been well recognized as a retrograde messenger modulating synaptic transmission and plasticity at both inhibitory GABAergic and excitatory glutamatergic synapses in the brain, growing evidence suggests that 2-AG also functions as an endogenous terminator of neuroinflammation in response to harmful insults, thus maintaining brain homeostasis. Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is the key enzyme that degrades 2-AG in the brain. The immediate metabolite of 2-AG is arachidonic acid (AA), a precursor of prostaglandins (PGs) and leukotrienes. Several lines of evidence indicate that pharmacological or genetic inactivation of MAGL, which boosts 2-AG levels and reduces its hydrolytic metabolites, resolves neuroinflammation, mitigates neuropathology, and improves synaptic and cognitive functions in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson's disease (PD), and traumatic brain injury (TBI)-induced neurodegenerative disease. Thus, it has been proposed that MAGL is a potential therapeutic target for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. As the main enzyme hydrolyzing 2-AG, several MAGL inhibitors have been identified and developed. However, our understanding of the mechanisms by which inactivation of MAGL produces neuroprotective effects in neurodegenerative diseases remains limited. A recent finding that inhibition of 2-AG metabolism in astrocytes, but not in neurons, protects the brain from TBI-induced neuropathology might shed some light on this unsolved issue. This review provides an overview of MAGL as a potential therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases and discusses possible mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of restraining degradation of 2-AG in the brain.
Collapse
|
9
|
Inserra A, Giorgini G, Lacroix S, Bertazzo A, Choo J, Markopolous A, Grant E, Abolghasemi A, De Gregorio D, Flamand N, Rogers G, Comai S, Silvestri C, Gobbi G, Di Marzo V. Effects of repeated lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on the mouse brain endocannabinoidome and gut microbiome. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:721-739. [PMID: 36316276 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Psychedelics elicit prosocial, antidepressant and anxiolytic effects via neuroplasticity, neurotransmission and neuro-immunomodulatory mechanisms. Whether psychedelics affect the brain endocannabinoid system and its extended version, the endocannabinoidome (eCBome) or the gut microbiome, remains unknown. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Adult C57BL/6N male mice were administered lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) or saline for 7 days. Sociability was assessed in the direct social interaction and three chambers tests. Prefrontal cortex and hippocampal endocannabinoids, endocannabinoid-like mediators and metabolites were quantified via high-pressure liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Neurotransmitter levels were assessed via HPLC-UV/fluorescence. Gut microbiome changes were investigated by 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing. KEY RESULTS LSD increased social preference and novelty and decreased hippocampal levels of the N-acylethanolamines N-linoleoylethanolamine (LEA), anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamine) and N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine (DHEA); the monoacylglycerol 1/2-docosahexaenoylglycerol (1/2-DHG); the prostaglandins D2 (PGD2 ) and F2α (PGF2α ); thromboxane 2 and kynurenine. Prefrontal eCBome mediator and metabolite levels were less affected by the treatment. LSD decreased Shannon alpha diversity of the gut microbiota, prevented the decrease in the Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio observed in saline-treated mice and altered the relative abundance of the bacterial taxa Bifidobacterium, Ileibacterium, Dubosiella and Rikenellaceae RC9. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The prosocial effects elicited by repeated LSD administration are accompanied by alterations of hippocampal eCBome and kynurenine levels, and the composition of the gut microbiota. Modulation of the hippocampal eCBome and kynurenine pathway might represent a mechanism by which psychedelic compounds elicit prosocial effects and affect the gut microbiome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Inserra
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Giada Giorgini
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Québec, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.,Joint International Unit between the National Research Council (CNR) of Italy and Université Laval on Chemical and Biomolecular Research on the Microbiome and its Impact on Metabolic Health and Nutrition (UMI-MicroMeNu), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, CNR, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Canada Research Excellence Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Sebastien Lacroix
- Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Québec, Canada
| | - Antonella Bertazzo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Jocelyn Choo
- Microbiome and Host Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Infection and Immunity, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Athanasios Markopolous
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Emily Grant
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Armita Abolghasemi
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Québec, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Danilo De Gregorio
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Division of Neuroscience, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Québec, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.,Canada Research Excellence Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Geraint Rogers
- Microbiome and Host Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Infection and Immunity, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Stefano Comai
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Cristoforo Silvestri
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Québec, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.,Canada Research Excellence Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec, Canada.,Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Québec, Canada.,Centre NUTRISS, École de Nutrition, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Gabriella Gobbi
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Québec, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.,Joint International Unit between the National Research Council (CNR) of Italy and Université Laval on Chemical and Biomolecular Research on the Microbiome and its Impact on Metabolic Health and Nutrition (UMI-MicroMeNu), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, CNR, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Canada Research Excellence Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec, Canada.,Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Québec, Canada.,Centre NUTRISS, École de Nutrition, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhu D, Zhang J, Gao F, Hu M, Hashem J, Chen C. Augmentation of 2-arachidonoylglycerol signaling in astrocytes maintains synaptic functionality by regulation of miRNA-30b. Exp Neurol 2023; 361:114292. [PMID: 36481187 PMCID: PMC9892245 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), the most abundant endocannabinoid, displays anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. Inhibition of 2-AG degradation by inactivation of monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), a key enzyme degrading 2-AG in the brain, alleviates neuropathology and improves synaptic and cognitive functions in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, global inactivation of MAGL by genetic deletion of mgll enhances hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) and hippocampus-dependent learning and memory. However, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which chronic inactivation of MAGL enhances synaptic activity is still limited. Here, we provide evidence that pharmacological inactivation of MAGL suppresses hippocampal expression of miR-30b, a small non-coding microRNA, and upregulates expression of its targets, including ephrin type-B receptor 2 (ephB2), sirtuin1 (sirt1), and glutamate ionotropic receptor AMPA type subunit 2 (GluA2). Importantly, suppression of miR-30b and increase of its targets by inactivation of MAGL result primarily from inhibition of 2-AG metabolism in astrocytes, rather than in neurons. Inactivation of MAGL in astrocytes prevents miR-30b overexpression-induced impairments in synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus. Suppression of miR-30b expression by inactivation of MAGL is apparently associated with augmentation of 2-AG signaling, as 2-AG induces a dose-dependent decrease in expression of miR-30b. 2-AG- or MAGL inactivation-suppressed expression of miR-30b is not mediated via CB1R, but by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ). This is further supported by the results showing that MAGL inactivation-induced downregulation of miR-30b and upregulation of its targets are attenuated by antagonism of PPARγ, but mimicked by PPARγ agonists. In addition, we observed that 2-AG-induced reduction of miR-30b expression is mediated via NF-kB signaling. Our study provides evidence that 2-AG signaling in astrocytes plays an important role in maintaining the functional integrity of synapses in the hippocampus by regulation of miR-30b expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dexiao Zhu
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Mei Hu
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Jack Hashem
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Chu Chen
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhu D, Zhang J, Hashem J, Gao F, Chen C. Inhibition of 2-arachidonoylglycerol degradation enhances glial immunity by single-cell transcriptomic analysis. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:17. [PMID: 36717883 PMCID: PMC9885699 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02701-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is the most abundant endogenous cannabinoid. Inhibition of 2-AG metabolism by inactivation of monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), the primary enzyme that degrades 2-AG in the brain, produces anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in neurodegenerative diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these beneficial effects are largely unclear. METHODS Hippocampal and cortical cells were isolated from cell type-specific MAGL knockout (KO) mice. Single-cell RNA sequencing was performed by 10 × Genomics platform. Cell Ranger, Seurat (v3.2) and CellChat (1.1.3) packages were used to carry out data analysis. RESULTS Using single-cell RNA sequencing analysis, we show here that cell type-specific MAGL KO mice display distinct gene expression profiles in the brain. Inactivation of MAGL results in robust changes in expression of immune- and inflammation-related genes in microglia and astrocytes. Remarkably, upregulated expression of chemokines in microglia is more pronounced in mice lacking MAGL in astrocytes. In addition, expression of genes that regulate other cellular functions and Wnt signaling in astrocytes is altered in MAGL KO mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide transcriptomic evidence that cell type-specific inactivation of MAGL induces differential expression of immune-related genes and other fundamental cellular pathways in microglia and astrocytes. Upregulation of the immune/inflammatory genes suggests that tonic levels of immune/inflammatory vigilance are enhanced in microglia and astrocytes, particularly in microglia, by inhibition of 2-AG metabolism, which likely contribute to anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects produced by inactivation of MAGL in neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dexiao Zhu
- grid.267309.90000 0001 0629 5880Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA
| | - Jian Zhang
- grid.267309.90000 0001 0629 5880Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA
| | - Jack Hashem
- grid.267309.90000 0001 0629 5880Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA
| | - Fei Gao
- grid.267309.90000 0001 0629 5880Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA
| | - Chu Chen
- grid.267309.90000 0001 0629 5880Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA ,grid.267309.90000 0001 0629 5880Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bernal‐Chico A, Tepavcevic V, Manterola A, Utrilla C, Matute C, Mato S. Endocannabinoid signaling in brain diseases: Emerging relevance of glial cells. Glia 2023; 71:103-126. [PMID: 35353392 PMCID: PMC9790551 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of cannabinoid receptors as the primary molecular targets of psychotropic cannabinoid Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9 -THC) in late 1980s paved the way for investigations on the effects of cannabis-based therapeutics in brain pathology. Ever since, a wealth of results obtained from studies on human tissue samples and animal models have highlighted a promising therapeutic potential of cannabinoids and endocannabinoids in a variety of neurological disorders. However, clinical success has been limited and major questions concerning endocannabinoid signaling need to be satisfactorily addressed, particularly with regard to their role as modulators of glial cells in neurodegenerative diseases. Indeed, recent studies have brought into the limelight diverse, often unexpected functions of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia in brain injury and disease, thus providing scientific basis for targeting glial cells to treat brain disorders. This Review summarizes the current knowledge on the molecular and cellular hallmarks of endocannabinoid signaling in glial cells and its clinical relevance in neurodegenerative and chronic inflammatory disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Bernal‐Chico
- Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHULeioaSpain,Achucarro Basque Center for NeuroscienceLeioaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)MadridSpain,Neuroimmunology UnitBiocruces BizkaiaBarakaldoSpain
| | | | - Andrea Manterola
- Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHULeioaSpain,Achucarro Basque Center for NeuroscienceLeioaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)MadridSpain,Present address:
Parque Científico y Tecnológico de GuipuzkoaViralgenSan SebastianSpain
| | | | - Carlos Matute
- Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHULeioaSpain,Achucarro Basque Center for NeuroscienceLeioaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)MadridSpain
| | - Susana Mato
- Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHULeioaSpain,Achucarro Basque Center for NeuroscienceLeioaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)MadridSpain,Neuroimmunology UnitBiocruces BizkaiaBarakaldoSpain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Martinez Ramirez CE, Ruiz-Pérez G, Stollenwerk TM, Behlke C, Doherty A, Hillard CJ. Endocannabinoid signaling in the central nervous system. Glia 2023; 71:5-35. [PMID: 36308424 PMCID: PMC10167744 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
It is hard to overestimate the influence of the endocannabinoid signaling (ECS) system on central nervous system (CNS) function. In the 40 years since cannabinoids were found to trigger specific cell signaling cascades, studies of the ECS system continue to cause amazement, surprise, and confusion! CB1 cannabinoid receptors are expressed widely in the CNS and regulate cell-cell communication via effects on the release of both neurotransmitters and gliotransmitters. CB2 cannabinoid receptors are difficult to detect in the CNS but seem to "punch above their weight" as compounds targeting these receptors have significant effects on inflammatory state and behavior. Positive and negative allosteric modulators for both receptors have been identified and examined in preclinical studies. Concentrations of the endocannabinoid ligands, N-arachidonoylethanolamine and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), are regulated by a combination of enzymatic synthesis and degradation and inhibitors of these processes are available and making their way into clinical trials. Importantly, ECS regulates many essential brain functions, including regulation of reward, anxiety, inflammation, motor control, and cellular development. While the field is on the cusp of preclinical discoveries providing impactful clinical and therapeutic insights into many CNS disorders, there is still much to be learned about this remarkable and versatile modulatory system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- César E Martinez Ramirez
- Neuroscience Research Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Gonzalo Ruiz-Pérez
- Neuroscience Research Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Todd M Stollenwerk
- Neuroscience Research Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Christina Behlke
- Neuroscience Research Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ashley Doherty
- Neuroscience Research Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Cecilia J Hillard
- Neuroscience Research Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Eraso‐Pichot A, Pouvreau S, Olivera‐Pinto A, Gomez‐Sotres P, Skupio U, Marsicano G. Endocannabinoid signaling in astrocytes. Glia 2023; 71:44-59. [PMID: 35822691 PMCID: PMC9796923 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The study of the astrocytic contribution to brain functions has been growing in popularity in the neuroscience field. In the last years, and especially since the demonstration of the involvement of astrocytes in synaptic functions, the astrocyte field has revealed multiple functions of these cells that seemed inconceivable not long ago. In parallel, cannabinoid investigation has also identified different ways by which cannabinoids are able to interact with these cells, modify their functions, alter their communication with neurons and impact behavior. In this review, we will describe the expression of different endocannabinoid system members in astrocytes. Moreover, we will relate the latest findings regarding cannabinoid modulation of some of the most relevant astroglial functions, namely calcium (Ca2+ ) dynamics, gliotransmission, metabolism, and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abel Eraso‐Pichot
- U1215 Neurocentre MagendieInstitut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM)BordeauxFrance,University of BordeauxBordeauxFrance
| | - Sandrine Pouvreau
- U1215 Neurocentre MagendieInstitut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM)BordeauxFrance,University of BordeauxBordeauxFrance
| | - Alexandre Olivera‐Pinto
- U1215 Neurocentre MagendieInstitut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM)BordeauxFrance,University of BordeauxBordeauxFrance
| | - Paula Gomez‐Sotres
- U1215 Neurocentre MagendieInstitut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM)BordeauxFrance,University of BordeauxBordeauxFrance
| | - Urszula Skupio
- U1215 Neurocentre MagendieInstitut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM)BordeauxFrance,University of BordeauxBordeauxFrance
| | - Giovanni Marsicano
- U1215 Neurocentre MagendieInstitut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM)BordeauxFrance,University of BordeauxBordeauxFrance
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chen C. Endocannabinoid control of neuroinflammation in traumatic brain injury by monoacylglycerol lipase in astrocytes. Neural Regen Res 2022; 18:1023-1024. [PMID: 36254984 PMCID: PMC9827788 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.355755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chu Chen
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA,Correspondence to: Chu Chen, or .
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kemble AM, Hornsperger B, Ruf I, Richter H, Benz J, Kuhn B, Heer D, Wittwer M, Engelhardt B, Grether U, Collin L. A potent and selective inhibitor for the modulation of MAGL activity in the neurovasculature. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268590. [PMID: 36084029 PMCID: PMC9462760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation and blood–brain barrier dysfunction are key pathological hallmarks of neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Major drivers of these pathologies include pro-inflammatory stimuli such as prostaglandins, which are produced in the central nervous system by the oxidation of arachidonic acid in a reaction catalyzed by the cyclooxygenases COX1 and COX2. Monoacylglycerol lipase hydrolyzes the endocannabinoid signaling lipid 2-arachidonyl glycerol, enhancing local pools of arachidonic acid in the brain and leading to cyclooxygenase-mediated prostaglandin production and neuroinflammation. Monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitors were recently shown to act as effective anti-inflammatory modulators, increasing 2-arachidonyl glycerol levels while reducing levels of arachidonic acid and prostaglandins, including PGE2 and PGD2. In this study, we characterized a novel, highly selective, potent and reversible monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor (MAGLi 432) in a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide-induced blood–brain barrier permeability and in both human and mouse cells of the neurovascular unit: brain microvascular endothelial cells, pericytes and astrocytes. We confirmed the expression of monoacylglycerol lipase in specific neurovascular unit cells in vitro, with pericytes showing the highest expression level and activity. However, MAGLi 432 did not ameliorate lipopolysaccharide-induced blood–brain barrier permeability in vivo or reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the brain. Our data confirm monoacylglycerol lipase expression in mouse and human cells of the neurovascular unit and provide the basis for further cell-specific analysis of MAGLi 432 in the context of blood–brain barrier dysfunction caused by inflammatory insults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M. Kemble
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Benoit Hornsperger
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Iris Ruf
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hans Richter
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Benz
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Kuhn
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Heer
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Wittwer
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Uwe Grether
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ludovic Collin
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kaczocha M, Haj-Dahmane S. Mechanisms of endocannabinoid transport in the brain. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179:4300-4310. [PMID: 33786823 PMCID: PMC8481389 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoids 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and anandamide are among the best studied lipid messengers in the brain. By activating cannabinoid receptors in the CNS, endocannabinoids tune synaptic function, thereby influencing a variety of physiological and behavioural processes. Extensive research conducted over the last few decades has considerably enhanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms and physiological functions of the endocannabinoid system. It is now well-established that endocannabinoids are synthesized by postsynaptic neurons and serve as retrograde messengers that suppress neurotransmitter release at central synapses. While the detailed mechanisms by which endocannabinoids gate synaptic function and behavioural processes are relatively well characterized, the mechanisms governing endocannabinoid transport at central synapses remain ill defined. Recently, several studies have begun to unravel the mechanisms governing intracellular and intercellular endocannabinoid transport. In this review, we will focus on new advances in the mechanisms of intracellular and synaptic endocannabinoid transport in the CNS. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on New discoveries and perspectives in mental and pain disorders. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v179.17/issuetoc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kaczocha
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Samir Haj-Dahmane
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Neuroscience Program, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lipid-Based Molecules on Signaling Pathways in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179803. [PMID: 36077195 PMCID: PMC9456412 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The signaling pathways associated with lipid metabolism contribute to the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and provide insights for devising new therapeutic strategies. Prostaglandin E2 is a membrane-derived lipid molecule that contributes to developing ASD associated with canonical Wnt signaling. Cyclooxygenase-2 plays a key role in neuroinflammation and is implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental diseases, such as ASD. The endocannabinoid system maintains a balance between inflammatory and redox status and synaptic plasticity and is a potential target for ASD pathophysiology. Redox signaling refers to specific and usually reversible oxidation–reduction reactions, some of which are also involved in pathways accounting for the abnormal behavior observed in ASD. Redox signaling and redox status-sensitive transcription factors contribute to the pathophysiology of ASD. Cannabinoids regulate the redox balance by altering the levels and activity of antioxidant molecules via ROS-producing NADPH oxidase (NOX) and ROS-scavenging superoxide dismutase enzymes. These signaling cascades integrate a broad range of neurodevelopmental processes that may be involved in the pathophysiology of ASD. Based on these pathways, we highlight putative targets that may be used for devising novel therapeutic interventions for ASD.
Collapse
|
19
|
Stress upregulates 2-arachidonoylglycerol levels in the hypothalamus, midbrain, and hindbrain, and it is sustained by green nut oil supplementation in SAMP8 mice revealed by DESI-MSI. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 609:9-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
20
|
Chen C. Endocannabinoid metabolism and Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:1987-1988. [PMID: 35142686 PMCID: PMC8848605 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.335153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chu Chen
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hu M, Zhu D, Zhang J, Gao F, Hashem J, Kingsley P, Marnett LJ, Mackie K, Chen C. Enhancing endocannabinoid signalling in astrocytes promotes recovery from traumatic brain injury. Brain 2022; 145:179-193. [PMID: 35136958 PMCID: PMC8967103 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury is an important risk factor for development of Alzheimer's disease and dementia. Unfortunately, no effective therapies are currently available for prevention and treatment of the traumatic brain injury-induced Alzheimer's disease-like neurodegenerative disease. This is largely due to our limited understanding of the mechanisms underlying traumatic brain injury-induced neuropathology. Previous studies showed that pharmacological inhibition of monoacylglycerol lipase, a key enzyme degrading the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol, attenuates traumatic brain injury-induced neuropathology. However, the mechanism responsible for the neuroprotective effects produced by inhibition of monoacylglycerol lipase in traumatic brain injury remains unclear. Here we first show that genetic deletion of monoacylglycerol lipase reduces neuropathology and averts synaptic and cognitive declines in mice exposed to repeated mild closed head injury. Surprisingly, these neuroprotective effects result primarily from inhibition of 2-arachidonoylglycerol metabolism in astrocytes, rather than in neurons. Single-cell RNA-sequencing data reveal that astrocytic monoacylglycerol lipase knockout mice display greater resilience to traumatic brain injury-induced changes in expression of genes associated with inflammation or maintenance of brain homeostasis in astrocytes and microglia. The monoacylglycerol lipase inactivation-produced neuroprotection is abrogated by deletion of the cannabinoid receptor-1 or by adeno-associated virus vector-mediated silencing of astrocytic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ. This is further supported by the fact that overexpression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ in astrocytes prevents traumatic brain injury-induced neuropathology and impairments in spatial learning and memory. Our results reveal a previously undefined cell type-specific role of 2-arachidonoylglycerol metabolism and signalling pathways in traumatic brain injury-induced neuropathology, suggesting that enhanced 2-arachidonoylglycerol signalling in astrocytes is responsible for the monoacylglycerol lipase inactivation-produced alleviation of neuropathology and deficits in synaptic and cognitive functions in traumatic brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Hu
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Dexiao Zhu
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Jack Hashem
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Philip Kingsley
- Departments of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lawrence J Marnett
- Departments of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ken Mackie
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Chu Chen
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA,Correspondence to: Chu Chen, PhD Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, School of Medicine University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA E-mail: or
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
OUP accepted manuscript. Brain 2022; 145:7-10. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
|
23
|
Zhu D, Gao F, Chen C. Endocannabinoid Metabolism and Traumatic Brain Injury. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112979. [PMID: 34831202 PMCID: PMC8616221 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents a major cause of morbidity and disability and is a risk factor for developing neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, no effective therapies are currently available for TBI-induced AD-like disease. Endocannabinoids are endogenous lipid mediators involved in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. The compound 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is the most abundant endocannabinoid with profound anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. This molecule is predominantly metabolized by monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), a key enzyme degrading about 85% of 2-AG in the brain. Studies using animal models of inflammation, AD, and TBI provide evidence that inactivation of MAGL, which augments 2-AG signaling and reduces its metabolites, exerts neuroprotective effects, suggesting that MAGL is a promising therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases. In this short review, we provide an overview of the inhibition of 2-AG metabolism for the alleviation of neuropathology and the improvement of synaptic and cognitive functions after TBI.
Collapse
|
24
|
Yamasaki T, Hatori A, Zhang Y, Mori W, Kurihara Y, Ogawa M, Wakizaka H, Rong J, Wang L, Liang S, Zhang MR. Neuroprotective effects of minocycline and KML29, a potent inhibitor of monoacylglycerol lipase, in an experimental stroke model: a small-animal positron emission tomography study. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:9492-9502. [PMID: 34646382 PMCID: PMC8490517 DOI: 10.7150/thno.64320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia caused by ischemia induces acidosis and neuroexcitotoxicity, resulting in neuronal death in the central nervous system (CNS). Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is a modulator of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), which is involved in retrograde inhibition of glutamate release in the endocannabinoid system. In the present study, we used positron emission tomography (PET) to monitor MAGL-positive neurons and neuroinflammation in the brains of ischemic rats. Additionally, we performed PET imaging to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of an MAGL inhibitor in an ischemic injury model. Methods: Ischemic-injury rat models were induced by intraluminal right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). PET studies of the brains of the ischemic rats were performed at several experimental time points (pre-occlusion, days 2, 4, and 7 after the MCAO surgery) using [11C]SAR127303 for MAGL and [18F]FEBMP for 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO, a hall-mark of neuroinflammation). Medication using minocycline (a well-known neuroprotective agent) or KML29 (a potent MAGL inhibitor) was given immediately after the MCAO surgery and then daily over the subsequent three days. Results: PET imaging of the ischemic rats using [11C]SAR127303 showed an acute decline of radioactive accumulation in the ipsilateral side at two days after MCAO surgery (ratio of the area under the curve between the ipsilateral and contralateral sides: 0.49 ± 0.04 in the cortex and 0.73 ± 0.02 in the striatum). PET imaging with [18F]FEBMP, however, showed a moderate increase in accumulation of radioactivity in the ipsilateral hemisphere on day 2 (1.36 ± 0.11), and further increases on day 4 (1.72 ± 0.15) and day 7 (1.99 ± 0.06). Treatment with minocycline or KML29 eased the decline in radioactive accumulation of [11C]SAR127303 for MAGL (minocycline-treated group: 0.82 ± 0.06 in the cortex and 0.81 ± 0.05 in the striatum; KML29-treated group: 0.72 ± 0.07 in the cortex and 0.88 ± 0.04 in the striatum) and increased uptake of [18F]FEBMP for TSPO (minocycline-treated group: 1.52 ± 0.21 in the cortex and 1.56 ± 0.11 in the striatum; KML29-treated group: 1.63 ± 0.09 in the cortex and 1.50 ± 0.17 in the striatum). In MCAO rats, minocycline treatment showed a neuroprotective effect in the sensorimotor cortex suffering from severe hypoxic injury, whereas KML29 treatment saved neurons in the striatum, including bundles of myelinated axons. Conclusions: PET imaging allowed visualization of the different neuroprotective effects of minocycline and KML29, and indicated that combination pharmacotherapy using these drugs may be an effective therapy in acute ischemia.
Collapse
|
25
|
Swinton MK, Sundermann EE, Pedersen L, Nguyen JD, Grelotti DJ, Taffe MA, Iudicello JE, Fields JA. Alterations in Brain Cannabinoid Receptor Levels Are Associated with HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders in the ART Era: Implications for Therapeutic Strategies Targeting the Endocannabinoid System. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091742. [PMID: 34578323 PMCID: PMC8473156 DOI: 10.3390/v13091742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) persist despite the advent of antiretroviral therapy (ART), suggesting underlying systemic and central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory mechanisms. The endogenous cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2) modulate inflammatory gene expression and play an important role in maintaining neuronal homeostasis. Cannabis use is disproportionately high among people with HIV (PWH) and may provide a neuroprotective effect for those on ART due to its anti-inflammatory properties. However, expression profiles of CB1 and CB2 in the brains of PWH on ART with HAND have not been reported. In this study, biochemical and immunohistochemical analyses were performed to determine CB1 and CB2 expression in the brain specimens of HAND donors. Immunoblot revealed that CB1 and CB2 were differentially expressed in the frontal cortices of HAND brains compared to neurocognitively unimpaired (NUI) brains of PWH. CB1 expression levels negatively correlated with memory and information processing speed. CB1 was primarily localized to neuronal soma in HAND brains versus a more punctate distribution of neuronal processes in NUI brains. CB1 expression was increased in cells with glial morphology and showed increased colocalization with an astroglial marker. These results suggest that targeting the endocannabinoid system may be a potential therapeutic strategy for HAND.
Collapse
|
26
|
Gregus AM, Levine IS, Eddinger KA, Yaksh TL, Buczynski MW. Sex differences in neuroimmune and glial mechanisms of pain. Pain 2021; 162:2186-2200. [PMID: 34256379 PMCID: PMC8277970 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Pain is the primary motivation for seeking medical care. Although pain may subside as inflammation resolves or an injury heals, it is increasingly evident that persistency of the pain state can occur with significant regularity. Chronic pain requires aggressive management to minimize its physiological consequences and diminish its impact on quality of life. Although opioids commonly are prescribed for intractable pain, concerns regarding reduced efficacy, as well as risks of tolerance and dependence, misuse, diversion, and overdose mortality rates limit their utility. Advances in development of nonopioid interventions hinge on our appreciation of underlying mechanisms of pain hypersensitivity. For instance, the contributory role of immunity and the associated presence of autoimmune syndromes has become of particular interest. Males and females exhibit fundamental differences in innate and adaptive immune responses, some of which are present throughout life, whereas others manifest with reproductive maturation. In general, the incidence of chronic pain conditions, particularly those with likely autoimmune covariates, is significantly higher in women. Accordingly, evidence is now accruing in support of neuroimmune interactions driving sex differences in the development and maintenance of pain hypersensitivity and chronicity. This review highlights known sexual dimorphisms of neuroimmune signaling in pain states modeled in rodents, which may yield potential high-value sex-specific targets to inform future analgesic drug discovery efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Gregus
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Ian S Levine
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | | | - Tony L Yaksh
- Departments of Anesthesiology and
- Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Matthew W Buczynski
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Winters BL, Vaughan CW. Mechanisms of endocannabinoid control of synaptic plasticity. Neuropharmacology 2021; 197:108736. [PMID: 34343612 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The endogenous cannabinoid transmitter system regulates synaptic transmission throughout the nervous system. Unlike conventional transmitters, specific stimuli induce synthesis of endocannabinoids (eCBs) in the postsynaptic neuron, and these travel backwards to modulate presynaptic inputs. In doing so, eCBs can induce short-term changes in synaptic strength and longer-term plasticity. While this eCB regulation is near ubiquitous, it displays major regional and synapse specific variations with different synapse specific forms of short-versus long-term plasticity throughout the brain. These differences are due to the plethora of pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms which have been implicated in eCB signalling, the intricacies of which are only just being realised. In this review, we shall describe the current understanding and highlight new advances in this area, with a focus on the retrograde action of eCBs at CB1 receptors (CB1Rs).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryony Laura Winters
- Pain Management Research Institute, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, NSW, Australia.
| | - Christopher Walter Vaughan
- Pain Management Research Institute, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Boczek T, Zylinska L. Receptor-Dependent and Independent Regulation of Voltage-Gated Ca 2+ Channels and Ca 2+-Permeable Channels by Endocannabinoids in the Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158168. [PMID: 34360934 PMCID: PMC8348342 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of specific populations of neurons in different brain areas makes decisions regarding proper synaptic transmission, the ability to make adaptations in response to different external signals, as well as the triggering of specific regulatory pathways to sustain neural function. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) appears to be a very important, highly expressed, and active system of control in the central nervous system (CNS). Functionally, it allows the cells to respond quickly to processes that occur during synaptic transmission, but can also induce long-term changes. The endocannabinoids (eCBs) belong to a large family of bioactive lipid mediators that includes amides, esters, and ethers of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. They are produced “on demand” from the precursors located in the membranes, exhibit a short half-life, and play a key role as retrograde messengers. eCBs act mainly through two receptors, CB1R and CB2R, which belong to the G-protein coupled receptor superfamily (GPCRs), but can also exert their action via multiple non-receptor pathways. The action of eCBs depends on Ca2+, but eCBs can also regulate downstream Ca2+ signaling. In this short review, we focus on the regulation of neuronal calcium channels by the most effective members of eCBs-2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), anandamide (AEA) and originating from AEA-N-arachidonoylglycine (NAGly), to better understand the contribution of ECS to brain function under physiological conditions.
Collapse
|
29
|
Vickstrom CR, Liu X, Liu S, Hu MM, Mu L, Hu Y, Yu H, Love SL, Hillard CJ, Liu QS. Role of endocannabinoid signaling in a septohabenular pathway in the regulation of anxiety- and depressive-like behavior. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:3178-3191. [PMID: 33093652 PMCID: PMC8060365 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-00905-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Enhancing endocannabinoid signaling produces anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects, but the neural circuits involved remain poorly understood. The medial habenula (MHb) is a phylogenetically-conserved epithalamic structure that is a powerful modulator of anxiety- and depressive-like behavior. Here, we show that a robust endocannabinoid signaling system modulates synaptic transmission between the MHb and its sole identified GABA input, the medial septum and nucleus of the diagonal band (MSDB). With RNAscope in situ hybridization, we demonstrate that key enzymes that synthesize or degrade the endocannabinoids 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG) or anandamide are expressed in the MHb and MSDB, and that cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) is expressed in the MSDB. Electrophysiological recordings in MHb neurons revealed that endogenously-released 2-AG retrogradely depresses GABA input from the MSDB. This endocannabinoid-mediated depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition (DSI) was limited by monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) but not by fatty acid amide hydrolase. Anatomic and optogenetic circuit mapping indicated that MSDB GABA neurons monosynaptically project to cholinergic neurons of the ventral MHb. To test the behavioral significance of this MSDB-MHb endocannabinoid signaling, we induced MSDB-specific knockout of CB1 or MAGL via injection of virally-delivered Cre recombinase into the MSDB of Cnr1loxP/loxP or MgllloxP/loxP mice. Relative to control mice, MSDB-specific knockout of CB1 or MAGL bidirectionally modulated 2-AG signaling in the ventral MHb and led to opposing effects on anxiety- and depressive-like behavior. Thus, depression of synaptic GABA release in the MSDB-ventral MHb pathway may represent a potential mechanism whereby endocannabinoids exert anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Casey R Vickstrom
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
| | - Xiaojie Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Meng-Ming Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Lianwei Mu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Ying Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Santidra L Love
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Cecilia J Hillard
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Qing-Song Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Covelo A, Eraso-Pichot A, Fernández-Moncada I, Serrat R, Marsicano G. CB1R-dependent regulation of astrocyte physiology and astrocyte-neuron interactions. Neuropharmacology 2021; 195:108678. [PMID: 34157362 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is involved in a variety of brain functions, mainly through the activation of the type-1 cannabinoid receptors (CB1R). CB1R are highly expressed throughout the brain at different structural, cellular and subcellular locations and its activity and expression levels have a direct impact in synaptic activity and behavior. In the last few decades, astrocytes have arisen as active players of brain physiology through their participation in the tripartite synapse and through their metabolic interaction with neurons. Here, we discuss some of the mechanisms by which astroglial CB1R at different subcellular locations, regulate astrocyte calcium signals and have an impact on gliotransmission and metabolic regulation. In addition, we discuss evidence pointing at astrocytes as potential important sources of endocannabinoid synthesis and release. Thus, we summarize recent findings that add further complexity and establish that the ECS is a fundamental effector of astrocyte functions in the brain. This article is part of the special issue on 'Cannabinoids'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Covelo
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), U1215 NeuroCentre Magendie, Bordeaux, 33077, France; University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, 33077, France
| | - Abel Eraso-Pichot
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), U1215 NeuroCentre Magendie, Bordeaux, 33077, France; University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, 33077, France
| | - Ignacio Fernández-Moncada
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), U1215 NeuroCentre Magendie, Bordeaux, 33077, France; University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, 33077, France
| | - Román Serrat
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), U1215 NeuroCentre Magendie, Bordeaux, 33077, France; University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, 33077, France; INRAE, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, 33077, Bordeaux, France
| | - Giovanni Marsicano
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), U1215 NeuroCentre Magendie, Bordeaux, 33077, France; University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, 33077, France.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kasatkina LA, Rittchen S, Sturm EM. Neuroprotective and Immunomodulatory Action of the Endocannabinoid System under Neuroinflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115431. [PMID: 34063947 PMCID: PMC8196612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids (eCBs) are lipid-based retrograde messengers with a relatively short half-life that are produced endogenously and, upon binding to the primary cannabinoid receptors CB1/2, mediate multiple mechanisms of intercellular communication within the body. Endocannabinoid signaling is implicated in brain development, memory formation, learning, mood, anxiety, depression, feeding behavior, analgesia, and drug addiction. It is now recognized that the endocannabinoid system mediates not only neuronal communications but also governs the crosstalk between neurons, glia, and immune cells, and thus represents an important player within the neuroimmune interface. Generation of primary endocannabinoids is accompanied by the production of their congeners, the N-acylethanolamines (NAEs), which together with N-acylneurotransmitters, lipoamino acids and primary fatty acid amides comprise expanded endocannabinoid/endovanilloid signaling systems. Most of these compounds do not bind CB1/2, but signal via several other pathways involving the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α and non-cannabinoid G-protein coupled receptors (GPRs) to mediate anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and neuroprotective activities. In vivo generation of the cannabinoid compounds is triggered by physiological and pathological stimuli and, specifically in the brain, mediates fine regulation of synaptic strength, neuroprotection, and resolution of neuroinflammation. Here, we review the role of the endocannabinoid system in intrinsic neuroprotective mechanisms and its therapeutic potential for the treatment of neuroinflammation and associated synaptopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila A. Kasatkina
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.A.K.); (S.R.)
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Sonja Rittchen
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.A.K.); (S.R.)
| | - Eva M. Sturm
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.A.K.); (S.R.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Inhibition of 2-Arachidonoylglycerol Metabolism Alleviates Neuropathology and Improves Cognitive Function in a Tau Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4122-4133. [PMID: 33939165 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02400-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, which affects more than 5 million individuals in the USA. Unfortunately, no effective therapies are currently available to prevent development of AD or to halt progression of the disease. It has been proposed that monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), the key enzyme degrading the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) in the brain, is a therapeutic target for AD based on the studies using the APP transgenic models of AD. While inhibition of 2-AG metabolism mitigates β-amyloid (Aβ) neuropathology, it is still not clear whether inactivation of MAGL alleviates tauopathies as accumulation and deposition of intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau protein are the neuropathological hallmark of AD. Here we show that JZL184, a potent MAGL inhibitor, significantly reduced proinflammatory cytokines, astrogliosis, phosphorylated GSK3β and tau, cleaved caspase-3, and phosphorylated NF-kB while it elevated PPARγ in P301S/PS19 mice, a tau mouse model of AD. Importantly, tau transgenic mice treated with JZL184 displayed improvements in spatial learning and memory retention. In addition, inactivation of MAGL ameliorates deteriorations in expression of synaptic proteins in P301S/PS19 mice. Our results provide further evidence that MAGL is a promising therapeutic target for AD.
Collapse
|
33
|
Perin P, Mabou Tagne A, Enrico P, Marino F, Cosentino M, Pizzala R, Boselli C. Cannabinoids, Inner Ear, Hearing, and Tinnitus: A Neuroimmunological Perspective. Front Neurol 2020; 11:505995. [PMID: 33329293 PMCID: PMC7719758 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.505995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis has been used for centuries for recreational and therapeutic purposes. Whereas, the recreative uses are based on the psychotropic effect of some of its compounds, its therapeutic effects range over a wide spectrum of actions, most of which target the brain or the immune system. Several studies have found cannabinoid receptors in the auditory system, both at peripheral and central levels, thus raising the interest in cannabinoid signaling in hearing, and especially in tinnitus, which is affected also by anxiety, memory, and attention circuits where cannabinoid effects are well described. Available studies on animal models of tinnitus suggest that cannabinoids are not likely to be helpful in tinnitus treatment and could even be harmful. However, the pharmacology of cannabinoids is very complex, and most studies focused on neural CB1R-based responses. Cannabinoid effects on the immune system (where CB2Rs predominate) are increasingly recognized as essential in understanding nervous system pathological responses, and data on immune cannabinoid targets have emerged in the auditory system as well. In addition, nonclassical cannabinoid targets (such as TRP channels) appear to play an important role in the auditory system as well. This review will focus on neuroimmunological mechanisms for cannabinoid effects and their possible use as protective and therapeutic agents in the ear and auditory system, especially in tinnitus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Perin
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Roberto Pizzala
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cinzia Boselli
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Javid H, Rezayof A, Ghasemzadeh Z, Sardari M. The involvement of ventral hippocampal microglial cells, but not cannabinoid CB1 receptors, in morphine-induced analgesia in rats. Acta Neurol Belg 2020; 120:1077-1084. [PMID: 31006075 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-019-01144-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that glial cells are involved in pain processing. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the possible involvement of the ventral hippocampal (VH) glial cells in morphine-induced analgesia. A tail-flick apparatus was used to measure pain sensitivity in male Wistar rats that were bilaterally cannulated in the VH by stereotaxic surgery. The results showed that intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of morphine (2.5-7.5 mg/kg) induced analgesia in a time-dependent manner. The blockade of the VH glial cell activation by bilateral microinjection of a glial inhibitor, minocycline (5-15 µg/rat) into the VH with an ineffective dose of morphine (2.5 mg/kg, i.p) significantly increased morphine analgesia. Considering that the endocannabinoid system via CB1 receptors play a crucial role in pain modulation, we also assessed the possible role of the VH cannabinoid CB1 receptors in the functional interaction between minocycline and morphine in acute pain. Our results indicated that intra-VH injection of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist, arachidonylcyclopropylamide (ACPA; 4-12 ng/rat) had no effect on minocycline-induced potentiation of morphine analgesia. It should be considered that intra-VH microinjection of minocycline or ACPA by itself had no effect on tail-flick latency. Our findings suggest that the activation of the VH microglial cells may be involved in mediating pain sensation, because the inhibition of these cells by intra-VH injection of minocycline could potentiate morphine-induced analgesia. Although endocannabinoids have a regulatory role in glia function, the activation of CB1 receptors could not affect the potentiative effect of minocycline on morphine analgesia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Javid
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, 4155-6455, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ameneh Rezayof
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, 4155-6455, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Zahra Ghasemzadeh
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, 4155-6455, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Sardari
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, 4155-6455, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Moreno-García Á, Bernal-Chico A, Colomer T, Rodríguez-Antigüedad A, Matute C, Mato S. Gene Expression Analysis of Astrocyte and Microglia Endocannabinoid Signaling during Autoimmune Demyelination. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091228. [PMID: 32846891 PMCID: PMC7563448 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system is associated with protective effects in multiple sclerosis (MS) that involve attenuated innate immune cell responses. Astrocytes and microglia are modulated by endocannabinoids and participate in the biosynthesis and metabolism of these compounds. However, the role of neuroglial cells as targets and mediators of endocannabinoid signaling in MS is poorly understood. Here we used a microfluidic RT-qPCR screen to assess changes in the expression of the main endocannabinoid signaling genes in astrocytes and microglia purified from female mice during the time-course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We show that astrocytes and microglia upregulate the expression of genes encoding neurotoxic A1 and pro-inflammatory molecules at the acute disease with many of these transcripts remaining elevated during the recovery phase. Both cell populations exhibited an early onset decrease in the gene expression levels of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) hydrolytic enzymes that persisted during EAE progression as well as cell-type-specific changes in the transcript levels for genes encoding cannabinoid receptors and molecules involved in anandamide (AEA) signaling. Our results demonstrate that astrocytes and microglia responses to autoimmune demyelination involve alterations in the expression of multiple endocannabinoid signaling-associated genes and suggest that this system may regulate the induction of neurotoxic and pro-inflammatory transcriptional programs in both cell types during MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Moreno-García
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940 Leioa, Spain; (Á.M.-G.); (A.B.-C.); (A.R.-A.); (C.M.)
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, E-48940 Leioa, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), E-28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Bernal-Chico
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940 Leioa, Spain; (Á.M.-G.); (A.B.-C.); (A.R.-A.); (C.M.)
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, E-48940 Leioa, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), E-28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Colomer
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, E-48940 Leioa, Spain;
| | - Alfredo Rodríguez-Antigüedad
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940 Leioa, Spain; (Á.M.-G.); (A.B.-C.); (A.R.-A.); (C.M.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), E-28031 Madrid, Spain
- Biocruces, Bizkaia, E-48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Carlos Matute
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940 Leioa, Spain; (Á.M.-G.); (A.B.-C.); (A.R.-A.); (C.M.)
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, E-48940 Leioa, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), E-28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Mato
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940 Leioa, Spain; (Á.M.-G.); (A.B.-C.); (A.R.-A.); (C.M.)
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, E-48940 Leioa, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), E-28031 Madrid, Spain
- Biocruces, Bizkaia, E-48903 Barakaldo, Spain
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sadanandan SM, Kreko-Pierce T, Khatri SN, Pugh JR. Cannabinoid type 2 receptors inhibit GABAA receptor-mediated currents in cerebellar Purkinje cells of juvenile mice. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233020. [PMID: 32437355 PMCID: PMC7241750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling through the endocannabinoid system is critical to proper functioning of the cerebellar circuit. However, most studies have focused on signaling through cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptors, while relatively little is known about signaling through type 2 (CB2) receptors. We show that functional CB2 receptors are expressed in Purkinje cells using a combination of immunohistochemistry and patch-clamp electrophysiology in juvenile mice. Pharmacological activation of CB2 receptors significantly reduces inhibitory synaptic responses and currents mediated by photolytic uncaging of RuBi-GABA in Purkinje cells. CB2 receptor activation does not change the paired-pulse ratio of inhibitory responses and its effects are blocked by inclusion of GDP-β-S in the internal solution, indicating a postsynaptic mechanism of action. However, CB2 receptors do not contribute to depolarization induced suppression of inhibition (DSI), indicating they are not activated by endocannabinoids synthesized and released from Purkinje cells using this protocol. This work demonstrates that CB2 receptors inhibit postsynaptic GABAA receptors by a postsynaptic mechanism in Purkinje cells. This represents a novel mechanism by which CB2 receptors may modulate neuronal and circuit function in the central nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sriity Melley Sadanandan
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Tabita Kreko-Pierce
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Shailesh N. Khatri
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Jason R. Pugh
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
- Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Cannabinoid Signaling Recruits Astrocytes to Modulate Presynaptic Function in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0081-19.2020. [PMID: 31964686 PMCID: PMC7029187 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0081-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are 24-h cycles in physiology regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain, where daily cues act on SCN neurons to alter clock timing. Cannabinoid signaling modulates SCN neuronal activity, although the mechanism remains unclear. We propose that neuronal activity generates endocannabinoid release, activating astrocyte Ca2+ signaling, which releases adenosine and activates adenosine-1 receptors (A1Rs) on the presynaptic axon terminals, decreasing GABA release. We demonstrated, in mice, that activation of cannabinoid-1 receptors (CB1R) with the agonist WIN 55,212-2 (WIN) reduced the miniature GABA receptor-mediated postsynaptic current (mGPSC) frequency by a mechanism that requires astrocytes and A1R. WIN activated an intracellular Ca2+ signaling pathway in astrocytes. Activating this intracellular Ca2+ pathway with designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) also decreased the mGPSC frequency and required A1R activation. The frequency of spontaneous Ca2+ events, including those induced by depolarization of a postsynaptic SCN neuron, was reduced by blocking CB1R activation with AM251, demonstrating neuronal endocannabinoid signaling modulates astrocytic Ca2+ signaling in the SCN. Finally, daytime application of WIN or adenosine phase advanced the molecular circadian clock, indicating that this cannabinoid signaling pathway is vital for the timing of circadian rhythms.
Collapse
|
38
|
Qi G, Mi Y, Yin F. Cellular Specificity and Inter-cellular Coordination in the Brain Bioenergetic System: Implications for Aging and Neurodegeneration. Front Physiol 2020; 10:1531. [PMID: 31969828 PMCID: PMC6960098 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As an organ with a highly heterogenous cellular composition, the brain has a bioenergetic system that is more complex than peripheral tissues. Such complexities are not only due to the diverse bioenergetic phenotypes of a variety of cell types that differentially contribute to the metabolic profile of the brain, but also originate from the bidirectional metabolic communications and coupling across cell types. While brain energy metabolism and mitochondrial function have been extensively investigated in aging and age-associated neurodegenerative disorders, the role of various cell types and their inter-cellular communications in regulating brain metabolic and synaptic functions remains elusive. In this review, we summarize recent advances in differentiating bioenergetic phenotypes of neurons, astrocytes, and microglia in the context of their functional specificity, and their metabolic shifts upon aging and pathological conditions. Moreover, the metabolic coordination between the two most abundant cell populations in brain, neurons and astrocytes, is discussed regarding how they jointly establish a dynamic and responsive system to maintain brain bioenergetic homeostasis and to combat against threats such as oxidative stress, lipid toxicity, and neuroinflammation. Elucidating the mechanisms by which brain cells with distinctive bioenergetic phenotypes individually and collectively shape the bioenergetic system of the brain will provide rationale for spatiotemporally precise interventions to sustain a metabolic equilibrium that is resilient against synaptic dysfunction in aging and neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoyuan Qi
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Yashi Mi
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Fei Yin
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine Tucson, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Roles of Toll-like receptor 2/4, monoacylglycerol lipase, and cyclooxygenase in social defeat stress-induced prostaglandin E 2 synthesis in the brain and their behavioral relevance. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17548. [PMID: 31772309 PMCID: PMC6879743 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54082-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation in the brain and periphery has been associated with stress-related pathology of mental illness. We have shown that prostaglandin (PG) E2, an arachidonic acid-derived lipid mediator, and innate immune receptors Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2/4 are crucial for repeated stress-induced behavioral changes in rodents. However, how the stress induces PGE2 synthesis in the brain and whether TLR2/4 are involved in the PGE2 synthesis remain unknown. Using mice lacking TLR2 and TLR4 in combination, here we show that social defeat stress (SDS) induced the PGE2 synthesis in subcortical, but not cortical, tissues in a TLR2/4-dependent manner. It is known that PGE2 in the brain is mainly derived by monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL)-mediated conversion of endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol to free-arachidonic acid, a substrate for cyclooxygenase (COX) for PGE2 synthesis. We found that TLR2/4 deletion reduced the mRNA expression of MAGL and COX1 in subcortical tissues after repeated SDS. Perturbation of MAGL and COX1 as well as COX2 abolished SDS-induced PGE2 synthesis in subcortical tissues. Furthermore, systemic administration of JZL184, an MAGL inhibitor, abolished repeated SDS-induced social avoidance. These results suggest that SDS induces PGE2 synthesis in subcortical regions of the brain via the MAGL-COX pathway in a TLR2/4-dependent manner, thereby leading to social avoidance.
Collapse
|
40
|
Wu MM, Zhang X, Asher MJ, Thayer SA. Druggable targets of the endocannabinoid system: Implications for the treatment of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. Brain Res 2019; 1724:146467. [PMID: 31539547 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) affects nearly half of all HIV-infected individuals. Synaptodendritic damage correlates with neurocognitive decline in HAND, and many studies have demonstrated that HIV-induced neuronal injury results from excitotoxic and inflammatory mechanisms. The endocannabinoid (eCB) system provides on-demand protection against excitotoxicity and neuroinflammation. Here, we discuss evidence of the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties of the eCB system from in vitro and in vivo studies. We examine the pharmacology of the eCB system and evaluate the therapeutic potential of drugs that modulate eCB signaling to treat HAND. Finally, we provide perspective on the need for additional studies to clarify the role of the eCB system in HIV neurotoxicity and speculate that strategies that enhance eCB signaling might slow cognitive decline in HAND.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariah M Wu
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Xinwen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Melissa J Asher
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Stanley A Thayer
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Szeremeta J, Karlsson J, Alhouayek M, Fowler CJ. Low mRNA expression and activity of monoacylglycerol lipase in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2019; 142:59-67. [PMID: 30978461 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Relatively little is known about the endocannabinoid system in human neuroblastoma cell lines. In the present study, we have investigated the expression of the genes coding for the enzymes involved in the synthesis and catabolism of endocannabinoids in the SH-SY5Y cell line. The expression of MGLL, the gene coding for the 2-arachidonoylglycerol hydrolytic enzyme monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), was found to be 85 and 340 fold lower than the expression levels for the genes coding for alpha/beta-hydrolase domain containing 6 and 12 (ABHD6, ABHD12), which are alternative hydrolytic enzymes for this endocannabinoid. In comparison, mRNA levels of MGLL were 1.5 fold higher than ABHD6 and 2 fold lower than the levels of ABHD12 in DU-145 human prostate cells. In functional assays, the hydrolysis of the 2-arachidonoylglycerol homologue 2-oleoylglycerol by intact SH-SY5Y cells was partially inhibited by the ABHD6 inhibitor WWL70, but not by the MAGL inhibitor JZL184, whereas the reverse was true in DU-145 cells. The combination of JZL184 + WWL70 did, however produce a significantly greater inhibition of 2-OG hydrolysis than seen with WWL70 alone in the SH-SY5Y cells. The low MGLL expression in the SH-SY5Y cells was not due to epigenetic silencing, since levels were not affected by treatment with the methylation inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine and/or the histone acetylase inhibitor trichostatin A. The low MGLL expression in SH-SY5Y cells should be taken into account when using these cells in experiments investigating the involvement of the endocannabinoid system in models of physiological and pathological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janis Szeremeta
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jessica Karlsson
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mireille Alhouayek
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Christopher J Fowler
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ruiz-Calvo A, Bajo-Grañeras R, Maroto IB, Zian D, Grabner GF, García-Taboada E, Resel E, Zechner R, Zimmermann R, Ortega-Gutiérrez S, Galve-Roperh I, Bellocchio L, Guzmán M. Astroglial monoacylglycerol lipase controls mutant huntingtin-induced damage of striatal neurons. Neuropharmacology 2019; 150:134-144. [PMID: 30914306 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoids exert neuroprotection in a wide array of preclinical models. A number of these studies has focused on cannabinoid CB1 receptors in striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) and the most characteristic MSN-degenerative disease, Huntington's disease (HD). Accruing evidence supports that astrocytes contribute to drive HD progression, and that they express CB1 receptors, degrade endocannabinoids, and modulate endocannabinergic transmission. However, the possible role of the astroglial endocannabinoid system in controlling MSN integrity remains unknown. Here, we show that JZL-184, a selective inhibitor of monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL), the key enzyme that deactivates the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol, prevented the mutant huntingtin-induced up-regulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α in primary mouse striatal astrocytes via CB1 receptors. To study the role of astroglial MGL in vivo, we injected stereotactically into the mouse dorsal striatum viral vectors that encode mutant or normal huntingtin under the control of the glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter. We observed that, in wild-type mice, pharmacological blockade of MGL with JZL-184 (8 mg/kg/day, i.p.) conferred neuroprotection against mutant huntingtin-induced striatal damage, as evidenced by the prevention of MSN loss, astrogliosis, and motor coordination impairment. We next found that conditional mutant mice bearing a genetic deletion of MGL selectively in astroglial cells (MGLfloxed/floxed;GFAP-Cre/+ mice) were resistant to mutant huntingtin-induced MSN loss, astrogliosis, and motor coordination impairment. Taken together, these data support that astroglial MGL controls the availability of a 2-arachidonoylglycerol pool that ensues protection of MSNs in the mouse striatum in vivo, thus providing a potential druggable target for reducing striatal neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ruiz-Calvo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Bajo-Grañeras
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene B Maroto
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Debora Zian
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gernot F Grabner
- Institute of Molecular Bioscience, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Elena García-Taboada
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Resel
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Bioscience, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Bioscience, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Silvia Ortega-Gutiérrez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ismael Galve-Roperh
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luigi Bellocchio
- INSERM and University of Bordeaux, NeuroCentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Manuel Guzmán
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Habib A, Chokr D, Wan J, Hegde P, Mabire M, Siebert M, Ribeiro-Parenti L, Le Gall M, Lettéron P, Pilard N, Mansouri A, Brouillet A, Tardelli M, Weiss E, Le Faouder P, Guillou H, Cravatt BF, Moreau R, Trauner M, Lotersztajn S. Inhibition of monoacylglycerol lipase, an anti-inflammatory and antifibrogenic strategy in the liver. Gut 2019; 68:522-532. [PMID: 30301768 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-316137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sustained inflammation originating from macrophages is a driving force of fibrosis progression and resolution. Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the degradation of monoacylglycerols. It is a proinflammatory enzyme that metabolises 2-arachidonoylglycerol, an endocannabinoid receptor ligand, into arachidonic acid. Here, we investigated the impact of MAGL on inflammation and fibrosis during chronic liver injury. DESIGN C57BL/6J mice and mice with global invalidation of MAGL (MAGL -/- ), or myeloid-specific deletion of either MAGL (MAGLMye-/-), ATG5 (ATGMye-/-) or CB2 (CB2Mye-/-), were used. Fibrosis was induced by repeated carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) injections or bile duct ligation (BDL). Studies were performed on peritoneal or bone marrow-derived macrophages and Kupffer cells. RESULTS MAGL -/- or MAGLMye-/- mice exposed to CCl4 or subjected to BDL were more resistant to inflammation and fibrosis than wild-type counterparts. Therapeutic intervention with MJN110, an MAGL inhibitor, reduced hepatic macrophage number and inflammatory gene expression and slowed down fibrosis progression. MAGL inhibitors also accelerated fibrosis regression and increased Ly-6Clow macrophage number. Antifibrogenic effects exclusively relied on MAGL inhibition in macrophages, since MJN110 treatment of MAGLMye-/- BDL mice did not further decrease liver fibrosis. Cultured macrophages exposed to MJN110 or from MAGLMye-/- mice displayed reduced cytokine secretion. These effects were independent of the cannabinoid receptor 2, as they were preserved in CB2Mye-/- mice. They relied on macrophage autophagy, since anti-inflammatory and antifibrogenic effects of MJN110 were lost in ATG5Mye-/- BDL mice, and were associated with increased autophagic flux and autophagosome biosynthesis in macrophages when MAGL was pharmacologically or genetically inhibited. CONCLUSION MAGL is an immunometabolic target in the liver. MAGL inhibitors may show promising antifibrogenic effects during chronic liver injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aida Habib
- INSERM-UMR1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Dina Chokr
- INSERM-UMR1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
| | - JingHong Wan
- INSERM-UMR1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Pushpa Hegde
- INSERM-UMR1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Morgane Mabire
- INSERM-UMR1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Siebert
- INSERM-UMR1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Lara Ribeiro-Parenti
- INSERM-UMR1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.,Département de Chirurgie générale et digestive, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Maude Le Gall
- INSERM-UMR1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Lettéron
- INSERM-UMR1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Pilard
- INSERM-UMR1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Abdellah Mansouri
- INSERM-UMR1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | | | - Matteo Tardelli
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Emmanuel Weiss
- INSERM-UMR1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Pauline Le Faouder
- Inserm U1048, MetaToul-Lipidomic Core Facility, MetaboHUB, Toulouse, France
| | - Hervé Guillou
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Richard Moreau
- INSERM-UMR1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Michael Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sophie Lotersztajn
- INSERM-UMR1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Villaseñor R, Lampe J, Schwaninger M, Collin L. Intracellular transport and regulation of transcytosis across the blood-brain barrier. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:1081-1092. [PMID: 30523362 PMCID: PMC6513804 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2982-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier is a dynamic multicellular interface that regulates the transport of molecules between the blood circulation and the brain parenchyma. Proteins and peptides required for brain homeostasis cross the blood-brain barrier via transcellular transport, but the mechanisms that control this pathway are not well characterized. Here, we highlight recent studies on intracellular transport and transcytosis across the blood-brain barrier. Endothelial cells at the blood-brain barrier possess an intricate endosomal network that allows sorting to diverse cellular destinations. Internalization from the plasma membrane, endosomal sorting, and exocytosis all contribute to the regulation of transcytosis. Transmembrane receptors and blood-borne proteins utilize different pathways and mechanisms for transport across brain endothelial cells. Alterations to intracellular transport in brain endothelial cells during diseases of the central nervous system contribute to blood-brain barrier disruption and disease progression. Harnessing the intracellular sorting mechanisms at the blood-brain barrier can help improve delivery of biotherapeutics to the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Villaseñor
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Josephine Lampe
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Germany
| | - Ludovic Collin
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Neuro-Immunology, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
VanRyzin JW, Marquardt AE, Argue KJ, Vecchiarelli HA, Ashton SE, Arambula SE, Hill MN, McCarthy MM. Microglial Phagocytosis of Newborn Cells Is Induced by Endocannabinoids and Sculpts Sex Differences in Juvenile Rat Social Play. Neuron 2019; 102:435-449.e6. [PMID: 30827729 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Brain sex differences are established developmentally and generate enduring changes in circuitry and behavior. Steroid-mediated masculinization of the rat amygdala during perinatal development produces higher levels of juvenile rough-and-tumble play by males. This sex difference in social play is highly conserved across mammals, yet the mechanisms by which it is established are unknown. Here, we report that androgen-induced increases in endocannabinoid tone promote microglia phagocytosis during a critical period of amygdala development. Phagocytic microglia engulf more viable newborn cells in males; in females, less phagocytosis allows more astrocytes to survive to the juvenile age. Blocking complement-dependent phagocytosis in males increases astrocyte survival and prevents masculinization of play. Moreover, increased astrocyte density in the juvenile amygdala reduces neuronal excitation during play. These findings highlight novel mechanisms of brain development whereby endocannabinoids induce microglia phagocytosis to regulate newborn astrocyte number and shape the sexual differentiation of social circuitry and behavior. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W VanRyzin
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Ashley E Marquardt
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Kathryn J Argue
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Haley A Vecchiarelli
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Mathison Center for Mental Health Research and Education, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N4N1, Canada
| | - Sydney E Ashton
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Sheryl E Arambula
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Matthew N Hill
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Mathison Center for Mental Health Research and Education, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N4N1, Canada; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy & Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N4N1, Canada
| | - Margaret M McCarthy
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Spanu A, Tedesco MT, Martines L, Martinoia S, Bonfiglio A. An organic neurophysiological tool for neuronal metabolic activity monitoring. APL Bioeng 2018; 2:046105. [PMID: 31069327 PMCID: PMC6481818 DOI: 10.1063/1.5050170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring cell metabolism in vitro is considered a relevant methodology in several scientific fields ranging from fundamental biology research to neuro-toxicology. In the last 20 years, several in vitro neuro-pharmacological and neuro-toxicological approaches have been developed, with the intent of addressing the increasing demand for real-time, non-invasive in vitro systems capable of continuously and reliably monitoring cellular activity. In this paper, an Organic Charge Modulated Field Effect Transistor-based device is proposed as a promising tool for neuro-pharmacological applications, thanks to its ultra-high pH sensitivity and a simple fabrication technology. The preliminary characterization of this versatile organic device with primary neuronal cultures shows how these remarkable properties can be exploited for the realization of ultra-sensitive metabolic probes, which are both reference-less and low cost. These features, together with the already assessed capability of this sensor to also monitor the electrical activity of electrogenic cells, could provide important advances in the fabrication of multi-sensing lab-on-chip devices, thus opening up interesting perspectives in the neuro-pharmacological field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - M T Tedesco
- Department of Bioengineering, Robotics and System Engineering, University of Genoa, Via all'Opera Pia 13, 16145 Genova (GE), Italy
| | | | - S Martinoia
- Department of Bioengineering, Robotics and System Engineering, University of Genoa, Via all'Opera Pia 13, 16145 Genova (GE), Italy
| | - A Bonfiglio
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Via Marengo, 09123 Cagliari (CA), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Clapper JR, Henry CL, Niphakis MJ, Knize AM, Coppola AR, Simon GM, Ngo N, Herbst RA, Herbst DM, Reed AW, Cisar JS, Weber OD, Viader A, Alexander JP, Cunningham ML, Jones TK, Fraser IP, Grice CA, Ezekowitz RAB, O’Neill GP, Blankman JL. Monoacylglycerol Lipase Inhibition in Human and Rodent Systems Supports Clinical Evaluation of Endocannabinoid Modulators. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 367:494-508. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.252296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
|
48
|
de Almeida V, Martins-de-Souza D. Cannabinoids and glial cells: possible mechanism to understand schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2018; 268:727-737. [PMID: 29392440 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-018-0874-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Clinical and neurobiological findings have reported the involvement of endocannabinoid signaling in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. This system modulates dopaminergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission that is associated with positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. Despite neurotransmitter impairments, increasing evidence points to a role of glial cells in schizophrenia pathobiology. Glial cells encompass three main groups: oligodendrocytes, microglia, and astrocytes. These cells promote several neurobiological functions, such as myelination of axons, metabolic and structural support, and immune response in the central nervous system. Impairments in glial cells lead to disruptions in communication and in the homeostasis of neurons that play role in pathobiology of disorders such as schizophrenia. Therefore, data suggest that glial cells may be a potential pharmacological tool to treat schizophrenia and other brain disorders. In this regard, glial cells express cannabinoid receptors and synthesize endocannabinoids, and cannabinoid drugs affect some functions of these cells that can be implicated in schizophrenia pathobiology. Thus, the aim of this review is to provide data about the glial changes observed in schizophrenia, and how cannabinoids could modulate these alterations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valéria de Almeida
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil.
| | - Daniel Martins-de-Souza
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBION), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Chicca A, Schafroth MA, Reynoso-Moreno I, Erni R, Petrucci V, Carreira EM, Gertsch J. Uncovering the psychoactivity of a cannabinoid from liverworts associated with a legal high. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaat2166. [PMID: 30397641 PMCID: PMC6200358 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat2166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemical studies on the liverwort Radula genus have previously identified the bibenzyl (-)-cis-perrottetinene (cis-PET), which structurally resembles (-)-Δ9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-trans-THC) from Cannabis sativa L. Radula preparations are sold as cannabinoid-like legal high on the internet, even though pharmacological data are lacking. Herein, we describe a versatile total synthesis of (-)-cis-PET and its (-)-trans diastereoisomer and demonstrate that both molecules readily penetrate the brain and induce hypothermia, catalepsy, hypolocomotion, and analgesia in a CB1 receptor-dependent manner in mice. The natural product (-)-cis-PET was profiled on major brain receptors, showing a selective cannabinoid pharmacology. This study also uncovers pharmacological differences between Δ9-THC and PET diastereoisomers. Most notably, (-)-cis-PET and (-)-trans-PET significantly reduced basal brain prostaglandin levels associated with Δ9-trans-THC side effects in a CB1 receptor-dependent manner, thus mimicking the action of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol. Therefore, the natural product (-)-cis-PET is a psychoactive cannabinoid from bryophytes, illustrating the existence of convergent evolution of bioactive cannabinoids in the plant kingdom. Our findings may have implications for bioprospecting and drug discovery and provide a molecular rationale for the reported effects upon consumption of certain Radula preparations as moderately active legal highs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. Chicca
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - M. A. Schafroth
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - I. Reynoso-Moreno
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - R. Erni
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - V. Petrucci
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - E. M. Carreira
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - J. Gertsch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Seabra G, Falvella ACB, Guest PC, Martins-de-Souza D, de Almeida V. Proteomics and Lipidomics in the Elucidation of Endocannabinoid Signaling in Healthy and Schizophrenia Brains. Proteomics 2018; 18:e1700270. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201700270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Seabra
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics; Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology; Institute of Biology; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Campinas Brazil
| | - Ana Caroline B. Falvella
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics; Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology; Institute of Biology; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Campinas Brazil
| | - Paul C. Guest
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics; Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology; Institute of Biology; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Campinas Brazil
| | - Daniel Martins-de-Souza
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics; Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology; Institute of Biology; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Campinas Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBION) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Valéria de Almeida
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics; Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology; Institute of Biology; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Campinas Brazil
| |
Collapse
|