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Nakai M, Hase H, Zhao Y, Okawa K, Honda K, Ikuma K, Kitae K, Tsujikawa K. RNA-modifying enzyme Alkbh8 is involved in mouse embryonic development. iScience 2024; 27:110777. [PMID: 39280612 PMCID: PMC11402254 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024] Open
Abstract
RNAs undergo more than 300 modifications after transcription. Aberrations in RNA modifications can lead to diseases; their involvement in fetal development has been suggested. This study explored the RNA modifications related to fetal development in mice. We quantified changes in RNA modifications present in mouse embryos at each stage: Metaphase II (MII) oocyte; pronucleus; 2-cell; morula; blastocyst; embryonic days (E)10.5, 13.5, 16.5, and 19.5; and newborn (post-natal day [P]0) using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Our results confirm that many RNAs undergo dynamic modifications. In particular, 5-methoxycarbonylmethyluridine (mcm5U) modification was distinctive and increased during the fetal period. In Alkbh8-knockout (KO) mice, the tRNA protein translation efficiency was reduced. Proteome analysis revealed that the factors downregulated in Alkbh8-KO mice were associated with red blood cell and protoporphyrin metabolism. Our results suggest that ALKBH8 facilitates changes in tRNA balance in conjunction with mcm5U, which are essential for normal red blood cell differentiation and embryogenesis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manami Nakai
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1- 6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Hase
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1- 6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yutong Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1- 6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Katsuya Okawa
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1- 6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kohei Honda
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1- 6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kaori Ikuma
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1- 6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kaori Kitae
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1- 6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazutake Tsujikawa
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1- 6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Mogos M, Socaciu C, Socaciu AI, Vlad A, Gadalean F, Bob F, Milas O, Cretu OM, Suteanu-Simulescu A, Glavan M, Balint L, Ienciu S, Iancu L, Jianu DC, Ursoniu S, Petrica L. Biomarker Profiling with Targeted Metabolomic Analysis of Plasma and Urine Samples in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Early Diabetic Kidney Disease. J Clin Med 2024; 13:4703. [PMID: 39200845 PMCID: PMC11355042 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13164703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Over the years, it was noticed that patients with diabetes have reached an alarming number worldwide. Diabetes presents many complications, including diabetic kidney disease (DKD), which can be considered the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. Current biomarkers such as serum creatinine and albuminuria have limitations for early detection of DKD. Methods: In our study, we used UHPLC-QTOF-ESI+-MS techniques to quantify previously analyzed metabolites. Based on one-way ANOVA and Fisher's LSD, untargeted analysis allowed the discrimination of six metabolites between subgroups P1 versus P2 and P3: tryptophan, kynurenic acid, taurine, l-acetylcarnitine, glycine, and tiglylglycine. Results: Our results showed several metabolites that exhibited significant differences among the patient groups and can be considered putative biomarkers in early DKD, including glycine and kynurenic acid in serum (p < 0.001) and tryptophan and tiglylglycine (p < 0.001) in urine. Conclusions: Although we identified metabolites as potential biomarkers in the present study, additional studies are needed to validate these results.
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Grants
- "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania, doctoral grant GD 2020 "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania,
- GD 2020 "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania,
- GD 2020 "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania,
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mogos
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Nephrology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (M.M.); (F.B.); (O.M.); (A.S.-S.); (M.G.); (L.B.); (S.I.); (L.I.); (L.P.)
- County Emergency Hospital Timisoara, 300723 Timisoara, Romania; (A.V.); (D.C.J.)
- Centre for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.S.); (S.U.)
| | - Carmen Socaciu
- Centre for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.S.); (S.U.)
- Research Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Therapy BIODIATECH, SC Proplanta, Str. Trifoiului 12G, 400478 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andreea Iulia Socaciu
- Department of Occupational Health, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Haţieganu”, Str. Victor Babes 8, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Adrian Vlad
- County Emergency Hospital Timisoara, 300723 Timisoara, Romania; (A.V.); (D.C.J.)
- Centre for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.S.); (S.U.)
- Department of Internal Medicine II—Division of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Florica Gadalean
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Nephrology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (M.M.); (F.B.); (O.M.); (A.S.-S.); (M.G.); (L.B.); (S.I.); (L.I.); (L.P.)
- County Emergency Hospital Timisoara, 300723 Timisoara, Romania; (A.V.); (D.C.J.)
- Centre for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.S.); (S.U.)
| | - Flaviu Bob
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Nephrology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (M.M.); (F.B.); (O.M.); (A.S.-S.); (M.G.); (L.B.); (S.I.); (L.I.); (L.P.)
- County Emergency Hospital Timisoara, 300723 Timisoara, Romania; (A.V.); (D.C.J.)
- Centre for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.S.); (S.U.)
| | - Oana Milas
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Nephrology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (M.M.); (F.B.); (O.M.); (A.S.-S.); (M.G.); (L.B.); (S.I.); (L.I.); (L.P.)
- County Emergency Hospital Timisoara, 300723 Timisoara, Romania; (A.V.); (D.C.J.)
- Centre for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.S.); (S.U.)
| | - Octavian Marius Cretu
- Department of Surgery I—Division of Surgical Semiology I, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
- Emergency Clinical Municipal Hospital Timisoara, 300079 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Anca Suteanu-Simulescu
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Nephrology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (M.M.); (F.B.); (O.M.); (A.S.-S.); (M.G.); (L.B.); (S.I.); (L.I.); (L.P.)
- County Emergency Hospital Timisoara, 300723 Timisoara, Romania; (A.V.); (D.C.J.)
- Centre for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.S.); (S.U.)
| | - Mihaela Glavan
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Nephrology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (M.M.); (F.B.); (O.M.); (A.S.-S.); (M.G.); (L.B.); (S.I.); (L.I.); (L.P.)
- County Emergency Hospital Timisoara, 300723 Timisoara, Romania; (A.V.); (D.C.J.)
- Centre for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.S.); (S.U.)
| | - Lavinia Balint
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Nephrology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (M.M.); (F.B.); (O.M.); (A.S.-S.); (M.G.); (L.B.); (S.I.); (L.I.); (L.P.)
- County Emergency Hospital Timisoara, 300723 Timisoara, Romania; (A.V.); (D.C.J.)
- Centre for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.S.); (S.U.)
| | - Silvia Ienciu
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Nephrology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (M.M.); (F.B.); (O.M.); (A.S.-S.); (M.G.); (L.B.); (S.I.); (L.I.); (L.P.)
- County Emergency Hospital Timisoara, 300723 Timisoara, Romania; (A.V.); (D.C.J.)
- Centre for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.S.); (S.U.)
| | - Lavinia Iancu
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Nephrology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (M.M.); (F.B.); (O.M.); (A.S.-S.); (M.G.); (L.B.); (S.I.); (L.I.); (L.P.)
- County Emergency Hospital Timisoara, 300723 Timisoara, Romania; (A.V.); (D.C.J.)
- Centre for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.S.); (S.U.)
| | - Dragos Catalin Jianu
- County Emergency Hospital Timisoara, 300723 Timisoara, Romania; (A.V.); (D.C.J.)
- Centre for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.S.); (S.U.)
- Department of Neurosciences—Division of Neurology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Centre for Cognitive Research in Neuropsychiatric Pathology (Neuropsy-Cog), Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Sorin Ursoniu
- Centre for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.S.); (S.U.)
- Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Department of Functional Sciences III, Division of Public Health and History of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ligia Petrica
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Nephrology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (M.M.); (F.B.); (O.M.); (A.S.-S.); (M.G.); (L.B.); (S.I.); (L.I.); (L.P.)
- County Emergency Hospital Timisoara, 300723 Timisoara, Romania; (A.V.); (D.C.J.)
- Centre for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (C.S.); (S.U.)
- Centre for Cognitive Research in Neuropsychiatric Pathology (Neuropsy-Cog), Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
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Lv X, Zhang R, Li S, Jin X. tRNA Modifications and Dysregulation: Implications for Brain Diseases. Brain Sci 2024; 14:633. [PMID: 39061374 PMCID: PMC11274612 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14070633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are well-known for their essential function in protein synthesis. Recent research has revealed a diverse range of chemical modifications that tRNAs undergo, which are crucial for various cellular processes. These modifications are necessary for the precise and efficient translation of proteins and also play important roles in gene expression regulation and cellular stress response. This review examines the role of tRNA modifications and dysregulation in the pathophysiology of various brain diseases, including epilepsy, stroke, neurodevelopmental disorders, brain tumors, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Through a comprehensive analysis of existing research, our study aims to elucidate the intricate relationship between tRNA dysregulation and brain diseases. This underscores the critical need for ongoing exploration in this field and provides valuable insights that could facilitate the development of innovative diagnostic tools and therapeutic approaches, ultimately improving outcomes for individuals grappling with complex neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Lv
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (X.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Ruorui Zhang
- Dana and David Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA;
| | - Shanshan Li
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (X.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Xin Jin
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (X.L.); (S.L.)
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4
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Hughes LA, Rackham O, Filipovska A. Illuminating mitochondrial translation through mouse models. Hum Mol Genet 2024; 33:R61-R79. [PMID: 38779771 PMCID: PMC11112386 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddae020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are hubs of metabolic activity with a major role in ATP conversion by oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). The mammalian mitochondrial genome encodes 11 mRNAs encoding 13 OXPHOS proteins along with 2 rRNAs and 22 tRNAs, that facilitate their translation on mitoribosomes. Maintaining the internal production of core OXPHOS subunits requires modulation of the mitochondrial capacity to match the cellular requirements and correct insertion of particularly hydrophobic proteins into the inner mitochondrial membrane. The mitochondrial translation system is essential for energy production and defects result in severe, phenotypically diverse diseases, including mitochondrial diseases that typically affect postmitotic tissues with high metabolic demands. Understanding the complex mechanisms that underlie the pathologies of diseases involving impaired mitochondrial translation is key to tailoring specific treatments and effectively targeting the affected organs. Disease mutations have provided a fundamental, yet limited, understanding of mitochondrial protein synthesis, since effective modification of the mitochondrial genome has proven challenging. However, advances in next generation sequencing, cryoelectron microscopy, and multi-omic technologies have revealed unexpected and unusual features of the mitochondrial protein synthesis machinery in the last decade. Genome editing tools have generated unique models that have accelerated our mechanistic understanding of mitochondrial translation and its physiological importance. Here we review the most recent mouse models of disease pathogenesis caused by defects in mitochondrial protein synthesis and discuss their value for preclinical research and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia A Hughes
- Telethon Kids Institute, Northern Entrance, Perth Children’s Hospital, 15 Hospital Avenue, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, 6 Verdun Street, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Oliver Rackham
- Telethon Kids Institute, Northern Entrance, Perth Children’s Hospital, 15 Hospital Avenue, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, 6 Verdun Street, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Aleksandra Filipovska
- Telethon Kids Institute, Northern Entrance, Perth Children’s Hospital, 15 Hospital Avenue, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 19 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
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5
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Zhang Y, Zhou JB, Yin Y, Wang ED, Zhou XL. Multifaceted roles of t6A biogenesis in efficiency and fidelity of mitochondrial gene expression. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:3213-3233. [PMID: 38227555 PMCID: PMC11014344 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
N 6-Threonylcarbamoyladenosine at A37 (t6A37) of ANN-decoding transfer RNAs (tRNAs) is a universal modification whose functions have been well documented in bacteria and lower eukaryotes; however, its role in organellar translation is not completely understood. In this study, we deleted the mitochondrial t6A37-modifying enzyme OSGEPL1 in HEK293T cells. OSGEPL1 is dispensable for cell viability. t6A37 hypomodification selectively stimulated N1-methyladenosine at A9 (m1A9) and N2-methylguanosine at G10 (m2G10) modifications and caused a substantial reduction in the aminoacylation of mitochondrial tRNAThr and tRNALys, resulting in impaired translation efficiency. Multiple types of amino acid misincorporation due to the misreading of near-cognate codons by t6A37-unmodified tRNAs were detected, indicating a triggered translational infidelity. Accordingly, the alterations in mitochondrial structure, function, and the activated mitochondrial unfolded protein response were observed. Mitochondrial function was efficiently restored by wild-type, but not by tRNA-binding-defective OSGEPL1. Lastly, in Osgepl1 deletion mice, disruption to mitochondrial translation was evident but resulted in no observable deficiency under physiological conditions in heart, which displays the highest Osgepl1 expression. Taken together, our data delineate the multifaceted roles of mitochondrial t6A37 modification in translation efficiency and quality control in mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of RNA Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jing-Bo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of RNA Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yue Yin
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, 333 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - En-Duo Wang
- Key Laboratory of RNA Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xiao-Long Zhou
- Key Laboratory of RNA Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
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6
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Ito T, Murakami S. Taurine deficiency associated with dilated cardiomyopathy and aging. J Pharmacol Sci 2024; 154:175-181. [PMID: 38395518 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) is a free amino acid found ubiquitously and abundantly in mammalian tissues. Taurine content in the heart is approximately 20 mM, which is approximately 100 times higher than plasma concentration. The high intracellular concentration of taurine is maintained by the taurine transporter (TauT; Slc6a6). Taurine plays various roles, including the regulation of intracellular ion dynamics, calcium handling, and acting as an antioxidant in the heart. Some species, such as cats and foxes, have low taurine biosynthetic capacity, and dietary taurine deficiency can lead to disorders such as dilated cardiomyopathy and blindness. In humans, the relationship between dietary taurine deficiency and cardiomyopathy is not yet clear, but a genetic mutation related to the taurine transporter has been reported to be associated with dilated cardiomyopathy. On the other hand, many studies have shown an association between dietary taurine intake and age-related diseases. Notably, it has recently been reported that taurine declines with age and is associated with lifespan in worms and mice, as well as healthspan in mice and monkeys. In this review, we summarize the role of dietary and genetic taurine deficiency in the development of cardiomyopathy and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ito
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Matsuokakenjojima, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, 910-1195, Japan.
| | - Shigeru Murakami
- Department of Nursing Science, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Matsuokakenjojima, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, 910-1195, Japan
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Smith TJ, Giles RN, Koutmou KS. Anticodon stem-loop tRNA modifications influence codon decoding and frame maintenance during translation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2024; 154:105-113. [PMID: 37385829 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
RNAs are central to protein synthesis, with ribosomal RNA, transfer RNAs and messenger RNAs comprising the core components of the translation machinery. In addition to the four canonical bases (uracil, cytosine, adenine, and guanine) these RNAs contain an array of enzymatically incorporated chemical modifications. Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are responsible for ferrying amino acids to the ribosome, and are among the most abundant and highly modified RNAs in the cell across all domains of life. On average, tRNA molecules contain 13 post-transcriptionally modified nucleosides that stabilize their structure and enhance function. There is an extensive chemical diversity of tRNA modifications, with over 90 distinct varieties of modifications reported within tRNA sequences. Some modifications are crucial for tRNAs to adopt their L-shaped tertiary structure, while others promote tRNA interactions with components of the protein synthesis machinery. In particular, modifications in the anticodon stem-loop (ASL), located near the site of tRNA:mRNA interaction, can play key roles in ensuring protein homeostasis and accurate translation. There is an abundance of evidence indicating the importance of ASL modifications for cellular health, and in vitro biochemical and biophysical studies suggest that individual ASL modifications can differentially influence discrete steps in the translation pathway. This review examines the molecular level consequences of tRNA ASL modifications in mRNA codon recognition and reading frame maintenance to ensure the rapid and accurate translation of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Smith
- University of Michigan, Department of Chemistry, 930 N University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Rachel N Giles
- University of Michigan, Department of Chemistry, 930 N University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kristin S Koutmou
- University of Michigan, Department of Chemistry, 930 N University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Delaunay S, Helm M, Frye M. RNA modifications in physiology and disease: towards clinical applications. Nat Rev Genet 2024; 25:104-122. [PMID: 37714958 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-023-00645-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
The ability of chemical modifications of single nucleotides to alter the electrostatic charge, hydrophobic surface and base pairing of RNA molecules is exploited for the clinical use of stable artificial RNAs such as mRNA vaccines and synthetic small RNA molecules - to increase or decrease the expression of therapeutic proteins. Furthermore, naturally occurring biochemical modifications of nucleotides regulate RNA metabolism and function to modulate crucial cellular processes. Studies showing the mechanisms by which RNA modifications regulate basic cell functions in higher organisms have led to greater understanding of how aberrant RNA modification profiles can cause disease in humans. Together, these basic science discoveries have unravelled the molecular and cellular functions of RNA modifications, have provided new prospects for therapeutic manipulation and have led to a range of innovative clinical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Delaunay
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Division of Mechanisms Regulating Gene Expression, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mark Helm
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michaela Frye
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Division of Mechanisms Regulating Gene Expression, Heidelberg, Germany.
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9
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Ommati MM, Rezaei H, Socorro RM, Tian W, Zhao J, Rouhani A, Sabouri S, Ghaderi F, Niknahad AM, Najibi A, Mazloomi S, Safipour M, Honarpishefard Z, Wang HW, Niknahad H, Heidari R. Pre/postnatal taurine supplementation improves neurodevelopment and brain function in mice offspring: A persistent developmental study from puberty to maturity. Life Sci 2024; 336:122284. [PMID: 38008208 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Taurine (TAU) is a sulfur-containing amino acid abundantly found in the human body. Endogenously, TAU is synthesized from cysteine in the liver. However, newborns rely entirely on TAU's dietary supply (milk). There is no investigation on the effect of long-term TAU administration on next-generation neurological development. The current study evaluated the effect of long-term TAU supplementation during the maternal gestational and litter weaning time on several neurological parameters in mice offspring. Moreover, the effects of TAU on mitochondrial function and oxidative stress biomarkers as plausible mechanisms of its action in the whole brain and hippocampus have been evaluated. TAU (0.5 % and 1 % w/v) was dissolved in the drinking water of pregnant mice (Day one of pregnancy), and amino acid supplementation was continued during the weaning time (post-natal day; PND = 21) until litters maturity (PND = 65). It was found that TAU significantly improved cognitive function, memory performance, reflexive motor activity, and emotional behaviors in F1-mice generation. TAU measurement in the brain and hippocampus revealed higher levels of this amino acid. TAU and ATP levels were also significantly higher in the mitochondria isolated from the whole brain and hippocampus. Based on these data, TAU could be suggested as a supplement during pregnancy or in pediatric formula. The effects of TAU on cellular mitochondrial function and energy metabolism might play a fundamental role in the positive effects of this amino acid observed in this investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mehdi Ommati
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, Henan, China; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Heresh Rezaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Retana-Márquez Socorro
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, México City, Mexico
| | - Weishun Tian
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, Henan, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, Henan, China
| | - Ayeh Rouhani
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Samira Sabouri
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, Henan, China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary, Shanxi agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Fatemeh Ghaderi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Mohammad Niknahad
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Asma Najibi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 244 Hughes Laboratories, 651 E. High Street, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Sahra Mazloomi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Moslem Safipour
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Honarpishefard
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hong-Wei Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, Henan, China.
| | - Hossein Niknahad
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Reproductive Biology, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, México City, Mexico.
| | - Reza Heidari
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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10
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Santulli G, Kansakar U, Varzideh F, Mone P, Jankauskas SS, Lombardi A. Functional Role of Taurine in Aging and Cardiovascular Health: An Updated Overview. Nutrients 2023; 15:4236. [PMID: 37836520 PMCID: PMC10574552 DOI: 10.3390/nu15194236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Taurine, a naturally occurring sulfur-containing amino acid, has attracted significant attention in recent years due to its potential health benefits. Found in various foods and often used in energy drinks and supplements, taurine has been studied extensively to understand its impact on human physiology. Determining its exact functional roles represents a complex and multifaceted topic. We provide an overview of the scientific literature and present an analysis of the effects of taurine on various aspects of human health, focusing on aging and cardiovascular pathophysiology, but also including athletic performance, metabolic regulation, and neurological function. Additionally, our report summarizes the current recommendations for taurine intake and addresses potential safety concerns. Evidence from both human and animal studies indicates that taurine may have beneficial cardiovascular effects, including blood pressure regulation, improved cardiac fitness, and enhanced vascular health. Its mechanisms of action and antioxidant properties make it also an intriguing candidate for potential anti-aging strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Santulli
- Department of Medicine, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM), Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center (ES-DRC), Einstein Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; (U.K.); (S.S.J.); (A.L.)
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Cardiology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; (F.V.); (P.M.)
| | - Urna Kansakar
- Department of Medicine, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM), Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center (ES-DRC), Einstein Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; (U.K.); (S.S.J.); (A.L.)
| | - Fahimeh Varzideh
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Cardiology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; (F.V.); (P.M.)
| | - Pasquale Mone
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Cardiology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; (F.V.); (P.M.)
| | - Stanislovas S. Jankauskas
- Department of Medicine, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM), Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center (ES-DRC), Einstein Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; (U.K.); (S.S.J.); (A.L.)
| | - Angela Lombardi
- Department of Medicine, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM), Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center (ES-DRC), Einstein Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; (U.K.); (S.S.J.); (A.L.)
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11
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Li C, Gao L, Lv C, Li Z, Fan S, Liu X, Rong X, Huang Y, Liu J. Active role of amino acid metabolism in early diagnosis and treatment of diabetic kidney disease. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1239838. [PMID: 37781128 PMCID: PMC10539689 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1239838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic Kidney Disease (DKD) is one of the significant microvascular consequences of type 2 diabetes mellitus with a complex etiology and protracted course. In the early stages of DKD, the majority of patients experience an insidious onset and few overt clinical symptoms and indicators, but they are prone to develop end-stage renal disease in the later stage, which is life-threatening. The abnormal amino acid metabolism is tightly associated with the development of DKD, which involves several pathological processes such as oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and immune response and is also closely related to autophagy, mitochondrial dysfunction, and iron death. With a focus on taurine, branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and glutamine, we explored the biological effects of various amino acid mechanisms linked to DKD, the impact of amino acid metabolism in the early diagnosis of DKD, and the role of amino acid metabolism in treating DKD, to offer fresh objectives and guidelines for later early detection and DKD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenming Li
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Lidong Gao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine Theory of Innovation and Application, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunxiao Lv
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Ziqiang Li
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shanshan Fan
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinyue Liu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinyi Rong
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuhong Huang
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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12
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Tsai PY, Shui B, Lee S, Liu Y, Qu Y, Cheng C, Edwards K, Wong C, Meng-Killeen R, Soloway PD, Barrow JJ. Ado-Mediated Depletion of Taurine Impairs Mitochondrial Respiratory Capacity and Alters the Chromatin Landscape of Inguinal Adipose Tissue. Nutrients 2023; 15:3532. [PMID: 37630723 PMCID: PMC10458711 DOI: 10.3390/nu15163532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) has strong potential to combat obesity; however, a safe molecular approach to activate this process has not yet been identified. The sulfur amino acid taurine has the ability to safely activate NST and confer protection against obesity and metabolic disease in both mice and humans, but the mechanism of this action is unknown. In this study, we discover that a suite of taurine biosynthetic enzymes, especially that of cysteamine dioxygenase (ADO), significantly increases in response to β3 adrenergic signaling in inguinal adipose tissue (IWAT) in order to increase intracellular concentrations of taurine. We further show that ADO is critical for thermogenic mitochondrial respiratory function as its ablation in adipocytes significantly reduces taurine levels, which leads to declines in mitochondrial oxygen consumption rates. Finally, we demonstrate via assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with sequencing (ATAC-seq) that taurine supplementation in beige adipocytes has the ability to remodel the chromatin landscape to increase the chromatin accessibility and transcription of genes, such as glucose-6-phosphate isomerase 1 (Gpi1), which are critical for NST. Taken together, our studies highlight a potential mechanism for taurine in the activation of NST that can be leveraged toward the treatment of obesity and metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yin Tsai
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (P.-Y.T.)
| | - Bo Shui
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Seoyeon Lee
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (P.-Y.T.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (P.-Y.T.)
| | - Yue Qu
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (P.-Y.T.)
| | - Chloe Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Kaydine Edwards
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (P.-Y.T.)
| | - Callie Wong
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (P.-Y.T.)
| | - Ryan Meng-Killeen
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (P.-Y.T.)
| | - Paul D. Soloway
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (P.-Y.T.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Joeva J. Barrow
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (P.-Y.T.)
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13
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Tomoda E, Nagao A, Shirai Y, Asano K, Suzuki T, Battersby B, Suzuki T. Restoration of mitochondrial function through activation of hypomodified tRNAs with pathogenic mutations associated with mitochondrial diseases. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:7563-7579. [PMID: 36928678 PMCID: PMC10415153 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in mitochondrial (mt-)tRNAs frequently cause mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS), and myoclonus epilepsy associated with ragged red fibers (MERRF) are major clinical subgroups of mitochondrial diseases caused by pathogenic point mutations in tRNA genes encoded in mtDNA. We previously reported a severe reduction in the frequency of 5-taurinomethyluridine (τm5U) and its 2-thiouridine derivative (τm5s2U) in the anticodons of mutant mt-tRNAs isolated from the cells of patients with MELAS and MERRF, respectively. The hypomodified tRNAs fail to decode cognate codons efficiently, resulting in defective translation of respiratory chain proteins in mitochondria. To restore the mitochondrial activity of MELAS patient cells, we overexpressed MTO1, a τm5U-modifying enzyme, in patient-derived myoblasts. We used a newly developed primer extension method and showed that MTO1 overexpression almost completely restored the τm5U modification of the MELAS mutant mt-tRNALeu(UUR). An increase in mitochondrial protein synthesis and oxygen consumption rate suggested that the mitochondrial function of MELAS patient cells can be activated by restoring the τm5U of the mutant tRNA. In addition, we confirmed that MTO1 expression restored the τm5s2U of the mutant mt-tRNALys in MERRF patient cells. These findings pave the way for epitranscriptomic therapies for mitochondrial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ena Tomoda
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Asuteka Nagao
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yuki Shirai
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kana Asano
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takeo Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | | | - Tsutomu Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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14
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Murakami Y, Wei FY, Kawamura Y, Horiguchi H, Kadomatsu T, Miyata K, Miura K, Oike Y, Ando Y, Ueda M, Tomizawa K, Chujo T. NSUN3-mediated mitochondrial tRNA 5-formylcytidine modification is essential for embryonic development and respiratory complexes in mice. Commun Biol 2023; 6:307. [PMID: 36949224 PMCID: PMC10033821 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04680-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammalian mitochondria, translation of the AUA codon is supported by 5-formylcytidine (f5C) modification in the mitochondrial methionine tRNA anticodon. The 5-formylation is initiated by NSUN3 methylase. Human NSUN3 mutations are associated with mitochondrial diseases. Here we show that Nsun3 is essential for embryonic development in mice with whole-body Nsun3 knockout embryos dying between E10.5 and E12.5. To determine the functions of NSUN3 in adult tissue, we generated heart-specific Nsun3 knockout (Nsun3HKO) mice. Nsun3HKO heart mitochondria were enlarged and contained fragmented cristae. Nsun3HKO resulted in enhanced heart contraction and age-associated mild heart enlargement. In the Nsun3HKO hearts, mitochondrial mRNAs that encode respiratory complex subunits were not down regulated, but the enzymatic activities of the respiratory complexes decreased, especially in older mice. Our study emphasizes that mitochondrial tRNA anticodon modification is essential for mammalian embryonic development and shows that tissue-specific loss of a single mitochondrial tRNA modification can induce tissue aberration that worsens in later adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Murakami
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Fan-Yan Wei
- Department of Modomics Biology and Medicine, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Kawamura
- Department of Aging and Longevity Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Haruki Horiguchi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kadomatsu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Keishi Miyata
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kyoko Miura
- Department of Aging and Longevity Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
- Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yuichi Oike
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
- Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yukio Ando
- Department of Amyloidosis Research, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, Sasebo, 859-3298, Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Ueda
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
- Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Tomizawa
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.
- Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Chujo
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.
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15
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Abstract
While epigenetic modifications of DNA and histones play main roles in gene transcription regulation, recently discovered post-transcriptional RNA modifications, known as epitranscriptomic modifications, have been found to have a profound impact on gene expression by regulating RNA stability, localization and decoding efficiency. Importantly, genetic variations or environmental perturbations of epitranscriptome modifiers (that is, writers, erasers and readers) are associated with obesity and metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes. The epitranscriptome is closely coupled to epigenetic signalling, adding complexity to our understanding of gene expression in both health and disease. Moreover, the epitranscriptome in the parental generation can affect organismal phenotypes in the next generation. In this Review, we discuss the relationship between epitranscriptomic modifications and metabolic diseases, their relationship with the epigenome and possible therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Matsumura
- Division of Molecular Physiology and Metabolism, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Division of Metabolic Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fan-Yan Wei
- Department of Modomics Biology and Medicine, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Juro Sakai
- Division of Molecular Physiology and Metabolism, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
- Division of Metabolic Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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16
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Karaa A, Klopstock T. Clinical trials in mitochondrial diseases. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 194:229-250. [PMID: 36813315 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-821751-1.00002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Primary mitochondrial diseases are some of the most common and complex inherited inborn errors of metabolism. Their molecular and phenotypic diversity has led to difficulties in finding disease-modifying therapies and clinical trial efforts have been slow due to multiple significant challenges. Lack of robust natural history data, difficulties in finding specific biomarkers, absence of well-validated outcome measures, and small patient numbers have made clinical trial design and conduct difficult. Encouragingly, new interest in treating mitochondrial dysfunction in common diseases and regulatory incentives to develop therapies for rare conditions have led to significant interest and efforts to develop drugs for primary mitochondrial diseases. Here, we review past and present clinical trials and future strategies of drug development in primary mitochondrial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Karaa
- Mitochondrial Disease Program, Division of Medical Genetics and Metabolism, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Thomas Klopstock
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Baur-Institute, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany; German Network for mitochondrial disorders (mitoNET), Munich, Germany
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17
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Modopathies Caused by Mutations in Genes Encoding for Mitochondrial RNA Modifying Enzymes: Molecular Mechanisms and Yeast Disease Models. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032178. [PMID: 36768505 PMCID: PMC9917222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, mitochondrial RNAs (mt-tRNAs and mt-rRNAs) are subject to specific nucleotide modifications, which are critical for distinct functions linked to the synthesis of mitochondrial proteins encoded by mitochondrial genes, and thus for oxidative phosphorylation. In recent years, mutations in genes encoding for mt-RNAs modifying enzymes have been identified as being causative of primary mitochondrial diseases, which have been called modopathies. These latter pathologies can be caused by mutations in genes involved in the modification either of tRNAs or of rRNAs, resulting in the absence of/decrease in a specific nucleotide modification and thus on the impairment of the efficiency or the accuracy of the mitochondrial protein synthesis. Most of these mutations are sporadic or private, thus it is fundamental that their pathogenicity is confirmed through the use of a model system. This review will focus on the activity of genes that, when mutated, are associated with modopathies, on the molecular mechanisms through which the enzymes introduce the nucleotide modifications, on the pathological phenotypes associated with mutations in these genes and on the contribution of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to confirming the pathogenicity of novel mutations and, in some cases, for defining the molecular defects.
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18
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Usha A, Kattupalli D, Viswam P, Bharathan S, Vasudevan Soniya E. Phytophthora capsici infection causes dynamic alterations in tRNA modifications and their associated gene candidates in black pepper. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:6055-6066. [DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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19
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Wang L, Lin S. Emerging functions of tRNA modifications in mRNA translation and diseases. J Genet Genomics 2022; 50:223-232. [PMID: 36309201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
tRNAs are essential modulators that recognize mRNA codons and bridge amino acids for mRNA translation. The tRNAs are heavily modified, which is essential for forming a complex secondary structure that facilitates codon recognition and mRNA translation. In recent years, studies have identified the regulatory roles of tRNA modifications in mRNA translation networks. Misregulation of tRNA modifications is closely related to the progression of developmental diseases and cancers. In this review, we summarize the tRNA biogenesis process and then discuss the effects and mechanisms of tRNA modifications on tRNA processing and mRNA translation. Finally, we provide a comprehensive overview of tRNA modifications' physiological and pathological functions, focusing on diseases including cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China; Center for Translational Medicine, Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Shuibin Lin
- Center for Translational Medicine, Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.
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20
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Taurine protects R28 cells from hypoxia/re-oxygenation-induced damage via regulation of mitochondrial energy metabolism. Amino Acids 2022; 54:1585-1599. [PMID: 36056163 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-022-03199-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative-induced damage and hypoxia/re-oxygenation (H/R) injury are common causes of irreversible visual impairment. The goals of this study were to explore the effects of taurine on R28 cells under the two damage models and the underlying mechanisms. Low doses of taurine supplementation promoted cell viability, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), SOD levels, ATP contents and attenuated cytotoxicity and intracellular ROS generation of the R28 cells under the two kinds of damage. The expression level of GTPBP3, a mitochondrial-tRNA (mt-tRNA) modification enzyme that catalyzes the taurine involved modification, was decreased under the two damage and taurine could reverse the reduction. After knocking down GTPBP3, the R28 cells become vulnerable to damage. The viability, cytotoxicity, MMP and intracellular ROS level of knockdown cells changed more obviously under the H/R injury than those of control cell. We also found that knockdown of GTPBP3 significantly decreased mitochondrial energy metabolism by measuring the oxidative respiration rate by the Seahorse XFe24 extracellular flux analyzer. The protection of low doses of taurine disappeared on knockdown R28 cells, indicating that GTPBP3 is crucial in the protection mechanisms of taurine. However, the impacts of the reduction of GTPBP3 level can be reversed by relatively high doses of taurine, implying the protection effects of taurine were dose-dependent, and there were more complicated mechanisms remain to be explored. This study explored a new mechanism of the neuroprotective effects of taurine, which depend on the GTPBP3-mediated taurine modification of mt-tRNAs and the promotion of mitochondrial energy metabolism.
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Capristo M, Del Dotto V, Tropeano CV, Fiorini C, Caporali L, La Morgia C, Valentino ML, Montopoli M, Carelli V, Maresca A. Rapamycin rescues mitochondrial dysfunction in cells carrying the m.8344A > G mutation in the mitochondrial tRNA Lys. Mol Med 2022; 28:90. [PMID: 35922766 PMCID: PMC9347137 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-022-00519-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Myoclonus, Epilepsy and Ragged-Red-Fibers (MERRF) is a mitochondrial encephalomyopathy due to heteroplasmic mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) most frequently affecting the tRNALys gene at position m.8344A > G. Defective tRNALys severely impairs mitochondrial protein synthesis and respiratory chain when a high percentage of mutant heteroplasmy crosses the threshold for full-blown clinical phenotype. Therapy is currently limited to symptomatic management of myoclonic epilepsy, and supportive measures to counteract muscle weakness with co-factors/supplements. Methods We tested two therapeutic strategies to rescue mitochondrial function in cybrids and fibroblasts carrying different loads of the m.8344A > G mutation. The first strategy was aimed at inducing mitochondrial biogenesis directly, over-expressing the master regulator PGC-1α, or indirectly, through the treatment with nicotinic acid, a NAD+ precursor. The second was aimed at stimulating the removal of damaged mitochondria through prolonged rapamycin treatment. Results The first approach slightly increased mitochondrial protein expression and respiration in the wild type and intermediate-mutation load cells, but was ineffective in high-mutation load cell lines. This suggests that induction of mitochondrial biogenesis may not be sufficient to rescue mitochondrial dysfunction in MERRF cells with high-mutation load. The second approach, when administered chronically (4 weeks), induced a slight increase of mitochondrial respiration in fibroblasts with high-mutation load, and a significant improvement in fibroblasts with intermediate-mutation load, rescuing completely the bioenergetics defect. This effect was mediated by increased mitochondrial biogenesis, possibly related to the rapamycin-induced inhibition of the Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (mTORC1) and the consequent activation of the Transcription Factor EB (TFEB). Conclusions Overall, our results point to rapamycin-based therapy as a promising therapeutic option for MERRF. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s10020-022-00519-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariantonietta Capristo
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Programma di Neurogenetica, via Altura 3, 40139, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina Del Dotto
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Programma di Neurogenetica, via Altura 3, 40139, Bologna, Italy
| | - Concetta Valentina Tropeano
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Programma di Neurogenetica, via Altura 3, 40139, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Fiorini
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Programma di Neurogenetica, via Altura 3, 40139, Bologna, Italy
| | - Leonardo Caporali
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Programma di Neurogenetica, via Altura 3, 40139, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara La Morgia
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Programma di Neurogenetica, via Altura 3, 40139, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Lucia Valentino
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Programma di Neurogenetica, via Altura 3, 40139, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, via Altura 3, 40139, Bologna, Italy
| | - Monica Montopoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, via Largo Meneghetti 2, 3513, Padova, Italy
| | - Valerio Carelli
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Programma di Neurogenetica, via Altura 3, 40139, Bologna, Italy. .,Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, via Altura 3, 40139, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Maresca
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Programma di Neurogenetica, via Altura 3, 40139, Bologna, Italy.
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22
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Yakita M, Chujo T, Wei FY, Hirayama M, Kato K, Takahashi N, Naganuma K, Nagata M, Kawahara K, Nakayama H, Tomizawa K. Extracellular N6 -isopentenyladenosine (i 6A) addition induces cotranscriptional i 6A incorporation into ribosomal RNAs. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 28:1013-1027. [PMID: 35414588 PMCID: PMC9202588 DOI: 10.1261/rna.079176.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
N6 -isopentenyladenosine (i6A), a modified adenosine monomer, is known to induce cell death upon its addition to the culture medium. However, the molecular fate of extracellularly added i6A has yet to be identified. Here we show that i6A addition to cell culture medium results in i6A incorporation into cellular RNA in several cell lines, including the 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-resistant human oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line FR2-SAS and its parental 5-FU-sensitive cell line SAS. i6A was predominantly incorporated into 18S and 28S rRNAs, and i6A incorporation into total RNA was mostly suppressed by treating these cell lines with an RNA polymerase I (Pol I) inhibitor. i6A was incorporated into RNA even upon inactivation of TRIT1, the only cellular i6A-modifying enzyme. These results indicate that upon cellular uptake of i6A, it is anabolized to be used for Pol I transcription. Interestingly, at lower i6A concentrations, the cytotoxic effect of i6A was substantially more pronounced in FR2-SAS cells than in SAS cells. Moreover, in FR2-SAS cells, i6A treatment decreased the rate of cellular protein synthesis and increased intracellular protein aggregation, and these effects were more pronounced than in SAS cells. Our work provides insights into the molecular fate of extracellularly applied i6A in the context of intracellular nucleic acid anabolism and suggests investigation of i6A as a candidate for a chemotherapy agent against 5-FU-resistant cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Yakita
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Takeshi Chujo
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Fan-Yan Wei
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
- Department of Modomics Biology and Medicine, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Mayumi Hirayama
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Koji Kato
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Nozomu Takahashi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kenta Naganuma
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Masashi Nagata
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kenta Kawahara
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hideki Nakayama
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Tomizawa
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
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Rafiee Z, García-Serrano AM, Duarte JMN. Taurine Supplementation as a Neuroprotective Strategy upon Brain Dysfunction in Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes. Nutrients 2022; 14:1292. [PMID: 35334949 PMCID: PMC8952284 DOI: 10.3390/nu14061292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity, type 2 diabetes, and their associated comorbidities impact brain metabolism and function and constitute risk factors for cognitive impairment. Alterations to taurine homeostasis can impact a number of biological processes, such as osmolarity control, calcium homeostasis, and inhibitory neurotransmission, and have been reported in both metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders. Models of neurodegenerative disorders show reduced brain taurine concentrations. On the other hand, models of insulin-dependent diabetes, insulin resistance, and diet-induced obesity display taurine accumulation in the hippocampus. Given the possible cytoprotective actions of taurine, such cerebral accumulation of taurine might constitute a compensatory mechanism that attempts to prevent neurodegeneration. The present article provides an overview of brain taurine homeostasis and reviews the mechanisms by which taurine can afford neuroprotection in individuals with obesity and diabetes. We conclude that further research is needed for understanding taurine homeostasis in metabolic disorders with an impact on brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Rafiee
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden; (Z.R.); (A.M.G.-S.)
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Alba M. García-Serrano
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden; (Z.R.); (A.M.G.-S.)
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - João M. N. Duarte
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden; (Z.R.); (A.M.G.-S.)
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
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Tochitani S. Taurine: A Maternally Derived Nutrient Linking Mother and Offspring. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12030228. [PMID: 35323671 PMCID: PMC8954275 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12030228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammals can obtain taurine from food and synthesize it from sulfur-containing amino acids. Mammalian fetuses and infants have little ability to synthesize taurine. Therefore, they are dependent on taurine given from mothers either via the placenta or via breast milk. Many lines of evidence demonstrate that maternally derived taurine is essential for offspring development, shaping various traits in adults. Various environmental factors, including maternal obesity, preeclampsia, and undernutrition, can affect the efficacy of taurine transfer via either the placenta or breast milk. Thus, maternally derived taurine during the perinatal period can influence the offspring’s development and even determine health and disease later in life. In this review, I will discuss the biological function of taurine during development and the regulatory mechanisms of taurine transport from mother to offspring. I also refer to the possible environmental factors affecting taurine functions in mother-offspring bonding during perinatal periods. The possible functions of taurine as a determinant of gut microbiota and in the context of the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) hypothesis will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Tochitani
- Division of Health Science, Graduate School of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka 513-8670, Japan; ; Tel.: +81-59-373-7069
- Department of Radiological Technology, Faculty of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka 513-8670, Japan
- Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
- Department of Neurophysiology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
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25
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Freeman L, Rush J, Adin D, Weeks K, Antoon K, Brethel S, Cunningham S, Santos LD, Girens R, Goldberg R, Karlin E, Lessard D, Lopez K, Rouben C, Vereb M, Yang V. Prospective study of dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs eating nontraditional or traditional diets and in dogs with subclinical cardiac abnormalities. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:451-463. [PMID: 35297103 PMCID: PMC8965249 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have investigated dogs with presumed diet-associated dilated cardiomyopathy (daDCM), but prospective studies of multiple breeds are needed. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To evaluate baseline features and serial changes in echocardiography and cardiac biomarkers in dogs with DCM eating nontraditional diets (NTDs) or traditional diets (TDs), and in dogs with subclinical cardiac abnormalities (SCA) eating NTD. ANIMALS Sixty dogs with DCM (NTD, n = 51; TDs, n = 9) and 16 dogs with SCA eating NTDs. METHODS Echocardiography, electrocardiography, and measurement of taurine, cardiac troponin I, and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide were performed in dogs with DCM or SCA. Diets were changed for all dogs, taurine was supplemented in most, and echocardiography and cardiac biomarkers were reassessed (3, 6, and 9 months). RESULTS At enrollment, there were few differences between dogs with DCM eating NTDs or TDs; none had low plasma or whole blood taurine concentrations. Improvement in fractional shortening over time was significantly associated with previous consumption of a NTD, even after adjustment for other variables (P = .005). Median survival time for dogs with DCM was 611 days (range, 2-940 days) for the NTD group and 161 days (range, 12-669 days) for the TD group (P = .21). Sudden death was the most common cause of death in both diet groups. Dogs with SCA also had significant echocardiographic improvements over time. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Dogs with DCM or SCA previously eating NTDs had small, yet significant improvements in echocardiographic parameters after diet changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Freeman
- Cummings School of Veterinary MedicineTufts UniversityNorth GraftonMassachusettsUSA
| | - John Rush
- Cummings School of Veterinary MedicineTufts UniversityNorth GraftonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Darcy Adin
- College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Kelsey Weeks
- Cummings School of Veterinary MedicineTufts UniversityNorth GraftonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Kristen Antoon
- Cummings School of Veterinary MedicineTufts UniversityNorth GraftonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Sara Brethel
- College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
- Present address:
Charlotte Animal Referral and EmergencyCharlotteNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Suzanne Cunningham
- Cummings School of Veterinary MedicineTufts UniversityNorth GraftonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Luis Dos Santos
- Cummings School of Veterinary MedicineTufts UniversityNorth GraftonMassachusettsUSA
- Present address:
Purdue University College of Veterinary MedicineWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Renee Girens
- College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Robert Goldberg
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health SciencesUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
| | - Emily Karlin
- Cummings School of Veterinary MedicineTufts UniversityNorth GraftonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Darleen Lessard
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health SciencesUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
| | - Katherine Lopez
- Cummings School of Veterinary MedicineTufts UniversityNorth GraftonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Camden Rouben
- College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
- Present address:
Charlotte Animal Referral and EmergencyCharlotteNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Michelle Vereb
- College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
- Present address:
Iowa State University College of Veterinary MedicineAmesIowaUSA
| | - Vicky Yang
- Cummings School of Veterinary MedicineTufts UniversityNorth GraftonMassachusettsUSA
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26
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Influences of Taurine Pharmacodynamics and Sex on Active Avoidance Learning and Memory. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1370:381-393. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-93337-1_36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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27
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Zhou JB, Wang ED, Zhou XL. Modifications of the human tRNA anticodon loop and their associations with genetic diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:7087-7105. [PMID: 34605973 PMCID: PMC11071707 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03948-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) harbor the most diverse posttranscriptional modifications. Among such modifications, those in the anticodon loop, either on nucleosides or base groups, compose over half of the identified posttranscriptional modifications. The derivatives of modified nucleotides and the crosstalk of different chemical modifications further add to the structural and functional complexity of tRNAs. These modifications play critical roles in maintaining anticodon loop conformation, wobble base pairing, efficient aminoacylation, and translation speed and fidelity as well as mediating various responses to different stress conditions. Posttranscriptional modifications of tRNA are catalyzed mainly by enzymes and/or cofactors encoded by nuclear genes, whose mutations are firmly connected with diverse human diseases involving genetic nervous system disorders and/or the onset of multisystem failure. In this review, we summarize recent studies about the mechanisms of tRNA modifications occurring at tRNA anticodon loops. In addition, the pathogenesis of related disease-causing mutations at these genes is briefly described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Bo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - En-Duo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 93 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai, 201210, China.
| | - Xiao-Long Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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28
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Surai PF, Earle-Payne K, Kidd MT. Taurine as a Natural Antioxidant: From Direct Antioxidant Effects to Protective Action in Various Toxicological Models. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1876. [PMID: 34942978 PMCID: PMC8698923 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural antioxidants have received tremendous attention over the last 3 decades. At the same time, the attitude to free radicals is slowly changing, and their signalling role in adaptation to stress has recently received a lot of attention. Among many different antioxidants in the body, taurine (Tau), a sulphur-containing non-proteinogenic β-amino acid, is shown to have a special place as an important natural modulator of the antioxidant defence networks. Indeed, Tau is synthesised in most mammals and birds, and the Tau requirement is met by both synthesis and food/feed supply. From the analysis of recent data, it could be concluded that the direct antioxidant effect of Tau due to scavenging free radicals is limited and could be expected only in a few mammalian/avian tissues (e.g., heart and eye) with comparatively high (>15-20 mM) Tau concentrations. The stabilising effects of Tau on mitochondria, a prime site of free radical formation, are characterised and deserve more attention. Tau deficiency has been shown to compromise the electron transport chain in mitochondria and significantly increase free radical production. It seems likely that by maintaining the optimal Tau status of mitochondria, it is possible to control free radical production. Tau's antioxidant protective action is of great importance in various stress conditions in human life, and is related to commercial animal and poultry production. In various in vitro and in vivo toxicological models, Tau showed AO protective effects. The membrane-stabilizing effects, inhibiting effects on ROS-producing enzymes, as well as the indirect AO effects of Tau via redox balance maintenance associated with the modulation of various transcription factors (e.g., Nrf2 and NF-κB) and vitagenes could also contribute to its protective action in stress conditions, and thus deserve more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter F. Surai
- Vitagene and Health Research Centre, Bristol BS4 2RS, UK
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
- Biochemistry and Physiology Department, Saint-Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine, 196084 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent Istvan University, H-2103 Gödöllo, Hungary
| | - Katie Earle-Payne
- NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Renfrewshire Health and Social Care Centre, 10 Ferry Road, Renfrew PA4 8RU, UK;
| | - Michael T. Kidd
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA;
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29
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Luo Q, Wen X, Zhou J, Chen Y, Lv Z, Shen X, Liu J. A novel compound heterozygous mutation of the MTO1 gene associated with complex oxidative phosphorylation deficiency type 10. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 523:172-177. [PMID: 34547275 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mitochondrial tRNA translation optimization 1 (MTO1) gene, which is closely related to defective mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, is an evolutionarily conserved protein expressed in high energy-demanding tissues and is associated with complex oxidative phosphorylation deficiency type 10 (COXPD10) in humans. Related cases and studies are still scarce and have not been reported in the Chinese region. MATERIALS AND METHODS Detailed clinical assessment was applied to the patient. Based on next-generation sequencing technology, we performed whole-exome sequencing of the patient and the parents. Sanger sequencing was used for validation. Bioinformatics software and protein simulations were used to predict the pathogenicity of the variants. RESULTS The patient was diagnosed with a possible association with mitochondrial disease according to the clinical manifestations and physical examination. A novel frameshift mutation c.344delA (p. Asn115Thrfs*11) and a novel point mutation c.1055C > T (p. Thr352Met) in the MTO1 gene were identified. They were found to cause abnormal changes in amino acids and the protein by biochemical tools, indicating it may be pathogenic. CONCLUSION We present two novel and possibly pathogenic variants in the MTO1 gene in a Chinese Han family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 25 Taiping Street, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Xia Wen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 25 Taiping Street, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Jiahong Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 25 Taiping Street, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 25 Taiping Street, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Zhiyu Lv
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 25 Taiping Street, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Xing Shen
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 25 Taiping Street, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Jinbo Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 25 Taiping Street, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China.
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30
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Luciani A, Denley MCS, Govers LP, Sorrentino V, Froese DS. Mitochondrial disease, mitophagy, and cellular distress in methylmalonic acidemia. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:6851-6867. [PMID: 34524466 PMCID: PMC8558192 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03934-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria—the intracellular powerhouse in which nutrients are converted into energy in the form of ATP or heat—are highly dynamic, double-membraned organelles that harness a plethora of cellular functions that sustain energy metabolism and homeostasis. Exciting new discoveries now indicate that the maintenance of this ever changing and functionally pleiotropic organelle is particularly relevant in terminally differentiated cells that are highly dependent on aerobic metabolism. Given the central role in maintaining metabolic and physiological homeostasis, dysregulation of the mitochondrial network might therefore confer a potentially devastating vulnerability to high-energy requiring cell types, contributing to a broad variety of hereditary and acquired diseases. In this Review, we highlight the biological functions of mitochondria-localized enzymes from the perspective of understanding—and potentially reversing—the pathophysiology of inherited disorders affecting the homeostasis of the mitochondrial network and cellular metabolism. Using methylmalonic acidemia as a paradigm of complex mitochondrial dysfunction, we discuss how mitochondrial directed-signaling circuitries govern the homeostasis and physiology of specialized cell types and how these may be disturbed in disease. This Review also provides a critical analysis of affected tissues, potential molecular mechanisms, and novel cellular and animal models of methylmalonic acidemia which are being used to develop new therapeutic options for this disease. These insights might ultimately lead to new therapeutics, not only for methylmalonic acidemia, but also for other currently intractable mitochondrial diseases, potentially transforming our ability to regulate homeostasis and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Luciani
- Mechanisms of Inherited Kidney Diseases Group, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Matthew C S Denley
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Larissa P Govers
- Mechanisms of Inherited Kidney Diseases Group, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vincenzo Sorrentino
- Department of Musculo-Skeletal Health, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - D Sean Froese
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Ikegami H, Babaya N, Noso S. β-Cell failure in diabetes: Common susceptibility and mechanisms shared between type 1 and type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Investig 2021; 12:1526-1539. [PMID: 33993642 PMCID: PMC8409822 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is etiologically classified into type 1, type 2 and other types of diabetes. Despite distinct etiologies and pathogenesis of these subtypes, many studies have suggested the presence of shared susceptibilities and underlying mechanisms in β-cell failure among different types of diabetes. Understanding these susceptibilities and mechanisms can help in the development of therapeutic strategies regardless of the diabetes subtype. In this review, we discuss recent evidence indicating the shared genetic susceptibilities and common molecular mechanisms between type 1, type 2 and other types of diabetes, and highlight the future prospects as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ikegami
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and DiabetesFaculty of MedicineKindai UniversityOsaka‐sayama, OsakaJapan
| | - Naru Babaya
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and DiabetesFaculty of MedicineKindai UniversityOsaka‐sayama, OsakaJapan
| | - Shinsuke Noso
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and DiabetesFaculty of MedicineKindai UniversityOsaka‐sayama, OsakaJapan
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32
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The Role of Taurine in Mitochondria Health: More Than Just an Antioxidant. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164913. [PMID: 34443494 PMCID: PMC8400259 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Taurine is a naturally occurring sulfur-containing amino acid that is found abundantly in excitatory tissues, such as the heart, brain, retina and skeletal muscles. Taurine was first isolated in the 1800s, but not much was known about this molecule until the 1990s. In 1985, taurine was first approved as the treatment among heart failure patients in Japan. Accumulating studies have shown that taurine supplementation also protects against pathologies associated with mitochondrial defects, such as aging, mitochondrial diseases, metabolic syndrome, cancer, cardiovascular diseases and neurological disorders. In this review, we will provide a general overview on the mitochondria biology and the consequence of mitochondrial defects in pathologies. Then, we will discuss the antioxidant action of taurine, particularly in relation to the maintenance of mitochondria function. We will also describe several reported studies on the current use of taurine supplementation in several mitochondria-associated pathologies in humans.
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PGC1s and Beyond: Disentangling the Complex Regulation of Mitochondrial and Cellular Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136913. [PMID: 34199142 PMCID: PMC8268830 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolism is the central engine of living organisms as it provides energy and building blocks for many essential components of each cell, which are required for specific functions in different tissues. Mitochondria are the main site for energy production in living organisms and they also provide intermediate metabolites required for the synthesis of other biologically relevant molecules. Such cellular processes are finely tuned at different levels, including allosteric regulation, posttranslational modifications, and transcription of genes encoding key proteins in metabolic pathways. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ coactivator 1 (PGC1) proteins are transcriptional coactivators involved in the regulation of many cellular processes, mostly ascribable to metabolic pathways. Here, we will discuss some aspects of the cellular processes regulated by PGC1s, bringing up some examples of their role in mitochondrial and cellular metabolism, and how metabolic regulation in mitochondria by members of the PGC1 family affects the immune system. We will analyze how PGC1 proteins are regulated at the transcriptional and posttranslational level and will also examine other regulators of mitochondrial metabolism and the related cellular functions, considering approaches to identify novel mitochondrial regulators and their role in physiology and disease. Finally, we will analyze possible therapeutical perspectives currently under assessment that are applicable to different disease states.
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34
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Zhang Q, He X, Yao S, Lin T, Zhang L, Chen D, Chen C, Yang Q, Li F, Zhu YM, Guan MX. Ablation of Mto1 in zebrafish exhibited hypertrophic cardiomyopathy manifested by mitochondrion RNA maturation deficiency. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:4689-4704. [PMID: 33836087 PMCID: PMC8096277 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficient maturations of mitochondrial transcripts are linked to clinical abnormalities but their pathophysiology remains elusive. Previous investigations showed that pathogenic variants in MTO1 for the biosynthesis of τm5U of tRNAGlu, tRNAGln, tRNALys, tRNATrp and tRNALeu(UUR) were associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Using mto1 knock-out(KO) zebrafish generated by CRISPR/Cas9 system, we demonstrated the pleiotropic effects of Mto1 deficiency on mitochondrial RNA maturations. The perturbed structure and stability of tRNAs caused by mto1 deletion were evidenced by conformation changes and sensitivity to S1-mediated digestion of tRNAGln, tRNALys, tRNATrp and tRNALeu(UUR). Notably, mto1KO zebrafish exhibited the global decreases in the aminoacylation of mitochondrial tRNAs with the taurine modification. Strikingly, ablated mto1 mediated the expression of MTPAP and caused the altered polyadenylation of cox1, cox3, and nd1 mRNAs. Immunoprecipitation assay indicated the interaction of MTO1 with MTPAP related to mRNA polyadenylation. These alterations impaired mitochondrial translation and reduced activities of oxidative phosphorylation complexes. These mitochondria dysfunctions caused heart development defects and hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes and myocardial fiber disarray in ventricles. These cardiac defects in the mto1KO zebrafish recapitulated the clinical phenotypes in HCM patients carrying the MTO1 mutation(s). Our findings highlighted the critical role of MTO1 in mitochondrial transcript maturation and their pathological consequences in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Genetically Modified
- Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/genetics
- Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/physiopathology
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Heart/embryology
- Heart/physiopathology
- In Situ Hybridization
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Mitochondria/enzymology
- Mitochondria/genetics
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Mitochondria/pathology
- Mitochondrial Proteins/genetics
- Mitochondrial Proteins/metabolism
- Mutation
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Myocardium/pathology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Polyadenylation/genetics
- RNA, Mitochondrial/metabolism
- RNA, Transfer/genetics
- RNA, Transfer/metabolism
- RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Transfer RNA Aminoacylation/genetics
- Zebrafish/embryology
- Zebrafish/genetics
- Zebrafish/metabolism
- Zebrafish Proteins/genetics
- Zebrafish Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghai Zhang
- Division of Medical Genetics and Genomics, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Genetic and Developmental Disorder, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education of PRC, The Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
| | - Xiao He
- Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Shihao Yao
- Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Tianxiang Lin
- Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Luwen Zhang
- Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Danni Chen
- Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Qingxian Yang
- Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Feng Li
- Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yi-Min Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education of PRC, The Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
| | - Min-Xin Guan
- Division of Medical Genetics and Genomics, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Genetic and Developmental Disorder, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education of PRC, The Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
- Joint Institute of Genetics and Genome Medicine between Zhejiang University and University of Toronto, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
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35
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McMahon M, Forester C, Buffenstein R. Aging through an epitranscriptomic lens. NATURE AGING 2021; 1:335-346. [PMID: 37117595 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-021-00058-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
The mechanistic causes of aging, the time-related decline in function and good health that leads to increased mortality, remain poorly understood. Here we propose that age-dependent alteration of the epitranscriptome, encompassing more than 150 chemically distinct post-transcriptional modifications or editing events, warrants exploration as an important modulator of aging. The epitranscriptome is a potent regulator of RNA function, diverse cellular processes and tissue regenerative capacity. To date, only a few studies link alterations in the epitranscriptome to molecular and physiological changes during aging; however, epitranscriptome dysfunction is associated with and underlies several age-associated pathologies, including cancer and neurodegenerative, cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases. For example, changes in RNA modifications (such as N6-methyladenosine and inosine) impact cardiac physiology and are linked to cardiac fibrosis. Although an uncharted research focus, mapping epitranscriptome alterations in the context of aging may elucidate novel predictors of both health and lifespan, and may identify therapeutic targets for attenuating aging and abrogating age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary McMahon
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Craig Forester
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
- Children's Hospital Colorado, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplant, Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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36
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Peng GX, Zhang Y, Wang QQ, Li QR, Xu H, Wang ED, Zhou XL. The human tRNA taurine modification enzyme GTPBP3 is an active GTPase linked to mitochondrial diseases. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:2816-2834. [PMID: 33619562 PMCID: PMC7969015 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
GTPBP3 and MTO1 cooperatively catalyze 5-taurinomethyluridine (τm5U) biosynthesis at the 34th wobble position of mitochondrial tRNAs. Mutations in tRNAs, GTPBP3 or MTO1, causing τm5U hypomodification, lead to various diseases. However, efficient in vitro reconstitution and mechanistic study of τm5U modification have been challenging, in part due to the lack of pure and active enzymes. A previous study reported that purified human GTPBP3 (hGTPBP3) is inactive in GTP hydrolysis. Here, we identified the mature form of hGTPBP3 and showed that hGTPBP3 is an active GTPase in vitro that is critical for tRNA modification in vivo. Unexpectedly, the isolated G domain and a mutant with the N-terminal domain truncated catalyzed GTP hydrolysis to only a limited extent, exhibiting high Km values compared with that of the mature enzyme. We further described several important pathogenic mutations of hGTPBP3, associated with alterations in hGTPBP3 localization, structure and/or function in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we discovered a novel cytoplasm-localized isoform of hGTPBP3, indicating an unknown potential noncanonical function of hGTPBP3. Together, our findings established, for the first time, the GTP hydrolysis mechanism of hGTPBP3 and laid a solid foundation for clarifying the τm5U modification mechanism and etiology of τm5U deficiency-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Xin Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Hua Xia Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qin-Qin Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Hua Xia Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Qing-Run Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, the International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 910 Heng Shan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - En-Duo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Hua Xia Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xiao-Long Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
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37
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Kazuhito T, Wei FY. Posttranscriptional modifications in mitochondrial tRNA and its implication in mitochondrial translation and disease. J Biochem 2021; 168:435-444. [PMID: 32818253 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvaa098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental aspect of mitochondria is that they possess DNA and protein translation machinery. Mitochondrial DNA encodes 22 tRNAs that translate mitochondrial mRNAs to 13 polypeptides of respiratory complexes. Various chemical modifications have been identified in mitochondrial tRNAs via complex enzymatic processes. A growing body of evidence has demonstrated that these modifications are essential for translation by regulating tRNA stability, structure and mRNA binding, and can be dynamically regulated by the metabolic environment. Importantly, the hypomodification of mitochondrial tRNA due to pathogenic mutations in mitochondrial tRNA genes or nuclear genes encoding modifying enzymes can result in life-threatening mitochondrial diseases in humans. Thus, the mitochondrial tRNA modification is a fundamental mechanism underlying the tight regulation of mitochondrial translation and is essential for life. In this review, we focus on recent findings on the physiological roles of 5-taurinomethyl modification (herein referred as taurine modification) in mitochondrial tRNAs. We summarize the findings in human patients and animal models with a deficiency of taurine modifications and provide pathogenic links to mitochondrial diseases. We anticipate that this review will help understand the complexity of mitochondrial biology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomizawa Kazuhito
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto-shi, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Fan-Yan Wei
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto-shi, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.,Department of Modomics Biology and Medicine, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Seriyo-machi 4-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai-shi, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
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38
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The expanding world of tRNA modifications and their disease relevance. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:375-392. [PMID: 33658722 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00342-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Transfer RNA (tRNA) is an adapter molecule that links a specific codon in mRNA with its corresponding amino acid during protein synthesis. tRNAs are enzymatically modified post-transcriptionally. A wide variety of tRNA modifications are found in the tRNA anticodon, which are crucial for precise codon recognition and reading frame maintenance, thereby ensuring accurate and efficient protein synthesis. In addition, tRNA-body regions are also frequently modified and thus stabilized in the cell. Over the past two decades, 16 novel tRNA modifications were discovered in various organisms, and the chemical space of tRNA modification continues to expand. Recent studies have revealed that tRNA modifications can be dynamically altered in response to levels of cellular metabolites and environmental stresses. Importantly, we now understand that deficiencies in tRNA modification can have pathological consequences, which are termed 'RNA modopathies'. Dysregulation of tRNA modification is involved in mitochondrial diseases, neurological disorders and cancer.
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39
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Mechanisms and regulation of protein synthesis in mitochondria. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:307-325. [PMID: 33594280 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00332-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are cellular organelles responsible for generation of chemical energy in the process called oxidative phosphorylation. They originate from a bacterial ancestor and maintain their own genome, which is expressed by designated, mitochondrial transcription and translation machineries that differ from those operating for nuclear gene expression. In particular, the mitochondrial protein synthesis machinery is structurally and functionally very different from that governing eukaryotic, cytosolic translation. Despite harbouring their own genetic information, mitochondria are far from being independent of the rest of the cell and, conversely, cellular fitness is closely linked to mitochondrial function. Mitochondria depend heavily on the import of nuclear-encoded proteins for gene expression and function, and hence engage in extensive inter-compartmental crosstalk to regulate their proteome. This connectivity allows mitochondria to adapt to changes in cellular conditions and also mediates responses to stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. With a focus on mammals and yeast, we review fundamental insights that have been made into the biogenesis, architecture and mechanisms of the mitochondrial translation apparatus in the past years owing to the emergence of numerous near-atomic structures and a considerable amount of biochemical work. Moreover, we discuss how cellular mitochondrial protein expression is regulated, including aspects of mRNA and tRNA maturation and stability, roles of auxiliary factors, such as translation regulators, that adapt mitochondrial translation rates, and the importance of inter-compartmental crosstalk with nuclear gene expression and cytosolic translation and how it enables integration of mitochondrial translation into the cellular context.
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40
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Chujo T, Tomizawa K. Human transfer RNA modopathies: diseases caused by aberrations in transfer RNA modifications. FEBS J 2021; 288:7096-7122. [PMID: 33513290 PMCID: PMC9255597 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
tRNA molecules are post-transcriptionally modified by tRNA modification enzymes. Although composed of different chemistries, more than 40 types of human tRNA modifications play pivotal roles in protein synthesis by regulating tRNA structure and stability as well as decoding genetic information on mRNA. Many tRNA modifications are conserved among all three kingdoms of life, and aberrations in various human tRNA modification enzymes cause life-threatening diseases. Here, we describe the class of diseases and disorders caused by aberrations in tRNA modifications as 'tRNA modopathies'. Aberrations in over 50 tRNA modification enzymes are associated with tRNA modopathies, which most frequently manifest as dysfunctions of the brain and/or kidney, mitochondrial diseases, and cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms that link aberrant tRNA modifications to human diseases are largely unknown. In this review, we provide a comprehensive compilation of human tRNA modification functions, tRNA modification enzyme genes, and tRNA modopathies, and we summarize the elucidated pathogenic mechanisms underlying several tRNA modopathies. We will also discuss important questions that need to be addressed in order to understand the molecular pathogenesis of tRNA modopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Chujo
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Tomizawa
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
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41
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Ogawa A, Nagiri C, Shihoya W, Inoue A, Kawakami K, Hiratsuka S, Aoki J, Ito Y, Suzuki T, Suzuki T, Inoue T, Nureki O, Tanihara H, Tomizawa K, Wei FY. N 6-methyladenosine (m 6A) is an endogenous A3 adenosine receptor ligand. Mol Cell 2021; 81:659-674.e7. [PMID: 33472058 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
About 150 post-transcriptional RNA modifications have been identified in all kingdoms of life. During RNA catabolism, most modified nucleosides are resistant to degradation and are released into the extracellular space. In this study, we explored the physiological role of these extracellular modified nucleosides and found that N6-methyladenosine (m6A), widely recognized as an epigenetic mark in RNA, acts as a ligand for the human adenosine A3 receptor, for which it has greater affinity than unmodified adenosine. We used structural modeling to define the amino acids required for specific binding of m6A to the human A3 receptor. We also demonstrated that m6A was dynamically released in response to cytotoxic stimuli and facilitated type I allergy in vivo. Our findings implicate m6A as a signaling molecule capable of activating G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and triggering pathophysiological responses, a previously unreported property of RNA modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Ogawa
- Department of Modomics Biology and Medicine, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Chisae Nagiri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Shihoya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Advanced Research and Development Programs for Medical Innovation (PRIME), Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Tokyo, Japan; Advanced Research and Development Programs for Medical Innovation (LEAP), AMED, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouki Kawakami
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Suzune Hiratsuka
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Advanced Research and Development Programs for Medical Innovation (LEAP), AMED, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ito
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takeo Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Inoue
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Osamu Nureki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kazuhito Tomizawa
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Fan-Yan Wei
- Department of Modomics Biology and Medicine, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Japan.
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42
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Abstract
Since fulminant type 1 diabetes was reported as a distinct subtype of type 1 diabetes in 2000, the Committee on Type 1 diabetes, Japan Diabetes Society has continuously recruited patients and conducted genomic research to elucidate the genetic basis of fulminant type 1 diabetes. The contribution of the human leukocyte antigen complex (HLA) to genetic susceptibility to fulminant type 1 diabetes was compared with that of other subtypes in 2009. The alleles and haplotypes associated with fulminant type 1 diabetes were found to be different from acute-onset and slowly progressive type 1 diabetes. DRB1*15:01-DQB1*06:02, a protective haplotype against acute-onset type 1 diabetes, does not provide protection against fulminant type 1 diabetes and DRB1*08:02-DQB1*03:02, a susceptible haplotype to acute-onset type 1 diabetes, does not confer susceptibility to fulminant type 1 diabetes. Recently, the first genome-wide association study (GWAS) of fulminant type 1 diabetes was performed in Japanese individuals. A strong association was observed with multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the HLA region, and the strongest association was observed with rs9268853 in the class II DR region. In addition, 11 SNPs outside the HLA region showed some evidence of association with the disease. In particular, rs11170445 in CSAD/lnc-ITGB7-1 on chromosome 12q13.13 showed an association at a genome-wide significance level. Fine mapping revealed that rs3782151 in CSAD/lnc-ITGB7-1 showed the lowest P value. CSAD/lnc-ITGB7-1 was found to be strongly associated with susceptibility to fulminant, but not classical, autoimmune type 1 diabetes, implicating this locus in the distinct phenotype of fulminant type 1 diabetes.
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43
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Hirata H, Ueda S, Ichiseki T, Shimasaki M, Ueda Y, Kaneuji A, Kawahara N. Taurine Inhibits Glucocorticoid-Induced Bone Mitochondrial Injury, Preventing Osteonecrosis in Rabbits and Cultured Osteocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186892. [PMID: 32962196 PMCID: PMC7555938 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial injury has recently been implicated in the pathogenesis of glucocorticoid-induced osteonecrosis. Using cultured osteocytes and a rabbit model, we investigated the possibility that taurine (TAU), which is known to play a role in the preservation of mitochondrial function, might also prevent the development of osteonecrosis. To reduplicate the intraosseous environment seen in glucocorticoid-induced osteonecrosis, dexamethasone (Dex) was added to MLO-Y4 cultured in 1% hypoxia (H-D stress environment). An in vitro study was conducted in which changes in mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), a marker of mitochondrial function, and ATP5A produced by mitochondria, induced by the presence/absence of taurine addition were measured. To confirm the effect of taurine in vivo, 15 Japanese White rabbits were administered methylprednisolone (MP) 20 mg/kg as a single injection into the gluteus muscle (MP+/TAU− group), while for 5 consecutive days from the day of MP administration, taurine 100 mg/kg was administered to 15 animals (MP+/TAU+ group). As a control 15 untreated rabbits were also studied. The rabbits in each of the groups were sacrificed on the 14th day after glucocorticoid administration, and the bilateral femora were harvested. Histopathologically, the incidence of osteonecrosis was quantified immunohistochemically by quantifying TFAM and ATP5A expression. In the rabbits exposed to an H-D stress environment and in MP+/TAU− group, TFAM and ATP5A expression markedly decreased. With addition of taurine in the in vitro and in vivo studies, the expression of TFAM and ATP5A was somewhat decreased as compared with Dex−/hypoxia− or MP−/TAU− group, while improvement was noted as compared with Dex+/hypoxia+ or MP+/TAU− group. In rabbits, the incidence of osteonecrosis was 80% in MP+/TAU− group, in contrast to 20% in the taurine administered group (MP+/TAU+), representing a significant decrease. Since taurine was documented to exert a protective effect on mitochondrial function by inhibiting the mitochondrial dysfunction associated with glucocorticoid administration, we speculated that it might also indirectly help to prevent the development of osteonecrosis in this context. Since taurine is already being used clinically, we considered that its clinical application would also likely be smooth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Hirata
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa Medical University, Daigaku 1-1, Uchinada-machi, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan; (H.H.); (S.U.); (A.K.); (N.K.)
| | - Shusuke Ueda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa Medical University, Daigaku 1-1, Uchinada-machi, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan; (H.H.); (S.U.); (A.K.); (N.K.)
| | - Toru Ichiseki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa Medical University, Daigaku 1-1, Uchinada-machi, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan; (H.H.); (S.U.); (A.K.); (N.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-76-286-2211 (ext. 3214); Fax: +81-76-286-4406
| | - Miyako Shimasaki
- Department of Pathology 2, Kanazawa Medical University, Daigaku 1-1, Uchinada-machi, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan; (M.S.); (Y.U.)
| | - Yoshimichi Ueda
- Department of Pathology 2, Kanazawa Medical University, Daigaku 1-1, Uchinada-machi, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan; (M.S.); (Y.U.)
| | - Ayumi Kaneuji
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa Medical University, Daigaku 1-1, Uchinada-machi, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan; (H.H.); (S.U.); (A.K.); (N.K.)
| | - Norio Kawahara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa Medical University, Daigaku 1-1, Uchinada-machi, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan; (H.H.); (S.U.); (A.K.); (N.K.)
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McCown PJ, Ruszkowska A, Kunkler CN, Breger K, Hulewicz JP, Wang MC, Springer NA, Brown JA. Naturally occurring modified ribonucleosides. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2020; 11:e1595. [PMID: 32301288 PMCID: PMC7694415 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The chemical identity of RNA molecules beyond the four standard ribonucleosides has fascinated scientists since pseudouridine was characterized as the "fifth" ribonucleotide in 1951. Since then, the ever-increasing number and complexity of modified ribonucleosides have been found in viruses and throughout all three domains of life. Such modifications can be as simple as methylations, hydroxylations, or thiolations, complex as ring closures, glycosylations, acylations, or aminoacylations, or unusual as the incorporation of selenium. While initially found in transfer and ribosomal RNAs, modifications also exist in messenger RNAs and noncoding RNAs. Modifications have profound cellular outcomes at various levels, such as altering RNA structure or being essential for cell survival or organism viability. The aberrant presence or absence of RNA modifications can lead to human disease, ranging from cancer to various metabolic and developmental illnesses such as Hoyeraal-Hreidarsson syndrome, Bowen-Conradi syndrome, or Williams-Beuren syndrome. In this review article, we summarize the characterization of all 143 currently known modified ribonucleosides by describing their taxonomic distributions, the enzymes that generate the modifications, and any implications in cellular processes, RNA structure, and disease. We also highlight areas of active research, such as specific RNAs that contain a particular type of modification as well as methodologies used to identify novel RNA modifications. This article is categorized under: RNA Processing > RNA Editing and Modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip J. McCown
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
| | - Agnieszka Ruszkowska
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
- Present address:
Institute of Bioorganic ChemistryPolish Academy of SciencesPoznanPoland
| | - Charlotte N. Kunkler
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
| | - Kurtis Breger
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
| | - Jacob P. Hulewicz
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
| | - Matthew C. Wang
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
| | - Noah A. Springer
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
| | - Jessica A. Brown
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
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45
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Almannai M, El-Hattab AW, Ali M, Soler-Alfonso C, Scaglia F. Clinical trials in mitochondrial disorders, an update. Mol Genet Metab 2020; 131:1-13. [PMID: 33129691 PMCID: PMC7537630 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial disorders comprise a molecular and clinically diverse group of diseases that are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction leading to multi-organ disease. With recent advances in molecular technologies, the understanding of the pathomechanisms of a growing list of mitochondrial disorders has been greatly expanded. However, the therapeutic approaches for mitochondrial disorders have lagged behind with treatment options limited mainly to symptom specific therapies and supportive measures. There is an increasing number of clinical trials in mitochondrial disorders aiming for more specific and effective therapies. This review will cover different treatment modalities currently used in mitochondrial disorders, focusing on recent and ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Almannai
- Section of Medical Genetics, Children's Hospital, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman W El-Hattab
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - May Ali
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Claudia Soler-Alfonso
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fernando Scaglia
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong.
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46
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Suzuki T, Yashiro Y, Kikuchi I, Ishigami Y, Saito H, Matsuzawa I, Okada S, Mito M, Iwasaki S, Ma D, Zhao X, Asano K, Lin H, Kirino Y, Sakaguchi Y, Suzuki T. Complete chemical structures of human mitochondrial tRNAs. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4269. [PMID: 32859890 PMCID: PMC7455718 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18068-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria generate most cellular energy via oxidative phosphorylation. Twenty-two species of mitochondrial (mt-)tRNAs encoded in mtDNA translate essential subunits of the respiratory chain complexes. mt-tRNAs contain post-transcriptional modifications introduced by nuclear-encoded tRNA-modifying enzymes. They are required for deciphering genetic code accurately, as well as stabilizing tRNA. Loss of tRNA modifications frequently results in severe pathological consequences. Here, we perform a comprehensive analysis of post-transcriptional modifications of all human mt-tRNAs, including 14 previously-uncharacterized species. In total, we find 18 kinds of RNA modifications at 137 positions (8.7% in 1575 nucleobases) in 22 species of human mt-tRNAs. An up-to-date list of 34 genes responsible for mt-tRNA modifications are provided. We identify two genes required for queuosine (Q) formation in mt-tRNAs. Our results provide insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the decoding system and could help to elucidate the molecular pathogenesis of human mitochondrial diseases caused by aberrant tRNA modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yuka Yashiro
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Ittoku Kikuchi
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yuma Ishigami
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hironori Saito
- RNA System Biochemistry Laboratory, Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Ikuya Matsuzawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Shunpei Okada
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2669 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Mari Mito
- RNA System Biochemistry Laboratory, Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Shintaro Iwasaki
- RNA System Biochemistry Laboratory, Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Ding Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Xuewei Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kana Asano
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Huan Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, 570228, Haikou, Hainan, P.R. China
| | - Yohei Kirino
- Computational Medicine Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Yuriko Sakaguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
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47
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Otten ABC, Kamps R, Lindsey P, Gerards M, Pendeville-Samain H, Muller M, van Tienen FHJ, Smeets HJM. Tfam Knockdown Results in Reduction of mtDNA Copy Number, OXPHOS Deficiency and Abnormalities in Zebrafish Embryos. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:381. [PMID: 32596237 PMCID: PMC7303330 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy numbers are essential for oogenesis and embryogenesis and correlate with fertility of oocytes and viability of embryos. To understand the pathology and mechanisms associated with low mtDNA copy numbers, we knocked down mitochondrial transcription factor A (tfam), a regulator of mtDNA replication, during early zebrafish development. Reduction of tfam using a splice-modifying morpholino (MO) resulted in a 42 ± 17% decrease in mtDNA copy number in embryos at 4 days post fertilization. Morphant embryos displayed abnormal development of the eye, brain, heart, and muscle, as well as a 50 ± 22% decrease in ATP production. Transcriptome analysis revealed a decrease in protein-encoding transcripts from the heavy strand of the mtDNA, and down-regulation of genes involved in haem production and the metabolism of metabolites, which appear to trigger increased rRNA and tRNA synthesis in the nucleoli. However, this stress or compensatory response appears to fall short as pathology emerges and expression of genes related to eye development are severely down-regulated. Taken together, this study highlights the importance of sufficient mtDNA copies for early zebrafish development. Zebrafish is an excellent model to manipulate the mtDNA bottleneck and study its effect on embryogenesis rapidly and in large numbers of offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auke B. C. Otten
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Rick Kamps
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- School for Mental Health and Neurosciences (MHeNS), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Patrick Lindsey
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Mike Gerards
- Maastricht Centre for Systems Biology (MaCSBio), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | - Marc Muller
- Laboratory of Organogenesis and Regeneration, Univérsité Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Florence H. J. van Tienen
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- School for Mental Health and Neurosciences (MHeNS), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Hubert J. M. Smeets
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
- School for Mental Health and Neurosciences (MHeNS), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
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48
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Screening for deafness-associated mitochondrial 12S rRNA mutations by using a multiplex allele-specific PCR method. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:224124. [PMID: 32400865 PMCID: PMC7263198 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20200778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial 12S rRNA A1555G and C1494T mutations are the major contributors to hearing loss. As patients with these mutations are sensitive to aminoglycosides, mutational screening for 12S rRNA is therefore recommended before the use of aminoglycosides. Most recently, we developed a novel multiplex allele-specific PCR (MAS-PCR) that can be used for detecting A1555G and C1494T mutations. In the present study, we employed this MAS-PCR to screen the 12S rRNA mutations in 500 deaf patients and 300 controls from 5 community hospitals. After PCR and electrophoresis, two patients with A1555G and one patient with C1494T were identified, this was consistent with Sanger sequence results. We further traced the origin of three Chinese pedigrees. Clinical evaluation revealed variable phenotypes of hearing loss including severity, age at onset and audiometric configuration in these patients. Sequence analysis of the mitochondrial genomes from matrilineal relatives suggested the presence of three evolutionarily conserved mutations: tRNACys T5802C, tRNALys A8343G and tRNAThr G15930A, which may result the failure in tRNAs metabolism and lead to mitochondrial dysfunction that was responsible for deafness. However, the lack of any functional variants in GJB2, GJB3, GJB6 and TRMU suggested that nuclear genes may not play active roles in deafness expression. Hence, aminoglycosides and mitochondrial genetic background may contribute to the clinical expression of A1555G/C1494T-induced deafness. Our data indicated that the MAS-PCR was a fast, convenience method for screening the 12S rRNA mutations, which was useful for early detection and prevention of mitochondrial deafness.
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49
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Quiles JM, Gustafsson ÅB. Mitochondrial Quality Control and Cellular Proteostasis: Two Sides of the Same Coin. Front Physiol 2020; 11:515. [PMID: 32528313 PMCID: PMC7263099 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of cardiac pathophysiology. Defects in mitochondrial performance disrupt contractile function, overwhelm myocytes with reactive oxygen species (ROS), and transform these cellular powerhouses into pro-death organelles. Thus, quality control (QC) pathways aimed at identifying and removing damaged mitochondrial proteins, components, or entire mitochondria are crucial processes in post-mitotic cells such as cardiac myocytes. Almost all of the mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nuclear genome and the trafficking of these nuclear-encoded proteins necessitates significant cross-talk with the cytosolic protein QC machinery to ensure that only functional proteins are delivered to the mitochondria. Within the organelle, mitochondria contain their own protein QC system consisting of chaperones and proteases. This system represents another level of QC to promote mitochondrial protein folding and prevent aggregation. If this system is overwhelmed, a conserved transcriptional response known as the mitochondrial unfolded protein response is activated to increase the expression of proteins involved in restoring mitochondrial proteostasis. If the mitochondrion is beyond repair, the entire organelle must be removed before it becomes cytotoxic and causes cellular damage. Recent evidence has also uncovered mitochondria as participants in cytosolic protein QC where misfolded cytosolic proteins can be imported and degraded inside mitochondria. However, this process also places increased pressure on mitochondrial QC pathways to ensure that the imported proteins do not cause mitochondrial dysfunction. This review is focused on discussing the pathways involved in regulating mitochondrial QC and their relationship to cellular proteostasis and mitochondrial health in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Quiles
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Åsa B Gustafsson
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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50
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Yang L, Garcia Canaveras JC, Chen Z, Wang L, Liang L, Jang C, Mayr JA, Zhang Z, Ghergurovich JM, Zhan L, Joshi S, Hu Z, McReynolds MR, Su X, White E, Morscher RJ, Rabinowitz JD. Serine Catabolism Feeds NADH when Respiration Is Impaired. Cell Metab 2020; 31:809-821.e6. [PMID: 32187526 PMCID: PMC7397714 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
NADH provides electrons for aerobic ATP production. In cells deprived of oxygen or with impaired electron transport chain activity, NADH accumulation can be toxic. To minimize such toxicity, elevated NADH inhibits the classical NADH-producing pathways: glucose, glutamine, and fat oxidation. Here, through deuterium-tracing studies in cultured cells and mice, we show that folate-dependent serine catabolism also produces substantial NADH. Strikingly, when respiration is impaired, serine catabolism through methylene tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (MTHFD2) becomes a major NADH source. In cells whose respiration is slowed by hypoxia, metformin, or genetic lesions, mitochondrial serine catabolism inhibition partially normalizes NADH levels and facilitates cell growth. In mice with engineered mitochondrial complex I deficiency (NDUSF4-/-), serine's contribution to NADH is elevated, and progression of spasticity is modestly slowed by pharmacological blockade of serine degradation. Thus, when respiration is impaired, serine catabolism contributes to toxic NADH accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Yang
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Garcia Canaveras
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Zihong Chen
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Lin Wang
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Lingfan Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Cholsoon Jang
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Johannes A Mayr
- Department of Pediatrics, Salzburger Landeskliniken and Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg 5020, Austria
| | - Zhaoyue Zhang
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Jonathan M Ghergurovich
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Le Zhan
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Shilpy Joshi
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Zhixian Hu
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Melanie R McReynolds
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Su
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA; Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Eileen White
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | | | - Joshua D Rabinowitz
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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