An Eye Organoid Approach Identifies Six3 Suppression of R-spondin 2 as a Critical Step in Mouse Neuroretina Differentiation

Retinal Organoid Models Show Heterozygous Rhodopsin Mutation Favors Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Induced Apoptosis in Rods

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a prevalent inherited retinal degenerative disease resulting from photoreceptor and pigment epithelial apoptosis. The Rhodopsin (RHO) is the most commonly associated pathogenic gene in RP. However, RHO mutations (c.512C>T P171L) have been infrequently reported, and the RP pathogenesis caused by these mutations remains unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of RHO (c.512C>T P171L) mutation on retinal cell differentiation and elucidate the underlying mechanisms of RP. An effective retinal organoid induction scheme for inhibiting the Wnt signaling pathway was selected for further experiments, and the established cell line chHES-406 was demonstrated to be heterozygous for RHO c.512C>T, with a normal karyotype and pluripotency potential. Furthermore, the development of chHES-406 organoids may be delayed, and apoptosis detection and co-localization revealed that chHES-406 organoids had more apoptotic cells than chHES-90 in the outer nuclear layer (ONL), mutant RHO protein was mislocalized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and stress-related and apoptotic gene expression increased. Overall, our study elucidated a possible mechanism by which ER stress caused by RHO P171L protein mislocalization may lead to ONL cell apoptosis.

Characterization of an eye field-like state during optic vesicle organoid development

Specification of the eye field (EF) within the neural plate marks the earliest detectable stage of eye development. Experimental evidence, primarily from non-mammalian model systems, indicates that the stable formation of this group of cells requires the activation of a set of key transcription factors. This crucial event is challenging to probe in mammals and, quantitatively, little is known regarding the regulation of the transition of cells to this ocular fate. Using optic vesicle organoids to model the onset of the EF, we generate time-course transcriptomic data allowing us to identify dynamic gene expression programmes that characterize this cellular-state transition. Integrating this with chromatin accessibility data suggests a direct role of canonical EF transcription factors in regulating these gene expression changes, and highlights candidate cis-regulatory elements through which these transcription factors act. Finally, we begin to test a subset of these candidate enhancer elements, within the organoid system, by perturbing the underlying DNA sequence and measuring transcriptomic changes during EF activation.

Lactate-dependent transcriptional regulation controls mammalian eye morphogenesis

Mammalian retinal metabolism favors aerobic glycolysis. However, the role of glycolytic metabolism in retinal morphogenesis remains unknown. We report that aerobic glycolysis is necessary for the early stages of retinal development. Taking advantage of an unbiased approach that combines the use of eye organoids and single-cell RNA sequencing, we identify specific glucose transporters and glycolytic genes in retinal progenitors. Next, we determine that the optic vesicle territory of mouse embryos displays elevated levels of glycolytic activity. At the functional level, we show that removal of Glucose transporter 1 and Lactate dehydrogenase A gene activity from developing retinal progenitors arrests eye morphogenesis. Surprisingly, we uncover that lactate-mediated upregulation of key eye-field transcription factors is controlled by the epigenetic modification of histone H3 acetylation through histone deacetylase activity. Our results identify an unexpected bioenergetic independent role of lactate as a signaling molecule necessary for mammalian eye morphogenesis.

A Comprehensive Update of Cerebral Organoids between Applications and Challenges

The basic technology of stem cells has been developed and created organoids, which have established a strong interest in regenerative medicine. Different cell types have been used to generate cerebral organoids, which include interneurons and oligodendrocytes (OLs). OLs are fundamental for brain development. Abundant studies have displayed that brain organoids can recapitulate fundamental and vital features of the human brain, such as cellular regulation and distribution, neuronal networks, electrical activities, and physiological structure. The organoids contain essential ventral brain domains and functional cortical interneurons, which are similar to the developing cortex and medial ganglionic eminence (MGE). So, brain organoids have provided a singular model to study and investigate neurological disorder mechanisms and therapeutics. Furthermore, the blood brain barrier (BBB) organoids modeling contributes to accelerate therapeutic discovery for the treatment of several neuropathologies. In this review, we summarized the advances of the brain organoids applications to investigate neurological disorder mechanisms such as neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders, mental disorders, brain cancer, and cerebral viral infections. We discussed brain organoids’ therapeutic application as a potential therapeutic unique method and highlighted in detail the challenges and hurdles of organoid models.

Retinal organoid light responsivity: current status and future opportunities

The ability to generate human retinas in vitro from pluripotent stem cells opened unprecedented opportunities for basic science and for the development of therapeutic approaches for retinal degenerative diseases. Retinal organoid models not only mimic the histoarchitecture and cellular composition of the native retina, but they can achieve a remarkable level of maturation that allows them to respond to light stimulation. However, studies evaluating the nature, magnitude, and properties of light-evoked responsivity from each cell type, in each retinal organoid layer, have been sparse. In this review we discuss the current understanding of retinal organoid function, the technologies used for functional assessment in human retinal organoids, and the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead.

Modulators of Wnt Signaling Pathway Implied in Dentin Pulp Complex Engineering: A Literature Review

The main goal of vital pulp therapy (VPT) is to preserve the vitality of the pulp tissue, even when it is exposed due to bacterial invasion, iatrogenic mechanical preparation, or trauma. The type of new dentin formed as a result of VPT can differ in its cellular origin, its microstructure, and its barrier function. It is generally agreed that the new dentin produced by odontoblasts (reactionary dentin) has a tubular structure, while the dentin produced by pulp cells (reparative dentin) does not or has less. Thus, even VPT aims to maintain the vitality of the pulp. It does not regenerate the dentin pulp complex integrity. Therefore, many studies have sought to identify new therapeutic strategies to successfully regenerate the dentin pulp complex. Among them is a Wnt protein-based strategy based on the fact that Wnt proteins seem to be powerful stem cell factors that allow control of the self-renewal and proliferation of multiple adult stem cell populations, suitable for homeostasis maintenance, tissue healing, and regeneration promotion. Thus, this review outlines the different agents targeting the Wnt signaling that could be applied in a tooth environment, and could be a potential therapy for dentin pulp complex and bone regeneration.

Comprehensive Analysis of Hub Genes Associated With Competing Endogenous RNA Networks in Stroke Using Bioinformatics Analysis

Background: Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is the second leading cause of death and the third leading cause of disability worldwide. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are promising biomarkers for the early diagnosis of AIS and closely participate in the mechanism of stroke onset. However, studies focusing on lncRNAs functioning as microRNA (miRNA) sponges to regulate the mRNA expression are rare and superficial. Methods: In this study, we systematically analyzed the expression profiles of lncRNA, mRNA (GSE58294), and miRNA (GSE110993) from the GEO database. Gene ontology (GO) analysis was performed to reveal the functions of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and we used weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to investigate the relationships between clinical features and expression profiles and the co-expression of miRNA and lncRNA. Finally, we constructed a lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network with selected DEGs using bioinformatics methods and obtained ROC curves to assess the diagnostic efficacy of differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs) and differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs) in our network. The GSE22255 dataset was used to confirm the diagnostic value of candidate genes. Results: In total, 199 DElncRNAs, 2068 DEmRNAs, and 96 differentially expressed miRNAs were detected. The GO analysis revealed that DEmRNAs primarily participate in neutrophil activation, neutrophil degranulation, vacuolar transport, and lysosomal transport. WGCNA screened out 16 lncRNAs and 195 mRNAs from DEGs, and only eight DElncRNAs maintained an area under the curve higher than 0.9. By investigating the relationships between lncRNAs and mRNAs, a ceRNA network containing three lncRNAs, three miRNAs, and seven mRNAs was constructed. GSE22255 confirmed that RP1-193H18.2 is more advantageous for diagnosing stroke, whereas no mRNA showed realistic diagnostic efficacy. Conclusion: The ceRNA network may broaden our understanding of AIS pathology, and the candidate lncRNA from the ceRNA network is assumed to be a promising therapeutic target and diagnostic biomarker for AIS.

The SIX Family of Transcription Factors: Common Themes Integrating Developmental and Cancer Biology

The sine oculis (SIX) family of transcription factors are key regulators of developmental processes during embryogenesis. Members of this family control gene expression to promote self-renewal of progenitor cell populations and govern mechanisms of cell differentiation. When the function of SIX genes becomes disrupted, distinct congenital defects develops both in animal models and humans. In addition to the embryonic setting, members of the SIX family have been found to be critical regulators of tumorigenesis, promoting cell proliferation, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and metastasis. Research in both the fields of developmental biology and cancer research have provided an extensive understanding of SIX family transcription factor functions. Here we review recent progress in elucidating the role of SIX family genes in congenital disease as well as in the promotion of cancer. Common themes arise when comparing SIX transcription factor function during embryonic and cancer development. We highlight the complementary nature of these two fields and how knowledge in one area can open new aspects of experimentation in the other.

Brain organoid: a 3D technology for investigating cellular composition and interactions in human neurological development and disease models in vitro

Abstract

The study of human brain physiology, including cellular interactions in normal and disease conditions, has been a challenge due to its complexity and unavailability. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) study is indispensable in the study of the pathophysiology of neurological disorders. Nevertheless, monolayer systems lack the cytoarchitecture necessary for cellular interactions and neurological disease modeling. Brain organoids generated from human pluripotent stem cells supply an ideal environment to model both cellular interactions and pathophysiology of the human brain. This review article discusses the composition and interactions among neural lineage and non-central nervous system cell types in brain organoids, current studies, and future perspectives in brain organoid research. Ultimately, the promise of brain organoids is to unveil previously inaccessible features of neurobiology that emerge from complex cellular interactions and to improve our mechanistic understanding of neural development and diseases.

Graphical abstract

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02369-8.

Organoids for the Study of Retinal Development and Developmental Abnormalities

The cumulative knowledge of retina development has been instrumental in the generation of retinal organoid systems from pluripotent stem cells; and these three-dimensional organoid models, in turn, have provided unprecedented opportunities for retinal research and translational applications, including the ability to model disease in a human setting and to apply these models to the development and validation of therapeutic drugs. In this review article, we examine how retinal organoids can also contribute to our understanding of retinal developmental mechanisms, how this knowledge can be applied to modeling developmental abnormalities, and highlight some of the avenues that remain to be explored.

Genetic variation affects morphological retinal phenotypes extracted from UK Biobank optical coherence tomography images

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) enables non-invasive imaging of the retina and is used to diagnose and manage ophthalmic diseases including glaucoma. We present the first large-scale genome-wide association study of inner retinal morphology using phenotypes derived from OCT images of 31,434 UK Biobank participants. We identify 46 loci associated with thickness of the retinal nerve fibre layer or ganglion cell inner plexiform layer. Only one of these loci has been associated with glaucoma, and despite its clear role as a biomarker for the disease, Mendelian randomisation does not support inner retinal thickness being on the same genetic causal pathway as glaucoma. We extracted overall retinal thickness at the fovea, representative of foveal hypoplasia, with which three of the 46 SNPs were associated. We additionally associate these three loci with visual acuity. In contrast to the Mendelian causes of severe foveal hypoplasia, our results suggest a spectrum of foveal hypoplasia, in part genetically determined, with consequences on visual function.

Organoids and organ chips in ophthalmology

Recent advances have driven the development of stem cell-derived, self-organizing, three-dimensional miniature organs, termed organoids, which mimic different eye tissues including the retina, cornea, and lens. Organoids and engineered microfluidic organ-on-chips (organ chips) are transformative technologies that show promise in simulating the architectural and functional complexity of native organs. Accordingly, they enable exploration of facets of human disease and development not accurately recapitulated by animal models. Together, these technologies will increase our understanding of the basic physiology of different eye structures, enable us to interrogate unknown aspects of ophthalmic disease pathogenesis, and serve as clinically-relevant surrogates for the evaluation of ocular therapeutics. Both the burden and prevalence of monogenic and multifactorial ophthalmic diseases, which can cause visual impairment or blindness, in the human population warrants a paradigm shift towards organoids and organ chips that can provide sensitive, quantitative, and scalable phenotypic assays. In this article, we review the current situation of organoids and organ chips in ophthalmology and discuss how they can be leveraged for translational applications.

Limitations and Promise of Retinal Tissue From Human Pluripotent Stem Cells for Developing Therapies of Blindness

The self-formation of retinal tissue from pluripotent stem cells generated a tremendous promise for developing new therapies of retinal degenerative diseases, which previously seemed unattainable. Together with use of induced pluripotent stem cells or/and CRISPR-based recombineering the retinal organoid technology provided an avenue for developing models of human retinal degenerative diseases "in a dish" for studying the pathology, delineating the mechanisms and also establishing a platform for large-scale drug screening. At the same time, retinal organoids, highly resembling developing human fetal retinal tissue, are viewed as source of multipotential retinal progenitors, young photoreceptors and just the whole retinal tissue, which may be transplanted into the subretinal space with a goal of replacing patient's degenerated retina with a new retinal "patch." Both approaches (transplantation and modeling/drug screening) were projected when Yoshiki Sasai demonstrated the feasibility of deriving mammalian retinal tissue from pluripotent stem cells, and generated a lot of excitement. With further work and testing of both approaches in vitro and in vivo, a major implicit limitation has become apparent pretty quickly: the absence of the uniform layer of Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) cells, which is normally present in mammalian retina, surrounds photoreceptor layer and develops and matures first. The RPE layer polarize into apical and basal sides during development and establish microvilli on the apical side, interacting with photoreceptors, nurturing photoreceptor outer segments and participating in the visual cycle by recycling 11-trans retinal (bleached pigment) back to 11-cis retinal. Retinal organoids, however, either do not have RPE layer or carry patches of RPE mostly on one side, thus directly exposing most photoreceptors in the developing organoids to neural medium. Recreation of the critical retinal niche between the apical RPE and photoreceptors, where many retinal disease mechanisms originate, is so far unattainable, imposes clear limitations on both modeling/drug screening and transplantation approaches and is a focus of investigation in many labs. Here we dissect different retinal degenerative diseases and analyze how and where retinal organoid technology can contribute the most to developing therapies even with a current limitation and absence of long and functional outer segments, supported by RPE.

Ocular coloboma: Genetic variants reveal a dynamic model of eye development

Ocular coloboma is a congenital disorder of the eye where a gap exists in the inferior retina, lens, iris, or optic nerve tissue. With a prevalence of 2-19 per 100,000 live births, coloboma, and microphthalmia, an associated ocular disorder, represent up to 10% of childhood blindness. It manifests due to the failure of choroid fissure closure during eye development, and it is a part of a spectrum of ocular disorders that include microphthalmia and anophthalmia. Use of genetic approaches from classical pedigree analyses to next generation sequencing has identified more than 40 loci that are associated with the causality of ocular coloboma. As we have expanded studies to include singleton cases, hereditability has been very challenging to prove. As such, researchers over the past 20 years, have unraveled the complex interrelationship amongst these 40 genes using vertebrate model organisms. Such research has greatly increased our understanding of eye development. These genes function to regulate initial specification of the eye field, migration of retinal precursors, patterning of the retina, neural crest cell biology, and activity of head mesoderm. This review will discuss the discovery of loci using patient data, their investigations in animal models, and the recent advances stemming from animal models that shed new light in patient diagnosis.

R-Spondin 2 Induces Odontogenic Differentiation of Dental Pulp Stem/Progenitor Cells via Regulation of Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling

Odontoblast cells generated from human dental pulp stem/progenitor cells (hDPSCs) secrete reparative dentin in responds to an injury. Endogenous Wnt signaling is also activated during this process, and these Wnt-activated cells are responsible for the following repair response. R-spondin 2 (Rspo2) is a potent stem cell growth factor, which strongly potentiates Wnt/β-catenin signaling and plays a vital role in cell differentiation and regeneration. However, the role of Rspo2 during odontoblast differentiation in hDPSCs has not yet been completely understood. This study investigated the effects of Rspo2 on hDPSCs to provide therapeutic insight into dentin regeneration and reparative dentin formation. HDPSCs were extracted from human molars or premolars. Immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometric analysis were used to detect the mesenchymal stem cell markers in hDPSCs. EdU assay and Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) were performed to explore cell proliferation. The odontogenic differentiation levels were determined by measuring the mRNA and protein expression of DSPP, DMP-1, ALP, and BSP. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to detect the localization of β-catenin. The biological effects of Rspo2 on hDPSCs was investigated using the Lentivirus-based Rspo2 shRNA and recombined human Rspo2 (rhRspo2). Recombined human DKK-1 (rhDKK-1) and recombined human Wnt3a (rhWnt3a) were used for further investigation. The cells generated from human dental pulp expressed mesenchymal stem cell markers Vimentin, Stro-1, Nestin, C-kit, CD90, and CD73, while were negative for CD3, CD31, and CD34. The mRNA expression levels of the odontogenic-related genes DSPP, DMP-1, ALP, and BSP were upregulated in the rhRspo2 treated cells. Silencing Rspo2 suppressed the proliferation and differentiation of the hDPSCs. Blockade of Wnt signaling with DKK-1 inhibited Rspo2-induced activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and cell differentiation. The combined use of rhWnt3a and rhRspo2 created a synergistic effect to improve the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Rspo2 promoted the proliferation and odontogenic differentiation of hDPSCs by regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

Optic vesicle morphogenesis requires primary cilia

Arl13b is a gene known to regulate ciliogenesis. Functional alterations in this gene's activity have been associated with Joubert syndrome. We found that in Arl13 null mouse embryos the orientation of the optic cup is inverted, such that the lens is abnormally surrounded by an inverted optic cup whose retina pigmented epithelium is oddly facing the surface ectoderm. Loss of Arl13b leads to the disruption of optic vesicle's patterning and expansion of ventral fates. We show that this phenotype is consequence of miss-regulation of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling and demonstrate that the Arl13b-/- eye phenotype can be rescued by deletion of Gli2, a downstream effector of the Shh pathway. This work identified an unexpected role of primary cilia during the morphogenetic movements required for the formation of the eye.

SIX4 promotes metastasis through STAT3 activation in breast cancer

Sine oculis homeobox homolog 4 (SIX4), a member of the SIX family, play important role in the development and construction of vertebrate tissues and organs. There is very little known about the function of SIX4 in cancer cells. Herein, we investigated whether SIX4 promote cancer metastasis in addition to its direct role in breast cancer cells. Our study showed that the expression of SIX4 was profoundly increased in breast cancer tissues, and the high expression of SIX4 correlated strongly with distant metastasis and poor prognosis. Functional experiments demonstrated that SIX4 obviously promoted the cell migration and invasion of breast cancer cells, and up-regulated the expression of EMT mesenchymal marker, down-regulated the epithelial molecules by Snai1 induction in vitro. Moreover, SIX4 knockdown significant suppressed breast cancer lung metastasis in vivo. Mechanistically, SIX4 directly interacted with STAT3 and promoted the phosphorylated STAT3 nuclear translocation, thereby inducing EMT program activation. Collectively, our findings demonstrated that SIX4 may be a promising target for intervention to prevent cancer metastasis.

Neural Lineage Differentiation From Pluripotent Stem Cells to Mimic Human Brain Tissues

Recent advances in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) research have turned limitations of prior and current research into possibilities. iPSCs can differentiate into the desired cell types, are easier to obtain than embryonic stem cells (ESCs), and more importantly, in case they are to be used in research on diseases, they can be obtained directly from the patient. With these advantages, differentiation of iPSCs into various cell types has been conducted in the fields of basic development, cell physiology, and cell therapy research. Differentiation of stem cells into nervous cells has been prevalent among all cell types studied. Starting with the monolayer 2D differentiation method where cells were attached to a dish, substantial efforts have been made to better mimic the in vivo environment and produce cells grown in vitro that closely resemble in vivo state cells. Having surpassed the stage of 3D differentiation, we have now reached the stage of creating tissues called organoids that resemble organs, rather than growing simple cells. In this review, we focus on the central nervous system (CNS) and describe the challenges faced in 2D and 3D differentiation research studies and the processes of overcoming them. We also discuss current studies and future perspectives on brain organoid researches.

SIX4 activates Akt and promotes tumor angiogenesis

Angiogenesis plays important roles in solid tumors progression. Growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) can induce angiogenesis and hypoxia promotes the expression of VEGFs through activating hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1α). However, the regulation of HIF-1α still not been fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that the Sine Oculis Homeobox Homolog 4 (SIX4) is up-regulated in colorectal cancer (CRC) and high expression of SIX4 predicts a poor prognosis. Overexpression of SIX4 enhances tumor growth and angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo, while knockdown of SIX4 inhibits tumor growth and angiogenesis. Furthermore, we show that SIX4 increases the expression of VEGF-A by coordinating with the HIF-1α. Mechanically, we explore that SIX4 up-regulates the expression of HIF-1α depending on Akt activation. Collectively, we demonstrate that SIX4 is functional in regulating tumor angiogenesis and SIX4 might be used as anti-angiogenic therapy in CRC.

Decellularised extracellular matrix-derived peptides from neural retina and retinal pigment epithelium enhance the expression of synaptic markers and light responsiveness of human pluripotent stem cell derived retinal organoids

Tissue specific extracellular matrices (ECM) provide structural support and enable access to molecular signals and metabolites, which are essential for directing stem cell renewal and differentiation. To mimic this phenomenon in vitro, tissue decellularisation approaches have been developed, resulting in the generation of natural ECM scaffolds that have comparable physical and biochemical properties of the natural tissues and are currently gaining traction in tissue engineering and regenerative therapies due to the ease of standardised production, and constant availability. In this manuscript we report the successful generation of decellularised ECM-derived peptides from neural retina (decel NR) and retinal pigment epithelium (decel RPE), and their impact on differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) to retinal organoids. We show that culture media supplementation with decel RPE and RPE-conditioned media (CM RPE) significantly increases the generation of rod photoreceptors, whilst addition of decel NR and decel RPE significantly enhances ribbon synapse marker expression and the light responsiveness of retinal organoids. Photoreceptor maturation, formation of correct synapses between retinal cells and recording of robust light responses from hPSC-derived retinal organoids remain unresolved challenges for the field of regenerative medicine. Enhanced rod photoreceptor differentiation, synaptogenesis and light response in response to addition of decellularised matrices from RPE and neural retina as shown herein provide a novel and substantial advance in generation of retinal organoids for drug screening, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

Retinal Ganglion Cell Replacement: Current Status and Challenges Ahead

The neurons of the retina can be affected by a wide variety of inherited or environmental degenerations that can lead to vision loss and even blindness. Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration is the hallmark of glaucoma and other optic neuropathies that affect millions of people worldwide. Numerous strategies are being trialed to replace lost neurons in different degeneration models, and in recent years, stem cell technologies have opened promising avenues to obtain donor cells for retinal repair. Stem cell-based transplantation has been most frequently used for the replacement of rod photoreceptors, but the same tools could potentially be used for other retinal cell types, including RGCs. However, RGCs are not abundant in stem cell-derived cultures, and in contrast to the short-distance wiring of photoreceptors, RGC axons take a long and intricate journey to connect with numerous brain nuclei. Hence, a number of challenges still remain, such as the ability to scale up the production of RGCs and a reliable and functional integration into the adult diseased retina upon transplantation. In this review, we discuss the recent advancements in the development of replacement therapies for RGC degenerations and the challenges that we need to overcome before these technologies can be applied to the clinic. Developmental Dynamics 248:118-128, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Strain-triggered mechanical feedback in self-organizing optic-cup morphogenesis

Organogenesis is a self-organizing process of multiple cells in three-dimensional (3D) space, where macroscopic tissue deformations are robustly regulated by multicellular autonomy. It is clear that this robust regulation requires cells to sense and modulate 3D tissue formation across different scales, but its underlying mechanisms are still unclear. To address this question, we developed a versatile computational model of 3D multicellular dynamics at single-cell resolution and combined it with the 3D culture system of pluripotent stem cell-derived optic-cup organoid. The complementary approach enabled quantitative prediction of morphogenesis and its corresponding verification and elucidated that the macroscopic 3D tissue deformation is fed back to individual cellular force generations via mechanosensing. We hereby conclude that mechanical force plays a key role as a feedback regulator to establish the robustness of organogenesis.