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MacLean F, Tsegaye AT, Graham JB, Swarts JL, Vick SC, Potchen N, Cruz Talavera I, Warrier L, Dubrulle J, Schroeder LK, Mar C, Thomas KK, Mack M, Sabo MC, Chohan BH, Ngure K, Mugo N, Lingappa JR, Lund JM. Bacterial vaginosis-driven changes in vaginal T cell phenotypes and their implications for HIV susceptibility. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.03.601916. [PMID: 39005354 PMCID: PMC11245000 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.03.601916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a dysbiosis of the vaginal microbiome that is prevalent in reproductive-age women worldwide. Adverse outcomes associated with BV include an increased risk of sexually acquired Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), yet the immunological mechanisms underlying this association are not well understood. To investigate BV driven changes to cervicovaginal tract (CVT) and circulating T cell phenotypes, participants with or without BV provided vaginal tract (VT) and ectocervical (CX) tissue biopsies and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Immunofluorescence analysis of genital mucosal tissues revealed a reduced density of CD3 + CD4 + CCR5 + cells in the VT lamina propria of individuals with compared to those without BV (median 243.8 cells/mm 2 BV-vs 106.9 cells/mm 2 BV+, p=0.043). High-parameter flow cytometry of VT biopsies revealed an increased frequency in individuals with compared to those without BV of dysfunctional CD39 + conventional CD4 + T cells (Tconv) (median frequency 15% BV-vs 30% BV+, p adj =0.0331) and tissue-resident CD69 + CD103 + Tconv (median frequency 24% BV-vs 38% BV+, p adj =0.0061), previously reported to be implicated in HIV acquisition and replication. Our data suggests that BV elicits diverse and complex VT T cell alterations and expands on potential immunological mechanisms that may promote adverse outcomes including HIV susceptibility.
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2
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Deng Y, Zhou J, Li HB. The physiological and pathological roles of RNA modifications in T cells. Cell Chem Biol 2024:S2451-9456(24)00222-8. [PMID: 38986618 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2024.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
RNA molecules undergo dynamic chemical modifications in response to various external or cellular stimuli. Some of those modifications have been demonstrated to post-transcriptionally modulate the RNA transcription, localization, stability, translation, and degradation, ultimately tuning the fate decisions and function of mammalian cells, particularly T cells. As a crucial part of adaptive immunity, T cells play fundamental roles in defending against infections and tumor cells. Recent findings have illuminated the importance of RNA modifications in modulating T cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, and functional activities. Therefore, understanding the epi-transcriptomic control of T cell biology enables a potential avenue for manipulating T cell immunity. This review aims to elucidate the physiological and pathological roles of internal RNA modifications in T cell development, differentiation, and functionality drawn from current literature, with the goal of inspiring new insights for future investigations and providing novel prospects for T cell-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Deng
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine-Yale Institute for Immune Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine-Yale Institute for Immune Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hua-Bing Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine-Yale Institute for Immune Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Geriatrics, Medical Center on Aging of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Chongqing International Institute for Immunology, Chongqing 401320, China.
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3
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Kim YJ, Choi J, Choi YS. Transcriptional regulation of Tfh dynamics and the formation of immunological synapses. Exp Mol Med 2024:10.1038/s12276-024-01254-7. [PMID: 38825646 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-024-01254-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Inside germinal centers (GCs), antigen-specific B cells rely on precise interactions with immune cells and strategic localization between the dark and light zones to clonally expand, undergo affinity maturation, and differentiate into long-lived plasma cells or memory B cells. Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells, the key gatekeepers of GC-dependent humoral immunity, exhibit remarkable dynamic positioning within secondary lymphoid tissues and rely on intercellular interactions with antigen-presenting cells (APCs) during their differentiation and execution of B-cell-facilitating functions within GCs. In this review, we briefly cover the transcriptional regulation of Tfh cell differentiation and function and explore the molecular mechanisms governing Tfh cell motility, their interactions with B cells within GCs, and the impact of their dynamic behavior on humoral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Ji Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jinyong Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youn Soo Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
- Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
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Read KA, Amici SA, Farsi S, Cutcliffe M, Lee B, Lio CWJ, Wu HJJ, Guerau-de-Arellano M, Oestreich KJ. PRMT5 Promotes T follicular helper Cell Differentiation and Germinal Center Responses during Influenza Virus Infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:1442-1449. [PMID: 38436421 PMCID: PMC11018492 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) modify diverse protein targets and regulate numerous cellular processes; yet, their contributions to individual effector T cell responses during infections are incompletely understood. In this study, we identify PRMT5 as a critical regulator of CD4+ T follicular helper cell (Tfh) responses during influenza virus infection in mice. Conditional PRMT5 deletion in murine T cells results in an almost complete ablation of both Tfh and T follicular regulatory populations and, consequently, reduced B cell activation and influenza-specific Ab production. Supporting a potential mechanism, we observe elevated surface expression of IL-2Rα on non-T regulatory effector PRMT5-deficient T cells. Notably, IL-2 signaling is known to negatively impact Tfh differentiation. Collectively, our findings identify PRMT5 as a prominent regulator of Tfh programming, with potential causal links to IL-2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin A. Read
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Stephanie A. Amici
- Division of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Sadaf Farsi
- Division of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Madeline Cutcliffe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology-Immunology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Bella Lee
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Medical Scientist Training Program, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - Chan-Wang Jerry Lio
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology; The Ohio State Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, 43210; USA
| | - Hsin-Jung Joyce Wu
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology-Immunology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology; The Ohio State Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, 43210; USA
| | - Mireia Guerau-de-Arellano
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Division of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Kenneth J. Oestreich
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology; The Ohio State Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, 43210; USA
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5
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Bhattacharya D, Theodoropoulos J, Nurmi K, Juutilainen T, Eklund KK, Koivuniemi R, Kelkka T, Mustjoki S, Lönnberg T. Single-cell characterisation of tissue homing CD4 + and CD8 + T cell clones in immune-mediated refractory arthritis. Mol Med 2024; 30:48. [PMID: 38594612 PMCID: PMC11005137 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-024-00802-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune-mediated arthritis is a group of autoinflammatory diseases, where the patient's own immune system attacks and destroys synovial joints. Sustained remission is not always achieved with available immunosuppressive treatments, warranting more detailed studies of T cell responses that perpetuate synovial inflammation in treatment-refractory patients. METHODS In this study, we investigated CD4 + and CD8 + T lymphocytes from the synovial tissue and peripheral blood of patients with treatment-resistant immune-mediated arthritis using paired single-cell RNA and TCR-sequencing. To gain insights into the trafficking of clonal families, we compared the phenotypes of clones with the exact same TCRß amino acid sequence between the two tissues. RESULTS Our results show that both CD4 + and CD8 + T cells display a more activated and inflamed phenotype in the synovial tissue compared to peripheral blood both at the population level and within individual T cell families. Furthermore, we found that both cell subtypes exhibited clonal expansion in the synovial tissue. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the local environment in the synovium drives the proliferation of activated cytotoxic T cells, and both CD4 + and CD8 + T cells may contribute to tissue destruction and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipabarna Bhattacharya
- Hematology Research Unit Helsinki, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jason Theodoropoulos
- Hematology Research Unit Helsinki, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Katariina Nurmi
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine, Clinicum, Translational Immunology Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Kari K Eklund
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine, Clinicum, Translational Immunology Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Rheumatology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riitta Koivuniemi
- Department of Rheumatology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Kelkka
- Hematology Research Unit Helsinki, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Satu Mustjoki
- Hematology Research Unit Helsinki, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland.
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Tapio Lönnberg
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.
- InFlames Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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Zhou W, Kawashima S, Ishino T, Kawase K, Ueda Y, Yamashita K, Watanabe T, Kawazu M, Dansako H, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa H, Inozume T, Nagasaki J, Togashi Y. Stem-like progenitor and terminally differentiated T FH-like CD4 + T cell exhaustion in the tumor microenvironment. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113797. [PMID: 38363680 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors exert clinical efficacy against various types of cancer through reinvigoration of exhausted CD8+ T cells that attack cancer cells directly in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Using single-cell sequencing and mouse models, we show that CXCL13, highly expressed in tumor-infiltrating exhausted CD8+ T cells, induces CD4+ follicular helper T (TFH) cell infiltration, contributing to anti-tumor immunity. Furthermore, a part of the TFH cells in the TME exhibits cytotoxicity and directly attacks major histocompatibility complex-II-expressing tumors. TFH-like cytotoxic CD4+ T cells have high LAG-3/BLIMP1 and low TCF1 expression without self-renewal ability, whereas non-cytotoxic TFH cells express low LAG-3/BLIMP1 and high TCF1 with self-renewal ability, closely resembling the relationship between terminally differentiated and stem-like progenitor exhaustion in CD8+ T cells, respectively. Our findings provide deep insights into TFH-like CD4+ T cell exhaustion with helper progenitor and cytotoxic differentiated functions, mediating anti-tumor immunity orchestrally with CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Zhou
- Department of Tumor Microenvironment, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; Department of Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; Department of Urology Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Shusuke Kawashima
- Department of Dermatology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; Chiba Cancer Center, Research Institute, Division of Cell Therapy, Chiba 260-8717, Japan
| | - Takamasa Ishino
- Department of Tumor Microenvironment, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; Chiba Cancer Center, Research Institute, Division of Cell Therapy, Chiba 260-8717, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Katsushige Kawase
- Chiba Cancer Center, Research Institute, Division of Cell Therapy, Chiba 260-8717, Japan; Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Youki Ueda
- Department of Tumor Microenvironment, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | | | - Tomofumi Watanabe
- Department of Tumor Microenvironment, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-0932, Japan
| | - Masahito Kawazu
- Chiba Cancer Center, Research Institute, Division of Cell Therapy, Chiba 260-8717, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Dansako
- Department of Tumor Microenvironment, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Kashiwa 277-8568, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Nishikawa
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; Division of Cancer Immunology, National Cancer Center, Research Institute/Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center (EPOC), Tokyo 104-0045, Kashiwa 277-8577, Japan
| | - Takashi Inozume
- Department of Dermatology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; Chiba Cancer Center, Research Institute, Division of Cell Therapy, Chiba 260-8717, Japan
| | - Joji Nagasaki
- Department of Tumor Microenvironment, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; Chiba Cancer Center, Research Institute, Division of Cell Therapy, Chiba 260-8717, Japan.
| | - Yosuke Togashi
- Department of Tumor Microenvironment, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; Chiba Cancer Center, Research Institute, Division of Cell Therapy, Chiba 260-8717, Japan; Division of Cancer Immunology, National Cancer Center, Research Institute/Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center (EPOC), Tokyo 104-0045, Kashiwa 277-8577, Japan.
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7
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Charley KR, Ramstead AG, Matous JG, Kumaki Y, Sircy LM, Hale JS, Williams MA. Effector-Phase IL-2 Signals Drive Th1 Effector and Memory Responses Dependently and Independently of TCF-1. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:586-595. [PMID: 38149929 PMCID: PMC10872735 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Following viral infection, CD4+ T cell differentiation is tightly regulated by cytokines and TCR signals. Although most activated CD4+ T cells express IL-2Rα after lymphocytic choriomeningtis virus infection, by day 3 postinfection, only half of activated T cells maintain expression. IL-2Rα at this time point distinguishes precursors for terminally differentiated Th1 cells (IL-2Rαhi) from precursors for Tfh cells and memory T cells (IL-2Rαlo) and is linked to strong TCR signals. In this study, we test whether TCR-dependent IL-2 links the TCR to CD4+ T cell differentiation. We employ a mixture of anti-IL-2 Abs to neutralize IL-2 throughout the primary CD4+ T cell response to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection in mice or only after the establishment of lineage-committed effector cells (day 3 postinfection). We report that IL-2 signals drive the formation of Th1 precursor cells in the early stages of the immune response and sustain Th1 responses during its later stages (after day 3). Effector-stage IL-2 also shapes the composition and function of resulting CD4+ memory T cells. Although IL-2 has been shown previously to drive Th1 differentiation by reducing the activity of the transcriptional repressor TCF-1, we found that sustained IL-2 signals were still required to drive optimal Th1 differentiation even in the absence of TCF-1. Therefore, we concluded that IL-2 plays a central role throughout the effector phase in regulating the balance between Th1 and Tfh effector and memory cells via mechanisms that are both dependent and independent of its role in modulating TCF-1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal R. Charley
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Andrew G. Ramstead
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Joseph G. Matous
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Yohichi Kumaki
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Linda M. Sircy
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - J. Scott Hale
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Matthew A. Williams
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
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8
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Xie L, Fang J, Yu J, Zhang W, He Z, Ye L, Wang H. The role of CD4 + T cells in tumor and chronic viral immune responses. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e390. [PMID: 37829505 PMCID: PMC10565399 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies are mainly aimed to promote a CD8+ T cell response rather than a CD4+ T cell response as cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) can directly kill target cells. Recently, CD4+ T cells have received more attention due to their diverse roles in tumors and chronic viral infections. In antitumor and antichronic viral responses, CD4+ T cells relay help signals through dendritic cells to indirectly regulate CD8+ T cell response, interact with B cells or macrophages to indirectly modulate humoral immunity or macrophage polarization, and inhibit tumor blood vessel formation. Additionally, CD4+ T cells can also exhibit direct cytotoxicity toward target cells. However, regulatory T cells exhibit immunosuppression and CD4+ T cells become exhausted, which promote tumor progression and chronic viral persistence. Finally, we also outline immunotherapies based on CD4+ T cells, including adoptive cell transfer, vaccines, and immune checkpoint blockade. Overall, this review summarizes diverse roles of CD4+ T cells in the antitumor or protumor and chronic viral responses, and also highlights the immunotherapies based on CD4+ T cells, giving a better understanding of their roles in tumors and chronic viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luoyingzi Xie
- Institute of Hepatopancreatobiliary SurgeryChongqing General HospitalChongqingChina
- The Institute of ImmunologyThird Military Medical University (Army Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Jingyi Fang
- The Institute of ImmunologyThird Military Medical University (Army Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Juncheng Yu
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryXinqiao Hospital Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Weinan Zhang
- Department of Plastic & Cosmetic SurgeryArmy Medical Center of PLAAmy Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Zhiqiang He
- Department of Plastic & Cosmetic SurgeryArmy Medical Center of PLAAmy Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Lilin Ye
- The Institute of ImmunologyThird Military Medical University (Army Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Huaizhi Wang
- Institute of Hepatopancreatobiliary SurgeryChongqing General HospitalChongqingChina
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9
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Schattgen SA, Turner JS, Ghonim MA, Crawford JC, Schmitz AJ, Kim H, Zhou JQ, Awad W, Kim W, McIntire KM, Haile A, Klebert MK, Suessen T, Middleton WD, Teefey SA, Presti RM, Ellebedy AH, Thomas PG. Spatiotemporal development of the human T follicular helper cell response to Influenza vaccination. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.29.555186. [PMID: 37693531 PMCID: PMC10491263 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.29.555186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
We profiled blood and draining lymph node (LN) samples from human volunteers after influenza vaccination over two years to define evolution in the T follicular helper cell (TFH) response. We show LN TFH cells expanded in a clonal-manner during the first two weeks after vaccination and persisted within the LN for up to six months. LN and circulating TFH (cTFH) clonotypes overlapped but had distinct kinetics. LN TFH cell phenotypes were heterogeneous and mutable, first differentiating into pre-TFH during the month after vaccination before maturing into GC and IL-10+ TFH cells. TFH expansion, upregulation of glucose metabolism, and redifferentiation into GC TFH cells occurred with faster kinetics after re-vaccination in the second year. We identified several influenza-specific TFH clonal lineages, including multiple responses targeting internal influenza proteins, and show each TFH state is attainable within a lineage. This study demonstrates that human TFH cells form a durable and dynamic multi-tissue network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan A Schattgen
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jackson S Turner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mohamed A Ghonim
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Aaron J Schmitz
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hyunjin Kim
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Julian Q Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Walid Awad
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Wooseob Kim
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Katherine M McIntire
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alem Haile
- Clinical Trials Unit, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael K Klebert
- Clinical Trials Unit, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Teresa Suessen
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - William D Middleton
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sharlene A Teefey
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rachel M Presti
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ali H Ellebedy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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10
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Ivanova DL, Thompson SB, Klarquist J, Harbell MG, Kilgore AM, Lasda EL, Hesselberth JR, Hunter CA, Kedl RM. Vaccine adjuvant-elicited CD8 + T cell immunity is co-dependent on T-bet and FOXO1. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112911. [PMID: 37516968 PMCID: PMC10577800 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
T-bet and FOXO1 are transcription factors canonically associated with effector and memory T cell fates, respectively. During an infectious response, these factors direct the development of CD8+ T cell fates, where T-bet deficiency leads to ablation of only short-lived effector cells, while FOXO1 deficiency results in selective loss of memory. In contrast, following adjuvanted subunit vaccination in mice, both effector- and memory-fated T cells are compromised in the absence of either T-bet or FOXO1. Thus, unlike responses to challenge with Listeria monocytogenes, productive CD8+ T cell responses to adjuvanted vaccination require coordinated regulation of FOXO1 and T-bet transcriptional programs. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis confirms simultaneous T-bet, FOXO1, and TCF1 transcriptional activity in vaccine-elicited, but not infection-elicited, T cells undergoing clonal expansion. Collectively, our data show that subunit vaccine adjuvants elicit T cell responses dependent on transcription factors associated with effector and memory cell fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria L Ivanova
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Scott B Thompson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jared Klarquist
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Michael G Harbell
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Augustus M Kilgore
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Erika L Lasda
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jay R Hesselberth
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Christopher A Hunter
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ross M Kedl
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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11
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Hiltbrunner S, Cords L, Kasser S, Freiberger SN, Kreutzer S, Toussaint NC, Grob L, Opitz I, Messerli M, Zoche M, Soltermann A, Rechsteiner M, van den Broek M, Bodenmiller B, Curioni-Fontecedro A. Acquired resistance to anti-PD1 therapy in patients with NSCLC associates with immunosuppressive T cell phenotype. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5154. [PMID: 37620318 PMCID: PMC10449840 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40745-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment has the potential to prolong survival in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), however, some of the patients develop resistance following initial response. Here, we analyze the immune phenotype of matching tumor samples from a cohort of NSCLC patients showing good initial response to immune checkpoint inhibitors, followed by acquired resistance at later time points. By using imaging mass cytometry and whole exome and RNA sequencing, we detect two patterns of resistance¨: One group of patients is characterized by reduced numbers of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells and reduced expression of PD-L1 after development of resistance, whereas the other group shows high CD8+ T cell infiltration and high expression of PD-L1 in addition to markedly elevated expression of other immune-inhibitory molecules. In two cases, we detect downregulation of type I and II IFN pathways following progression to resistance, which could lead to an impaired anti-tumor immune response. This study thus captures the development of immune checkpoint inhibitor resistance as it progresses and deepens our mechanistic understanding of immunotherapy response in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Hiltbrunner
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Fribourg, Faculty of Science and Medicine, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
| | - Lena Cords
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8049, Switzerland
- Life Science Zurich Graduate School, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Kasser
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sandra N Freiberger
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Kreutzer
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, ETH and University of Zurich, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Nora C Toussaint
- NEXUS Personalized Health Technologies, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8952, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Linda Grob
- NEXUS Personalized Health Technologies, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8952, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Opitz
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
| | - Michael Messerli
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
| | - Martin Zoche
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alex Soltermann
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
- Pathologie Länggasse, Ittigen, 3063, Switzerland
| | - Markus Rechsteiner
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maries van den Broek
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Bodenmiller
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8049, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Curioni-Fontecedro
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland.
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- University of Fribourg, Faculty of Science and Medicine, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland.
- Clinic of Oncology, Cantonal Hospital Fribourg, Fribourg, 1752, Switzerland.
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12
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Hieber C, Grabbe S, Bros M. Counteracting Immunosenescence-Which Therapeutic Strategies Are Promising? Biomolecules 2023; 13:1085. [PMID: 37509121 PMCID: PMC10377144 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging attenuates the overall responsiveness of the immune system to eradicate pathogens. The increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by innate immune cells under basal conditions, termed inflammaging, contributes to impaired innate immune responsiveness towards pathogen-mediated stimulation and limits antigen-presenting activity. Adaptive immune responses are attenuated as well due to lowered numbers of naïve lymphocytes and their impaired responsiveness towards antigen-specific stimulation. Additionally, the numbers of immunoregulatory cell types, comprising regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, that inhibit the activity of innate and adaptive immune cells are elevated. This review aims to summarize our knowledge on the cellular and molecular causes of immunosenescence while also taking into account senescence effects that constitute immune evasion mechanisms in the case of chronic viral infections and cancer. For tumor therapy numerous nanoformulated drugs have been developed to overcome poor solubility of compounds and to enable cell-directed delivery in order to restore immune functions, e.g., by addressing dysregulated signaling pathways. Further, nanovaccines which efficiently address antigen-presenting cells to mount sustained anti-tumor immune responses have been clinically evaluated. Further, senolytics that selectively deplete senescent cells are being tested in a number of clinical trials. Here we discuss the potential use of such drugs to improve anti-aging therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Hieber
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stephan Grabbe
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Bros
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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13
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Zhu F, McMonigle RJ, Schroeder AR, Xia X, Figge D, Greer BD, González-Avalos E, Sialer DO, Wang YH, Chandler KM, Getzler AJ, Brown ER, Xiao C, Kutsch O, Harada Y, Pipkin ME, Hu H. Spatiotemporal resolution of germinal center Tfh cell differentiation and divergence from central memory CD4 + T cell fate. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3611. [PMID: 37330549 PMCID: PMC10276816 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39299-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells are essential for germinal center (GC) B cell responses. However, it is not clear which PD-1+CXCR5+Bcl6+CD4+ T cells will differentiate into PD-1hiCXCR5hiBcl6hi GC-Tfh cells and how GC-Tfh cell differentiation is regulated. Here, we report that the sustained Tigit expression in PD-1+CXCR5+CD4+ T cells marks the precursor Tfh (pre-Tfh) to GC-Tfh transition, whereas Tigit-PD-1+CXCR5+CD4+ T cells upregulate IL-7Rα to become CXCR5+CD4+ T memory cells with or without CCR7. We demonstrate that pre-Tfh cells undergo substantial further differentiation at the transcriptome and chromatin accessibility levels to become GC-Tfh cells. The transcription factor c-Maf appears critical in governing the pre-Tfh to GC-Tfh transition, and we identify Plekho1 as a stage-specific downstream factor regulating the GC-Tfh competitive fitness. In summary, our work identifies an important marker and regulatory mechanism of PD-1+CXCR5+CD4+ T cells during their developmental choice between memory T cell fate and GC-Tfh cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangming Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Ryan J McMonigle
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Andrew R Schroeder
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Xianyou Xia
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - David Figge
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Braxton D Greer
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Edahí González-Avalos
- Division of Signaling and Gene Expression, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Diego O Sialer
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Yin-Hu Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Kelly M Chandler
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Adam J Getzler
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Emily R Brown
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Changchun Xiao
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Olaf Kutsch
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Yohsuke Harada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, University of Science, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Matthew E Pipkin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Hui Hu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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14
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Bao K, Isik Can U, Miller MM, Brown IK, Dell'Aringa M, Dooms H, Seibold MA, Scott-Browne J, Lee Reinhardt R. A bifurcated role for c-Maf in Th2 and Tfh2 cells during helminth infection. Mucosal Immunol 2023; 16:357-372. [PMID: 37088263 PMCID: PMC10290510 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Differences in transcriptomes, transcription factor usage, and function have identified T follicular helper 2 (Tfh2) cells and T helper 2 (Th2) cells as distinct clusters of differentiation 4+",(CD4) T-cell subsets in settings of type-2 inflammation. Although the transcriptional programs driving Th2 cell differentiation and cytokine production are well defined, dependence on these classical Th2 programs by Tfh2 cells is less clear. Using cytokine reporter mice in combination with transcription factor inference analysis, the b-Zip transcription factor c-Maf and its targets were identified as an important regulon in both Th2 and Tfh2 cells. Conditional deletion of c-Maf in T cells confirmed its importance in type-2 cytokine expression by Th2 and Tfh2 cells. However, while c-Maf was not required for Th2-driven helminth clearance or lung eosinophilia, it was required for Tfh2-driven Immunoglobulin E production and germinal center formation. This differential regulation of cell-mediated and humoral immunity by c-Maf was a result of redundant pathways in Th2 cells that were absent in Tfh2 cells, and c-Maf-specific mechanisms in Tfh2 cells that were absent in Th2 cells. Thus, despite shared expression by Tfh2 and Th2 cells, c-Maf serves as a unique regulator of Tfh2-driven humoral hallmarks during type-2 immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Bao
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
| | - Uryan Isik Can
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, USA
| | - Mindy M Miller
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, USA
| | - Ivy K Brown
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, USA
| | - Mark Dell'Aringa
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA; Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, USA
| | - Hans Dooms
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Max A Seibold
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, USA; Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, USA; Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, USA
| | - James Scott-Browne
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Richard Lee Reinhardt
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA; Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA.
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15
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Bélanger S, Haupt S, Faliti CE, Getzler A, Choi J, Diao H, Karunadharma PP, Bild NA, Pipkin ME, Crotty S. The Chromatin Regulator Mll1 Supports T Follicular Helper Cell Differentiation by Controlling Expression of Bcl6, LEF-1, and TCF-1. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:1752-1760. [PMID: 37074193 PMCID: PMC10334568 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
T follicular helper (TFH) cells are essential for developing protective Ab responses following vaccination. Greater understanding of the genetic program leading to TFH differentiation is needed. Chromatin modifications are central in the control of gene expression. However, detailed knowledge of how chromatin regulators (CRs) regulate differentiation of TFH cells is limited. We screened a large short hairpin RNA library targeting all known CRs in mice and identified the histone methyltransferase mixed lineage leukemia 1 (Mll1) as a positive regulator of TFH differentiation. Loss of Mll1 expression reduced formation of TFH cells following acute viral infection or protein immunization. In addition, expression of the TFH lineage-defining transcription factor Bcl6 was reduced in the absence of Mll1. Transcriptomics analysis identified Lef1 and Tcf7 as genes dependent on Mll1 for their expression, which provides one mechanism for the regulation of TFH differentiation by Mll1. Taken together, CRs such as Mll1 substantially influence TFH differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Bélanger
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sonya Haupt
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences (BMS) Graduate Program. School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Caterina E. Faliti
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Adam Getzler
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Jinyong Choi
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 03083, Republic of Korea
| | - Huitian Diao
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | | | - Nicholas A. Bild
- Genomics Core, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Matthew E. Pipkin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, 9203,7USA
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16
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Scott O, Visuvanathan S, Reddy E, Mahamed D, Gu B, Roifman CM, Cohn RD, Guidos CJ, Ivakine EA. The human Stat1 gain-of-function T385M mutation causes expansion of activated T-follicular helper/T-helper 1-like CD4 T cells and sex-biased autoimmunity in specific pathogen-free mice. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1183273. [PMID: 37275873 PMCID: PMC10235531 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1183273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Humans with gain-of-function (GOF) mutations in STAT1 (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1), a potent immune regulator, experience frequent infections. About one-third, especially those with DNA-binding domain (DBD) mutations such as T385M, also develop autoimmunity, sometimes accompanied by increases in T-helper 1 (Th1) and T-follicular helper (Tfh) CD4 effector T cells, resembling those that differentiate following infection-induced STAT1 signaling. However, environmental and molecular mechanisms contributing to autoimmunity in STAT1 GOF patients are not defined. Methods We generated Stat1T385M/+ mutant mice to model the immune impacts of STAT1 DBD GOF under specific-pathogen free (SPF) conditions. Results Stat1T385M/+ lymphocytes had more total Stat1 at baseline and also higher amounts of IFNg-induced pStat1. Young mutants exhibited expansion of Tfh-like cells, while older mutants developed autoimmunity accompanied by increased Tfh-like cells, B cell activation and germinal center (GC) formation. Mutant females exhibited these immune changes sooner and more robustly than males, identifying significant sex effects of Stat1T385M-induced immune dysregulation. Single cell RNA-Seq (scRNA-Seq) analysis revealed that Stat1T385M activated transcription of GC-associated programs in both B and T cells. However, it had the strongest transcriptional impact on T cells, promoting aberrant CD4 T cell activation and imparting both Tfh-like and Th1-like effector programs. Discussion Collectively, these data demonstrate that in the absence of overt infection, Stat1T385M disrupted naïve CD4 T cell homeostasis and promoted expansion and differentiation of abnormal Tfh/Th1-like helper and GC-like B cells, eventually leading to sex-biased autoimmunity, suggesting a model for STAT1 GOF-induced immune dysregulation and autoimmune sequelae in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ori Scott
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Program for Genetics & Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shagana Visuvanathan
- Program for Genetics & Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Emily Reddy
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Deeqa Mahamed
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bin Gu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Chaim M. Roifman
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Canadian Centre for Primary Immunodeficiency and The Jeffrey Modell Research Laboratory for the diagnosis of Primary Immunodeficiency, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ronald D. Cohn
- Program for Genetics & Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Clinical & Metabolic Genetics, Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cynthia J. Guidos
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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17
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Hao Y, Miraghazadeh B, Chand R, Davies AR, Cardinez C, Kwong K, Downes MB, Sweet RA, Cañete PF, D'Orsogna LJ, Fulcher DA, Choo S, Yip D, Peters G, Yip S, Witney MJ, Nekrasov M, Feng ZP, Tscharke DC, Vinuesa CG, Cook MC. CTLA4 protects against maladaptive cytotoxicity during the differentiation of effector and follicular CD4 + T cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2023:10.1038/s41423-023-01027-8. [PMID: 37161048 PMCID: PMC10166697 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01027-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
As chronic antigenic stimulation from infection and autoimmunity is a feature of primary antibody deficiency (PAD), analysis of affected patients could yield insights into T-cell differentiation and explain how environmental exposures modify clinical phenotypes conferred by single-gene defects. CD57 marks dysfunctional T cells that have differentiated after antigenic stimulation. Indeed, while circulating CD57+ CD4+ T cells are normally rare, we found that they are increased in patients with PAD and markedly increased with CTLA4 haploinsufficiency or blockade. We performed single-cell RNA-seq analysis of matched CD57+ CD4+ T cells from blood and tonsil samples. Circulating CD57+ CD4+ T cells (CD4cyt) exhibited a cytotoxic transcriptome similar to that of CD8+ effector cells, could kill B cells, and inhibited B-cell responses. CTLA4 restrained the formation of CD4cyt. While CD57 also marked an abundant subset of follicular helper T cells, which is consistent with their antigen-driven differentiation, this subset had a pre-exhaustion transcriptomic signature marked by TCF7, TOX, and ID3 expression and constitutive expression of CTLA4 and did not become cytotoxic even after CTLA4 inhibition. Thus, CD57+ CD4+ T-cell cytotoxicity and exhaustion phenotypes are compartmentalised between blood and germinal centers. CTLA4 is a key modifier of CD4+ T-cell cytotoxicity, and the pathological CD4cyt phenotype is accentuated by infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Hao
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Translational Research Unit, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Bahar Miraghazadeh
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Translational Research Unit, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Rochna Chand
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Translational Research Unit, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Ainsley R Davies
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Translational Research Unit, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Chelisa Cardinez
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Translational Research Unit, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Kristy Kwong
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Translational Research Unit, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Morgan B Downes
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Translational Research Unit, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Rebecca A Sweet
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Translational Research Unit, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Pablo F Cañete
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Lloyd J D'Orsogna
- Department of Immunology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - David A Fulcher
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Sharon Choo
- Department of Immunology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Desmond Yip
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Geoffrey Peters
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Sonia Yip
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Unit, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew J Witney
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Maxim Nekrasov
- The ACRF Biomolecular Resource Facility, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Zhi-Ping Feng
- ANU Bioinformatics Consultancy, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - David C Tscharke
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Carola G Vinuesa
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Matthew C Cook
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
- Translational Research Unit, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
- ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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18
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Read KA, Jones DM, Pokhrel S, Hales EDS, Varkey A, Tuazon JA, Eisele CD, Abdouni O, Saadey A, Leonard MR, Warren RT, Powell MD, Boss JM, Hemann EA, Yount JS, Xin G, Ghoneim HE, Lio CWJ, Freud AG, Collins PL, Oestreich KJ. Aiolos represses CD4 + T cell cytotoxic programming via reciprocal regulation of T FH transcription factors and IL-2 sensitivity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1652. [PMID: 36964178 PMCID: PMC10039023 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37420-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
During intracellular infection, T follicular helper (TFH) and T helper 1 (TH1) cells promote humoral and cell-mediated responses, respectively. Another subset, CD4-cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD4-CTLs), eliminate infected cells via functions typically associated with CD8+ T cells. The mechanisms underlying differentiation of these populations are incompletely understood. Here, we identify the transcription factor Aiolos as a reciprocal regulator of TFH and CD4-CTL programming. We find that Aiolos deficiency results in downregulation of key TFH transcription factors, and consequently reduced TFH differentiation and antibody production, during influenza virus infection. Conversely, CD4-CTL programming is elevated, including enhanced Eomes and cytolytic molecule expression. We further demonstrate that Aiolos deficiency allows for enhanced IL-2 sensitivity and increased STAT5 association with CD4-CTL gene targets, including Eomes, effector molecules, and IL2Ra. Thus, our collective findings identify Aiolos as a pivotal regulator of CD4-CTL and TFH programming and highlight its potential as a target for manipulating CD4+ T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin A Read
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Devin M Jones
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Srijana Pokhrel
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Emily D S Hales
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Aditi Varkey
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jasmine A Tuazon
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Caprice D Eisele
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Omar Abdouni
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Abbey Saadey
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Melissa R Leonard
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Combined Anatomic Pathology Residency/PhD Program, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, USA
| | - Robert T Warren
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Michael D Powell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jeremy M Boss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Emily A Hemann
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jacob S Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Gang Xin
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Hazem E Ghoneim
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Chan-Wang J Lio
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Aharon G Freud
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Patrick L Collins
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Kenneth J Oestreich
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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19
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Osum KC, Jenkins MK. Toward a general model of CD4 + T cell subset specification and memory cell formation. Immunity 2023; 56:475-484. [PMID: 36921574 PMCID: PMC10084496 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
In the past few decades, a number of transformative discoveries have been made regarding memory CD8+ T cell biology; meanwhile, the CD4+ T cell field has lagged behind this progress. This perspective focuses on CD4+ helper T (Th) cell subset specification and memory cell formation. Here, we argue that the sheer number of Th effector and memory cell subsets and a focus on their differences have been a barrier to a general model of CD4+ memory T cell formation that applies to all immune responses. We highlight a bifurcation model that relies on an IL-2 signal-dependent switch as an explanation for the balanced production of diverse Th memory cells that participate in cell-mediated or humoral immunity in most contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Osum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Marc K Jenkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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20
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Liver X receptor controls follicular helper T cell differentiation via repression of TCF-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2213793120. [PMID: 36802434 PMCID: PMC9992818 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2213793120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver X receptor (LXR) is a critical regulator of cholesterol homeostasis that inhibits T cell receptor (TCR)-induced proliferation by altering intracellular sterol metabolism. However, the mechanisms by which LXR regulates helper T cell subset differentiation remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that LXR is a crucial negative regulator of follicular helper T (Tfh) cells in vivo. Both mixed bone marrow chimera and antigen-specific T cell adoptive cotransfer studies show a specific increase in Tfh cells among LXRβ-deficient CD4+ T cell population in response to immunization and lymphocytic choriomeningitis mammarenavirus (LCMV) infection. Mechanistically, LXRβ-deficient Tfh cells express augmented levels of T cell factor 1 (TCF-1) but comparable levels of Bcl6, CXCR5, and PD-1 in comparison with those of LXRβ-sufficient Tfh cells. Loss of LXRβ confers inactivation of GSK3β induced by either AKT/Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation or Wnt/β-catenin pathway, leading to elevated TCF-1 expression in CD4+ T cells. Conversely, ligation of LXR represses TCF-1 expression and Tfh cell differentiation in both murine and human CD4+ T cells. LXR agonist significantly diminishes Tfh cells and the levels of antigen-specific IgG upon immunization. These findings unveil a cell-intrinsic regulatory function of LXR in Tfh cell differentiation via the GSK3β-TCF1 pathway, which may serve as a promising target for pharmacological intervention in Tfh-mediated diseases.
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21
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Hofland T, Danelli L, Cornish G, Donnarumma T, Hunt DM, de Carvalho LPS, Kassiotis G. CD4 + T cell memory is impaired by species-specific cytotoxic differentiation, but not by TCF-1 loss. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1168125. [PMID: 37122720 PMCID: PMC10140371 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1168125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are typically considered as 'helper' or 'regulatory' populations that support and orchestrate the responses of other lymphocytes. However, they can also develop potent granzyme (Gzm)-mediated cytotoxic activity and CD4+ cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) have been amply documented both in humans and in mice, particularly in the context of human chronic infection and cancer. Despite the established description of CD4+ CTLs, as well as of the critical cytotoxic activity they exert against MHC class II-expressing targets, their developmental and memory maintenance requirements remain elusive. This is at least in part owing to the lack of a murine experimental system where CD4+ CTLs are stably induced. Here, we show that viral and bacterial vectors encoding the same epitope induce distinct CD4+ CTL responses in challenged mice, all of which are nevertheless transient in nature and lack recall properties. Consistent with prior reports, CD4+ CTL differentiation is accompanied by loss of TCF-1 expression, a transcription factor considered essential for memory T cell survival. Using genetic ablation of Tcf7, which encodes TCF-1, at the time of CD4+ T cell activation, we further show that, contrary to observations in CD8+ T cells, continued expression of TCF-1 is not required for CD4+ T cell memory survival. Whilst Tcf7-deficient CD4+ T cells persisted normally following retroviral infection, the CD4+ CTL subset still declined, precluding conclusive determination of the requirement for TCF-1 for murine CD4+ CTL survival. Using xenotransplantation of human CD4+ T cells into murine recipients, we demonstrate that human CD4+ CTLs develop and persist in the same experimental conditions where murine CD4+ CTLs fail to persist. These observations uncover a species-specific defect in murine CD4+ CTL persistence with implications for their use as a model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Hofland
- Retroviral Immunology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Danelli
- Retroviral Immunology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Georgina Cornish
- Retroviral Immunology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tiziano Donnarumma
- Retroviral Immunology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah M. Hunt
- Mycobacterial Metabolism and Antibiotic Research Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luiz P. S. de Carvalho
- Mycobacterial Metabolism and Antibiotic Research Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - George Kassiotis
- Retroviral Immunology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: George Kassiotis,
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22
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Zhang M, Zhang X. T cells in ocular autoimmune uveitis: Pathways and therapeutic approaches. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 114:109565. [PMID: 36535124 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune uveitis is a non-infectious intraocular condition that affects the uveal tract of the eye and threatens vision if not treated properly. Increasing evidence suggests that activated CD4+ T cells are associated with progressive and permanent destruction of photoreceptors in ocular autoimmune diseases. As such, the purpose of this review is to offer an overview of the role of CD4+ T cells in autoimmune uveitis as well as a justification for the current development and assessment of innovative autoimmune uveitis medications targeting CD4+ T cells. With an emphasis on T helper (Th)17, Th1, and Th2 cells, follicular helper CD4+ T cells, and regulatory T cells, this review presents a summary of recent research related to the pathways and signaling that encourage CD4+ T cells to develop into specialized effector cells. We also describe immunotherapeutic approaches based on CD4+ T cell subsets and their potential as therapeutic agents for autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China.
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23
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Jung IY, Narayan V, McDonald S, Rech AJ, Bartoszek R, Hong G, Davis MM, Xu J, Boesteanu AC, Barber-Rotenberg JS, Plesa G, Lacey SF, Jadlowsky JK, Siegel DL, Hammill DM, Cho-Park PF, Berger SL, Haas NB, Fraietta JA. BLIMP1 and NR4A3 transcription factors reciprocally regulate antitumor CAR T cell stemness and exhaustion. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabn7336. [PMID: 36350986 PMCID: PMC10257143 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abn7336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have not induced meaningful clinical responses in solid tumors. Loss of T cell stemness, poor expansion capacity, and exhaustion during prolonged tumor antigen exposure are major causes of CAR T cell therapeutic resistance. Single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis of CAR T cells from a first-in-human trial in metastatic prostate cancer identified two independently validated cell states associated with antitumor potency or lack of efficacy. Low expression of PRDM1, encoding the BLIMP1 transcription factor, defined highly potent TCF7 [encoding T cell factor 1 (TCF1)]-expressing CD8+ CAR T cells, whereas enrichment of HAVCR2 [encoding T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3)]-expressing CD8+ T cells with elevated PRDM1 was associated with poor outcomes. PRDM1 knockout promoted TCF7-dependent CAR T cell stemness and proliferation, resulting in marginally enhanced leukemia control in mice. However, in the setting of PRDM1 deficiency, a negative epigenetic feedback program of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT)-driven T cell dysfunction was identified. This program was characterized by compensatory up-regulation of NR4A3 and other genes encoding exhaustion-related transcription factors that hampered T cell effector function in solid tumors. Dual knockout of PRDM1 and NR4A3 skewed CAR T cell phenotypes away from TIM-3+CD8+ and toward TCF1+CD8+ to counter exhaustion of tumor-infiltrating CAR T cells and improve antitumor responses, effects that were not achieved with PRDM1 and NR4A3 single knockout alone. These data underscore dual targeting of PRDM1 and NR4A3 as a promising approach to advance adoptive cell immuno-oncotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Young Jung
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (19104)
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (19104)
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (19104)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (19104)
| | - Vivek Narayan
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (19104)
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (19104)
| | - Sierra McDonald
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (19104)
- Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (19104)
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (19104)
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (19104)
| | - Andrew J. Rech
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (19104)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (19104)
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (19104)
| | - Robert Bartoszek
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (19104)
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (19104)
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (19104)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (19104)
| | - Gwanui Hong
- Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (19104)
| | - Megan M. Davis
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (19104)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (19104)
| | - Jun Xu
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (19104)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (19104)
| | - Alina C. Boesteanu
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (19104)
| | - Julie S. Barber-Rotenberg
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (19104)
| | - Gabriela Plesa
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (19104)
| | - Simon F. Lacey
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (19104)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (19104)
| | - Julie K. Jadlowsky
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (19104)
| | - Donald L. Siegel
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (19104)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (19104)
| | - Dana M. Hammill
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (19104)
| | - Park F. Cho-Park
- Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (19104)
| | - Shelley L. Berger
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (19104)
- Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (19104)
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (19104)
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (19104)
| | - Naomi B. Haas
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (19104)
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (19104)
| | - Joseph A. Fraietta
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (19104)
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (19104)
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (19104)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (19104)
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24
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Feng H, Zhao Z, Dong C. Adapting to the world: The determination and plasticity of T follicular helper cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 150:981-989. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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25
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Bélanger S, Haupt S, Freeman BL, Getzler AJ, Diao H, Pipkin ME, Crotty S. The Transcription Factor YY-1 Is an Essential Regulator of T Follicular Helper Cell Differentiation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:1566-1573. [PMID: 36096645 PMCID: PMC11139054 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
T follicular helper (TFH) cells are a specialized subset of CD4 T cells that deliver critical help signals to B cells for the production of high-affinity Abs. Understanding the genetic program regulating TFH differentiation is critical if one wants to manipulate TFH cells during vaccination. A large number of transcription factor (TFs) involved in the regulation of TFH differentiation have been characterized. However, there are likely additional unknown TFs required for this process. To identify new TFs, we screened a large short hairpin RNA library targeting 353 TFs in mice using an in vivo RNA interference screen. Yin Yang 1 (YY-1) was identified as a novel positive regulator of TFH differentiation. Ablation of YY-1 severely impaired TFH differentiation following acute viral infection and protein immunization. We found that the zinc fingers of YY-1 are critical to support TFH differentiation. Thus, we discovered a novel TF involved in the regulation of TFH cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Bélanger
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Sonya Haupt
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Brian L Freeman
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Adam J Getzler
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL
| | - Huitian Diao
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL
| | - Matthew E Pipkin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL
| | - Shane Crotty
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA;
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; and
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
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26
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Lai CY, Marcel N, Yaldiko AW, Delpoux A, Hedrick SM. A Bcl6 Intronic Element Regulates T Follicular Helper Cell Differentiation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 209:1118-1127. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In response to an intracellular infectious agent, the immune system produces a specific cellular response as well as a T cell–dependent Ab response. Precursor T cells differentiate into effector T cells, including Th1 cells, and T follicular helper (TFH) cells. The latter cooperate with B cells to form germinal centers and induce the formation of Ab-forming plasmacytes. One major focal point for control of T cell differentiation is the transcription factor BCL6. In this study, we demonstrated that the Bcl6 gene is regulated by FOXO1-binding, cis-acting sequences located in a highly conserved region of the first Bcl6 intron. In both mouse and human T cells, deletion of the tandem FOXO1 binding sites increased the expression of BCL6 and enhanced the proportion of TFH cells. These results reveal a fundamental control point for cellular versus humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yen Lai
- Molecular Biology Section, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Nimi Marcel
- Molecular Biology Section, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Allen W. Yaldiko
- Molecular Biology Section, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Arnaud Delpoux
- Molecular Biology Section, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Stephen M. Hedrick
- Molecular Biology Section, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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27
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Luo Y, Li D, Xie L, Lei S, Chen X, Wang C, Yao D, Li L, Fang J, Chen C, Yuan S, Li F, Xie X, Zhang Y, Li Z, Hu L, Tang J, Ye L, Wei Z, He R. EZH2 restricts Tcf7 DNA methylation and promotes TFH differentiation during acute viral infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:942465. [PMID: 36045674 PMCID: PMC9420843 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.942465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular helper T (TFH) cells provide specialized help for B cells to ensure optimal humoral immunity. The histone methyltransferase EZH2, as a chromatin repressor, secures the TFH differentiation by promoting TFH lineage associated gene expression during acute viral infection, including Tcf7 and Bcl6. By using conditional deletion murine system, we observed that EZH2 ablation in CD4+ T cells was accompanied by aberrant accumulation of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) DNMT1 and DNMT3B in TFH cells. And the loss of EZH2 promoted aggravation of DNA methylation status at Tcf7 locus. Therefore, our findings suggested that EZH2 plays an important role in maintenance of hypomethylation at Tcf7 locus thus affecting TFH differentiation during acute viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Luo
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Luoyingzi Xie
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shun Lei
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiangyu Chen
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Dong Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingyi Fang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shijie Yuan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaorong Xie
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhirong Li
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Hu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianfang Tang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lilin Ye
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengping Wei
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ran He, ; Zhengping Wei,
| | - Ran He
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Ran He, ; Zhengping Wei,
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Wang Y, Tian Q, Ye L. The Differentiation and Maintenance of SARS-CoV-2-Specific Follicular Helper T Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:953022. [PMID: 35909969 PMCID: PMC9329515 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.953022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon acute viral infection, virus-specific CD4+ T cells differentiate into either TH1 cells or follicular helper T (TFH) cells. The molecular pathways governing such bimodal cell fate commitment remain elusive. Additionally, effector virus-specific TFH cells further differentiate into corresponding memory population, which confer long-term protection against re-infection of same viruses by providing immediate help to virus-specific memory B cells. Currently, the molecular mechanisms underlying the long-term maintenance of memory TFH cells are largely unknown. In this review, we discuss current understanding of early differentiation of virus-specific effector TFH cells and long-term maintenance of virus-specific memory TFH cells in mouse models of viral infection and patients of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immune Regulation and Immunotherapy, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qin Tian
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Immunology, The People’s Liberation Army (PLA), Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lilin Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immune Regulation and Immunotherapy, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Immunology, The People’s Liberation Army (PLA), Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Lilin Ye,
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Yahsi B, Gunaydin G. Immunometabolism – The Role of Branched-Chain Amino Acids. Front Immunol 2022; 13:886822. [PMID: 35812393 PMCID: PMC9259854 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.886822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunometabolism has been the focus of extensive research over the last years, especially in terms of augmenting anti-tumor immune responses. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a subset of CD4+ T cells, which have been known for their immunosuppressive roles in various conditions including anti-tumor immune responses. Even though several studies aimed to target Tregs in the tumor microenvironment (TME), such approaches generally result in the inhibition of the Tregs non-specifically, which may cause immunopathologies such as autoimmunity. Therefore, specifically targeting the Tregs in the TME would be vital in terms of achieving a successful and specific treatment. Recently, an association between Tregs and isoleucine, which represents one type of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), has been demonstrated. The presence of isoleucine seems to affect majorly Tregs, rather than conventional T cells. Considering the fact that Tregs bear several distinct metabolic features in the TME, targeting their immunometabolic pathways may be a rational approach. In this Review, we provide a general overview on the potential distinct metabolic features of T cells, especially focusing on BCAAs in Tregs as well as in their subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berkay Yahsi
- School of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gurcan Gunaydin
- Department of Basic Oncology, Cancer Institute, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- *Correspondence: Gurcan Gunaydin,
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30
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Houser CL, Lawrence BP. The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Modulates T Follicular Helper Cell Responses to Influenza Virus Infection in Mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:2319-2330. [PMID: 35444027 PMCID: PMC9117429 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells support Ab responses and are a critical component of adaptive immune responses to respiratory viral infections. Tfh cells are regulated by a network of signaling pathways that are controlled, in part, by transcription factors. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is an environment-sensing transcription factor that modulates many aspects of adaptive immunity by binding a range of small molecules. However, the contribution of AHR signaling to Tfh cell differentiation and function is not known. In this article, we report that AHR activation by three different agonists reduced the frequency of Tfh cells during primary infection of C57BL/6 mice with influenza A virus (IAV). Further, using the high-affinity and AHR-specific agonist 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, we show that AHR activation reduced Tfh cell differentiation and T cell-dependent B cell responses. Using conditional AHR knockout mice, we demonstrated that alterations of Tfh cells and T cell-dependent B cell responses after AHR activation required the AHR in T cells. AHR activation reduced the number of T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells; however, the ratio of Tfr to Tfh cells was amplified. These alterations to Tfh and Tfr cells during IAV infection corresponded with differences in expression of BCL6 and FOXP3 in CD4+ T cells and required the AHR to have a functional DNA-binding domain. Overall, these findings support that the AHR modulates Tfh cells during viral infection, which has broad-reaching consequences for understanding how environmental factors contribute to variation in immune defenses against infectious pathogens, such as influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L Houser
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY; and
| | - B Paige Lawrence
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY; and
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
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31
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TCF-1: a maverick in T cell development and function. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:671-678. [PMID: 35487986 PMCID: PMC9202512 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01194-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The T cell-specific DNA-binding protein TCF-1 is a central regulator of T cell development and function along multiple stages and lineages. Because it interacts with β-catenin, TCF-1 has been classically viewed as a downstream effector of canonical Wnt signaling, although there is strong evidence for β-catenin-independent TCF-1 functions. TCF-1 co-binds accessible regulatory regions containing or lacking its conserved motif and cooperates with other nuclear factors to establish context-dependent epigenetic and transcription programs that are essential for T cell development and for regulating immune responses to infection, autoimmunity and cancer. Although it has mostly been associated with positive regulation of chromatin accessibility and gene expression, TCF-1 has the potential to reduce chromatin accessibility and thereby suppress gene expression. In addition, the binding of TCF-1 bends the DNA and affects the chromatin conformation genome wide. This Review discusses the current understanding of the multiple roles of TCF-1 in T cell development and function and their mechanistic underpinnings.
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32
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Abstract
TCF1 and its homologue LEF1 are historically known as effector transcription factors downstream of the WNT signalling pathway and are essential for early T cell development. Recent advances bring TCF1 into the spotlight for its versatile, context-dependent functions in regulating mature T cell responses. In the cytotoxic T cell lineages, TCF1 is required for the self-renewal of stem-like CD8+ T cells generated in response to viral or tumour antigens, and for preserving heightened responses to checkpoint blockade immunotherapy. In the helper T cell lineages, TCF1 is indispensable for the differentiation of T follicular helper and T follicular regulatory cells, and crucially regulates immunosuppressive functions of regulatory T cells. Mechanistic investigations have also identified TCF1 as the first transcription factor that directly modifies histone acetylation, with the capacity to bridge transcriptional and epigenetic regulation. TCF1 also has the potential to become an important clinical biomarker for assessing the prognosis of tumour immunotherapy and the success of viral control in treating HIV and hepatitis C virus infection. Here, we summarize the key findings on TCF1 across the fields of T cell immunity and reflect on the possibility of exploring TCF1 and its downstream transcriptional programmes as therapeutic targets for improving antiviral and antitumour immunity.
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33
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In vivo CRISPR screens reveal a HIF-1α-mTOR-network regulates T follicular helper versus Th1 cells. Nat Commun 2022; 13:805. [PMID: 35145086 PMCID: PMC8831505 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28378-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells provide signals to initiate and maintain the germinal center (GC) reaction and are crucial for the generation of robust, long-lived antibody responses, but how the GC microenvironment affects Tfh cells is not well understood. Here we develop an in vivo T cell-intrinsic CRISPR-knockout screen to evaluate Tfh and Th1 cells in an acute viral infection model to identify regulators of Tfh cells in their physiological setting. Using a screen of druggable-targets, alongside genetic, transcriptomic and cellular analyses, we identify a function of HIF-1α in suppressing mTORC1-mediated and Myc-related pathways, and provide evidence that VHL-mediated degradation of HIF-1α is required for Tfh development; an expanded in vivo CRISPR screen reveals multiple components of these pathways that regulate Tfh versus Th1 cells, including signaling molecules, cell-cycle regulators, nutrient transporters, metabolic enzymes and autophagy mediators. Collectively, our data serve as a resource for studying Tfh versus Th1 decisions, and implicate the VHL-HIF-1α axis in fine-tuning Tfh generation. T follicular helper (Tfh) and T help type 1 (Th1) cells both arise from naïve CD4 T cells, but detailed knowledge of their differentiation remains incomplete. Here the authors pursue an in vivo CRISPR screen to identify genes, focusing on druggable targets, regulating Tfh versus Th1 to provide a resource for related studies, while also implicating HIF-1α and VHL in this regulation.
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34
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Saini A, Ghoneim HE, Lio CWJ, Collins PL, Oltz EM. Gene Regulatory Circuits in Innate and Adaptive Immune Cells. Annu Rev Immunol 2022; 40:387-411. [PMID: 35119910 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-101320-025949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cell identity and function largely rely on the programming of transcriptomes during development and differentiation. Signature gene expression programs are orchestrated by regulatory circuits consisting of cis-acting promoters and enhancers, which respond to a plethora of cues via the action of transcription factors. In turn, transcription factors direct epigenetic modifications to revise chromatin landscapes, and drive contacts between distal promoter-enhancer combinations. In immune cells, regulatory circuits for effector genes are especially complex and flexible, utilizing distinct sets of transcription factors and enhancers, depending on the cues each cell type receives during an infection, after sensing cellular damage, or upon encountering a tumor. Here, we review major players in the coordination of gene regulatory programs within innate and adaptive immune cells, as well as integrative omics approaches that can be leveraged to decipher their underlying circuitry. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Immunology, Volume 40 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Saini
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity and Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; ,
| | - Hazem E Ghoneim
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity and Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; ,
| | - Chan-Wang Jerry Lio
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity and Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; ,
| | - Patrick L Collins
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity and Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; ,
| | - Eugene M Oltz
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity and Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; ,
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35
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Ribeiro F, Perucha E, Graca L. T follicular cells: the regulators of germinal centre homeostasis. Immunol Lett 2022; 244:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2022.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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36
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Potential Role of CXCL13/CXCR5 Signaling in Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Treatment in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14020294. [PMID: 35053457 PMCID: PMC8774093 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14020294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Immunotherapy is currently the backbone of new drug treatments for many cancer patients. CXC chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13) is an important factor involved in recruiting immune cells that express CXC chemokine receptor type 5 (CXCR5) in the tumor microenvironment and serves as a key molecular determinant of tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) formation. An increasing number of studies have identified the influence of CXCL13 on prognosis in patients with cancer, regardless of the use of immunotherapy treatment. However, no comprehensive reviews of the role of CXCL13 in cancer immunotherapy have been published to date. This review aims to provide an overview of the CXCL13/CXCR5 signaling axis to summarize its mechanisms of action in cancer cells and lymphocytes, in addition to effects on immunity and cancer pathobiology, and its potential as a biomarker for the response to cancer immunotherapy. Abstract Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), including antibodies that target programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), or cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4), represent some of the most important breakthroughs in new drug development for oncology therapy from the past decade. CXC chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13) exclusively binds CXC chemokine receptor type 5 (CXCR5), which plays a critical role in immune cell recruitment and activation and the regulation of the adaptive immune response. CXCL13 is a key molecular determinant of the formation of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs), which are organized aggregates of T, B, and dendritic cells that participate in the adaptive antitumor immune response. CXCL13 may also serve as a prognostic and predictive factor, and the role played by CXCL13 in some ICI-responsive tumor types has gained intense interest. This review discusses how CXCL13/CXCR5 signaling modulates cancer and immune cells to promote lymphocyte infiltration, activation by tumor antigens, and differentiation to increase the antitumor immune response. We also summarize recent preclinical and clinical evidence regarding the ICI-therapeutic implications of targeting the CXCL13/CXCR5 axis and discuss the potential role of this signaling pathway in cancer immunotherapy.
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Ciucci T, Vacchio MS, Chen T, Nie J, Chopp LB, McGavern DB, Kelly MC, Bosselut R. Dependence on Bcl6 and Blimp1 drive distinct differentiation of murine memory and follicular helper CD4+ T cells. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20202343. [PMID: 34792530 PMCID: PMC8605495 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20202343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During the immune response, CD4+ T cells differentiate into distinct effector subtypes, including follicular helper T (Tfh) cells that help B cells, and into memory cells. Tfh and memory cells are required for long-term immunity; both depend on the transcription factor Bcl6, raising the question whether they differentiate through similar mechanisms. Here, using single-cell RNA and ATAC sequencing, we show that virus-responding CD4+ T cells lacking both Bcl6 and Blimp1 can differentiate into cells with transcriptomic, chromatin accessibility, and functional attributes of memory cells but not of Tfh cells. Thus, Bcl6 promotes memory cell differentiation primarily through its repression of Blimp1. These findings demonstrate that distinct mechanisms underpin the differentiation of memory and Tfh CD4+ cells and define the Bcl6-Blimp1 axis as a potential target for promoting long-term memory T cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ciucci
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Melanie S. Vacchio
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ting Chen
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jia Nie
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Laura B. Chopp
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Dorian B. McGavern
- Viral Immunology and Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Michael C. Kelly
- Single Cell Analysis Facility, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Bethesda, MD
| | - Rémy Bosselut
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Krueger PD, Osum KC, Jenkins MK. CD4 + Memory T-Cell Formation during Type 1 Immune Responses. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:a038141. [PMID: 33903156 PMCID: PMC8635001 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a038141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Naive CD4+ T cells become memory cells after proliferating in response to their cognate major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII)-bound peptide and passing through an effector cell stage. The process by which CD4+ memory T cells emerge from the effector cell pool, however, is less well understood than in the case of CD8+ T cells. During certain acute infections, naive CD4+ T cells proliferate and differentiate into various forms of type 1 (Th1) and follicular helper (Tfh) effector cells. We review the evidence that about 10% of the cells in each of these subsets survive to become memory cells that resemble their effector cell precursors. The roles that asymmetric cell division, the TCF-1 transcription factor, metabolic activity, reactive oxygen species, and the IL-7 receptor play in the effector to memory cell transition are discussed. We propose a speculative model in which the metabolic activity needed for rapid clonal expansion also generates toxic products that induce apoptosis in most effector cells. Memory cells then arise from the effector cells in each subset that are at the low end of the metabolic activity spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Krueger
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Kevin C Osum
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Marc K Jenkins
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Lai SCA, Gundlapalli H, Ekiz HA, Jiang A, Fernandez E, Welm AL. Blocking Short-Form Ron Eliminates Breast Cancer Metastases through Accumulation of Stem-Like CD4+ T Cells That Subvert Immunosuppression. Cancer Discov 2021; 11:3178-3197. [PMID: 34330779 PMCID: PMC8800951 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-1172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has potential to prevent and treat metastatic breast cancer, but strategies to enhance immune-mediated killing of metastatic tumors are urgently needed. We report that a ligand-independent isoform of Ron kinase (SF-Ron) is a key target to enhance immune infiltration and eradicate metastatic tumors. Host-specific deletion of SF-Ron caused recruitment of lymphocytes to micrometastases, augmented tumor-specific T-cell responses, and nearly eliminated breast cancer metastasis in mice. Lack of host SF-Ron caused stem-like TCF1+ CD4+ T cells with type I differentiation potential to accumulate in metastases and prevent metastatic outgrowth. There was a corresponding increase in tumor-specific CD8+ T cells, which were also required to eliminate lung metastases. Treatment of mice with a Ron kinase inhibitor increased tumor-specific CD8+ T cells and protected from metastatic outgrowth. These data provide a strong preclinical rationale to pursue small-molecule Ron kinase inhibitors for the prevention and treatment of metastatic breast cancer. SIGNIFICANCE The discovery that SF-Ron promotes antitumor immune responses has significant clinical implications. Therapeutic antibodies targeting full-length Ron may not be effective for immunotherapy; poor efficacy of such antibodies in trials may be due to their inability to block SF-Ron. Our data warrant trials with inhibitors targeting SF-Ron in combination with immunotherapy. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 2945.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chin Alicia Lai
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Harika Gundlapalli
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - H. Atakan Ekiz
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Amanda Jiang
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Elvelyn Fernandez
- Genomics Summer Research for Minorities (GSRM) Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Alana L. Welm
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Corresponding Author: Alana L. Welm, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Room 2515, Salt Lake City, UT 84112. Phone: 801-587-4622; E-mail:
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40
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Dixon ML, Luo L, Ghosh S, Grimes JM, Leavenworth JD, Leavenworth JW. Remodeling of the tumor microenvironment via disrupting Blimp1 + effector Treg activity augments response to anti-PD-1 blockade. Mol Cancer 2021; 20:150. [PMID: 34798898 PMCID: PMC8605582 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-021-01450-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulation of Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells in the tumor often represents an important mechanism for cancer immune evasion and a critical barrier to anti-tumor immunity and immunotherapy. Many tumor-infiltrating Treg cells display an activated phenotype and express the transcription factor Blimp1. However, the specific impact of these Blimp1+ Treg cells and their follicular regulatory T (TFR) cell subset on tumor and the underlying mechanisms of action are not yet well-explored. METHODS Various transplantable tumor models were established in immunocompetent wild-type mice and mice with a Foxp3-specific ablation of Blimp1. Tumor specimens from patients with metastatic melanoma and TCGA datasets were analyzed to support the potential role of Treg and TFR cells in tumor immunity. In vitro culture assays and in vivo adoptive transfer assays were used to understand how Treg, TFR cells and antibody responses influence tumor control. RNA sequencing and NanoString analysis were performed to reveal the transcriptome of tumor-infiltrating Treg cells and tumor cells, respectively. Finally, the therapeutic effects of anti-PD-1 treatment combined with the disruption of Blimp1+ Treg activity were evaluated. RESULTS Blimp1+ Treg and TFR cells were enriched in the tumors, and higher tumoral TFR signatures indicated increased risk of melanoma metastasis. Deletion of Blimp1 in Treg cells resulted in impaired suppressive activity and a reprogramming into effector T-cells, which were largely restricted to the tumor-infiltrating Treg population. This destabilization combined with increased anti-tumor effector cellular responses, follicular helper T-cell expansion, enhanced tumoral IgE deposition and activation of macrophages secondary to dysregulated TFR cells, remodeled the tumor microenvironment and delayed tumor growth. The increased tumor immunogenicity with MHC upregulation improved response to anti-PD-1 blockade. Mechanistically, Blimp1 enforced intratumoral Treg cells with a unique transcriptional program dependent on Eomesodermin (Eomes) expression; deletion of Eomes in Blimp1-deficient Treg cells restored tumor growth and attenuated anti-tumor immunity. CONCLUSIONS These findings revealed Blimp1 as a new critical regulator of tumor-infiltrating Treg cells and a potential target for modulating Treg activity to treat cancer. Our study has also revealed two FCERIA-containing immune signatures as promising diagnostic or prognostic markers for melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Dixon
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1600 6th Avenue South, CHB 118A, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA.,Graduate Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Lin Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1600 6th Avenue South, CHB 118A, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA.,School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Sadashib Ghosh
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1600 6th Avenue South, CHB 118A, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA.,The O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Grimes
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1600 6th Avenue South, CHB 118A, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA.,Graduate Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Jonathan D Leavenworth
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Jianmei W Leavenworth
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1600 6th Avenue South, CHB 118A, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA. .,The O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA. .,Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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41
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Zoldan K, Ehrlich S, Killmer S, Wild K, Smits M, Russ M, Globig AM, Hofmann M, Thimme R, Boettler T. Th1-Biased Hepatitis C Virus-Specific Follicular T Helper-Like Cells Effectively Support B Cells After Antiviral Therapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:742061. [PMID: 34659236 PMCID: PMC8514946 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.742061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating Th1-biased follicular T helper (cTfh1) cells have been associated with antibody responses to viral infection and after vaccination but their B cell helper functionality is less understood. After viral elimination, Tfh1 cells are the dominant subset within circulating Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)-specific CD4 T cells, but their functional capacity is currently unknown. To address this important point, we established a clone-based system to evaluate CD4 T cell functionality in vitro to overcome experimental limitations associated with their low frequencies. Specifically, we analyzed the transcription factor expression, cytokine secretion and B cell help in co-culture assays of HCV- (n = 18) and influenza-specific CD4 T cell clones (n = 5) in comparison to Tfh (n = 26) and Th1 clones (n = 15) with unknown antigen-specificity derived from healthy donors (n = 4) or direct-acting antiviral (DAA)-treated patients (n = 5). The transcription factor expression and cytokine secretion patterns of HCV-specific CD4 T cell clones indicated a Tfh1 phenotype, with expression of T-bet and Bcl6 and production of IFN-γ and IL-21. Their B helper capacity was superior compared to influenza-specific or Tfh and Th1 clones. Moreover, since Tfh cells are enriched in the IFN-rich milieu of the HCV-infected liver, we investigated the impact of IFN exposure on Tfh phenotype and function. Type I IFN exposure was able to introduce similar phenotypic and functional characteristics in the Tfh cell population within PBMCs or Tfh clones in vitro in line with our finding that Tfh cells are elevated in HCV-infected patients shortly after initiation of IFN-α therapy. Collectively, we were able to functionally characterize HCV-specific CD4 T cells in vitro and not only confirmed a Tfh1 phenotype but observed superior Tfh functionality despite their Th1 bias. Furthermore, our results suggest that chronic type I IFN exposure supports the enrichment of highly functional HCV-specific Tfh-like cells during HCV infection. Thus, HCV-specific Tfh-like cells after DAA therapy may be a promising target for future vaccination design aiming to introduce a neutralizing antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Zoldan
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Ehrlich
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Saskia Killmer
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Wild
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maike Smits
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marissa Russ
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna-Maria Globig
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maike Hofmann
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Thimme
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Boettler
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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42
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Chronic LCMV Infection Is Fortified with Versatile Tactics to Suppress Host T Cell Immunity and Establish Viral Persistence. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101951. [PMID: 34696381 PMCID: PMC8537583 DOI: 10.3390/v13101951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ever since the immune regulatory strains of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), such as Clone 13, were isolated, LCMV infection of mice has served as a valuable model for the mechanistic study of viral immune suppression and virus persistence. The exhaustion of virus-specific T cells was demonstrated during LCMV infection, and the underlying mechanisms have been extensively investigated using LCMV infection in mouse models. In particular, the mechanism for gradual CD8+ T cell exhaustion at molecular and transcriptional levels has been investigated. These studies revealed crucial roles for inhibitory receptors, surface markers, regulatory cytokines, and transcription factors, including PD-1, PSGL-1, CXCR5, and TOX in the regulation of T cells. However, the action mode for CD4+ T cell suppression is largely unknown. Recently, sphingosine kinase 2 was proven to specifically repress CD4+ T cell proliferation and lead to LCMV persistence. As CD4+ T cell regulation was also known to be important for viral persistence, research to uncover the mechanism for CD4+ T cell repression could help us better understand how viruses launch and prolong their persistence. This review summarizes discoveries derived from the study of LCMV in regard to the mechanisms for T cell suppression and approaches for the termination of viral persistence with special emphasis on CD8+ T cells.
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43
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Escobar G, Mangani D, Anderson AC. T cell factor 1: A master regulator of the T cell response in disease. Sci Immunol 2021; 5:5/53/eabb9726. [PMID: 33158974 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abb9726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances have redefined a role for T cell factor 1 (TCF1) that goes beyond T cell development and T memory formation and encompasses new functions in the regulation of T cell biology. Here, we discuss the multifaceted and context-dependent role of TCF1 in peripheral T cells, particularly during disease-induced inflammatory states such as autoimmunity, cancer, and chronic infections. Understanding how TCF1 fine-tunes peripheral T cell biology holds the potential to tailor improved immune-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Escobar
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Davide Mangani
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ana C Anderson
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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44
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Dong L, Cao Y, Hou Y, Liu G. N 6 -methyladenosine RNA methylation: A novel regulator of the development and function of immune cells. J Cell Physiol 2021; 237:329-345. [PMID: 34515345 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
N6 -methyladenosine (m6 A) RNA methylation is a reversible posttranscriptional modification in eukaryotes involving three types of functional proteins: "writers", "erasers", and "readers". m6 A regulates the metabolism of messenger RNAs and noncoding RNAs through RNA structure, splicing, stability, export, and translation, thereby participating in various physiological and pathological processes. Here, we summarize the current state of m6 A methylation researches, focusing on how these modifications modulate the fate decisions of innate and adaptive immune cells and regulate immune responses in immune-associated diseases, including viral infections and cancer. These studies showed that m6 A modifications and m6 A modifying proteins play a critical role in pathogen recognition, immune cell activation, immune cell fate decisions, and immune reactions. m6 A is a novel regulator of immune system homeostasis and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Department of Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yejin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Department of Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yueru Hou
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Department of Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Guangwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Department of Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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45
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Raynor JL, Chapman NM, Chi H. Metabolic Control of Memory T-Cell Generation and Stemness. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:cshperspect.a037770. [PMID: 33820774 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a037770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The formation of long-lived memory T cells is a critical feature of the adaptive immune response. T cells undergo metabolic reprogramming to establish a functional memory population. While initial studies characterized key metabolic pathways necessary for memory T-cell development, recent findings highlight that metabolic regulation of memory T-cell subsets is diverse. Here we describe the different requirements for metabolic programs and metabolism-related signaling pathways in memory T-cell development. We further discuss the contribution of cellular metabolism to memory T-cell functional reprogramming and stemness within acute and chronic inflammatory environments. Last, we highlight knowledge gaps and propose approaches to determine the roles of metabolites and metabolic enzymes in memory T-cell fate. Understanding how cellular metabolism regulates a functionally diverse memory population will undoubtedly provide new therapeutic insights to modulate protective T-cell immunity in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana L Raynor
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Nicole M Chapman
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
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46
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T FH cells depend on Tcf1-intrinsic HDAC activity to suppress CTLA4 and guard B-cell help function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2014562118. [PMID: 33372138 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2014562118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Precise regulation of coinhibitory receptors is essential for maintaining immune tolerance without interfering with protective immunity, yet the mechanism underlying such a balanced act remains poorly understood. In response to protein immunization, T follicular helper (TFH) cells lacking Tcf1 and Lef1 transcription factors were phenotypically normal but failed to promote germinal center formation and antibody production. Transcriptomic profiling revealed that Tcf1/Lef1-deficient TFH cells aberrantly up-regulated CTLA4 and LAG3 expression, and treatment with anti-CTLA4 alone or combined with anti-LAG3 substantially rectified B-cell help defects by Tcf1/Lef1-deficient TFH cells. Mechanistically, Tcf1 and Lef1 restrain chromatin accessibility at the Ctla4 and Lag3 loci. Groucho/Tle corepressors, which are known to cooperate with Tcf/Lef factors, were essential for TFH cell expansion but dispensable for repressing coinhibitory receptors. In contrast, mutating key amino acids in histone deacetylase (HDAC) domain in Tcf1 resulted in CTLA4 derepression in TFH cells. These findings demonstrate that Tcf1-instrinsic HDAC activity is necessary for preventing excessive CTLA4 induction in protein immunization-elicited TFH cells and hence guarding their B-cell help function.
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47
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Hart AP, Laufer TM. A review of signaling and transcriptional control in T follicular helper cell differentiation. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 111:173-195. [PMID: 33866600 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1ri0121-066r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are a critical component of adaptive immunity and assist in optimal Ab-mediated defense. Multiple effector functions of Tfh support germinal center B cell survival, Ab class switching, and plasma cell maturation. In the past 2 decades, the phenotype and functional characteristics of GC Tfh have been clarified allowing for robust studies of the Th subset including activation signals and environmental cues controlling Tfh differentiation and migration during an immune response. A unique, 2-step differentiation process of Tfh has been proposed but the mechanisms underlying transition between unstable Tfh precursors and functional mature Tfh remain elusive. Likewise, newly identified transcriptional regulators of Tfh development have not yet been incorporated into our understanding of how these cells might function in disease. Here, we review the signals and downstream transcription factors that shape Tfh differentiation including what is known about the epigenetic processes that maintain Tfh identity. It is proposed that further evaluation of the stepwise differentiation pattern of Tfh will yield greater insights into how these cells become dysregulated in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Hart
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Terri M Laufer
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Corporal Michael C. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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48
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Schroeder AR, Zhu F, Hu H. Stepwise Tfh cell differentiation revisited: new advances and long-standing questions. Fac Rev 2021; 10. [PMID: 33644779 PMCID: PMC7894273 DOI: 10.12703/r/10-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells play an essential role in germinal center formation and the generation of high-affinity antibodies. Studies have proposed that Tfh cell differentiation is a multi-step process. However, it is still not fully understood how a subset of activated CD4+ T cells begin to express CXCR5 during the early stage of the response and, shortly after, how some CXCR5+ precursor Tfh (pre-Tfh) cells enter B cell follicles and differentiate further into germinal center Tfh (GC-Tfh) cells while others have a different fate. In this mini-review, we summarize the recent advances surrounding these two aspects of Tfh cell differentiation and discuss related long-standing questions, including Tfh memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Schroeder
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Fangming Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Hui Hu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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49
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Wang F, Qi Z, Yao Y, Yu G, Feng T, Zhao T, Xue HH, Zhao Y, Jiang P, Bao L, Yu S. Exploring the stage-specific roles of Tcf-1 in T cell development and malignancy at single-cell resolution. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:644-659. [PMID: 32868912 PMCID: PMC8027857 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00527-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tcf-1 (encoded by Tcf7) not only plays critical roles in promoting T cell development and differentiation but also has been identified as a tumor suppressor involved in preventing T cell malignancy. However, the comprehensive mechanisms of Tcf-1 involved in T cell transformation remain poorly understood. In this study, Tcf7fl/fl mice were crossed with Vav-cre, Lck-cre, or Cd4-cre mice to delete Tcf-1 conditionally at the beginning of the HSC, DN2-DN3, or DP stage, respectively. The defective T cell development phenotypes became gradually less severe as the deletion stage became more advanced in distinct mouse models. Interestingly, consistent with Tcf7-/- mice, Tcf7fl/flVav-cre mice developed aggressive T cell lymphoma within 45 weeks, but no tumors were generated in Tcf7fl/flLck-cre or Tcf7fl/flCd4-cre mice. Single-cell RNA-seq (ScRNA-seq) indicated that ablation of Tcf-1 at distinct phases can subdivide DN1 cells into three clusters (C1, C2, and C3) and DN2-DN3 cells into three clusters (C4, C5, and C6). Moreover, Tcf-1 deficiency redirects bifurcation among divergent cell fates, and clusters C1 and C4 exhibit high potential for leukemic transformation. Mechanistically, we found that Tcf-1 directly binds and mediates chromatin accessibility for both typical T cell regulators and proto-oncogenes, including Myb, Mycn, Runx1, and Lyl1 in the DN1 phase and Lef1, Id2, Dtx1, Fyn, Bcl11b, and Zfp36l2 in the DN2-DN3 phase. The aberrant expression of these genes due to Tcf-1 deficiency in very early T cells contributes to subsequent tumorigenesis. Thus, we demonstrated that Tcf-1 plays stage-specific roles in regulating early thymocyte development and transformation, providing new insights and evidence for clinical trials on T-ALL leukemia.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-alpha/physiology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)/physiology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/etiology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/metabolism
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Single-Cell Analysis/methods
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Yingpeng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Guotao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Hui Xue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Yaofeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Regenerative Biology Laboratory, Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, 53707, USA
| | - Li Bao
- Department Hematology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, 100096, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, 100193, Beijing, China.
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50
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Yao C, Lou G, Sun HW, Zhu Z, Sun Y, Chen Z, Chauss D, Moseman EA, Cheng J, D'Antonio MA, Shi W, Shi J, Kometani K, Kurosaki T, Wherry EJ, Afzali B, Gattinoni L, Zhu Y, McGavern DB, O'Shea JJ, Schwartzberg PL, Wu T. BACH2 enforces the transcriptional and epigenetic programs of stem-like CD8 + T cells. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:370-380. [PMID: 33574619 PMCID: PMC7906956 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-00868-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
During chronic infection and cancer, a self-renewing CD8+ T cell subset maintains long-term immunity and is critical to the effectiveness of immunotherapy. These stem-like CD8+ T cells diverge from other CD8+ subsets early after chronic viral infection. However, pathways guarding stem-like CD8+ T cells against terminal exhaustion remain unclear. Here, we show that the gene encoding transcriptional repressor BACH2 is transcriptionally and epigenetically active in stem-like CD8+ T cells but not terminally exhausted cells early after infection. BACH2 overexpression enforced stem-like cell fate, whereas BACH2 deficiency impaired stem-like CD8+ T cell differentiation. Single-cell transcriptomic and epigenomic approaches revealed that BACH2 established the transcriptional and epigenetic programs of stem-like CD8+ T cells. In addition, BACH2 suppressed the molecular program driving terminal exhaustion through transcriptional repression and epigenetic silencing. Thus, our study reveals a new pathway that enforces commitment to stem-like CD8+ lineage and prevents an alternative terminally exhausted cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yao
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Guohua Lou
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Hong-Wei Sun
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ziang Zhu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Zeyu Chen
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel Chauss
- Immunoregulation Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - E Ashley Moseman
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jun Cheng
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marc A D'Antonio
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Wangke Shi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Junwei Shi
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kohei Kometani
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kurosaki
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Japan
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - E John Wherry
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Behdad Afzali
- Immunoregulation Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Luca Gattinoni
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Yuwen Zhu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Dorian B McGavern
- Viral Immunology and Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John J O'Shea
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pamela L Schwartzberg
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tuoqi Wu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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