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Zhang Y, Bock F, Ferdaus M, Arroyo JP, L Rose K, Patel P, Denton JS, Delpire E, Weinstein AM, Zhang MZ, Harris RC, Terker AS. Low potassium activation of proximal mTOR/AKT signaling is mediated by Kir4.2. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5144. [PMID: 38886379 PMCID: PMC11183202 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49562-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The renal epithelium is sensitive to changes in blood potassium (K+). We identify the basolateral K+ channel, Kir4.2, as a mediator of the proximal tubule response to K+ deficiency. Mice lacking Kir4.2 have a compensated baseline phenotype whereby they increase their distal transport burden to maintain homeostasis. Upon dietary K+ depletion, knockout animals decompensate as evidenced by increased urinary K+ excretion and development of a proximal renal tubular acidosis. Potassium wasting is not proximal in origin but is caused by higher ENaC activity and depends upon increased distal sodium delivery. Three-dimensional imaging reveals Kir4.2 knockouts fail to undergo proximal tubule expansion, while the distal convoluted tubule response is exaggerated. AKT signaling mediates the dietary K+ response, which is blunted in Kir4.2 knockouts. Lastly, we demonstrate in isolated tubules that AKT phosphorylation in response to low K+ depends upon mTORC2 activation by secondary changes in Cl- transport. Data support a proximal role for cell Cl- which, as it does along the distal nephron, responds to K+ changes to activate kinase signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahua Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Fabian Bock
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mohammed Ferdaus
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Juan Pablo Arroyo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kristie L Rose
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Purvi Patel
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jerod S Denton
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Eric Delpire
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Alan M Weinstein
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weil Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ming-Zhi Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Raymond C Harris
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Andrew S Terker
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Nashville, TN, USA.
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2
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Siew K, Nestler KA, Nelson C, D'Ambrosio V, Zhong C, Li Z, Grillo A, Wan ER, Patel V, Overbey E, Kim J, Yun S, Vaughan MB, Cheshire C, Cubitt L, Broni-Tabi J, Al-Jaber MY, Boyko V, Meydan C, Barker P, Arif S, Afsari F, Allen N, Al-Maadheed M, Altinok S, Bah N, Border S, Brown AL, Burling K, Cheng-Campbell M, Colón LM, Degoricija L, Figg N, Finch R, Foox J, Faridi P, French A, Gebre S, Gordon P, Houerbi N, Valipour Kahrood H, Kiffer FC, Klosinska AS, Kubik A, Lee HC, Li Y, Lucarelli N, Marullo AL, Matei I, McCann CM, Mimar S, Naglah A, Nicod J, O'Shaughnessy KM, Oliveira LCD, Oswalt L, Patras LI, Lai Polo SH, Rodríguez-Lopez M, Roufosse C, Sadeghi-Alavijeh O, Sanchez-Hodge R, Paul AS, Schittenhelm RB, Schweickart A, Scott RT, Choy Lim Kam Sian TC, da Silveira WA, Slawinski H, Snell D, Sosa J, Saravia-Butler AM, Tabetah M, Tanuwidjaya E, Walker-Samuel S, Yang X, Yasmin, Zhang H, Godovac-Zimmermann J, Sarder P, Sanders LM, Costes SV, Campbell RAA, Karouia F, Mohamed-Alis V, Rodriques S, Lynham S, Steele JR, Baranzini S, Fazelinia H, Dai Z, Uruno A, Shiba D, Yamamoto M, A C Almeida E, Blaber E, Schisler JC, Eisch AJ, Muratani M, Zwart SR, Smith SM, Galazka JM, Mason CE, Beheshti A, Walsh SB. Cosmic kidney disease: an integrated pan-omic, physiological and morphological study into spaceflight-induced renal dysfunction. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4923. [PMID: 38862484 PMCID: PMC11167060 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Missions into Deep Space are planned this decade. Yet the health consequences of exposure to microgravity and galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) over years-long missions on indispensable visceral organs such as the kidney are largely unexplored. We performed biomolecular (epigenomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, epiproteomic, metabolomic, metagenomic), clinical chemistry (electrolytes, endocrinology, biochemistry) and morphometry (histology, 3D imaging, miRNA-ISH, tissue weights) analyses using samples and datasets available from 11 spaceflight-exposed mouse and 5 human, 1 simulated microgravity rat and 4 simulated GCR-exposed mouse missions. We found that spaceflight induces: 1) renal transporter dephosphorylation which may indicate astronauts' increased risk of nephrolithiasis is in part a primary renal phenomenon rather than solely a secondary consequence of bone loss; 2) remodelling of the nephron that results in expansion of distal convoluted tubule size but loss of overall tubule density; 3) renal damage and dysfunction when exposed to a Mars roundtrip dose-equivalent of simulated GCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Siew
- London Tubular Centre, Department of Renal Medicine, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Kevin A Nestler
- The Institute for Biomedical Sciences (IBS), The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Charlotte Nelson
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Viola D'Ambrosio
- London Tubular Centre, Department of Renal Medicine, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Experimental and Translational Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Chutong Zhong
- London Tubular Centre, Department of Renal Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Zhongwang Li
- London Tubular Centre, Department of Renal Medicine, University College London, London, UK
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, London, UK
- Centre for Computational Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alessandra Grillo
- London Tubular Centre, Department of Renal Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth R Wan
- London Tubular Centre, Department of Renal Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Vaksha Patel
- Department of Renal Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Eliah Overbey
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - JangKeun Kim
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sanghee Yun
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael B Vaughan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chris Cheshire
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Laura Cubitt
- Applied Biotechnology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Jessica Broni-Tabi
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Valery Boyko
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - Cem Meydan
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter Barker
- MRC MDU Mouse Biochemistry Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Shehbeel Arif
- Center for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Fatemeh Afsari
- Department of Medicine-Nephrology & Intelligent Critical Care Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Noah Allen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Mohammed Al-Maadheed
- Anti-Doping Laboratory Qatar, Doha, Qatar
- Centre of Metabolism and Inflammation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Selin Altinok
- School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nourdine Bah
- Applied Biotechnology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Samuel Border
- Department of Medicine-Nephrology & Intelligent Critical Care Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Amanda L Brown
- Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Keith Burling
- MRC MDU Mouse Biochemistry Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Margareth Cheng-Campbell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lorianna M Colón
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lovorka Degoricija
- KBR, Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - Nichola Figg
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rebecca Finch
- School of Health, Science and Wellbeing, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
| | - Jonathan Foox
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pouya Faridi
- Monash Proteomics and Metabolomics Platform, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Alison French
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - Samrawit Gebre
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - Peter Gordon
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nadia Houerbi
- Physiology, Biophysics & Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hossein Valipour Kahrood
- Monash Proteomics and Metabolomics Platform, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Monash Bioinformatics Platform, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Frederico C Kiffer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aleksandra S Klosinska
- Division of Experimental Medicine & Immunotherapeutics (EMIT), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Angela Kubik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Han-Chung Lee
- Monash Proteomics and Metabolomics Platform, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Yinghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Nicholas Lucarelli
- Department of Medicine-Nephrology & Intelligent Critical Care Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Anthony L Marullo
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Irina Matei
- Cornell Center for Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Colleen M McCann
- Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sayat Mimar
- Department of Medicine-Nephrology & Intelligent Critical Care Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ahmed Naglah
- Department of Medicine-Nephrology & Intelligent Critical Care Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jérôme Nicod
- Advanced Sequencing Facility, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Kevin M O'Shaughnessy
- Division of Experimental Medicine & Immunotherapeutics (EMIT), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Leah Oswalt
- Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - San-Huei Lai Polo
- KBR, Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | | | - Candice Roufosse
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Anindya S Paul
- Department of Medicine-Nephrology & Intelligent Critical Care Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ralf Bernd Schittenhelm
- Monash Proteomics and Metabolomics Platform, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Annalise Schweickart
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ryan T Scott
- KBR, Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - Terry Chin Choy Lim Kam Sian
- Monash Proteomics and Metabolomics Platform, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Willian A da Silveira
- School of Health, Science and Wellbeing, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
- International Space University, 67400, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Hubert Slawinski
- Advanced Sequencing Facility, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Daniel Snell
- Advanced Sequencing Facility, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Julio Sosa
- University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Marshall Tabetah
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Erwin Tanuwidjaya
- Monash Proteomics and Metabolomics Platform, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Simon Walker-Samuel
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, London, UK
- Centre for Computational Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Yasmin
- Division of Experimental Medicine & Immunotherapeutics (EMIT), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Haijian Zhang
- Monash Proteomics and Metabolomics Platform, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Pinaki Sarder
- Department of Medicine-Quantitative Health Section, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lauren M Sanders
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sylvain V Costes
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - Robert A A Campbell
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University College London, London, UK
| | - Fathi Karouia
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, WA, USA
- Space Research Within Reach, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Space Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vidya Mohamed-Alis
- Anti-Doping Laboratory Qatar, Doha, Qatar
- Centre of Metabolism and Inflammation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Samuel Rodriques
- Applied Biotechnology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Joel Ricky Steele
- Monash Proteomics and Metabolomics Platform, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Sergio Baranzini
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hossein Fazelinia
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zhongquan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Akira Uruno
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Dai Shiba
- Mouse Epigenetics Project, ISS/Kibo experiment, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- JEM Utilization Center, Human Spaceflight Technology Directorate, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Eduardo A C Almeida
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Blaber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan C Schisler
- Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Amelia J Eisch
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Masafumi Muratani
- Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Sara R Zwart
- Department of Preventative Medicine and Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Jonathan M Galazka
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - Christopher E Mason
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- The WorldQuant Initiative for Quantitative Prediction, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Afshin Beheshti
- KBR, Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Space Biosciences Division, Universities Space Research Association (USRA), Washington, DC, USA
| | - Stephen B Walsh
- London Tubular Centre, Department of Renal Medicine, University College London, London, UK.
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3
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Edwards A. Renal handling of albumin in rats with early stage diabetes: A theoretical analysis. J Physiol 2024. [PMID: 38857419 DOI: 10.1113/jp286245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In early diabetic nephropathy (DN), recent studies have shown that albuminuria stems mostly from alterations in tubular function rather than from glomerular damage. Several factors in DN, including hyperfiltration, hypertrophy and reduced abundance of the albumin receptors megalin and cubilin, affect albumin endocytosis in the proximal tubule (PT). To assess their respective contribution, we developed a model of albumin handling in the rat PT that couples the transport of albumin to that of water and solutes. Our simulations suggest that, under basal conditions, ∼75% of albumin is retrieved in the S1 segment. The model predicts negligible uptake in S3, as observed experimentally. It also accurately predicts the impact of acute hyperglycaemia on urinary albumin excretion. Simulations reproduce observed increases in albumin excretion in early DN by considering the combined effects of increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR), osmotic diuresis, hypertrophy, and megalin and cubilin downregulation, without stipulating changes in glomerular permselectivity. The results indicate that in isolation, glucose-elicited osmotic diuresis and glucose transporter upregulation raise albumin excretion only slightly. Enlargement of PT diameter not only augments uptake via surface area expansion, but also reduces fluid velocity and thus shear stress-induced stimulation of endocytosis. Overall, our model predicts that downregulation of megalin and cubilin and hyperfiltration both contribute significantly to increasing albumin excretion in rats with early-stage diabetes. The results also suggest that acute sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition lowers albumin excretion only if GFR decreases sufficiently, and that angiotensin II receptor blockers mitigate urinary albumin loss in early DN in large part by upregulating albumin receptor abundance. KEY POINTS: The urinary excretion of albumin is increased in early diabetic nephropathy (DN). It is difficult to experimentally disentangle the multiple factors that affect the renal handling of albumin in DN. We developed a mathematical model of albumin transport in the rat proximal tubule (PT) to examine the impact of elevated plasma glucose, hyperfiltration, PT hypertrophy and reduced abundance of albumin receptors on albumin uptake and excretion in DN. Our model predicts that glucose-elicited osmotic diuresis per se raises albumin excretion only slightly. Conversely, increases in PT diameter and length favour reduced albumin excretion. Our results suggest that downregulation of the receptors megalin and cubilin in PT cells and hyperfiltration both contribute significantly to increasing albumin excretion in DN. The model helps to better understand the mechanisms underlying urinary loss of albumin in early-stage diabetes, and the impact of specific treatments thereupon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Edwards
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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4
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deRiso J, Mukherjee M, Janga M, Simmons A, Kareta M, Tao J, Chandrasekar I, Surendran K. Kidney collecting duct cell type composition is regulated by Notch signaling via modulation of mTORC1. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.09.587573. [PMID: 38645025 PMCID: PMC11030444 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.09.587573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The plasticity and diversity of cell types with specialized functions likely defines the capacity of multicellular organisms to adapt to physiologic stressors. The kidney collecting ducts contribute to water, electrolyte, and pH homeostasis and are composed of mature intermingled epithelial cell types that are susceptible to transdifferentiate. The conversion of kidney collecting duct principal cells to intercalated cells is actively inhibited by Notch signaling to ensure urine concentrating capability. Here we identify Hes1, a target of Notch signaling, allows for maintenance of functionally distinct epithelial cell types within the same microenvironment by regulating mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activity. Hes1 directly represses the expression of insulin receptor substrate 1 ( Irs1 ), an upstream component of mTOR pathway and suppresses mTORC1 activity in principal cells. Genetic inactivation of tuberous sclerosis complex 2 ( Tsc2 ) to increase mTORC1 activity in mature principal cells is sufficient to promote acquisition of intercalated cell properties, while inhibition of mTORC1 in adult kidney epithelia suppresses intercalated cell properties. Considering that mTORC1 integrates environmental cues, the linkage of functionally distinct epithelial cell types to mTORC1 activity levels likely allows for cell plasticity to be regulated by physiologic and metabolic signals and the ability to sense/transduce these signals.
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5
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Mutchler SM, Hasan M, Murphy CP, Baty CJ, Boyd-Shiwarski C, Kirabo A, Kleyman TR. Dietary sodium alters aldosterone's effect on renal sodium transporter expression and distal convoluted tubule remodelling. J Physiol 2024; 602:967-987. [PMID: 38294810 PMCID: PMC10939779 DOI: 10.1113/jp284041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Aldosterone is responsible for maintaining volume and potassium homeostasis. Although high salt consumption should suppress aldosterone production, individuals with hyperaldosteronism lose this regulation, leading to a state of high aldosterone despite dietary sodium consumption. The present study examines the effects of elevated aldosterone, with or without high salt consumption, on the expression of key Na+ transporters and remodelling in the distal nephron. Epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) α-subunit expression was increased with aldosterone regardless of Na+ intake. However, ENaC β- and γ-subunits unexpectedly increased at both a transcript and protein level with aldosterone when high salt was present. Expression of total and phosphorylated Na+ Cl- cotransporter (NCC) significantly increased with aldosterone, in association with decreased blood [K+ ], but the addition of high salt markedly attenuated the aldosterone-dependent NCC increase, despite equally severe hypokalaemia. We hypothesized this was a result of differences in distal convoluted tubule length when salt was given with aldosterone. Imaging and measurement of the entire pNCC-positive tubule revealed that aldosterone alone caused a shortening of this segment, although the tubule had a larger cross-sectional diameter. This was not true when salt was given with aldosterone because the combination was associated with a lengthening of the tubule in addition to increased diameter, suggesting that differences in the pNCC-positive area are not responsible for differences in NCC expression. Together, our results suggest the actions of aldosterone, and the subsequent changes related to hypokalaemia, are altered in the presence of high dietary Na+ . KEY POINTS: Aldosterone regulates volume and potassium homeostasis through effects on transporters in the kidney; its production can be dysregulated, preventing its suppression by high dietary sodium intake. Here, we examined how chronic high sodium consumption affects aldosterone's regulation of sodium transporters in the distal nephron. Our results suggest that high sodium consumption with aldosterone is associated with increased expression of all three epithelial sodium channel subunits, rather than just the alpha subunit. Aldosterone and its associated decrease in blood [K+ ] lead to an increased expression of Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC); the addition of high sodium consumption with aldosterone partially attenuates this NCC expression, despite similarly low blood [K+ ]. Upstream kinase regulators and tubule remodelling do not explain these results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carolyn P Murphy
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Catherine J Baty
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Annet Kirabo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Thomas R Kleyman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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6
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Li Y, Cao J, Zhang Q, Li J, Li X, Zhou H, Li A, Jiang T. Precise reconstruction of the entire mouse kidney at cellular resolution. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:1474-1485. [PMID: 38495699 PMCID: PMC10942701 DOI: 10.1364/boe.515527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The kidney is an important organ for excreting metabolic waste and maintaining the stability of the body's internal environment. The renal function involves multiple complex and fine structures in the whole kidney, and any change in these structures may cause impaired nephric function. Consequently, achieving three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of the entire kidney at a single-cell resolution is of significant importance for understanding the kidney's structural characteristics and exploring the pathogenesis of kidney diseases. In this paper, we propose a pipeline from sample preparation to optical microscopic imaging of the entire kidney, followed by data processing for 3D reconstruction of the whole mouse kidney. We employed transgenic fluorescent labeling and propidium iodide (PI) labeling to obtain detailed information about the vascular structure and cytoarchitecture of the kidney. Subsequently, the entire mouse kidney was imaged at submicron-resolution using high-definition fluorescent micro-optical sectioning tomography (HD-fMOST). Finally, we reconstructed the structures of interest through various data processing methods on the original images. This included detecting glomeruli throughout the entire kidney, as well as the segmentation and visualization of the renal arteries, veins, and three different types of nephrons. Our method provides a powerful tool for studying the renal microstructure and its spatial relationships throughout the entire kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Network Computing and Security Technology, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, 710048, China
| | - Jia Cao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Network Computing and Security Technology, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, 710048, China
| | - Qianlong Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Network Computing and Security Technology, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, 710048, China
| | - Junhuai Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Network Computing and Security Technology, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, 710048, China
| | - Xiangning Li
- State key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
- HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Hongfang Zhou
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Network Computing and Security Technology, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, 710048, China
| | - Anan Li
- HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, Suzhou, 215123, China
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7
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Poulsen SB. Salt reabsorption in the renal distal convoluted tubule: past, present and future. J Physiol 2024; 602:765-766. [PMID: 38374767 DOI: 10.1113/jp286255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Søren Brandt Poulsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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8
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Bock F, Dong X, Li S, Viquez OM, Sha E, Tantengco M, Hennen EM, Plosa E, Ramezani A, Brown KL, Whang YM, Terker AS, Arroyo JP, Harrison DG, Fogo A, Brakebusch CH, Pozzi A, Zent R. Rac1 promotes kidney collecting duct repair by mechanically coupling cell morphology to mitotic entry. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadi7840. [PMID: 38324689 PMCID: PMC10849615 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi7840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Prolonged obstruction of the ureter, which leads to injury of the kidney collecting ducts, results in permanent structural damage, while early reversal allows for repair. Cell structure is defined by the actin cytoskeleton, which is dynamically organized by small Rho guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases). In this study, we identified the Rho GTPase, Rac1, as a driver of postobstructive kidney collecting duct repair. After the relief of ureteric obstruction, Rac1 promoted actin cytoskeletal reconstitution, which was required to maintain normal mitotic morphology allowing for successful cell division. Mechanistically, Rac1 restricted excessive actomyosin activity that stabilized the negative mitotic entry kinase Wee1. This mechanism ensured mechanical G2-M checkpoint stability and prevented premature mitotic entry. The repair defects following injury could be rescued by direct myosin inhibition. Thus, Rac1-dependent control of the actin cytoskeleton integrates with the cell cycle to mediate kidney tubular repair by preventing dysmorphic cells from entering cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Bock
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Xinyu Dong
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Shensen Li
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Olga M. Viquez
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Eric Sha
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Matthew Tantengco
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Hennen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Erin Plosa
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Alireza Ramezani
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantitative Modeling in Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Kyle L. Brown
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Young Mi Whang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Andrew S. Terker
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Juan Pablo Arroyo
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - David G. Harrison
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Agnes Fogo
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Cord H. Brakebusch
- Biotech Research Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Ambra Pozzi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Physiology and Molecular Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Roy Zent
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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9
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Yamada H, Makino SI, Okunaga I, Miyake T, Yamamoto-Nonaka K, Oliva Trejo JA, Tominaga T, Empitu MA, Kadariswantiningsih IN, Kerever A, Komiya A, Ichikawa T, Arikawa-Hirasawa E, Yanagita M, Asanuma K. Beyond 2D: A scalable and highly sensitive method for a comprehensive 3D analysis of kidney biopsy tissue. PNAS NEXUS 2024; 3:pgad433. [PMID: 38193136 PMCID: PMC10772983 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The spatial organization of various cell populations is critical for the major physiological and pathological processes in the kidneys. Most evaluation of these processes typically comes from a conventional 2D tissue cross-section, visualizing a limited amount of cell organization. Therefore, the 2D analysis of kidney biopsy introduces selection bias. The 2D analysis potentially omits key pathological findings outside a 1- to 10-μm thin-sectioned area and lacks information on tissue organization, especially in a particular irregular structure such as crescentic glomeruli. In this study, we introduce an easy-to-use and scalable method for obtaining high-quality images of molecules of interest in a large tissue volume, enabling a comprehensive evaluation of the 3D organization and cellular composition of kidney tissue, especially the glomerular structure. We show that CUBIC and ScaleS clearing protocols could allow a 3D analysis of the kidney tissues in human and animal models of kidney disease. We also demonstrate that the paraffin-embedded human biopsy specimens previously examined via 2D evaluation could be applicable to 3D analysis, showing a potential utilization of this method in kidney biopsy tissue collected in the past. In summary, the 3D analysis of kidney biopsy provides a more comprehensive analysis and a minimized selection bias than 2D tissue analysis. Additionally, this method enables a quantitative evaluation of particular kidney structures and their surrounding tissues, with the potential utilization from basic science investigation to applied diagnostics in nephrology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Yamada
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8677, Japan
- The Laboratory for Kidney Research (TMK Project), Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8397, Japan
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Department of Primary Care and Emergency, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Makino
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8677, Japan
- The Laboratory for Kidney Research (TMK Project), Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8397, Japan
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Issei Okunaga
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8677, Japan
| | - Takafumi Miyake
- The Laboratory for Kidney Research (TMK Project), Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8397, Japan
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kanae Yamamoto-Nonaka
- The Laboratory for Kidney Research (TMK Project), Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8397, Japan
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Juan Alejandro Oliva Trejo
- The Laboratory for Kidney Research (TMK Project), Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8397, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tominaga
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8677, Japan
| | - Maulana A Empitu
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8677, Japan
| | | | - Aurelien Kerever
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Akira Komiya
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8677, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Ichikawa
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8677, Japan
| | - Eri Arikawa-Hirasawa
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Motoko Yanagita
- The Laboratory for Kidney Research (TMK Project), Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8397, Japan
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8303, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Asanuma
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8677, Japan
- The Laboratory for Kidney Research (TMK Project), Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8397, Japan
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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10
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Lasaad S, Crambert G. Renal K + retention in physiological circumstances: focus on adaptation of the distal nephron and cross-talk with Na + transport systems. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1264296. [PMID: 37719462 PMCID: PMC10500064 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1264296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Consumption of salt (NaCl) and potassium (K+) has been completely modified, switching from a rich-K+/low-NaCl diet in the hunter-gatherer population to the opposite in the modern, westernized population. The ability to conserve K+ is crucial to maintain the plasma K+ concentration in a physiological range when dietary K+ intake is decreased. Moreover, a chronic reduction in the K+ intake is correlated with an increased blood pressure, an effect worsened by a high-Na+ diet. The renal adaptation to a low-K+ diet in order to maintain the plasma K+ level in the normal range is complex and interconnected with the mechanisms of the Na+ balance. In this short review, we will recapitulate the general mechanisms allowing the plasma K+ value to remain in the normal range, when there is a necessity to retain K+ (response to low-K+ diet and adaptation to gestation), by focusing on the processes occurring in the most distal part of the nephron. We will particularly outline the mechanisms of K+ reabsorption and discuss the consequences of its absence on the Na+ transport systems and the regulation of the extracellular compartment volume and blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Lasaad
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Paris, France
- CNRS EMR 8228—Unité Métabolisme et Physiologie Rénale, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Crambert
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Paris, France
- CNRS EMR 8228—Unité Métabolisme et Physiologie Rénale, Paris, France
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11
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Little R, Murali SK, Poulsen SB, Grimm PR, Assmus A, Cheng L, Ivy JR, Hoorn EJ, Matchkov V, Welling PA, Fenton RA. Dissociation of sodium-chloride cotransporter expression and blood pressure during chronic high dietary potassium supplementation. JCI Insight 2023; 8:156437. [PMID: 36719746 PMCID: PMC10077486 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.156437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary potassium (K+) supplementation is associated with a lowering effect in blood pressure (BP), but not all studies agree. Here, we examined the effects of short- and long-term K+ supplementation on BP in mice, whether differences depend on the accompanying anion or the sodium (Na+) intake and molecular alterations in the kidney that may underlie BP changes. Relative to the control diet, BP was higher in mice fed a high NaCl (1.57% Na+) diet for 7 weeks or fed a K+-free diet for 2 weeks. BP was highest on a K+-free/high NaCl diet. Commensurate with increased abundance and phosphorylation of the thiazide sensitive sodium-chloride-cotransporter (NCC) on the K+-free/high NaCl diet, BP returned to normal with thiazides. Three weeks of a high K+ diet (5% K+) increased BP (predominantly during the night) independently of dietary Na+ or anion intake. Conversely, 4 days of KCl feeding reduced BP. Both feeding periods resulted in lower NCC levels but in increased levels of cleaved (active) α and γ subunits of the epithelial Na+ channel ENaC. The elevated BP after chronic K+ feeding was reduced by amiloride but not thiazide. Our results suggest that dietary K+ has an optimal threshold where it may be most effective for cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Little
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Søren B Poulsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Paul R Grimm
- Departments of Medicine, Nephrology and Physiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Adrienne Assmus
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lei Cheng
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jessica R Ivy
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ewout J Hoorn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Paul A Welling
- Departments of Medicine, Nephrology and Physiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Robert A Fenton
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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12
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Kriuchkova N, Breiderhoff T, Müller D, Yilmaz DE, Demirci H, Drewell H, Günzel D, Himmerkus N, Bleich M, Persson PB, Mutig K. Furosemide rescues hypercalciuria in familial hypomagnesaemia with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis model. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2023; 237:e13927. [PMID: 36606514 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM Perturbed calcium homeostasis limits life expectancy in familial hypomagnesaemia with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis (FHHNC). This rare disease occurs by loss-of-function mutations in CLDN16 or CLDN19 genes, causing impaired paracellular reabsorption of divalent cations along the cortical thick ascending limb (cTAL). Only partial compensation takes place in the ensuing late distal convoluted tubule, connecting tubule, and collecting duct, where the luminal transient receptor potential channel V5 (TRPV5), as well as basolateral plasma membrane calcium ATPase (PMCA) and sodium-potassium exchanger (NCX1) mediate transcellular Ca2+ reabsorption. The loop diuretic furosemide induces compensatory activation in these distal segments. Normally, furosemide enhances urinary calcium excretion via inhibition of the aforementioned cTAL. As Ca2+ reabsorption in the cTAL is already severely impaired in FHHNC patients, furosemide may alleviate hypercalciuria in this disease by activation of the distal transcellular Ca2+ transport proteins. METHODS Cldn16-deficient mice (Cldn16-/- ) served as a FHHNC model. Wild-type (WT) and Cldn16-/- mice were treated with furosemide (7 days of 40 mg/kg bw) or vehicle. We assessed renal electrolyte handling (metabolic cages) and key divalent transport proteins. RESULTS Cldn16-/- mice show higher Ca2+ excretion than WT and compensatory stimulation of Cldn2, TRPV5, and NCX1 at baseline. Furosemide reduced hypercalciuria in Cldn16-/- mice and enhanced TRPV5 and PMCA levels in Cldn16-/- but not in WT mice. CONCLUSIONS Furosemide significantly reduces hypercalciuria, likely via upregulation of luminal and basolateral Ca2+ transport systems in the distal nephron and collecting duct in this model for FHHNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kriuchkova
- Department of Translational Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tilman Breiderhoff
- Division of Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominik Müller
- Division of Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Duygu Elif Yilmaz
- Department of Functional Anatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hasan Demirci
- Department of Functional Anatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hoora Drewell
- Department of Translational Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dorothee Günzel
- Clinical Physiology/Division of Nutritional Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Markus Bleich
- Institute of Physiology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Pontus B Persson
- Department of Translational Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerim Mutig
- Department of Translational Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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13
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Abstract
Mg2+ is essential for many cellular and physiological processes, including muscle contraction, neuronal activity, and metabolism. Consequently, the blood Mg2+ concentration is tightly regulated by balanced intestinal Mg2+ absorption, renal Mg2+ excretion, and Mg2+ storage in bone and soft tissues. In recent years, the development of novel transgenic animal models and identification of Mendelian disorders has advanced our current insight in the molecular mechanisms of Mg2+ reabsorption in the kidney. In the proximal tubule, Mg2+ reabsorption is dependent on paracellular permeability by claudin-2/12. In the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop, the claudin-16/19 complex provides a cation-selective pore for paracellular Mg2+ reabsorption. The paracellular Mg2+ reabsorption in this segment is regulated by the Ca2+-sensing receptor, parathyroid hormone, and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. In the distal convoluted tubule, the fine tuning of Mg2+ reabsorption takes place by transcellular Mg2+ reabsorption via transient receptor potential melastatin-like types 6 and 7 (TRPM6/TRPM7) divalent cation channels. Activity of TRPM6/TRPM7 is dependent on hormonal regulation, metabolic activity, and interacting proteins. Basolateral Mg2+ extrusion is still poorly understood but is probably dependent on the Na+ gradient. Cyclin M2 and SLC41A3 are the main candidates to act as Na+/Mg2+ exchangers. Consequently, disturbances of basolateral Na+/K+ transport indirectly result in impaired renal Mg2+ reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule. Altogether, this review aims to provide an overview of the molecular mechanisms of Mg2+ reabsorption in the kidney, specifically focusing on transgenic mouse models and human hereditary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen H F de Baaij
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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14
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Abstract
The with no lysine (K) (WNK) kinases are an evolutionarily ancient group of kinases with atypical placement of the catalytic lysine and diverse physiological roles. Recent studies have shown that WNKs are directly regulated by chloride, potassium, and osmotic pressure. Here, we review the discovery of WNKs as chloride-sensitive kinases and discuss physiological contexts in which chloride regulation of WNKs has been demonstrated. These include the kidney, pancreatic duct, neurons, and inflammatory cells. We discuss the interdependent relationship of osmotic pressure and intracellular chloride in cell volume regulation. We review the recent demonstration of potassium regulation of WNKs and speculate on possible physiological roles. Finally, structural and mechanistic aspects of intracellular ion and osmotic pressure regulation of WNKs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Goldsmith
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Aylin R Rodan
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; .,Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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15
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Tabibzadeh N, Crambert G. Mechanistic insights into the primary and secondary alterations of renal ion and water transport in the distal nephron. J Intern Med 2023; 293:4-22. [PMID: 35909256 PMCID: PMC10087581 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The kidneys, by equilibrating the outputs to the inputs, are essential for maintaining the constant volume, pH, and electrolyte composition of the internal milieu. Inability to do so, either because of internal kidney dysfunction (primary alteration) or because of some external factors (secondary alteration), leads to pathologies of varying severity, leading to modification of these parameters and affecting the functions of other organs. Alterations of the functions of the collecting duct (CD), the most distal part of the nephron, have been extensively studied and have led to a better diagnosis, better management of the related diseases, and the development of therapeutic tools. Thus, dysfunctions of principal cell-specific transporters such as ENaC or AQP2 or its receptors (mineralocorticoid or vasopressin receptors) caused by mutations or by compounds present in the environment (lithium, antibiotics, etc.) have been demonstrated in a variety of syndromes (Liddle, pseudohypoaldosteronism type-1, diabetes insipidus, etc.) affecting salt, potassium, and water balance. In parallel, studies on specific transporters (H+ -ATPase, anion exchanger 1) in intercalated cells have revealed the mechanisms of related tubulopathies like distal renal distal tubular acidosis or Sjögren syndrome. In this review, we will recapitulate the mechanisms of most of the primary and secondary alteration of the ion transport system of the CD to provide a better understanding of these diseases and highlight how a targeted perturbation may affect many different pathways due to the strong crosstalk and entanglements between the different actors (transporters, cell types).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Tabibzadeh
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.,EMR 8228 Unité Métabolisme et Physiologie Rénale, CNRS, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichât, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Crambert
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.,EMR 8228 Unité Métabolisme et Physiologie Rénale, CNRS, Paris, France
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16
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Rodan AR. Regulation of Distal Nephron Transport by Intracellular Chloride and Potassium. Nephron Clin Pract 2022; 147:203-211. [PMID: 35977527 PMCID: PMC9935751 DOI: 10.1159/000526051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low potassium increases the phosphorylation and activity of the sodium chloride cotransporter (NCC) in the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron, which contributes to the hypertensive effect of the modern low potassium/high sodium diet. A central mediator of potassium regulation of NCC is the chloride-sensitive With No Lysine [K] (WNK) kinase. SUMMARY Chloride directly inhibits WNKs by binding to the active site. The mechanisms underlying WNK regulation by extracellular potassium are reviewed, as well as the modulatory effect of kidney-specific-WNK1. WNK1, but not WNK1 kinase activity, is also required for the aldosterone-independent regulation of the epithelial sodium channel by potassium. Whether intracellular chloride could be involved in this process is discussed. Recent studies demonstrating direct regulation of WNKs by intracellular potassium are also reviewed, and the potential physiological relevance to renal epithelial ion transport is discussed. KEY MESSAGES WNKs are sensors of the intracellular ionic milieu. In the nephron, changes in extracellular ion concentrations, resulting in changes in intracellular ion concentration, regulate WNK activity and downstream transporters and channels to maintain total body ion homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aylin R Rodan
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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17
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Cornelius RJ, Nelson JW, Su XT, Yang CL, Ellison DH. COP9 signalosome deletion promotes renal injury and distal convoluted tubule remodeling. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 323:F4-F19. [PMID: 35532068 PMCID: PMC9236871 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00436.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cullin-RING ligases are a family of E3 ubiquitin ligases that control cellular processes through regulated degradation. Cullin 3 targets with-no-lysine kinase 4 (WNK4), a kinase that activates the Na+-Cl- cotransporter (NCC), the main pathway for Na+ reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT). Mutations in the cullin 3 gene lead to familial hyperkalemic hypertension by increasing WNK4 abundance. The constitutive photomorphogenesis 9 (COP9) signalosome (CSN) regulates the activity of cullin-RING ligases by removing the ubiquitin-like protein neural precursor cell expressed developmentally downregulated protein 8. Genetic deletion of the catalytically active CSN subunit, Jab1, along the nephron in mice (KS-Jab1-/-) led to increased WNK4 abundance; however, NCC abundance was substantially reduced. We hypothesized that the reduction in NCC resulted from a cortical injury that led to hypoplasia of the segment, which counteracted WNK4 activation of NCC. To test this, we studied KS-Jab1-/- mice at weekly intervals over a period of 3 wk. The results showed that NCC abundance was unchanged until 3 wk after Jab1 deletion, at which time other DCT-specific proteins were also reduced. The kidney injury markers kidney injury molecule-1 and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin demonstrated kidney injury immediately after Jab1 deletion; however, the damage was initially limited to the medulla. The injury progressed and expanded into the cortex 3 wk after Jab1 deletion coinciding with loss of the DCT. The data indicate that nephron-specific disruption of the cullin-RING ligase system results in a complex progression of tubule injury that leads to hypoplasia of the DCT.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Cullin 3 (CUL3) targets with-no-lysine-kinase 4 (WNK4), which activates Na+-Cl- cotransporter (NCC) in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) of the kidney. Renal-specific genetic deletion of the constitutive photomorphogenesis 9 signalosome, an upstream regulator of CUL3, resulted in a reduction of NCC due to DCT hypoplasia, which coincided with cortical kidney injury. The data indicate that nephron-specific disruption of the cullin-RING ligase system results in a complex progression of tubule injury leading to hypoplasia of the DCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J. Cornelius
- 1Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Jonathan W. Nelson
- 1Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Xiao-Tong Su
- 1Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Chao-Ling Yang
- 1Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - David H. Ellison
- 1Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon,2Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon
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18
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Ilenwabor BP, Schigt H, Kompatscher A, Bos C, Zuidscherwoude M, van der Eerden BCJ, Hoenderop JGJ, de Baaij JHF. FAM111A is dispensable for electrolyte homeostasis in mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10211. [PMID: 35715480 PMCID: PMC9205974 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14054-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant mutations in FAM111A are causative for Kenny-Caffey syndrome type 2. Patients with Kenny-Caffey syndrome suffer from severe growth retardation, skeletal dysplasia, hypoparathyroidism, hypocalcaemia, hyperphosphataemia and hypomagnesaemia. While recent studies have reported FAM111A to function in antiviral response and DNA replication, its role in regulating electrolyte homeostasis remains unknown. In this study, we assessed the role of FAM111A in the regulation of serum electrolyte balance using a Fam111a knockout (Fam111a-/-) C57BL/6 N mouse model. Fam111a-/- mice displayed normal weight and serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentration and exhibited unaltered magnesium, calcium and phosphate levels in serum and 24-hour urine. Expression of calciotropic (including Cabp28k, Trpv5, Klotho and Cyp24a1), magnesiotropic (including Trpm6, Trpm7, Cnnm2 and Cnnm4) and phosphotropic (Slc20a1, Slc20a2, Slc34a1 and Slc34a3) genes in the kidneys, duodenum and colon were not affected by Fam111a depletion. Only Slc34a2 expression was significantly upregulated in the duodenum, but not in the colon. Analysis of femurs showed unaffected bone morphology and density in Fam111a-/- mice. Kidney and parathyroid histology were also normal in Fam111a-/- mice. In conclusion, our study is the first to characterise the function of FAM111A in vivo and we report that mice lacking FAM111A exhibit normal electrolyte homeostasis on a standard diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnabas P Ilenwabor
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Heidi Schigt
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Kompatscher
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Caro Bos
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Malou Zuidscherwoude
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bram C J van der Eerden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost G J Hoenderop
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen H F de Baaij
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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19
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Kristensen M, Fenton RA, Poulsen SB. Dissecting the Effects of Aldosterone and Hypokalemia on the Epithelial Na + Channel and the NaCl Cotransporter. Front Physiol 2022; 13:800055. [PMID: 35557966 PMCID: PMC9086401 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.800055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary hyperaldosteronism (PA) is characterized by aldosterone excess and hypertension. This may be linked to increased renal Na+ reabsorption via the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) and the NaCl cotransporter (NCC). The majority of PA patients have normal plasma K+ levels, but a subset of cases are associated with hypokalemia. High NCC levels observed in long-term studies with aldosterone-infused rodents have been attributed to direct effects of aldosterone. Aldosterone can also increase active phosphorylated NCC (pT58-NCC) acutely. However, direct effects of aldosterone on NCC have been contested by recent studies indicating that it is rather an indirect effect of hypokalemia. We therefore set out to determine isolated long-term aldosterone and K+ effects on ENaC and NCC using various in vivo and ex vivo approaches. In mice, aldosterone-induced hypokalemia was prevented by simultaneous amiloride infusion, coupled to increased cleavage of α- and γENaC but no effect on NCC. Regression analyses of in vivo data showed a positive correlation between aldosterone/K+ and αENaC but a negative correlation with NCC and pT58-NCC. Ex vivo, exposure of kidney tubules for 21 h to aldosterone increased cleavage of αENaC and γENaC, but no effects were observed on NCC or pT58-NCC. Exposure of tubules to low K+ media reduced αENaC but increased NCC and pT58-NCC. As hypokalemia can enhance cell proliferation markers in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT), we hypothesized that aldosterone infusion would increase proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression. Infusion of aldosterone in mice for 6 days greatly increased PCNA expression in the DCT. Collectively, in vivo and ex vivo data suggest that both aldosterone and K+ can increase ENaC directly. In contrast, the observed increase in abundance and phosphorylation of NCC in aldosterone-infused mice is likely an indirect effect of enhanced ENaC-mediated K+ secretion and subsequent hypokalemia. Thus, it is possible that NCC may only be increased in PA when the condition is associated with hypokalemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert A Fenton
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren B Poulsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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20
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Kim K, Kim YG, Jung SW, Kim YG, Lee SH, Kwon SH, Moon JY. Three-Dimensional Visualization With Tissue Clearing Uncovers Dynamic Alterations of Renal Resident Mononuclear Phagocytes After Acute Kidney Injury. Front Immunol 2022; 13:844919. [PMID: 35359999 PMCID: PMC8960144 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.844919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional histologic methods are limited in detecting dynamic changes in immune cells during acute kidney injury (AKI). Recently, optical tissue clearing combined with multiphoton microscopy (MPM) or light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) has become an emerging method for deep tissue evaluation and three-dimensional visualization. These new approaches have helped expand our understanding of tissue injury and repair processes, including tracing the changes in immune cells. We designed this study to investigate the morphological and functional alterations of renal mononuclear phagocytes (MNPs) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced AKI using renal clearing in CD11c-YFP mice. We also evaluated the effect of the NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950 to determine whether NLRP3 inhibition attenuates the activation of CD11c+ cells in an LPS-induced AKI model. Transverse sectioned whole mouse kidney imaging by LSFM showed that CD11c+ cells were mainly distributed in the cortex, especially the tubulointerstitial area. The number of CD11c+ cells was significantly more densely interspersed, particularly in periglomerular and perivascular lesions, in the saline-treated LPS-exposed kidney than in the control kidney. Deep imaging of the kidney cortex by MPM demonstrated an increased number of CD11c+ cells in the saline-treated LPS group compared with the control group. This quantitative alteration of CD11c+ cells in AKI was accompanied by morphological changes at high resolution, showing an increased number and level of dendrites. These morphological and behavioral changes in the saline-treated LPS group were accompanied by increased MHC class II and CD86 on CD11c-YFP+ cells. MCC950 attenuated the activation of CD11c+ cells after AKI and improved renal function. In conclusion, wide and deep three-dimensional visualization using MPM or LSFM combined with kidney clearing uncovers dynamic changes of renal MNPs, which are directly linked to renal function in AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kipyo Kim
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Yun-Gyeong Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Su Woong Jung
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yang Gyun Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Hae Kwon
- Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ju-Young Moon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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21
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Delgado-Rodriguez P, Brooks CJ, Vaquero JJ, Muñoz-Barrutia A. Innovations in ex vivo Light Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 168:37-51. [PMID: 34293338 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Light Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy (LSFM) has revolutionized how optical imaging of biological specimens can be performed as this technique allows to produce 3D fluorescence images of entire samples with a high spatiotemporal resolution. In this manuscript, we aim to provide readers with an overview of the field of LSFM on ex vivo samples. Recent advances in LSFM architectures have made the technique widely accessible and have improved its acquisition speed and resolution, among other features. These developments are strongly supported by quantitative analysis of the huge image volumes produced thanks to the boost in computational capacities, the advent of Deep Learning techniques, and by the combination of LSFM with other imaging modalities. Namely, LSFM allows for the characterization of biological structures, disease manifestations and drug effectivity studies. This information can ultimately serve to develop novel diagnostic procedures, treatments and even to model the organs physiology in healthy and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Delgado-Rodriguez
- Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Claire Jordan Brooks
- Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan José Vaquero
- Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arrate Muñoz-Barrutia
- Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.
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22
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Hofmann J, Keppler SJ. Tissue clearing and 3D imaging - putting immune cells into context. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:271108. [PMID: 34342351 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of cell-cell and cell-niche interactions is crucial to comprehend the complexity of inflammatory or pathophysiological scenarios such as tissue damage during viral infections, the tumour microenvironment and neuroinflammation. Optical clearing and 3D volumetric imaging of large tissue pieces or whole organs is a rapidly developing methodology that holds great promise for the in-depth study of cells in their natural surroundings. These methods have mostly been applied to image structural components such as endothelial cells and neuronal architecture. Recent work now highlights the possibility of studying immune cells in detail within their respective immune niches. This Review summarizes recent developments in tissue clearing methods and 3D imaging, with a focus on the localization and quantification of immune cells. We first provide background to the optical challenges involved and their solutions before discussing published protocols for tissue clearing, the limitations of 3D imaging of immune cells and image analysis. Furthermore, we highlight possible applications for tissue clearing and propose future developments for the analysis of immune cells within homeostatic or inflammatory immune niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Hofmann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, München rechts der Isar (MRI), Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany.,TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Selina J Keppler
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, München rechts der Isar (MRI), Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany.,TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
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23
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Puelles VG, Combes AN, Bertram JF. Clearly imaging and quantifying the kidney in 3D. Kidney Int 2021; 100:780-786. [PMID: 34089762 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2021.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
For decades, measurements of kidney microanatomy using 2-dimensional sections has provided us with a detailed knowledge of kidney morphology under physiological and pathological conditions. However, the rapid development of tissue clearing methods in recent years, in combination with the development of novel 3-dimensional imaging modalities have provided new insights into kidney structure and function. This review article describes a range of novel insights into kidney development and disease obtained recently using these new methodological approaches. For example, in the developing kidney these approaches have provided new understandings of ureteric branching morphogenesis, nephron progenitor cell proliferation and commitment, interactions between ureteric tip cells and nephron progenitor cells, and the establishment of nephron segmentation. In whole adult mouse kidneys, tissue clearing combined with light sheet microscopy can image and quantify the total number of glomeruli, a major breakthrough in the field. Similar approaches have provided new insights into the structure of the renal vasculature and innervation, tubulointerstitial remodeling, podocyte loss and hypertrophy, cyst formation, the evolution of cellular crescents, and the structure of the glomerular filtration barrier. Many more advances in the understanding of kidney biology and pathology can be expected as additional clearing and imaging techniques are developed and adopted by more investigators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor G Puelles
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, and Stem Cells and Development Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alexander N Combes
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, and Stem Cells and Development Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John F Bertram
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, and Stem Cells and Development Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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24
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Al-Qusairi L, Grimm PR, Zapf AM, Welling PA. Rapid development of vasopressin resistance in dietary K + deficiency. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2021; 320:F748-F760. [PMID: 33749322 PMCID: PMC8174811 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00655.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between diabetes insipidus (DI) and chronic dietary K+ deprivation is well known, but it remains uncertain how the disorder develops and whether it is influenced by the sexual dimorphism in K+ handling. Here, we determined the plasma K+ (PK) threshold for DI in male and female mice and ascertained if DI is initiated by polydipsia or by a central or nephrogenic defect. C57BL6J mice were randomized to a control diet or to graded reductions in dietary K+ for 8 days, and kidney function and transporters involved in water balance were characterized. We found that male and female mice develop polyuria and secondary polydipsia. Altered water balance coincided with a decrease in aquaporin-2 (AQP2) phosphorylation and apical localization despite increased levels of the vasopressin surrogate marker copeptin. No change in the protein abundance of urea transporter-A1 was observed. The Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter decreased only in males. Desmopressin treatment failed to reverse water diuresis in K+-restricted mice. These findings indicate that even a small fall in PK is associated with nephrogenic DI (NDI), coincident with the development of altered AQP2 regulation, implicating low PK as a causal trigger of NDI. We found that PK decreased more in females, and, consequently, females were more prone to develop NDI. Together, these data indicate that AQP2 regulation is disrupted by a small decrease in PK and that the response is influenced by sexual dimorphism in K+ handling. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms linking water and K+ balances and support defining the disorder as "potassium-dependent NDI."NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study shows that aquaporin-2 regulation is disrupted by a small fall in plasma potassium levels and the response is influenced by sexual dimorphism in renal potassium handling. The findings provided new insights into the mechanisms by which water balance is altered in dietary potassium deficiency and support defining the disorder as "potassium-dependent nephrogenic diabetes insipidus."
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Affiliation(s)
- Lama Al-Qusairi
- Departments of Medicine, Nephrology, and Physiology, Johns Hopkins University Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - P Richard Grimm
- Departments of Medicine, Nephrology, and Physiology, Johns Hopkins University Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ava M Zapf
- Graduate Program in Life Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Paul A Welling
- Departments of Medicine, Nephrology, and Physiology, Johns Hopkins University Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland
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25
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Chen L, Chou CL, Knepper MA. Targeted Single-Cell RNA-seq Identifies Minority Cell Types of Kidney Distal Nephron. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32:886-896. [PMID: 33769948 PMCID: PMC8017539 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020101407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proximal tubule cells dominate the kidney parenchyma numerically, although less abundant cell types of the distal nephron have disproportionate roles in water and electrolyte balance. METHODS Coupling of a FACS-based enrichment protocol with single-cell RNA-seq profiled the transcriptomes of 9099 cells from the thick ascending limb (CTAL)/distal convoluted tubule (DCT) region of the mouse nephron. RESULTS Unsupervised clustering revealed Slc12a3 +/Pvalb + and Slc12a3 +/Pvalb - cells, identified as DCT1 and DCT2 cells, respectively. DCT1 cells appear to be heterogeneous, with orthogonally variable expression of Slc8a1, Calb1, and Ckb. An additional DCT1 subcluster showed marked enrichment of cell cycle-/cell proliferation-associated mRNAs (e.g., Mki67, Stmn1, and Top2a), which fit with the known plasticity of DCT cells. No DCT2-specific transcripts were found. DCT2 cells contrast with DCT1 cells by expression of epithelial sodium channel β- and γ-subunits and much stronger expression of transcripts associated with calcium transport (Trpv5, Calb1, S100g, and Slc8a1). Additionally, scRNA-seq identified three distinct CTAL (Slc12a1 +) cell subtypes. One of these expressed Nos1 and Avpr1a, consistent with macula densa cells. The other two CTAL clusters were distinguished by Cldn10 and Ptger3 in one and Cldn16 and Foxq1 in the other. These two CTAL cell types were also distinguished by expression of alternative Iroquois homeobox transcription factors, with Irx1 and Irx2 in the Cldn10 + CTAL cells and Irx3 in the Cldn16 + CTAL cells. CONCLUSIONS Single-cell transcriptomics revealed unexpected diversity among the cells of the distal nephron in mouse. Web-based data resources are provided for the single-cell data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihe Chen
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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26
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Angelotti ML, Antonelli G, Conte C, Romagnani P. Imaging the kidney: from light to super-resolution microscopy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2021; 36:19-28. [PMID: 31325314 PMCID: PMC7771978 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfz136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The important achievements in kidney physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms can largely be ascribed to progress in the technology of microscopy. Much of what we know about the architecture of the kidney is based on the fundamental descriptions of anatomic microscopists using light microscopy and later by ultrastructural analysis provided by electron microscopy. These two techniques were used for the first classification systems of kidney diseases and for their constant updates. More recently, a series of novel imaging techniques added the analysis in further dimensions of time and space. Confocal microscopy allowed us to sequentially visualize optical sections along the z-axis and the availability of specific analysis software provided a three-dimensional rendering of thicker tissue specimens. Multiphoton microscopy permitted us to simultaneously investigate kidney function and structure in real time. Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy allowed to study the spatial distribution of metabolites. Super-resolution microscopy increased sensitivity and resolution up to nanoscale levels. With cryo-electron microscopy, researchers could visualize the individual biomolecules at atomic levels directly in the tissues and understand their interaction at subcellular levels. Finally, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry permitted the measuring of hundreds of different molecules at the same time on tissue sections at high resolution. This review provides an overview of available kidney imaging strategies, with a focus on the possible impact of the most recent technical improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lucia Angelotti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE), Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Antonelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE), Florence, Italy
| | - Carolina Conte
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE), Florence, Italy
| | - Paola Romagnani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE), Florence, Italy
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27
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Abstract
Interstitial fibrosis with tubule atrophy (IF/TA) is the response to virtually any sustained kidney injury and correlates inversely with kidney function and allograft survival. IF/TA is driven by various pathways that include hypoxia, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling, cellular rejection, inflammation and others. In this review we will focus on key pathways in the progress of renal fibrosis, diagnosis and therapy of allograft fibrosis. This review discusses the role and origin of myofibroblasts as matrix producing cells and therapeutic targets in renal fibrosis with a particular focus on renal allografts. We summarize current trends to use multi-omic approaches to identify new biomarkers for IF/TA detection and to predict allograft survival. Furthermore, we review current imaging strategies that might help to identify and follow-up IF/TA complementary or as alternative to invasive biopsies. We further discuss current clinical trials and therapeutic strategies to treat kidney fibrosis.Supplemental Visual Abstract; http://links.lww.com/TP/C141.
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28
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Franken GAC, Adella A, Bindels RJM, Baaij JHF. Mechanisms coupling sodium and magnesium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 231:e13528. [PMID: 32603001 PMCID: PMC7816272 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypomagnesaemia is a common feature of renal Na+ wasting disorders such as Gitelman and EAST/SeSAME syndrome. These genetic defects specifically affect Na+ reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule, where Mg2+ reabsorption is tightly regulated. Apical uptake via TRPM6 Mg2+ channels and basolateral Mg2+ extrusion via a putative Na+ -Mg2+ exchanger determines Mg2+ reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule. However, the mechanisms that explain the high incidence of hypomagnesaemia in patients with Na+ wasting disorders of the distal convoluted tubule are largely unknown. In this review, we describe three potential mechanisms by which Mg2+ reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule is linked to Na+ reabsorption. First, decreased activity of the thiazide-sensitive Na+ /Cl- cotransporter (NCC) results in shortening of the segment, reducing the Mg2+ reabsorption capacity. Second, the activity of TRPM6 and NCC are determined by common regulatory pathways. Secondary effects of NCC dysregulation such as hormonal imbalance, therefore, might disturb TRPM6 expression. Third, the basolateral membrane potential, maintained by the K+ permeability and Na+ -K+ -ATPase activity, provides the driving force for Na+ and Mg2+ extrusion. Depolarisation of the basolateral membrane potential in Na+ wasting disorders of the distal convoluted tubule may therefore lead to reduced activity of the putative Na+ -Mg2+ exchanger SLC41A1. Elucidating the interconnections between Mg2+ and Na+ transport in the distal convoluted tubule is hampered by the currently available models. Our analysis indicates that the coupling of Na+ and Mg2+ reabsorption may be multifactorial and that advanced experimental models are required to study the molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijs A. C. Franken
- Department of Physiology Radboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesRadboud University Medical Center Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - Anastasia Adella
- Department of Physiology Radboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesRadboud University Medical Center Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - René J. M. Bindels
- Department of Physiology Radboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesRadboud University Medical Center Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen H. F. Baaij
- Department of Physiology Radboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesRadboud University Medical Center Nijmegen the Netherlands
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29
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Blanc T, Goudin N, Zaidan M, Traore MG, Bienaime F, Turinsky L, Garbay S, Nguyen C, Burtin M, Friedlander G, Terzi F, Pontoglio M. Three-dimensional architecture of nephrons in the normal and cystic kidney. Kidney Int 2020; 99:632-645. [PMID: 33137337 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Kidney function is crucially dependent on the complex three-dimensional structure of nephrons. Any distortion of their shape may lead to kidney dysfunction. Traditional histological methods present major limitations for three-dimensional tissue reconstruction. Here, we combined tissue clearing, multi-photon microscopy and digital tracing for the reconstruction of single nephrons under physiological and pathological conditions. Sets of nephrons differing in location, shape and size according to their function were identified. Interestingly, nephrons tend to lie in planes. When this technique was applied to a model of cystic kidney disease, cysts were found to develop only in specific nephron segments. Along the same segment, cysts are contiguous within normal non-dilated tubules. Moreover, the shapes of cysts varied according to the nephron segment. Thus, our findings provide a valuable strategy for visualizing the complex structure of kidneys at the single nephron level and, more importantly, provide a basis for understanding pathological processes such as cystogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Blanc
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1151, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8253, Université de Paris, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Département « Croissance et Signalisation », Paris, France; Service de Chirurgie Viscérale et Urologie Pédiatrique, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Goudin
- Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, US24-UMS3633, Paris, France
| | - Mohamad Zaidan
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1151, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8253, Université de Paris, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Département « Croissance et Signalisation », Paris, France; Service de Néphrologie-Transplantation, AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | | | - Frank Bienaime
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1151, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8253, Université de Paris, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Département « Croissance et Signalisation », Paris, France; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Lisa Turinsky
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1151, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8253, Université de Paris, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Département « Croissance et Signalisation », Paris, France
| | - Serge Garbay
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1151, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8253, Université de Paris, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Département « Croissance et Signalisation », Paris, France
| | - Clément Nguyen
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1151, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8253, Université de Paris, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Département « Croissance et Signalisation », Paris, France
| | - Martine Burtin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1151, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8253, Université de Paris, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Département « Croissance et Signalisation », Paris, France
| | - Gérard Friedlander
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1151, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8253, Université de Paris, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Département « Croissance et Signalisation », Paris, France; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles, AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Fabiola Terzi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1151, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8253, Université de Paris, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Département « Croissance et Signalisation », Paris, France.
| | - Marco Pontoglio
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1151, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8253, Université de Paris, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Département « Croissance et Signalisation », Paris, France.
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30
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Murillo-de-Ozores AR, Chávez-Canales M, de Los Heros P, Gamba G, Castañeda-Bueno M. Physiological Processes Modulated by the Chloride-Sensitive WNK-SPAK/OSR1 Kinase Signaling Pathway and the Cation-Coupled Chloride Cotransporters. Front Physiol 2020; 11:585907. [PMID: 33192599 PMCID: PMC7606576 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.585907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of Cl– as an intracellular signaling ion has been increasingly recognized in recent years. One of the currently best described roles of Cl– in signaling is the modulation of the With-No-Lysine (K) (WNK) – STE20-Proline Alanine rich Kinase (SPAK)/Oxidative Stress Responsive Kinase 1 (OSR1) – Cation-Coupled Cl–Cotransporters (CCCs) cascade. Binding of a Cl– anion to the active site of WNK kinases directly modulates their activity, promoting their inhibition. WNK activation due to Cl– release from the binding site leads to phosphorylation and activation of SPAK/OSR1, which in turn phosphorylate the CCCs. Phosphorylation by WNKs-SPAK/OSR1 of the Na+-driven CCCs (mediating ions influx) promote their activation, whereas that of the K+-driven CCCs (mediating ions efflux) promote their inhibition. This results in net Cl– influx and feedback inhibition of WNK kinases. A wide variety of alterations to this pathway have been recognized as the cause of several human diseases, with manifestations in different systems. The understanding of WNK kinases as Cl– sensitive proteins has allowed us to better understand the mechanistic details of regulatory processes involved in diverse physiological phenomena that are reviewed here. These include cell volume regulation, potassium sensing and intracellular signaling in the renal distal convoluted tubule, and regulation of the neuronal response to the neurotransmitter GABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Rafael Murillo-de-Ozores
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Chávez-Canales
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Paola de Los Heros
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, Research Division, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.,Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Castañeda-Bueno
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
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31
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Tahaei E, Coleman R, Saritas T, Ellison DH, Welling PA. Distal convoluted tubule sexual dimorphism revealed by advanced 3D imaging. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 319:F754-F764. [PMID: 32924546 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00441.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The thiazide-sensitive Na+-Cl- cotransporter (NCC) is more abundant in kidneys of female subjects than of male subjects. Because morphological remodeling of the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) is dependent on NCC activity, it has been generally assumed that there is a corresponding sexual dimorphism in the structure of the DCT, leading to a larger female DCT. Until now, this has never been directly examined. Here, optical clearing techniques were combined with antibody labeling of DCT segment markers, state-of-the-art high-speed volumetric imaging, and analysis tools to visualize and quantify DCT morphology in male and female mice and study the DCT remodeling response to furosemide. We found an unexpected sex difference in the structure of the DCT. Compared with the male mice, female mice had a shorter DCT, a higher cellular density of NCC, and a greater capacity to elongate in response to loop diuretics. Our study revealed a sexual dimorphism of the DCT. Female mice expressed a greater density of NCC transporters in a shorter structure to protect Na+ balance in the face of greater basal distal Na+ delivery yet have a larger reserve and structural remodeling capacity to adapt to unique physiological stresses. These observations provide insight into mechanisms that may drive sex differences in the therapeutic responses to diuretics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Tahaei
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Richard Coleman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Turgay Saritas
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - David H Ellison
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Oregon Health and Science University and Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon
| | - Paul A Welling
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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32
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Gómez-Gaviro MV, Sanderson D, Ripoll J, Desco M. Biomedical Applications of Tissue Clearing and Three-Dimensional Imaging in Health and Disease. iScience 2020; 23:101432. [PMID: 32805648 PMCID: PMC7452225 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) optical imaging techniques can expand our knowledge about physiological and pathological processes that cannot be fully understood with 2D approaches. Standard diagnostic tests frequently are not sufficient to unequivocally determine the presence of a pathological condition. Whole-organ optical imaging requires tissue transparency, which can be achieved by using tissue clearing procedures enabling deeper image acquisition and therefore making possible the analysis of large-scale biological tissue samples. Here, we review currently available clearing agents, methods, and their application in imaging of physiological or pathological conditions in different animal and human organs. We also compare different optical tissue clearing methods discussing their advantages and disadvantages and review the use of different 3D imaging techniques for the visualization and image acquisition of cleared tissues. The use of optical tissue clearing resources for large-scale biological tissues 3D imaging paves the way for future applications in translational and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Victoria Gómez-Gaviro
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Daniel Sanderson
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Ripoll
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Desco
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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33
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Genini A, Mohebbi N, Daryadel A, Bettoni C, Wagner CA. Adaptive response of the murine collecting duct to alkali loading. Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:1079-1092. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02423-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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34
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Intracellular chloride: a regulator of transepithelial transport in the distal nephron. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2020; 28:360-367. [PMID: 30865168 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review focuses on the role of intracellular chloride in regulating transepithelial ion transport in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) in response to perturbations in plasma potassium homeostasis. RECENT FINDINGS Low dietary potassium increases the phosphorylation and activity of the sodium chloride cotransporter (NCC) in the DCT, and vice versa, affecting sodium-dependent potassium secretion in the downstream aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron. In cells, NCC phosphorylation is increased by lowering of intracellular chloride, via activation of the chloride-sensitive with no lysine (WNK)-SPAK/OSR1 (Ste20-related proline/alanine-rich kinase/oxidative stress response) kinase cascade. In-vivo studies have demonstrated pathway activation in the kidney in response to low dietary potassium. A possible mechanism is lowering of DCT intracellular chloride in response to low potassium because of parallel basolateral potassium and chloride channels. Recent studies support a role for these channels in the response of NCC to varying potassium. Studies examining chloride-insensitive WNK mutants, in the Drosophila renal tubule and in the mouse, lend further support to a role for chloride in regulating WNK activity and transepithelial ion transport. Caveats, alternatives, and future directions are also discussed. SUMMARY Chloride sensing by WNK kinase provides a mechanism to allow coupling of extracellular potassium with NCC phosphorylation and activity to maintain potassium homeostasis.
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35
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Iervolino A, Prosperi F, De La Motte LR, Petrillo F, Spagnuolo M, D'Acierno M, Siccardi S, Perna AF, Christensen BM, Frische S, Capasso G, Trepiccione F. Potassium depletion induces cellular conversion in the outer medullary collecting duct altering Notch signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5708. [PMID: 32235870 PMCID: PMC7109050 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61882-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Potassium depletion affects AQP2 expression and the cellular composition of the kidney collecting duct. This, in turn, contributes to the development of a secondary form of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and hypokalemic nephropathy. Here we show that after 14 days of potassium depletion, the cellular fraction of A-type intercalated cells increases while the fraction of principal cells decreases along the outer medullary collecting duct in rats. The intercalated cells acquired a novel distribution pattern forming rows of cells attached to each other. These morphological changes occur progressively and reverse after 7 days of recovery on normal rat chow diet. The cellular remodeling mainly occurred in the inner stripe of outer medulla similar to the previously seen effect of lithium on the collecting duct cellular profile. The cellular remodeling is associated with the appearance of cells double labelled with both specific markers of principal and type-A intercalated cells. The appearance of this cell type was associated with the downregulation of the Notch signaling via the Hes1 pathways. These results show that the epithelium of the collecting duct has a high degree of plasticity and that Notch signaling likely plays a key role during hypokalemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Iervolino
- Biogem S.c.a.r.l., Istituto di Ricerche Genetiche "Gaetano Salvatore", Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Federica Prosperi
- Biogem S.c.a.r.l., Istituto di Ricerche Genetiche "Gaetano Salvatore", Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Luigi R De La Motte
- Biogem S.c.a.r.l., Istituto di Ricerche Genetiche "Gaetano Salvatore", Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Federica Petrillo
- Biogem S.c.a.r.l., Istituto di Ricerche Genetiche "Gaetano Salvatore", Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Manuela Spagnuolo
- Biogem S.c.a.r.l., Istituto di Ricerche Genetiche "Gaetano Salvatore", Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Mariavittoria D'Acierno
- Biogem S.c.a.r.l., Istituto di Ricerche Genetiche "Gaetano Salvatore", Ariano Irpino, Italy.,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Sabrina Siccardi
- Biogem S.c.a.r.l., Istituto di Ricerche Genetiche "Gaetano Salvatore", Ariano Irpino, Italy.,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra F Perna
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Giovambattista Capasso
- Biogem S.c.a.r.l., Istituto di Ricerche Genetiche "Gaetano Salvatore", Ariano Irpino, Italy.,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Trepiccione
- Biogem S.c.a.r.l., Istituto di Ricerche Genetiche "Gaetano Salvatore", Ariano Irpino, Italy. .,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.
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36
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Hoorn EJ, Gritter M, Cuevas CA, Fenton RA. Regulation of the Renal NaCl Cotransporter and Its Role in Potassium Homeostasis. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:321-356. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00044.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Daily dietary potassium (K+) intake may be as large as the extracellular K+ pool. To avoid acute hyperkalemia, rapid removal of K+ from the extracellular space is essential. This is achieved by translocating K+ into cells and increasing urinary K+ excretion. Emerging data now indicate that the renal thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter (NCC) is critically involved in this homeostatic kaliuretic response. This suggests that the early distal convoluted tubule (DCT) is a K+ sensor that can modify sodium (Na+) delivery to downstream segments to promote or limit K+ secretion. K+ sensing is mediated by the basolateral K+ channels Kir4.1/5.1, a capacity that the DCT likely shares with other nephron segments. Thus, next to K+-induced aldosterone secretion, K+ sensing by renal epithelial cells represents a second feedback mechanism to control K+ balance. NCC’s role in K+ homeostasis has both physiological and pathophysiological implications. During hypovolemia, NCC activation by the renin-angiotensin system stimulates Na+ reabsorption while preventing K+ secretion. Conversely, NCC inactivation by high dietary K+ intake maximizes kaliuresis and limits Na+ retention, despite high aldosterone levels. NCC activation by a low-K+ diet contributes to salt-sensitive hypertension. K+-induced natriuresis through NCC offers a novel explanation for the antihypertensive effects of a high-K+ diet. A possible role for K+ in chronic kidney disease is also emerging, as epidemiological data reveal associations between higher urinary K+ excretion and improved renal outcomes. This comprehensive review will embed these novel insights on NCC regulation into existing concepts of K+ homeostasis in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewout J. Hoorn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Martin Gritter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Catherina A. Cuevas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Robert A. Fenton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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37
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Ferdaus MZ, Mukherjee A, Nelson JW, Blatt PJ, Miller LN, Terker AS, Staub O, Lin DH, McCormick JA. Mg 2+ restriction downregulates NCC through NEDD4-2 and prevents its activation by hypokalemia. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F825-F838. [PMID: 31364380 PMCID: PMC6843039 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00216.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypomagnesemia is associated with reduced kidney function and life-threatening complications and sustains hypokalemia. The distal convoluted tubule (DCT) determines final urinary Mg2+ excretion and, via activity of the Na+-Cl- cotransporter (NCC), also plays a key role in K+ homeostasis by metering Na+ delivery to distal segments. Little is known about the mechanisms by which plasma Mg2+ concentration regulates NCC activity and how low-plasma Mg2+ concentration and K+ concentration interact to modulate NCC activity. To address this, we performed dietary manipulation studies in mice. Compared with normal diet, abundances of total NCC and phosphorylated NCC (pNCC) were lower after short-term (3 days) or long-term (14 days) dietary Mg2+ restriction. Altered NCC activation is unlikely to play a role, since we also observed lower total NCC abundance in mice lacking the two NCC-activating kinases, STE20/SPS-1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase and oxidative stress response kinase-1, after Mg2+ restriction. The E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase NEDD4-2 regulates NCC abundance during dietary NaCl loading or K+ restriction. Mg2+ restriction did not lower total NCC abundance in inducible nephron-specific neuronal precursor cell developmentally downregulated 4-2 (NEDD4-2) knockout mice. Total NCC and pNCC abundances were similar after short-term Mg2+ or combined Mg2+-K+ restriction but were dramatically lower compared with a low-K+ diet. Therefore, sustained NCC downregulation may serve a mechanism that enhances distal Na+ delivery during states of hypomagnesemia, maintaining hypokalemia. Similar results were obtained with long-term Mg2+-K+ restriction, but, surprisingly, NCC was not activated after long-term K+ restriction despite lower plasma K+ concentration, suggesting significant differences in distal tubule adaptation to acute or chronic K+ restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Z. Ferdaus
- 1Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Anindit Mukherjee
- 1Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Jonathan W. Nelson
- 1Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Philip J. Blatt
- 1Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Lauren N. Miller
- 1Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Andrew S. Terker
- 2Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Olivier Staub
- 3Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dao-Hong Lin
- 4Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - James A. McCormick
- 1Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
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38
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Chen L, Clark JZ, Nelson JW, Kaissling B, Ellison DH, Knepper MA. Renal-Tubule Epithelial Cell Nomenclature for Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing Studies. J Am Soc Nephrol 2019; 30:1358-1364. [PMID: 31253652 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019040415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lihe Chen
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jevin Z Clark
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jonathan W Nelson
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon; and
| | | | - David H Ellison
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon; and
| | - Mark A Knepper
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland;
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Ellison DH. Mechanistic Insights into Loop Diuretic Responsiveness in Heart Failure. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2019; 14:650-652. [PMID: 31064772 PMCID: PMC6500933 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.03590319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David H Ellison
- Departments of Medicine, .,Physiology, and .,Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; and .,Renal Section, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon
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Su XT, Saritas T, Ellison DH. Optical tissue clearing and immunolabeling in kidney research. Methods Cell Biol 2019; 154:31-41. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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