1
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Morozov YM, Rakic P. Lateral expansion of the mammalian cerebral cortex is related to anchorage of centrosomes in apical neural progenitors. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae293. [PMID: 39024157 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The centrosome is the main microtubule organizing center in stem cells, and its mother centriole, anchored to the cell membrane, serves as the basal body of the primary cilium. Prolonged anchorage of centrosomes and primary cilia to the apical segment of the membrane of apical neural progenitor cells is considered vital for interkinetic nuclear translocation and repetitive cycling in the ventricular zone. In contrast, the basolateral anchorage of primary cilia has been regarded as the first step in delamination and conversion of apical to basal neural progenitor cells or neurons. Using electron microscopy analysis of serial sections, we show that centrosomes, in a fraction of cells, anchor to the basolateral cell membrane immediately after cell division and before development of cilia. In other cells, centrosomes situate freely in the cytoplasm, increasing their probability of subsequent apical anchorage. In mice, anchored centrosomes in the cells shortly after mitosis predominate during the entire cerebral neurogenesis, whereas in macaque monkeys, cytoplasmic centrosomes are more numerous. Species-specific differences in the ratio of anchored and free cytoplasmic centrosomes appear to be related to prolonged neurogenesis in the ventricular zone that is essential for lateral expansion of the cerebral cortex in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury M Morozov
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, 333 Cedar Street, SHM, C-303, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Pasko Rakic
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, 333 Cedar Street, SHM, C-303, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
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2
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Schupp PG, Shelton SJ, Brody DJ, Eliscu R, Johnson BE, Mazor T, Kelley KW, Potts MB, McDermott MW, Huang EJ, Lim DA, Pieper RO, Berger MS, Costello JF, Phillips JJ, Oldham MC. Deconstructing Intratumoral Heterogeneity through Multiomic and Multiscale Analysis of Serial Sections. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2429. [PMID: 39001492 PMCID: PMC11240479 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16132429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumors may contain billions of cells, including distinct malignant clones and nonmalignant cell types. Clarifying the evolutionary histories, prevalence, and defining molecular features of these cells is essential for improving clinical outcomes, since intratumoral heterogeneity provides fuel for acquired resistance to targeted therapies. Here we present a statistically motivated strategy for deconstructing intratumoral heterogeneity through multiomic and multiscale analysis of serial tumor sections (MOMA). By combining deep sampling of IDH-mutant astrocytomas with integrative analysis of single-nucleotide variants, copy-number variants, and gene expression, we reconstruct and validate the phylogenies, spatial distributions, and transcriptional profiles of distinct malignant clones. By genotyping nuclei analyzed by single-nucleus RNA-seq for truncal mutations, we further show that commonly used algorithms for identifying cancer cells from single-cell transcriptomes may be inaccurate. We also demonstrate that correlating gene expression with tumor purity in bulk samples can reveal optimal markers of malignant cells and use this approach to identify a core set of genes that are consistently expressed by astrocytoma truncal clones, including AKR1C3, whose expression is associated with poor outcomes in several types of cancer. In summary, MOMA provides a robust and flexible strategy for precisely deconstructing intratumoral heterogeneity and clarifying the core molecular properties of distinct cellular populations in solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G. Schupp
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (P.G.S.); (S.J.S.); (D.J.B.); (R.E.); (B.E.J.); (T.M.); (K.W.K.); (M.B.P.); (M.W.M.); (D.A.L.); (R.O.P.); (M.S.B.); (J.F.C.); (J.J.P.)
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Samuel J. Shelton
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (P.G.S.); (S.J.S.); (D.J.B.); (R.E.); (B.E.J.); (T.M.); (K.W.K.); (M.B.P.); (M.W.M.); (D.A.L.); (R.O.P.); (M.S.B.); (J.F.C.); (J.J.P.)
| | - Daniel J. Brody
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (P.G.S.); (S.J.S.); (D.J.B.); (R.E.); (B.E.J.); (T.M.); (K.W.K.); (M.B.P.); (M.W.M.); (D.A.L.); (R.O.P.); (M.S.B.); (J.F.C.); (J.J.P.)
| | - Rebecca Eliscu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (P.G.S.); (S.J.S.); (D.J.B.); (R.E.); (B.E.J.); (T.M.); (K.W.K.); (M.B.P.); (M.W.M.); (D.A.L.); (R.O.P.); (M.S.B.); (J.F.C.); (J.J.P.)
| | - Brett E. Johnson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (P.G.S.); (S.J.S.); (D.J.B.); (R.E.); (B.E.J.); (T.M.); (K.W.K.); (M.B.P.); (M.W.M.); (D.A.L.); (R.O.P.); (M.S.B.); (J.F.C.); (J.J.P.)
| | - Tali Mazor
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (P.G.S.); (S.J.S.); (D.J.B.); (R.E.); (B.E.J.); (T.M.); (K.W.K.); (M.B.P.); (M.W.M.); (D.A.L.); (R.O.P.); (M.S.B.); (J.F.C.); (J.J.P.)
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kevin W. Kelley
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (P.G.S.); (S.J.S.); (D.J.B.); (R.E.); (B.E.J.); (T.M.); (K.W.K.); (M.B.P.); (M.W.M.); (D.A.L.); (R.O.P.); (M.S.B.); (J.F.C.); (J.J.P.)
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Matthew B. Potts
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (P.G.S.); (S.J.S.); (D.J.B.); (R.E.); (B.E.J.); (T.M.); (K.W.K.); (M.B.P.); (M.W.M.); (D.A.L.); (R.O.P.); (M.S.B.); (J.F.C.); (J.J.P.)
| | - Michael W. McDermott
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (P.G.S.); (S.J.S.); (D.J.B.); (R.E.); (B.E.J.); (T.M.); (K.W.K.); (M.B.P.); (M.W.M.); (D.A.L.); (R.O.P.); (M.S.B.); (J.F.C.); (J.J.P.)
| | - Eric J. Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
| | - Daniel A. Lim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (P.G.S.); (S.J.S.); (D.J.B.); (R.E.); (B.E.J.); (T.M.); (K.W.K.); (M.B.P.); (M.W.M.); (D.A.L.); (R.O.P.); (M.S.B.); (J.F.C.); (J.J.P.)
| | - Russell O. Pieper
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (P.G.S.); (S.J.S.); (D.J.B.); (R.E.); (B.E.J.); (T.M.); (K.W.K.); (M.B.P.); (M.W.M.); (D.A.L.); (R.O.P.); (M.S.B.); (J.F.C.); (J.J.P.)
| | - Mitchel S. Berger
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (P.G.S.); (S.J.S.); (D.J.B.); (R.E.); (B.E.J.); (T.M.); (K.W.K.); (M.B.P.); (M.W.M.); (D.A.L.); (R.O.P.); (M.S.B.); (J.F.C.); (J.J.P.)
| | - Joseph F. Costello
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (P.G.S.); (S.J.S.); (D.J.B.); (R.E.); (B.E.J.); (T.M.); (K.W.K.); (M.B.P.); (M.W.M.); (D.A.L.); (R.O.P.); (M.S.B.); (J.F.C.); (J.J.P.)
| | - Joanna J. Phillips
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (P.G.S.); (S.J.S.); (D.J.B.); (R.E.); (B.E.J.); (T.M.); (K.W.K.); (M.B.P.); (M.W.M.); (D.A.L.); (R.O.P.); (M.S.B.); (J.F.C.); (J.J.P.)
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
| | - Michael C. Oldham
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (P.G.S.); (S.J.S.); (D.J.B.); (R.E.); (B.E.J.); (T.M.); (K.W.K.); (M.B.P.); (M.W.M.); (D.A.L.); (R.O.P.); (M.S.B.); (J.F.C.); (J.J.P.)
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3
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Jimenez-Cyrus D, Adusumilli VS, Stempel MH, Maday S, Ming GL, Song H, Bond AM. Molecular cascade reveals sequential milestones underlying hippocampal neural stem cell development into an adult state. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114339. [PMID: 38852158 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Quiescent adult neural stem cells (NSCs) in the mammalian brain arise from proliferating NSCs during development. Beyond acquisition of quiescence, an adult NSC hallmark, little is known about the process, milestones, and mechanisms underlying the transition of developmental NSCs to an adult NSC state. Here, we performed targeted single-cell RNA-seq analysis to reveal the molecular cascade underlying NSC development in the early postnatal mouse dentate gyrus. We identified two sequential steps, first a transition to quiescence followed by further maturation, each of which involved distinct changes in metabolic gene expression. Direct metabolic analysis uncovered distinct milestones, including an autophagy burst before NSC quiescence acquisition and cellular reactive oxygen species level elevation along NSC maturation. Functionally, autophagy is important for the NSC transition to quiescence during early postnatal development. Together, our study reveals a multi-step process with defined milestones underlying establishment of the adult NSC pool in the mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennisse Jimenez-Cyrus
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Vijay S Adusumilli
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Max H Stempel
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sandra Maday
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Allison M Bond
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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4
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Xiong Y, Pi W, Zhao W, Shi W, Yan W, Yang H, Zhou Y, Li Q, Yang L. Roles of cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons as potential neural stem cells in the repair and regeneration of spinal cord injuries. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1426395. [PMID: 38983786 PMCID: PMC11231923 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1426395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons (CSF-cNs) represent a distinct group of interneurons characterized by their prominent apical globular protrusions penetrating the spinal cord's central canal and their basal axons extending towards adjacent cells. Identified nearly a century back, the specific roles and attributes of CSF-cNs have just started to emerge due to the historical lack of definitive markers. Recent findings have confirmed that CSF-cNs expressing PKD2L1 possess attributes of neural stem cells, suggesting a critical function in the regeneration processes following spinal cord injuries. This review aims to elucidate the molecular markers of CSF-cNs as potential neural stem cells during spinal cord development and assess their roles post-spinal cord injury, with an emphasis on their potential therapeutic implications for spinal cord repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxiang Xiong
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Wenjun Pi
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Wang Zhao
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Weiwei Shi
- Department of Medical Examination Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Weihong Yan
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yuanrong Zhou
- Department of Health, The Qinglong County People’s Hospital, Qinglong, Guizhou, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Leiluo Yang
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
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5
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O'Shea TM, Ao Y, Wang S, Ren Y, Cheng AL, Kawaguchi R, Shi Z, Swarup V, Sofroniew MV. Derivation and transcriptional reprogramming of border-forming wound repair astrocytes after spinal cord injury or stroke in mice. Nat Neurosci 2024:10.1038/s41593-024-01684-6. [PMID: 38907165 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-024-01684-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) lesions become surrounded by neuroprotective borders of newly proliferated reactive astrocytes; however, fundamental features of these cells are poorly understood. Here we show that following spinal cord injury or stroke, 90% and 10% of border-forming astrocytes derive, respectively, from proliferating local astrocytes and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in adult mice of both sexes. Temporal transcriptome analysis, single-nucleus RNA sequencing and immunohistochemistry show that after focal CNS injury, local mature astrocytes dedifferentiate, proliferate and become transcriptionally reprogrammed to permanently altered new states, with persisting downregulation of molecules associated with astrocyte-neuron interactions and upregulation of molecules associated with wound healing, microbial defense and interactions with stromal and immune cells. These wound repair astrocytes share morphologic and transcriptional features with perimeningeal limitans astrocytes and are the predominant source of neuroprotective borders that re-establish CNS integrity around lesions by separating neural parenchyma from stromal and immune cells as occurs throughout the healthy CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M O'Shea
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Yan Ao
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shinong Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yilong Ren
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Amy L Cheng
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Riki Kawaguchi
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zechuan Shi
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (MIND), University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Vivek Swarup
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (MIND), University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Michael V Sofroniew
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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6
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Saldivia N, Salazar K, Cifuentes M, Espinoza F, Harrison FE, Nualart F. Ascorbic acid and its transporter SVCT2, affect radial glia cells differentiation in postnatal stages. Glia 2024; 72:708-727. [PMID: 38180226 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Radial glia (RG) cells generate neurons and glial cells that make up the cerebral cortex. Both in rodents and humans, these stem cells remain for a specific time after birth, named late radial glia (lRG). The knowledge of lRG and molecules that may be involved in their differentiation is based on very limited data. We analyzed whether ascorbic acid (AA) and its transporter SVCT2, are involved in lRG cells differentiation. We demonstrated that lRG cells are highly present between the first and fourth postnatal days. Anatomical characterization of lRG cells, revealed that lRG cells maintained their bipolar morphology and stem-like character. When lRG cells were labeled with adenovirus-eGFP at 1 postnatal day, we detected that some cells display an obvious migratory neuronal phenotype, suggesting that lRG cells continue generating neurons postnatally. Moreover, we demonstrated that SVCT2 was apically polarized in lRG cells. In vitro studies using the transgenic mice SVCT2+/- and SVCT2tg (SVCT2-overexpressing mouse), showed that decreased SVCT2 levels led to accelerated differentiation into astrocytes, whereas both AA treatment and elevated SVCT2 expression maintain the lRG cells in an undifferentiated state. In vivo overexpression of SVCT2 in lRG cells generated cells with a rounded morphology that were migratory and positive for proliferation and neuronal markers. We also examined mediators that can be involved in AA/SVCT2-modulated signaling pathways, determining that GSK3-β through AKT, mTORC2, and PDK1 is active in brains with high levels of SVCT2/AA. Our data provide new insights into the role of AA and SVCT2 in late RG cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Saldivia
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, NeuroCellT, Department of Cellular Biology, Center for Advanced Microscopy, CMA BIO BIO, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Katterine Salazar
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, NeuroCellT, Department of Cellular Biology, Center for Advanced Microscopy, CMA BIO BIO, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Manuel Cifuentes
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Universidad de Málaga, IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisca Espinoza
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, NeuroCellT, Department of Cellular Biology, Center for Advanced Microscopy, CMA BIO BIO, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Fiona E Harrison
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA
| | - Francisco Nualart
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, NeuroCellT, Department of Cellular Biology, Center for Advanced Microscopy, CMA BIO BIO, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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7
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Baur K, Carrillo-García C, Şan Ş, von Hahn M, Strelau J, Hölzl-Wenig G, Mandl C, Ciccolini F. Growth/differentiation factor 15 controls ependymal and stem cell number in the V-SVZ. Stem Cell Reports 2024; 19:351-365. [PMID: 38366596 PMCID: PMC10937156 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2024.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The expression of growth/differentiation factor (GDF) 15 increases in the ganglionic eminence (GE) late in neural development, especially in neural stem cells (NSCs). However, GDF15 function in this region remains unknown. We report that GDF15 receptor is expressed apically in the GE and that GDF15 ablation promotes proliferation and cell division in the embryonic GE and in the adult ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ). This causes a transient generation of additional neuronal progenitors, compensated by cell death, and a lasting increase in the number of ependymal cells and apical NSCs. Finally, both GDF15 receptor and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) were expressed in progenitors and mutation of GDF15 affected EGFR signaling. However, only exposure to exogenous GDF15, but not to EGF, normalized proliferation and the number of apical progenitors. Thus, GDF15 regulates proliferation of apical progenitors in the GE, thereby affecting the number of ependymal cells and NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Baur
- Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carmen Carrillo-García
- Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Şeydanur Şan
- Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Sorbonne University, 21 Rue de l'École de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Manja von Hahn
- Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens Strelau
- University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 307, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Hölzl-Wenig
- Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Mandl
- Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Francesca Ciccolini
- Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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8
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Del Bigio MR. History of research concerning the ependyma: a view from inside the human brain. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 17:1320369. [PMID: 38259502 PMCID: PMC10800557 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1320369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The history of research concerning ependymal cells is reviewed. Cilia were identified along the surface of the cerebral ventricles c1835. Numerous anatomical and histopathological studies in the late 1800's showed irregularities in the ependymal surface that were thought to be indicative of specific pathologies such as syphilis; this was subsequently disproven. The evolution of thoughts about functions of cilia, the possible role of ependyma in the brain-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and the relationship of ependyma to the subventricular zone germinal cells is discussed. How advances in light and electron microscopy and cell culture contributed to our understanding of the ependyma is described. Discoveries of the supraependymal serotoninergic axon network and supraependymal macrophages are recounted. Finally, the consequences of loss of ependymal cells from different regions of the central nervous system are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc R. Del Bigio
- Department of Pathology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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9
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Shin M, Lee J, Lee H, Kumar V, Kim J, Park S. Deup1 Expression Interferes with Multiciliated Differentiation. Mol Cells 2023; 46:746-756. [PMID: 38052490 PMCID: PMC10701303 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2023.0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A recent study revealed that the loss of Deup1 expression does not affect either centriole amplification or multicilia formation. Therefore, the deuterosome per se is not a platform for amplification of centrioles. In this study, we examine whether gain-of-function of Deup1 affects the development of multiciliated ependymal cells. Our time-lapse study reveals that deuterosomes with an average diameter of 300 nm have two different fates during ependymal differentiation. In the first instance, deuterosomes are scattered and gradually disappear as cells become multiciliated. In the second instance, deuterosomes self-organize into a larger aggregate, called a deuterosome cluster (DC). Unlike scattered deuterosomes, DCs possess centriole components primarily within their large structure. A characteristic of DC-containing cells is that they tend to become primary ciliated rather than multiciliated. Our in utero electroporation study shows that DCs in ependymal tissue are mostly observed at early postnatal stages, but are scarce at late postnatal stages, suggesting the presence of DC antagonists within the differentiating cells. Importantly, from our bead flow assay, ectopic expression of Deup1 significantly impairs cerebrospinal fluid flow. Furthermore, we show that expression of mouse Deup1 in Xenopus embryos has an inhibitory effect on differentiation of multiciliated cells in the epidermis. Taken together, we conclude that the DC formation of Deup1 in multiciliated cells inhibits production of multiple centrioles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miram Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Jiyeon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Haeryung Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Jaebong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Soochul Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
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10
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Valamparamban GF, Spéder P. Homemade: building the structure of the neurogenic niche. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1275963. [PMID: 38107074 PMCID: PMC10722289 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1275963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem/progenitor cells live in an intricate cellular environment, the neurogenic niche, which supports their function and enables neurogenesis. The niche is made of a diversity of cell types, including neurons, glia and the vasculature, which are able to signal to and are structurally organised around neural stem/progenitor cells. While the focus has been on how individual cell types signal to and influence the behaviour of neural stem/progenitor cells, very little is actually known on how the niche is assembled during development from multiple cellular origins, and on the role of the resulting topology on these cells. This review proposes to draw a state-of-the art picture of this emerging field of research, with the aim to expose our knowledge on niche architecture and formation from different animal models (mouse, zebrafish and fruit fly). We will span its multiple aspects, from the existence and importance of local, adhesive interactions to the potential emergence of larger-scale topological properties through the careful assembly of diverse cellular and acellular components.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pauline Spéder
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3738, Structure and Signals in the Neurogenic Niche, Paris, France
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11
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Makrygianni EA, Chrousos GP. Neural Progenitor Cells and the Hypothalamus. Cells 2023; 12:1822. [PMID: 37508487 PMCID: PMC10378393 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) are multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs) capable of self-renewing and differentiating into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. In the postnatal/adult brain, NPCs are primarily located in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles (LVs) and subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). There is evidence that NPCs are also present in the postnatal/adult hypothalamus, a highly conserved brain region involved in the regulation of core homeostatic processes, such as feeding, metabolism, reproduction, neuroendocrine integration and autonomic output. In the rodent postnatal/adult hypothalamus, NPCs mainly comprise different subtypes of tanycytes lining the wall of the 3rd ventricle. In the postnatal/adult human hypothalamus, the neurogenic niche is constituted by tanycytes at the floor of the 3rd ventricle, ependymal cells and ribbon cells (showing a gap-and-ribbon organization similar to that in the SVZ), as well as suprachiasmatic cells. We speculate that in the postnatal/adult human hypothalamus, neurogenesis occurs in a highly complex, exquisitely sophisticated neurogenic niche consisting of at least four subniches; this structure has a key role in the regulation of extrahypothalamic neurogenesis, and hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic neural circuits, partly through the release of neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, extracellular vesicles (EVs) and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanthia A Makrygianni
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health & Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - George P Chrousos
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health & Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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12
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Nelles DG, Hazrati LN. The pathological potential of ependymal cells in mild traumatic brain injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1216420. [PMID: 37396927 PMCID: PMC10312375 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1216420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a common neurological condition affecting millions of individuals worldwide. Although the pathology of mTBI is not fully understood, ependymal cells present a promising approach for studying the pathogenesis of mTBI. Previous studies have revealed that DNA damage in the form of γH2AX accumulates in ependymal cells following mTBI, with evidence of widespread cellular senescence in the brain. Ependymal ciliary dysfunction has also been observed, leading to altered cerebrospinal fluid homeostasis. Even though ependymal cells have not been extensively studied in the context of mTBI, these observations reflect the pathological potential of ependymal cells that may underlie the neuropathological and clinical presentations of mTBI. This mini review explores the molecular and structural alterations that have been reported in ependymal cells following mTBI, as well as the potential pathological mechanisms mediated by ependymal cells that may contribute to overall dysfunction of the brain post-mTBI. Specifically, we address the topics of DNA damage-induced cellular senescence, dysregulation of cerebrospinal fluid homeostasis, and the consequences of impaired ependymal cell barriers. Moreover, we highlight potential ependymal cell-based therapies for the treatment of mTBI, with a focus on neurogenesis, ependymal cell repair, and modulation of senescence signaling pathways. Further insight and research in this field will help to establish the role of ependymal cells in the pathogenesis of mTBI and may lead to improved treatments that leverage ependymal cells to target the origins of mTBI pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana G. Nelles
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lili-Naz Hazrati
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
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13
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Paez-Gonzalez P, Lopez-de-San-Sebastian J, Ceron-Funez R, Jimenez AJ, Rodríguez-Perez LM. Therapeutic strategies to recover ependymal barrier after inflammatory damage: relevance for recovering neurogenesis during development. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1204197. [PMID: 37397456 PMCID: PMC10308384 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1204197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelium covering the surfaces of the cerebral ventricular system is known as the ependyma, and is essential for maintaining the physical and functional integrity of the central nervous system. Additionally, the ependyma plays an essential role in neurogenesis, neuroinflammatory modulation and neurodegenerative diseases. Ependyma barrier is severely affected by perinatal hemorrhages and infections that cross the blood brain barrier. The recovery and regeneration of ependyma after damage are key to stabilizing neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative processes that are critical during early postnatal ages. Unfortunately, there are no effective therapies to regenerate this tissue in human patients. Here, the roles of the ependymal barrier in the context of neurogenesis and homeostasis are reviewed, and future research lines for development of actual therapeutic strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Paez-Gonzalez
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, University of Malaga, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Raquel Ceron-Funez
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, University of Malaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonio J. Jimenez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Málaga, Spain
| | - Luis Manuel Rodríguez-Perez
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, University of Malaga, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Málaga, Spain
- Department of Human Physiology, Human Histology, Pathological Anatomy and Sports, University of Malaga, Málaga, Spain
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14
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Li J, Godoy MI, Zhang AJ, Diamante G, Ahn IS, Cebrian-Silla A, Alvarez-Buylla A, Yang X, Novitch BG, Zhang Y. Prdm16 and Vcam1 regulate the postnatal disappearance of embryonic radial glia and the ending of cortical neurogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.14.528567. [PMID: 36824905 PMCID: PMC9949035 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.14.528567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic neural stem cells (NSCs, i.e., radial glia) in the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) generate the majority of neurons and glia in the forebrain. Postnatally, embryonic radial glia disappear and a subpopulation of radial glia transition into adult NSCs. As this transition occurs, widespread neurogenesis in brain regions such as the cerebral cortex ends. The mechanisms that regulate the postnatal disappearance of radial glia and the ending of embryonic neurogenesis remain poorly understood. Here, we show that PR domain-containing 16 (Prdm16) promotes the disappearance of radial glia and the ending of neurogenesis in the cerebral cortex. Genetic deletion of Prdm16 from NSCs leads to the persistence of radial glia in the adult V-SVZ and prolonged postnatal cortical neurogenesis. Mechanistically, Prdm16 induces the postnatal reduction in Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (Vcam1). The postnatal disappearance of radial glia and the ending of cortical neurogenesis occur normally in Prdm16-Vcam1 double conditional knockout mice. These observations reveal novel molecular regulators of the postnatal disappearance of radial glia and the ending of embryonic neurogenesis, filling a key knowledge gap in NSC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwen Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), USA
| | - Marlesa I. Godoy
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), USA
| | - Alice J. Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), USA
| | | | - In Sook Ahn
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA
| | - Arantxa Cebrian-Silla
- Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Arturo Alvarez-Buylla
- Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA
- Brain Research Institute at UCLA
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences at UCLA
- Molecular Biology Institute at UCLA
| | - Bennett G. Novitch
- Brain Research Institute at UCLA
- Molecular Biology Institute at UCLA
- Department of Neurobiology, UCLA
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center at UCLA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at UCLA
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), USA
- Brain Research Institute at UCLA
- Molecular Biology Institute at UCLA
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center at UCLA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at UCLA
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15
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LRP2 contributes to planar cell polarity-dependent coordination of motile cilia function. Cell Tissue Res 2023; 392:535-551. [PMID: 36764939 PMCID: PMC10172251 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-023-03757-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Motile cilia are protruding organelles on specialized epithelia that beat in a synchronous fashion to propel extracellular fluids. Coordination and orientation of cilia beating on individual cells and across tissues is a complex process dependent on planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling. Asymmetric sorting of PCP pathway components, essential to establish planar polarity, involves trafficking along the endocytic path, but the underlying regulatory processes remain incompletely understood. Here, we identified the endocytic receptor LRP2 as regulator of PCP component trafficking in ependyma, a multi-ciliated cell type that is involved in facilitating flow of the cerebrospinal fluid in the brain ventricular system. Lack of receptor expression in gene-targeted mice results in a failure to sort PCP core proteins to the anterior or posterior cell side and, consequently, in the inability to coordinate cilia arrangement and to aligned beating (loss of rotational and translational polarity). LRP2 deficiency coincides with a failure to sort NHERF1, a cytoplasmic LRP2 adaptor to the anterior cell side. As NHERF1 is essential to translocate PCP core protein Vangl2 to the plasma membrane, these data suggest a molecular mechanism whereby LRP2 interacts with PCP components through NHERF1 to control their asymmetric sorting along the endocytic path. Taken together, our findings identified the endocytic receptor LRP2 as a novel regulator of endosomal trafficking of PCP proteins, ensuring their asymmetric partition and establishment of translational and rotational planar cell polarity in the ependyma.
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16
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Rodrigo Albors A, Singer GA, Llorens-Bobadilla E, Frisén J, May AP, Ponting CP, Storey KG. An ependymal cell census identifies heterogeneous and ongoing cell maturation in the adult mouse spinal cord that changes dynamically on injury. Dev Cell 2023; 58:239-255.e10. [PMID: 36706756 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The adult spinal cord stem cell potential resides within the ependymal cell population and declines with age. Ependymal cells are, however, heterogeneous, and the biological diversity this represents and how it changes with age remain unknown. Here, we present a single-cell transcriptomic census of spinal cord ependymal cells from adult and aged mice, identifying not only all known ependymal cell subtypes but also immature as well as mature cell states. By comparing transcriptomes of spinal cord and brain ependymal cells, which lack stem cell abilities, we identify immature cells as potential spinal cord stem cells. Following spinal cord injury, these cells re-enter the cell cycle, which is accompanied by a short-lived reversal of ependymal cell maturation. We further analyze ependymal cells in the human spinal cord and identify widespread cell maturation and altered cell identities. This in-depth characterization of spinal cord ependymal cells provides insight into their biology and informs strategies for spinal cord repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Rodrigo Albors
- Division of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.
| | - Gail A Singer
- Division of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | | | - Jonas Frisén
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrew P May
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Tornado Bio, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Chris P Ponting
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Kate G Storey
- Division of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.
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17
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Ringers C, Bialonski S, Ege M, Solovev A, Hansen JN, Jeong I, Friedrich BM, Jurisch-Yaksi N. Novel analytical tools reveal that local synchronization of cilia coincides with tissue-scale metachronal waves in zebrafish multiciliated epithelia. eLife 2023; 12:77701. [PMID: 36700548 PMCID: PMC9940908 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Motile cilia are hair-like cell extensions that beat periodically to generate fluid flow along various epithelial tissues within the body. In dense multiciliated carpets, cilia were shown to exhibit a remarkable coordination of their beat in the form of traveling metachronal waves, a phenomenon which supposedly enhances fluid transport. Yet, how cilia coordinate their regular beat in multiciliated epithelia to move fluids remains insufficiently understood, particularly due to lack of rigorous quantification. We combine experiments, novel analysis tools, and theory to address this knowledge gap. To investigate collective dynamics of cilia, we studied zebrafish multiciliated epithelia in the nose and the brain. We focused mainly on the zebrafish nose, due to its conserved properties with other ciliated tissues and its superior accessibility for non-invasive imaging. We revealed that cilia are synchronized only locally and that the size of local synchronization domains increases with the viscosity of the surrounding medium. Even though synchronization is local only, we observed global patterns of traveling metachronal waves across the zebrafish multiciliated epithelium. Intriguingly, these global wave direction patterns are conserved across individual fish, but different for left and right noses, unveiling a chiral asymmetry of metachronal coordination. To understand the implications of synchronization for fluid pumping, we used a computational model of a regular array of cilia. We found that local metachronal synchronization prevents steric collisions, i.e., cilia colliding with each other, and improves fluid pumping in dense cilia carpets, but hardly affects the direction of fluid flow. In conclusion, we show that local synchronization together with tissue-scale cilia alignment coincide and generate metachronal wave patterns in multiciliated epithelia, which enhance their physiological function of fluid pumping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Ringers
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
- Kavli Institute for Systems, Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Stephan Bialonski
- Institute for Data-Driven Technologies, Aachen University of Applied SciencesJülichGermany
- Center for Advancing Electronics, Technical University DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Mert Ege
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Anton Solovev
- Center for Advancing Electronics, Technical University DresdenDresdenGermany
- Cluster of Excellence 'Physics of Life', Technical University DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Jan Niklas Hansen
- Kavli Institute for Systems, Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Inyoung Jeong
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Benjamin M Friedrich
- Center for Advancing Electronics, Technical University DresdenDresdenGermany
- Cluster of Excellence 'Physics of Life', Technical University DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Nathalie Jurisch-Yaksi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
- Kavli Institute for Systems, Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
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18
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Lopez-Rodriguez D, Rohrbach A, Lanzillo M, Gervais M, Croizier S, Langlet F. Ontogeny of ependymoglial cells lining the third ventricle in mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 13:1073759. [PMID: 36686420 PMCID: PMC9849764 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1073759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction During hypothalamic development, the germinative neuroepithelium gives birth to diverse neural cells that regulate numerous physiological functions in adulthood. Methods Here, we studied the ontogeny of ependymal cells in the mouse mediobasal hypothalamus using the BrdU approach and publicly available single-cell RNAseq datasets. Results We observed that while typical ependymal cells are mainly produced at E13, tanycyte birth depends on time and subtypes and lasts up to P8. Typical ependymocytes and β tanycytes are the first to arise at the top and bottom of the dorsoventral axis around E13, whereas α tanycytes emerge later in development, generating an outside-in dorsoventral gradient along the third ventricle. Additionally, α tanycyte generation displayed a rostral-to-caudal pattern. Finally, tanycytes mature progressively until they reach transcriptional maturity between P4 and P14. Discussion Altogether, this data shows that ependyma generation differs in time and distribution, highlighting the heterogeneity of the third ventricle.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lopez-Rodriguez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Rohrbach
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marc Lanzillo
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Manon Gervais
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Croizier
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fanny Langlet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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19
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D'Gama PP, Jurisch-Yaksi N. Methods to study motile ciliated cell types in the zebrafish brain. Methods Cell Biol 2023; 176:103-123. [PMID: 37164533 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2023.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Cilia are well conserved hair-like structures that have diverse sensory and motile functions. In the brain, motile ciliated cells, known as ependymal cells, line the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) filled ventricles, where their beating contribute to fluid movement. Ependymal cells have gathered increasing interest since they are associated with hydrocephalus, a neurological condition with ventricular enlargement. In this article, we highlight methods to identify and characterize motile ciliated ependymal lineage in the brain of zebrafish using histological staining and transgenic reporter lines.
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20
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Nelles DG, Hazrati LN. Ependymal cells and neurodegenerative disease: outcomes of compromised ependymal barrier function. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac288. [PMID: 36415662 PMCID: PMC9677497 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the central nervous system, ependymal cells form critical components of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier and the cerebrospinal fluid-brain barrier. These barriers provide biochemical, immunological and physical protection against the entry of molecules and foreign substances into the cerebrospinal fluid while also regulating cerebrospinal fluid dynamics, such as the composition, flow and removal of waste from the cerebrospinal fluid. Previous research has demonstrated that several neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis, display irregularities in ependymal cell function, morphology, gene expression and metabolism. Despite playing key roles in maintaining overall brain health, ependymal barriers are largely overlooked and understudied in the context of disease, thus limiting the development of novel diagnostic and treatment options. Therefore, this review explores the anatomical properties, functions and structures that define ependymal cells in the healthy brain, as well as the ways in which ependymal cell dysregulation manifests across several neurodegenerative diseases. Specifically, we will address potential mechanisms, causes and consequences of ependymal cell dysfunction and describe how compromising the integrity of ependymal barriers may initiate, contribute to, or drive widespread neurodegeneration in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana G Nelles
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Canada
| | - Lili-Naz Hazrati
- Correspondence to: Dr. Lili-Naz Hazrati 555 University Ave, Toronto ON M5G 1X8, Canada E-mail:
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21
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Olmos-Carreño CL, Figueres-Oñate M, Scicolone GE, López-Mascaraque L. Cell Fate of Retinal Progenitor Cells: In Ovo UbC-StarTrack Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012388. [PMID: 36293245 PMCID: PMC9604099 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Clonal cell analysis outlines the ontogenic potential of single progenitor cells, allowing the elucidation of the neural heterogeneity among different cell types and their lineages. In this work, we analyze the potency of retinal stem/progenitor cells through development using the chick embryo as a model. We implemented in ovo the clonal genetic tracing strategy UbC-StarTrack for tracking retinal cell lineages derived from individual progenitors of the ciliary margin at E3.5 (HH21-22). The clonal assignment of the derived-cell progeny was performed in the neural retina at E11.5-12 (HH38) through the identification of sibling cells as cells expressing the same combination of fluorophores. Moreover, cell types were assessed based on their cellular morphology and laminar location. Ciliary margin derived-cell progenies are organized in columnar associations distributed along the peripheral retina with a limited tangential dispersion. The analysis revealed that, at the early stages of development, this region harbors multipotent and committed progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy L. Olmos-Carreño
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias “Prof. E. De Robertis” (IBCN), CONICET and Departamento de Biología Celular, Histología, Embriología y Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina
- Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Department, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Figueres-Oñate
- Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Department, 28002 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.F.-O.); (L.L.-M.)
| | - Gabriel E. Scicolone
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias “Prof. E. De Robertis” (IBCN), CONICET and Departamento de Biología Celular, Histología, Embriología y Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina
| | - Laura López-Mascaraque
- Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Department, 28002 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.F.-O.); (L.L.-M.)
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22
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Wang Y, Chiola S, Yang G, Russell C, Armstrong CJ, Wu Y, Spampanato J, Tarboton P, Ullah HMA, Edgar NU, Chang AN, Harmin DA, Bocchi VD, Vezzoli E, Besusso D, Cui J, Cattaneo E, Kubanek J, Shcheglovitov A. Modeling human telencephalic development and autism-associated SHANK3 deficiency using organoids generated from single neural rosettes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5688. [PMID: 36202854 PMCID: PMC9537523 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33364-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human telencephalon is an evolutionarily advanced brain structure associated with many uniquely human behaviors and disorders. However, cell lineages and molecular pathways implicated in human telencephalic development remain largely unknown. We produce human telencephalic organoids from stem cell-derived single neural rosettes and investigate telencephalic development under normal and pathological conditions. We show that single neural rosette-derived organoids contain pallial and subpallial neural progenitors, excitatory and inhibitory neurons, as well as macroglial and periendothelial cells, and exhibit predictable organization and cytoarchitecture. We comprehensively characterize the properties of neurons in SNR-derived organoids and identify transcriptional programs associated with the specification of excitatory and inhibitory neural lineages from a common pool of NPs early in telencephalic development. We also demonstrate that neurons in organoids with a hemizygous deletion of an autism- and intellectual disability-associated gene SHANK3 exhibit intrinsic and excitatory synaptic deficits and impaired expression of several clustered protocadherins. Collectively, this study validates SNR-derived organoids as a reliable model for studying human telencephalic cortico-striatal development and identifies intrinsic, synaptic, and clustered protocadherin expression deficits in human telencephalic tissue with SHANK3 hemizygosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqi Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Simone Chiola
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Chad Russell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Yuanyuan Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jay Spampanato
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Paisley Tarboton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - H M Arif Ullah
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Nicolas U Edgar
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Amelia N Chang
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David A Harmin
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vittoria Dickinson Bocchi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Vezzoli
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare, Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Besusso
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare, Milan, Italy
| | - Jun Cui
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Elena Cattaneo
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare, Milan, Italy
| | - Jan Kubanek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Aleksandr Shcheglovitov
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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23
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Cao L, Huang MZ, Zhang Q, Luo ZR, Zhang Y, An PJ, Yang LL, Tan W, Wang CQ, Dou XW, Li Q. The neural stem cell properties of Pkd2l1+ cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons in vivo. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:992520. [PMID: 36159391 PMCID: PMC9500444 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.992520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural stem cells (NSCs) in the ventricular-subventricular zone of the adult mammalian spinal cord may be of great benefit for repairing spinal cord injuries. However, the sources of NSCs remain unclear. Previously, we have confirmed that cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons (CSF-cNs) have NSC potential in vitro. In this study, we verified the NSC properties of CSF-cNs in vivo. In mouse spinal cords, Pkd2l1+ CSF-cNs localized around the central canal express NSC markers. In vitro, Pkd2l1+ CSF-cNs form a neurosphere and express NSC markers. Activation and proliferation of CSF-cNs can be induced by injection of the neurotrophic factors basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) into the lateral ventricle. Spinal cord injury (SCI) also induces NSC activation and proliferation of CSF-cNs. Collectively, our results demonstrate that Pkd2l1+ CSF-cNs have NSC properties in vivo and may be involved in SCI recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Cao
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ming-Zhi Huang
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhang-Rong Luo
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ping-Jiang An
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Lei-Luo Yang
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Wei Tan
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chun-Qing Wang
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Dou
- Clinical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Xiao-Wei Dou,
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Qing Li,
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24
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Harkins D, Harvey TJ, Atterton C, Miller I, Currey L, Oishi S, Kasherman M, Davila RA, Harris L, Green K, Piper H, Parton RG, Thor S, Cooper HM, Piper M. Hydrocephalus in Nfix−/− Mice Is Underpinned by Changes in Ependymal Cell Physiology. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152377. [PMID: 35954220 PMCID: PMC9368351 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor one X (NFIX) is a transcription factor required for normal ependymal development. Constitutive loss of Nfix in mice (Nfix−/−) is associated with hydrocephalus and sloughing of the dorsal ependyma within the lateral ventricles. Previous studies have implicated NFIX in the transcriptional regulation of genes encoding for factors essential to ependymal development. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underpinning hydrocephalus in Nfix−/− mice are unknown. To investigate the role of NFIX in hydrocephalus, we examined ependymal cells in brains from postnatal Nfix−/− and control (Nfix+/+) mice using a combination of confocal and electron microscopy. This revealed that the ependymal cells in Nfix−/− mice exhibited abnormal cilia structure and disrupted localisation of adhesion proteins. Furthermore, we modelled ependymal cell adhesion using epithelial cell culture and revealed changes in extracellular matrix and adherens junction gene expression following knockdown of NFIX. Finally, the ablation of Nfix from ependymal cells in the adult brain using a conditional approach culminated in enlarged ventricles, sloughing of ependymal cells from the lateral ventricles and abnormal localisation of adhesion proteins, which are phenotypes observed during development. Collectively, these data demonstrate a pivotal role for NFIX in the regulation of cell adhesion within ependymal cells of the lateral ventricles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyon Harkins
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia; (D.H.); (T.J.H.); (C.A.); (I.M.); (L.C.); (S.O.); (M.K.); (R.A.D.); (H.P.); (S.T.)
| | - Tracey J. Harvey
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia; (D.H.); (T.J.H.); (C.A.); (I.M.); (L.C.); (S.O.); (M.K.); (R.A.D.); (H.P.); (S.T.)
| | - Cooper Atterton
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia; (D.H.); (T.J.H.); (C.A.); (I.M.); (L.C.); (S.O.); (M.K.); (R.A.D.); (H.P.); (S.T.)
| | - Ingrid Miller
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia; (D.H.); (T.J.H.); (C.A.); (I.M.); (L.C.); (S.O.); (M.K.); (R.A.D.); (H.P.); (S.T.)
| | - Laura Currey
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia; (D.H.); (T.J.H.); (C.A.); (I.M.); (L.C.); (S.O.); (M.K.); (R.A.D.); (H.P.); (S.T.)
| | - Sabrina Oishi
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia; (D.H.); (T.J.H.); (C.A.); (I.M.); (L.C.); (S.O.); (M.K.); (R.A.D.); (H.P.); (S.T.)
| | - Maria Kasherman
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia; (D.H.); (T.J.H.); (C.A.); (I.M.); (L.C.); (S.O.); (M.K.); (R.A.D.); (H.P.); (S.T.)
| | - Raul Ayala Davila
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia; (D.H.); (T.J.H.); (C.A.); (I.M.); (L.C.); (S.O.); (M.K.); (R.A.D.); (H.P.); (S.T.)
| | - Lucy Harris
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia; (L.H.); (K.G.); (R.G.P.)
| | - Kathryn Green
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia; (L.H.); (K.G.); (R.G.P.)
| | - Hannah Piper
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia; (D.H.); (T.J.H.); (C.A.); (I.M.); (L.C.); (S.O.); (M.K.); (R.A.D.); (H.P.); (S.T.)
| | - Robert G. Parton
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia; (L.H.); (K.G.); (R.G.P.)
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Stefan Thor
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia; (D.H.); (T.J.H.); (C.A.); (I.M.); (L.C.); (S.O.); (M.K.); (R.A.D.); (H.P.); (S.T.)
| | - Helen M. Cooper
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia;
| | - Michael Piper
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia; (D.H.); (T.J.H.); (C.A.); (I.M.); (L.C.); (S.O.); (M.K.); (R.A.D.); (H.P.); (S.T.)
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia;
- Correspondence:
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25
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Zeng H. What is a cell type and how to define it? Cell 2022; 185:2739-2755. [PMID: 35868277 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cell types are the basic functional units of an organism. Cell types exhibit diverse phenotypic properties at multiple levels, making them challenging to define, categorize, and understand. This review provides an overview of the basic principles of cell types rooted in evolution and development and discusses approaches to characterize and classify cell types and investigate how they contribute to the organism's function, using the mammalian brain as a primary example. I propose a roadmap toward a conceptual framework and knowledge base of cell types that will enable a deeper understanding of the dynamic changes of cellular function under healthy and diseased conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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26
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Endogenous Neural Stem Cell Mediated Oligodendrogenesis in the Adult Mammalian Brain. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132101. [PMID: 35805185 PMCID: PMC9265817 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrogenesis is essential for replacing worn-out oligodendrocytes, promoting myelin plasticity, and for myelin repair following a demyelinating injury in the adult mammalian brain. Neural stem cells are an important source of oligodendrocytes in the adult brain; however, there are considerable differences in oligodendrogenesis from neural stem cells residing in different areas of the adult brain. Amongst the distinct niches containing neural stem cells, the subventricular zone lining the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus are considered the principle areas of adult neurogenesis. In addition to these areas, radial glia-like cells, which are the precursors of neural stem cells, are found in the lining of the third ventricle, where they are called tanycytes, and in the cerebellum, where they are called Bergmann glia. In this review, we will describe the contribution and regulation of each of these niches in adult oligodendrogenesis.
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27
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Melrose J. Fractone Stem Cell Niche Components Provide Intuitive Clues in the Design of New Therapeutic Procedures/Biomatrices for Neural Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5148. [PMID: 35563536 PMCID: PMC9103880 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to illustrate recent developments in neural repair utilizing hyaluronan as a carrier of olfactory bulb stem cells and in new bioscaffolds to promote neural repair. Hyaluronan interacts with brain hyalectan proteoglycans in protective structures around neurons in perineuronal nets, which also have roles in the synaptic plasticity and development of neuronal cognitive properties. Specialist stem cell niches termed fractones located in the sub-ventricular and sub-granular regions of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus migrate to the olfactory bulb, which acts as a reserve of neuroprogenitor cells in the adult brain. The extracellular matrix associated with the fractone stem cell niche contains hyaluronan, perlecan and laminin α5, which regulate the quiescent recycling of stem cells and also provide a means of escaping to undergo the proliferation and differentiation to a pluripotent migratory progenitor cell type that can participate in repair processes in neural tissues. Significant improvement in the repair of spinal cord injury and brain trauma has been reported using this approach. FGF-2 sequestered by perlecan in the neuroprogenitor niche environment aids in these processes. Therapeutic procedures have been developed using olfactory ensheathing stem cells and hyaluronan as a carrier to promote neural repair processes. Now that recombinant perlecan domain I and domain V are available, strategies may also be expected in the near future using these to further promote neural repair strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia;
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, Northern, The University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
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28
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Quaresima S, Istiaq A, Jono H, Cacci E, Ohta K, Lupo G. Assessing the Role of Ependymal and Vascular Cells as Sources of Extracellular Cues Regulating the Mouse Ventricular-Subventricular Zone Neurogenic Niche. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:845567. [PMID: 35450289 PMCID: PMC9016221 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.845567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis persists in selected regions of the adult mouse brain; among them, the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) of the lateral ventricles represents a major experimental paradigm due to its conspicuous neurogenic output. Postnatal V-SVZ neurogenesis is maintained by a resident population of neural stem cells (NSCs). Although V-SVZ NSCs are largely quiescent, they can be activated to enter the cell cycle, self-renew and generate progeny that gives rise to olfactory bulb interneurons. These adult-born neurons integrate into existing circuits to modify cognitive functions in response to external stimuli, but cells shed by V-SVZ NSCs can also reach injured brain regions, suggesting a latent regenerative potential. The V-SVZ is endowed with a specialized microenvironment, which is essential to maintain the proliferative and neurogenic potential of NSCs, and to preserve the NSC pool from exhaustion by finely tuning their quiescent and active states. Intercellular communication is paramount to the stem cell niche properties of the V-SVZ, and several extracellular signals acting in the niche milieu have been identified. An important part of these signals comes from non-neural cell types, such as local vascular cells, ependymal and glial cells. Understanding the crosstalk between NSCs and other niche components may aid therapeutic approaches for neuropathological conditions, since neurodevelopmental disorders, age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases have been associated with dysfunctional neurogenic niches. Here, we review recent advances in the study of the complex interactions between V-SVZ NSCs and their cellular niche. We focus on the extracellular cues produced by ependymal and vascular cells that regulate NSC behavior in the mouse postnatal V-SVZ, and discuss the potential implication of these molecular signals in pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Quaresima
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “C. Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Arif Istiaq
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Brain Morphogenesis, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Jono
- Department of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Emanuele Cacci
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “C. Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Kunimasa Ohta
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- *Correspondence: Kunimasa Ohta, ; Giuseppe Lupo,
| | - Giuseppe Lupo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “C. Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Kunimasa Ohta, ; Giuseppe Lupo,
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29
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Bierman-Duquette RD, Safarians G, Huang J, Rajput B, Chen JY, Wang ZZ, Seidlits SK. Engineering Tissues of the Central Nervous System: Interfacing Conductive Biomaterials with Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2101577. [PMID: 34808031 PMCID: PMC8986557 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Conductive biomaterials provide an important control for engineering neural tissues, where electrical stimulation can potentially direct neural stem/progenitor cell (NS/PC) maturation into functional neuronal networks. It is anticipated that stem cell-based therapies to repair damaged central nervous system (CNS) tissues and ex vivo, "tissue chip" models of the CNS and its pathologies will each benefit from the development of biocompatible, biodegradable, and conductive biomaterials. Here, technological advances in conductive biomaterials are reviewed over the past two decades that may facilitate the development of engineered tissues with integrated physiological and electrical functionalities. First, one briefly introduces NS/PCs of the CNS. Then, the significance of incorporating microenvironmental cues, to which NS/PCs are naturally programmed to respond, into biomaterial scaffolds is discussed with a focus on electrical cues. Next, practical design considerations for conductive biomaterials are discussed followed by a review of studies evaluating how conductive biomaterials can be engineered to control NS/PC behavior by mimicking specific functionalities in the CNS microenvironment. Finally, steps researchers can take to move NS/PC-interfacing, conductive materials closer to clinical translation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gevick Safarians
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Joyce Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Bushra Rajput
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Jessica Y. Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Ze Zhong Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, USA
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30
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Ishikawa K, Ishii M, Yaguchi T, Katada T, Ichinose K, Ohata S. epi-Aszonalenin B from Aspergillus novofumigatus inhibits NF-κB activity induced by ZFTA-RELA fusion protein that drives ependymoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 596:104-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.01.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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31
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Regulating Endogenous Neural Stem Cell Activation to Promote Spinal Cord Injury Repair. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050846. [PMID: 35269466 PMCID: PMC8909806 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) affects millions of individuals worldwide. Currently, there is no cure, and treatment options to promote neural recovery are limited. An innovative approach to improve outcomes following SCI involves the recruitment of endogenous populations of neural stem cells (NSCs). NSCs can be isolated from the neuroaxis of the central nervous system (CNS), with brain and spinal cord populations sharing common characteristics (as well as regionally distinct phenotypes). Within the spinal cord, a number of NSC sub-populations have been identified which display unique protein expression profiles and proliferation kinetics. Collectively, the potential for NSCs to impact regenerative medicine strategies hinges on their cardinal properties, including self-renewal and multipotency (the ability to generate de novo neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes). Accordingly, endogenous NSCs could be harnessed to replace lost cells and promote structural repair following SCI. While studies exploring the efficacy of this approach continue to suggest its potential, many questions remain including those related to heterogeneity within the NSC pool, the interaction of NSCs with their environment, and the identification of factors that can enhance their response. We discuss the current state of knowledge regarding populations of endogenous spinal cord NSCs, their niche, and the factors that regulate their behavior. In an attempt to move towards the goal of enhancing neural repair, we highlight approaches that promote NSC activation following injury including the modulation of the microenvironment and parenchymal cells, pharmaceuticals, and applied electrical stimulation.
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32
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Herranz-Pérez V, Nakatani J, Ishii M, Katada T, García-Verdugo JM, Ohata S. Ependymoma associated protein Zfta is expressed in immature ependymal cells but is not essential for ependymal development in mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1493. [PMID: 35087169 PMCID: PMC8795269 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05526-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The fusion protein of uncharacterised zinc finger translocation associated (ZFTA) and effector transcription factor of tumorigenic NF-κB signalling, RELA (ZFTA-RELA), is expressed in more than two-thirds of supratentorial ependymoma (ST-EPN-RELA), but ZFTA's expression profile and functional analysis in multiciliated ependymal (E1) cells have not been examined. Here, we showed the mRNA expression of mouse Zfta peaks on embryonic day (E) 17.5 in the wholemount of the lateral walls of the lateral ventricle. Zfta was expressed in the nuclei of FoxJ1-positive immature E1 (pre-E1) cells in E18.5 mouse embryonic brain. Interestingly, the transcription factors promoting ciliogenesis (ciliary TFs) (e.g., multicilin) and ZFTA-RELA upregulated luciferase activity using a 5' upstream sequence of ZFTA in cultured cells. Zftatm1/tm1 knock-in mice did not show developmental defects or abnormal fertility. In the Zftatm1/tm1 E1 cells, morphology, gene expression, ciliary beating frequency and ependymal flow were unaffected. These results suggest that Zfta is expressed in pre-E1 cells, possibly under the control of ciliary TFs, but is not essential for ependymal development or flow. This study sheds light on the mechanism of the ZFTA-RELA expression in the pathogenesis of ST-EPN-RELA: Ciliary TFs initiate ZFTA-RELA expression in pre-E1 cells, and ZFTA-RELA enhances its own expression using positive feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Herranz-Pérez
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Institute Cavanilles of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, CIBERNED, University of Valencia, 46980, Paterna, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Functional Biology and Physical Anthropology, University of Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Jin Nakatani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Masaki Ishii
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, Tokyo, 202-8585, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Katada
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, Tokyo, 202-8585, Japan
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Jose Manuel García-Verdugo
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Institute Cavanilles of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, CIBERNED, University of Valencia, 46980, Paterna, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Functional Biology and Physical Anthropology, University of Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Shinya Ohata
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, Tokyo, 202-8585, Japan.
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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33
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Fu X, He Q, Tao Y, Wang M, Wang W, Wang Y, Yu QC, Zhang F, Zhang X, Chen YG, Gao D, Hu P, Hui L, Wang X, Zeng YA. Recent advances in tissue stem cells. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2021; 64:1998-2029. [PMID: 34865207 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-021-2007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells capable of self-renewal and differentiation, giving rise to specialized functional cells. Stem cells are of pivotal importance for organ and tissue development, homeostasis, and injury and disease repair. Tissue-specific stem cells are a rare population residing in specific tissues and present powerful potential for regeneration when required. They are usually named based on the resident tissue, such as hematopoietic stem cells and germline stem cells. This review discusses the recent advances in stem cells of various tissues, including neural stem cells, muscle stem cells, liver progenitors, pancreatic islet stem/progenitor cells, intestinal stem cells, and prostate stem cells, and the future perspectives for tissue stem cell research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Fu
- Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Qiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yu Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Mengdi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yalong Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qing Cissy Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ye-Guang Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Max-Planck Center for Tissue Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510530, China.
| | - Dong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Ping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China.
- Max-Planck Center for Tissue Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510530, China.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Bio-Research Innovation Center, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Suzhou, 215121, China.
| | - Lijian Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Bio-Research Innovation Center, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Suzhou, 215121, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
- School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
| | - Xiaoqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Yi Arial Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- Bio-Research Innovation Center, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Suzhou, 215121, China.
- School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
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Catlin JP, Marziali LN, Rein B, Yan Z, Feltri ML, Schaner Tooley CE. Age-related neurodegeneration and cognitive impairments of NRMT1 knockout mice are preceded by misregulation of RB and abnormal neural stem cell development. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:1014. [PMID: 34711807 PMCID: PMC8553844 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04316-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
N-terminal methylation is an important posttranslational modification that regulates protein/DNA interactions and plays a role in many cellular processes, including DNA damage repair, mitosis, and transcriptional regulation. Our generation of a constitutive knockout mouse for the N-terminal methyltransferase NRMT1 demonstrated its loss results in severe developmental abnormalities and premature aging phenotypes. As premature aging is often accompanied by neurodegeneration, we more specifically examined how NRMT1 loss affects neural pathology and cognitive behaviors. Here we find that Nrmt1-/- mice exhibit postnatal enlargement of the lateral ventricles, age-dependent striatal and hippocampal neurodegeneration, memory impairments, and hyperactivity. These morphological and behavior abnormalities are preceded by alterations in neural stem cell (NSC) development. Early expansion and differentiation of the quiescent NSC pool in Nrmt1-/- mice is followed by its subsequent depletion and many of the resulting neurons remain in the cell cycle and ultimately undergo apoptosis. These cell cycle phenotypes are reminiscent to those seen with loss of the NRMT1 target retinoblastoma protein (RB). Accordingly, we find misregulation of RB phosphorylation and degradation in Nrmt1-/- mice, and significant de-repression of RB target genes involved in cell cycle. We also identify novel de-repression of Noxa, an RB target gene that promotes apoptosis. These data identify Nα-methylation as a novel regulatory modification of RB transcriptional repression during neurogenesis and indicate that NRMT1 and RB work together to promote NSC quiescence and prevent neuronal apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Catlin
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Leandro N Marziali
- Departments of Biochemistry and Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Benjamin Rein
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Zhen Yan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - M Laura Feltri
- Departments of Biochemistry and Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Christine E Schaner Tooley
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.
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35
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Diversity and function of motile ciliated cell types within ependymal lineages of the zebrafish brain. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109775. [PMID: 34610312 PMCID: PMC8524669 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Motile cilia defects impair cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow and can cause brain and spine disorders. The development of ciliated cells, their impact on CSF flow, and their function in brain and axial morphogenesis are not fully understood. We have characterized motile ciliated cells within the zebrafish brain ventricles. We show that the ventricles undergo restructuring through development, involving a transition from mono- to multiciliated cells (MCCs) driven by gmnc. MCCs co-exist with monociliated cells and generate directional flow patterns. These ciliated cells have different developmental origins and are genetically heterogenous with respect to expression of the Foxj1 family of ciliary master regulators. Finally, we show that cilia loss from the tela choroida and choroid plexus or global perturbation of multiciliation does not affect overall brain or spine morphogenesis but results in enlarged ventricles. Our findings establish that motile ciliated cells are generated by complementary and sequential transcriptional programs to support ventricular development. Glutamylated tubulin is enriched in cilia of foxj1-expressing cells in the zebrafish Motile ciliated ependymal cells in the zebrafish forebrain are highly diverse Gmnc drives the transition from mono- to multiciliated cells at juvenile stage Lack of multiciliation does not impact brain and spine morphogenesis
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36
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Satake T. Epstein-Barr virus-based plasmid enables inheritable transgene expression in mouse cerebral cortex. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258026. [PMID: 34591902 PMCID: PMC8483300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous development of the cerebral cortex from the prenatal to postnatal period depends on neurons and glial cells, both of which are generated from neural progenitor cells (NPCs). Owing to technical limitations regarding the transfer of genes into mouse brain, the mechanisms behind the long-term development of the cerebral cortex have not been well studied. Plasmid transfection into NPCs in embryonic mouse brains by in utero electroporation (IUE) is a widely used technique aimed at expressing transgenes in NPCs and their recent progeny neurons. Because the plasmids in NPCs are attenuated with each cell division, the transgene is not expressed in their descendants, including glial cells. The present study shows that an Epstein–Barr virus-based plasmid (EB-oriP plasmid) is helpful for studying long-term cerebral cortex development. The use of the EB-oriP plasmid for IUE allowed transgene expression even in the descendant progeny cells of adult mouse brains. Combining the EB-oriP plasmid with the shRNA expression cassette allowed examination of the genes of interest in the continuous development of the cerebral cortex. Furthermore, preferential transgene expression was achieved in combination with cell type-specific promoter-driven transgene expression. Meanwhile, introducing the EB-oriP plasmid twice into the same individual embryos during separate embryonic development stages suggested heterogeneity of NPCs. In summary, IUE using the EB-oriP plasmid is a novel option to study the long-term development of the cerebral cortex in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Satake
- Molecular Cellular Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
- * E-mail:
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37
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Diversity of Adult Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells in Physiology and Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082045. [PMID: 34440814 PMCID: PMC8392301 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs) contribute to learning, memory, maintenance of homeostasis, energy metabolism and many other essential processes. They are highly heterogeneous populations that require input from a regionally distinct microenvironment including a mix of neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, NG2+ glia, vasculature, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and others. The diversity of NSPCs is present in all three major parts of the CNS, i.e., the brain, spinal cord, and retina. Intrinsic and extrinsic signals, e.g., neurotrophic and growth factors, master transcription factors, and mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM), collectively regulate activities and characteristics of NSPCs: quiescence/survival, proliferation, migration, differentiation, and integration. This review discusses the heterogeneous NSPC populations in the normal physiology and highlights their potentials and roles in injured/diseased states for regenerative medicine.
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38
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Maeso-Alonso L, López-Ferreras L, Marques MM, Marin MC. p73 as a Tissue Architect. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:716957. [PMID: 34368167 PMCID: PMC8343074 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.716957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The TP73 gene belongs to the p53 family comprised by p53, p63, and p73. In response to physiological and pathological signals these transcription factors regulate multiple molecular pathways which merge in an ensemble of interconnected networks, in which the control of cell proliferation and cell death occupies a prominent position. However, the complex phenotype of the Trp73 deficient mice has revealed that the biological relevance of this gene does not exclusively rely on its growth suppression effects, but it is also intertwined with other fundamental roles governing different aspects of tissue physiology. p73 function is essential for the organization and homeostasis of different complex microenvironments, like the neurogenic niche, which supports the neural progenitor cells and the ependyma, the male and female reproductive organs, the respiratory epithelium or the vascular network. We propose that all these, apparently unrelated, developmental roles, have a common denominator: p73 function as a tissue architect. Tissue architecture is defined by the nature and the integrity of its cellular and extracellular compartments, and it is based on proper adhesive cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions as well as the establishment of cellular polarity. In this work, we will review the current understanding of p73 role as a neurogenic niche architect through the regulation of cell adhesion, cytoskeleton dynamics and Planar Cell Polarity, and give a general overview of TAp73 as a hub modulator of these functions, whose alteration could impinge in many of the Trp73 -/- phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Maeso-Alonso
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
| | - Lorena López-Ferreras
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
| | - Margarita M Marques
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Instituto de Desarrollo Ganadero y Sanidad Animal, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Maria C Marin
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
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39
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MacDonald A, Lu B, Caron M, Caporicci-Dinucci N, Hatrock D, Petrecca K, Bourque G, Stratton JA. Single Cell Transcriptomics of Ependymal Cells Across Age, Region and Species Reveals Cilia-Related and Metal Ion Regulatory Roles as Major Conserved Ependymal Cell Functions. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:703951. [PMID: 34335193 PMCID: PMC8319996 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.703951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ependymal cells are ciliated-epithelial glial cells that develop from radial glia along the surface of the ventricles of the brain and the spinal canal. They play a critical role in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) homeostasis, brain metabolism, and the clearance of waste from the brain. These cells have been implicated in disease across the lifespan including developmental disorders, cancer, and neurodegenerative disease. Despite this, ependymal cells remain largely understudied. Using single-cell RNA sequencing data extracted from publicly available datasets, we make key findings regarding the remarkable conservation of ependymal cell gene signatures across age, region, and species. Through this unbiased analysis, we have discovered that one of the most overrepresented ependymal cell functions that we observed relates to a critically understudied role in metal ion homeostasis. Our analysis also revealed distinct subtypes and states of ependymal cells across regions and ages of the nervous system. For example, neonatal ependymal cells maintained a gene signature consistent with developmental processes such as determination of left/right symmetry; while adult ventricular ependymal cells, not spinal canal ependymal cells, appeared to express genes involved in regulating cellular transport and inflammation. Together, these findings highlight underappreciated functions of ependymal cells, which will be important to investigate in order to better understand these cells in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam MacDonald
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Brianna Lu
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Maxime Caron
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nina Caporicci-Dinucci
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Dale Hatrock
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Kevin Petrecca
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Guillaume Bourque
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jo Anne Stratton
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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40
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Neupane S, Goto J, Berardinelli SJ, Ito A, Haltiwanger RS, Holdener BC. Hydrocephalus in mouse B3glct mutants is likely caused by defects in multiple B3GLCT substrates in ependymal cells and subcommissural organ. Glycobiology 2021; 31:988-1004. [PMID: 33909046 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peters plus syndrome, characterized by defects in eye and skeletal development with isolated cases of ventriculomegaly/hydrocephalus, is caused by mutations in the β3-glucosyltransferase (B3GLCT) gene. In the endoplasmic reticulum, B3GLCT adds glucose to O-linked fucose on properly folded Thrombospondin Type 1 Repeats (TSRs). The resulting glucose-fucose disaccharide is proposed to stabilize the TSR fold and promote secretion of B3GLCT substrates, with some substrates more sensitive than others to loss of glucose. Mouse B3glct mutants develop hydrocephalus at high frequency. In this study, we demonstrated that B3glct mutant ependymal cells had fewer cilia basal bodies and altered translational polarity compared to controls. Localization of mRNA encoding A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with ThromboSpondin type 1 repeat 20 (ADAMTS20) and ADAMTS9, suggested that reduced function of these B3GLCT substrates contributed to ependymal cell abnormalities. In addition, we showed that multiple B3GLCT substrates (Adamts3, Adamts9, and Adamts20) are expressed by the subcommissural organ, that subcommissural organ-spondin (SSPO) TSRs were modified with O-linked glucose-fucose, and that loss of B3GLCT reduced secretion of SSPO in cultured cells. In the B3glct mutant subcommissural organ intracellular SSPO levels were reduced and BiP levels increased, suggesting a folding defect. Secreted SSPO colocalized with BiP, raising the possibility that abnormal extracellular assembly of SSPO into Reissner's fiber also contributed to impaired CSF flow in mutants. Combined, these studies underscore the complexity of the B3glct mutant hydrocephalus phenotype and demonstrate that impaired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow likely stems from the collective effects of the mutation on multiple processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjiv Neupane
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | - June Goto
- Division of Neurosurgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Steven J Berardinelli
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Atsuko Ito
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Robert S Haltiwanger
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Bernadette C Holdener
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
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41
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Wang S, He Y, Zhang H, Chen L, Cao L, Yang L, Wang C, Pan Y, Tang Q, Tan W, Dou X, Li Q. The Neural Stem Cell Properties of PKD2L1 + Cerebrospinal Fluid-Contacting Neurons in vitro. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:630882. [PMID: 33790741 PMCID: PMC8005615 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.630882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid-touching neurons (CSF-cNs) exist in the region surrounding the central canal of the spinal cord, which locate in the adult neurogenic niche. Previous research showed that CSF-cNs expressed the molecular markers of immature neural cells in vivo. Here, we explored the potential of CSF-cNs as neural stem cell in intro. We first found that PKD2L1+ CSF-cNs, isolating by FACS using the molecular marker PKD2L1 of CSF-cNs, expressed neural stem cells markers like Nestin, Sox2, and GFAP by immunofluorescence staining. PKD2L1+ CSF-cNs were able to form neurospheres and passaged in vitro. Immunofluorescence staining showed that the neurospheres forming by PKD2L1+ CSF-cNs also expressed neural stem cell markers Nestin, Sox2 and GFAP. The neurospheres expressed proliferation markers Ki67 and PCNA by immunofluorescence staining, indicating that the neurospheres forming by PKD2L1+ CSF-cNs were proliferative. The neurospheres, forming by CSF-cNs, had the ability of differentiation into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Collectively, our data suggested that PKD2L1+ CSF-cNs have the properties of neural stem cells in vitro and may provide a promising approach for the repair of spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- Department of Orthopedics Traumatic, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang City, China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,Shandong Juxian People's Hospital, Rizhao City, China
| | - Yuqi He
- Department of Orthopedics Traumatic, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang City, China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Huiqian Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics Traumatic, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang City, China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Orthopedics Traumatic, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang City, China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Liang Cao
- Department of Orthopedics Traumatic, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang City, China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Leiluo Yang
- Department of Orthopedics Traumatic, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang City, China
| | - Chunqing Wang
- Department of Orthopedics Traumatic, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang City, China
| | - Yujie Pan
- Department of Orthopedics Traumatic, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang City, China
| | - Qian Tang
- Department of Orthopedics Traumatic, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang City, China
| | - Wei Tan
- Department of Orthopedics Traumatic, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang City, China
| | - Xiaowei Dou
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang City, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Orthopedics Traumatic, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang City, China
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42
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Pearson CA, Moore DM, Tucker HO, Dekker JD, Hu H, Miquelajáuregui A, Novitch BG. Foxp1 Regulates Neural Stem Cell Self-Renewal and Bias Toward Deep Layer Cortical Fates. Cell Rep 2021; 30:1964-1981.e3. [PMID: 32049024 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The laminar architecture of the mammalian neocortex depends on the orderly generation of distinct neuronal subtypes by apical radial glia (aRG) during embryogenesis. Here, we identify critical roles for the autism risk gene Foxp1 in maintaining aRG identity and gating the temporal competency for deep-layer neurogenesis. Early in development, aRG express high levels of Foxp1 mRNA and protein, which promote self-renewing cell divisions and deep-layer neuron production. Foxp1 levels subsequently decline during the transition to superficial-layer neurogenesis. Sustained Foxp1 expression impedes this transition, preserving a population of cells with aRG identity throughout development and extending the early neurogenic period into postnatal life. FOXP1 expression is further associated with the initial formation and expansion of basal RG (bRG) during human corticogenesis and can promote the formation of cells exhibiting characteristics of bRG when misexpressed in the mouse cortex. Together, these findings reveal broad functions for Foxp1 in cortical neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Alayne Pearson
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Destaye M Moore
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Haley O Tucker
- Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Joseph D Dekker
- Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Hui Hu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | - Amaya Miquelajáuregui
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00911, USA
| | - Bennett G Novitch
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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43
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Figueres-Oñate M, Sánchez-González R, López-Mascaraque L. Deciphering neural heterogeneity through cell lineage tracing. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:1971-1982. [PMID: 33151389 PMCID: PMC7966193 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03689-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how an adult brain reaches an appropriate size and cell composition from a pool of progenitors that proliferates and differentiates is a key question in Developmental Neurobiology. Not only the control of final size but also, the proper arrangement of cells of different embryonic origins is fundamental in this process. Each neural progenitor has to produce a precise number of sibling cells that establish clones, and all these clones will come together to form the functional adult nervous system. Lineage cell tracing is a complex and challenging process that aims to reconstruct the offspring that arise from a single progenitor cell. This tracing can be achieved through strategies based on genetically modified organisms, using either genetic tracers, transfected viral vectors or DNA constructs, and even single-cell sequencing. Combining different reporter proteins and the use of transgenic mice revolutionized clonal analysis more than a decade ago and now, the availability of novel genome editing tools and single-cell sequencing techniques has vastly improved the capacity of lineage tracing to decipher progenitor potential. This review brings together the strategies used to study cell lineages in the brain and the role they have played in our understanding of the functional clonal relationships among neural cells. In addition, future perspectives regarding the study of cell heterogeneity and the ontogeny of different cell lineages will also be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Figueres-Oñate
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Development Neurobiology, Instituto Cajal-CSIC, 28002, Madrid, Spain
- Max Planck Research Unit for Neurogenetics, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Rebeca Sánchez-González
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Development Neurobiology, Instituto Cajal-CSIC, 28002, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura López-Mascaraque
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Development Neurobiology, Instituto Cajal-CSIC, 28002, Madrid, Spain.
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Kimura T, Saito H, Kawasaki M, Takeichi M. CAMSAP3 is required for mTORC1-dependent ependymal cell growth and lateral ventricle shaping in mouse brains. Development 2021; 148:dev.195073. [PMID: 33462112 DOI: 10.1242/dev.195073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) regulate numerous cellular processes, but their roles in brain morphogenesis are not well known. Here, we show that CAMSAP3, a non-centrosomal microtubule regulator, is important for shaping the lateral ventricles. In differentiating ependymal cells, CAMSAP3 became concentrated at the apical domains, serving to generate MT networks at these sites. Camsap3-mutated mice showed abnormally narrow lateral ventricles, in which excessive stenosis or fusion was induced, leading to a decrease of neural stem cells at the ventricular and subventricular zones. This defect was ascribed at least in part to a failure of neocortical ependymal cells to broaden their apical domain, a process necessary for expanding the ventricular cavities. mTORC1 was required for ependymal cell growth but its activity was downregulated in mutant cells. Lysosomes, which mediate mTORC1 activation, tended to be reduced at the apical regions of the mutant cells, along with disorganized apical MT networks at the corresponding sites. These findings suggest that CAMSAP3 supports mTORC1 signaling required for ependymal cell growth via MT network regulation, and, in turn, shaping of the lateral ventricles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiya Kimura
- Laboratory for Cell Adhesion and Tissue Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hiroko Saito
- Laboratory for Cell Adhesion and Tissue Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Miwa Kawasaki
- Laboratory for Cell Adhesion and Tissue Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Takeichi
- Laboratory for Cell Adhesion and Tissue Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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Omiya H, Yamaguchi S, Watanabe T, Kuniya T, Harada Y, Kawaguchi D, Gotoh Y. BMP signaling suppresses Gemc1 expression and ependymal differentiation of mouse telencephalic progenitors. Sci Rep 2021; 11:613. [PMID: 33436697 PMCID: PMC7804439 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79610-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The lateral ventricles of the adult mammalian brain are lined by a single layer of multiciliated ependymal cells, which generate a flow of cerebrospinal fluid through directional beating of their cilia as well as regulate neurogenesis through interaction with adult neural stem cells. Ependymal cells are derived from a subset of embryonic neural stem-progenitor cells (NPCs, also known as radial glial cells) that becomes postmitotic during the late embryonic stage of development. Members of the Geminin family of transcriptional regulators including GemC1 and Mcidas play key roles in the differentiation of ependymal cells, but it remains largely unclear what extracellular signals regulate these factors and ependymal differentiation during embryonic and early-postnatal development. We now show that the levels of Smad1/5/8 phosphorylation and Id1/4 protein expression-both of which are downstream events of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling-decline in cells of the ventricular-subventricular zone in the mouse lateral ganglionic eminence in association with ependymal differentiation. Exposure of postnatal NPC cultures to BMP ligands or to a BMP receptor inhibitor suppressed and promoted the emergence of multiciliated ependymal cells, respectively. Moreover, treatment of embryonic NPC cultures with BMP ligands reduced the expression level of the ependymal marker Foxj1 and suppressed the emergence of ependymal-like cells. Finally, BMP ligands reduced the expression levels of Gemc1 and Mcidas in postnatal NPC cultures, whereas the BMP receptor inhibitor increased them. Our results thus implicate BMP signaling in suppression of ependymal differentiation from NPCs through regulation of Gemc1 and Mcidas expression during embryonic and early-postnatal stages of mouse telencephalic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanae Omiya
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XGraduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Shima Yamaguchi
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XGraduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Watanabe
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XGraduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Takaaki Kuniya
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XGraduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Yujin Harada
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XGraduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Daichi Kawaguchi
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XGraduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Yukiko Gotoh
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XGraduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan ,grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XInternational Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
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Kidins220 deficiency causes ventriculomegaly via SNX27-retromer-dependent AQP4 degradation. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:6411-6426. [PMID: 34002021 PMCID: PMC8760065 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01127-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Several psychiatric, neurologic and neurodegenerative disorders present increased brain ventricles volume, being hydrocephalus the disease with the major manifestation of ventriculomegaly caused by the accumulation of high amounts of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The molecules and pathomechanisms underlying cerebral ventricular enlargement are widely unknown. Kinase D interacting substrate of 220 kDa (KIDINS220) gene has been recently associated with schizophrenia and with a novel syndrome characterized by spastic paraplegia, intellectual disability, nystagmus and obesity (SINO syndrome), diseases frequently occurring with ventriculomegaly. Here we show that Kidins220, a transmembrane protein effector of various key neuronal signalling pathways, is a critical regulator of CSF homeostasis. We observe that both KIDINS220 and the water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) are markedly downregulated at the ventricular ependymal lining of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) patients. We also find that Kidins220 deficient mice develop ventriculomegaly accompanied by water dyshomeostasis and loss of AQP4 in the brain ventricular ependymal layer and astrocytes. Kidins220 is a known cargo of the SNX27-retromer, a complex that redirects endocytosed plasma membrane proteins (cargos) back to the cell surface, thus avoiding their targeting to lysosomes for degradation. Mechanistically, we show that AQP4 is a novel cargo of the SNX27-retromer and that Kidins220 deficiency promotes a striking and unexpected downregulation of the SNX27-retromer that results in AQP4 lysosomal degradation. Accordingly, SNX27 silencing decreases AQP4 levels in wild-type astrocytes whereas SNX27 overexpression restores AQP4 content in Kidins220 deficient astrocytes. Together our data suggest that the KIDINS220-SNX27-retromer-AQP4 pathway is involved in human ventriculomegaly and open novel therapeutic perspectives.
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Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) persist into adulthood in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus and in the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) of the lateral ventricles, where they generate new neurons and glia cells that contribute to neural plasticity. A better understanding of the developmental process that enables NSCs to persist beyond development will provide insight into factors that determine the size and properties of the adult NSC pool and thus the capacity for life-long neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain. We review current knowledge regarding the developmental origins of adult NSCs and the developmental process by which embryonic NSCs transition into their adult form. We also discuss potential mechanisms that might regulate proper establishment of the adult NSC pool, and propose future directions of research that will be key to unraveling how NSCs transform to establish the adult NSC pool in the mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Bond
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; The Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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Dray N, Than-Trong E, Bally-Cuif L. Neural stem cell pools in the vertebrate adult brain: Homeostasis from cell-autonomous decisions or community rules? Bioessays 2020; 43:e2000228. [PMID: 33295062 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adult stem cell populations must coordinate their own maintenance with the generation of differentiated cell types to sustain organ physiology, in a spatially controlled manner and over long periods. Quantitative analyses of clonal dynamics have revealed that, in epithelia, homeostasis is achieved at the population rather than at the single stem cell level, suggesting that feedback mechanisms coordinate stem cell maintenance and progeny generation. In the central nervous system, however, little is known of the possible community processes underlying neural stem cell maintenance. Recent work, in part based on intravital imaging made possible in the adult zebrafish, conclusively highlights that homeostasis in neural stem cell pools may rely on population asymmetry and long-term spatiotemporal coordination of neural stem cell states and fates. These results suggest that neural stem cell assemblies in the vertebrate brain behave as self-organized systems, such that the stem cells themselves generate their own intrinsic niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Dray
- Zebrafish Neurogenetics Unit, CNRS, Team supported by the Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Institut Pasteur, UMR3738, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Than-Trong
- Zebrafish Neurogenetics Unit, CNRS, Team supported by the Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Institut Pasteur, UMR3738, Paris, France.,Ecole doctorale Biosigne, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Université Paris-Saclay, France
| | - Laure Bally-Cuif
- Zebrafish Neurogenetics Unit, CNRS, Team supported by the Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Institut Pasteur, UMR3738, Paris, France
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Ortiz-Álvarez G, Spassky N. One progenitor to generate them all: new evidence for multi-fated neural progenitors. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 66:186-194. [PMID: 33276241 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The past two decades have left behind the old conception of early fate-restricted neural progenitors. The new paradigm is that of a more plastic brain, in which the cellular potential of multi-fated progenitors is progressively restricted. This is observed in the switch from neurogenesis to gliogenesis, but also in the generation of different types of glial cells and neurons at later stages. The mechanisms that establish brain cell diversity or heterogeneity within a single population are starting to be elucidated. The role of cell cycle regulators and dynamics and the asymmetric distribution of cell cargoes during cell division are attracting more attention. Understanding these mechanisms could open the way for new treatments against brain pathologies such as brain tumors or neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Ortiz-Álvarez
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, UMR8197, INSERM U1024, PSL Université Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Spassky
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, UMR8197, INSERM U1024, PSL Université Paris, 75005 Paris, France.
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50
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Harkins D, Cooper HM, Piper M. The role of lipids in ependymal development and the modulation of adult neural stem cell function during aging and disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 112:61-68. [PMID: 32771376 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Within the adult mammalian central nervous system, the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) lining the lateral ventricles houses neural stem cells (NSCs) that continue to produce neurons throughout life. Developmentally, the V-SVZ neurogenic niche arises during corticogenesis following the terminal differentiation of telencephalic radial glial cells (RGCs) into either adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) or ependymal cells. In mice, these two cellular populations form rosettes during the late embryonic and early postnatal period, with ependymal cells surrounding aNSCs. These aNSCs and ependymal cells serve a number of key purposes, including the generation of neurons throughout life (aNSCs), and acting as a barrier between the CSF and the parenchyma and promoting CSF bulk flow (ependymal cells). Interestingly, the development of this neurogenic niche, as well as its ongoing function, has been shown to be reliant on different aspects of lipid biology. In this review we discuss the developmental origins of the rodent V-SVZ neurogenic niche, and highlight research which has implicated a role for lipids in the physiology of this part of the brain. We also discuss the role of lipids in the maintenance of the V-SVZ niche, and discuss new research which has suggested that alterations to lipid biology could contribute to ependymal cell dysfunction in aging and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyon Harkins
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Helen M Cooper
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Michael Piper
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia.
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