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Scott-Hewitt N, Mahoney M, Huang Y, Korte N, Yvanka de Soysa T, Wilton DK, Knorr E, Mastro K, Chang A, Zhang A, Melville D, Schenone M, Hartigan C, Stevens B. Microglial-derived C1q integrates into neuronal ribonucleoprotein complexes and impacts protein homeostasis in the aging brain. Cell 2024; 187:4193-4212.e24. [PMID: 38942014 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Neuroimmune interactions mediate intercellular communication and underlie critical brain functions. Microglia, CNS-resident macrophages, modulate the brain through direct physical interactions and the secretion of molecules. One such secreted factor, the complement protein C1q, contributes to complement-mediated synapse elimination in both developmental and disease models, yet brain C1q protein levels increase significantly throughout aging. Here, we report that C1q interacts with neuronal ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes in an age-dependent manner. Purified C1q protein undergoes RNA-dependent liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) in vitro, and the interaction of C1q with neuronal RNP complexes in vivo is dependent on RNA and endocytosis. Mice lacking C1q have age-specific alterations in neuronal protein synthesis in vivo and impaired fear memory extinction. Together, our findings reveal a biophysical property of C1q that underlies RNA- and age-dependent neuronal interactions and demonstrate a role of C1q in critical intracellular neuronal processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Scott-Hewitt
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Matthew Mahoney
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Youtong Huang
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Nils Korte
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - T Yvanka de Soysa
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Daniel K Wilton
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Emily Knorr
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kevin Mastro
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Allison Chang
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Allison Zhang
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David Melville
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Monica Schenone
- The Broad Proteomics Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Christina Hartigan
- The Broad Proteomics Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Beth Stevens
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Investigator, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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2
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Negro-Demontel L, Maleki AF, Reich DS, Kemper C. The complement system in neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1396520. [PMID: 39022733 PMCID: PMC11252048 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1396520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis, affect millions of people globally. As aging is a major risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases, the continuous increase in the elderly population across Western societies is also associated with a rising prevalence of these debilitating conditions. The complement system, a crucial component of the innate immune response, has gained increasing attention for its multifaceted involvement in the normal development of the central nervous system (CNS) and the brain but also as a pathogenic driver in several neuroinflammatory disease states. Although complement is generally understood as a liver-derived and blood or interstitial fluid operative system protecting against bloodborne pathogens or threats, recent research, particularly on the role of complement in the healthy and diseased CNS, has demonstrated the importance of locally produced and activated complement components. Here, we provide a succinct overview over the known beneficial and pathological roles of complement in the CNS with focus on local sources of complement, including a discussion on the potential importance of the recently discovered intracellularly active complement system for CNS biology and on infection-triggered neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Negro-Demontel
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Complement and Inflammation Research Section (CIRS), Bethesda, MD, United States
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Neuroinflammation and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Adam F. Maleki
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Complement and Inflammation Research Section (CIRS), Bethesda, MD, United States
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Daniel S. Reich
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Claudia Kemper
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Complement and Inflammation Research Section (CIRS), Bethesda, MD, United States
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Lu IN, Cheung PFY, Heming M, Thomas C, Giglio G, Leo M, Erdemir M, Wirth T, König S, Dambietz CA, Schroeter CB, Nelke C, Siveke JT, Ruck T, Klotz L, Haider C, Höftberger R, Kleinschnitz C, Wiendl H, Hagenacker T, Meyer Zu Horste G. Cell-mediated cytotoxicity within CSF and brain parenchyma in spinal muscular atrophy unaltered by nusinersen treatment. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4120. [PMID: 38750052 PMCID: PMC11096380 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48195-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
5q-associated spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a motoneuron disease caused by mutations in the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene. Adaptive immunity may contribute to SMA as described in other motoneuron diseases, yet mechanisms remain elusive. Nusinersen, an antisense treatment, enhances SMN2 expression, benefiting SMA patients. Here we have longitudinally investigated SMA and nusinersen effects on local immune responses in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) - a surrogate of central nervous system parenchyma. Single-cell transcriptomics (SMA: N = 9 versus Control: N = 9) reveal NK cell and CD8+ T cell expansions in untreated SMA CSF, exhibiting activation and degranulation markers. Spatial transcriptomics coupled with multiplex immunohistochemistry elucidate cytotoxicity near chromatolytic motoneurons (N = 4). Post-nusinersen treatment, CSF shows unaltered protein/transcriptional profiles. These findings underscore cytotoxicity's role in SMA pathogenesis and propose it as a therapeutic target. Our study illuminates cell-mediated cytotoxicity as shared features across motoneuron diseases, suggesting broader implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Na Lu
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Phyllis Fung-Yi Cheung
- Spatiotemporal Tumor Heterogeneity, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Essen, A Partnership Between German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- Bridge Institute of Experimental Tumor Therapy, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Division of Solid Tumor Translational Oncology, DKTK, Partner Site Essen, A Partnership Between German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Heming
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Thomas
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Giovanni Giglio
- Spatiotemporal Tumor Heterogeneity, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Essen, A Partnership Between German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- Bridge Institute of Experimental Tumor Therapy, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Division of Solid Tumor Translational Oncology, DKTK, Partner Site Essen, A Partnership Between German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Markus Leo
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro and Behavioral Science, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Merve Erdemir
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro and Behavioral Science, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Timo Wirth
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Simone König
- Core Unit Proteomics, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christine A Dambietz
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christina B Schroeter
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christopher Nelke
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jens T Siveke
- Spatiotemporal Tumor Heterogeneity, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Essen, A Partnership Between German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- Bridge Institute of Experimental Tumor Therapy, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Division of Solid Tumor Translational Oncology, DKTK, Partner Site Essen, A Partnership Between German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Tobias Ruck
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Luisa Klotz
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Carmen Haider
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Romana Höftberger
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Kleinschnitz
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro and Behavioral Science, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Tim Hagenacker
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro and Behavioral Science, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Gerd Meyer Zu Horste
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
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4
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Garcia EL, Steiner RE, Raimer AC, Herring LE, Matera AG, Spring AM. Dysregulation of innate immune signaling in animal models of spinal muscular atrophy. BMC Biol 2024; 22:94. [PMID: 38664795 PMCID: PMC11044505 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01888-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a devastating neuromuscular disease caused by hypomorphic loss of function in the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein. SMA presents across a broad spectrum of disease severity. Unfortunately, genetic models of intermediate SMA have been difficult to generate in vertebrates and are thus unable to address key aspects of disease etiology. To address these issues, we developed a Drosophila model system that recapitulates the full range of SMA severity, allowing studies of pre-onset biology as well as late-stage disease processes. RESULTS Here, we carried out transcriptomic and proteomic profiling of mild and intermediate Drosophila models of SMA to elucidate molecules and pathways that contribute to the disease. Using this approach, we elaborated a role for the SMN complex in the regulation of innate immune signaling. We find that mutation or tissue-specific depletion of SMN induces hyperactivation of the immune deficiency (IMD) and Toll pathways, leading to overexpression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and ectopic formation of melanotic masses in the absence of an external challenge. Furthermore, the knockdown of downstream targets of these signaling pathways reduced melanotic mass formation caused by SMN loss. Importantly, we identify SMN as a negative regulator of a ubiquitylation complex that includes Traf6, Bendless, and Diap2 and plays a pivotal role in several signaling networks. CONCLUSIONS In alignment with recent research on other neurodegenerative diseases, these findings suggest that hyperactivation of innate immunity contributes to SMA pathology. This work not only provides compelling evidence that hyperactive innate immune signaling is a primary effect of SMN depletion, but it also suggests that the SMN complex plays a regulatory role in this process in vivo. In summary, immune dysfunction in SMA is a consequence of reduced SMN levels and is driven by cellular and molecular mechanisms that are conserved between insects and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L Garcia
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Rebecca E Steiner
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- RNA Discovery and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centers, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA
- Present Address: Lake, Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL, USA
| | - Amanda C Raimer
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA
- Present Address, Radford University, Radford, VA, USA
| | - Laura E Herring
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - A Gregory Matera
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA.
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA.
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA.
- RNA Discovery and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centers, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA.
| | - Ashlyn M Spring
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA.
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5
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Allison RL, Ebert AD. ALS iPSC-derived microglia and motor neurons respond to astrocyte-targeted IL-10 and CCL2 modulation. Hum Mol Genet 2024; 33:530-542. [PMID: 38129120 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddad209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of upper and lower motor neurons (MNs). The loss of MNs in ALS leads to muscle weakness and wasting, respiratory failure, and death often within two years of diagnosis. Glial cells in ALS show aberrant expression of pro-inflammatory and neurotoxic proteins associated with activation and have been proposed as ideal therapeutic targets. In this study, we examined astrocyte-targeted treatments to reduce glial activation and neuron pathology using cells differentiated from ALS patient-derived iPSC carrying SOD1 and C9ORF72 mutations. Specifically, we tested the ability of increasing interleukin 10 (IL-10) and reducing C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2/MCP-1) signaling targeted to astrocytes to reduce activation phenotypes in both astrocytes and microglia. Overall, we found IL10/CCL2NAb treated astrocytes to support anti-inflammatory phenotypes and reduce neurotoxicity, through different mechanisms in SOD1 and C9ORF72 cultures. We also found altered responses of microglia and motor neurons to astrocytic influences when cells were cultured together rather than in isolation. Together these data support IL-10 and CCL2 as non-mutation-specific therapeutic targets for ALS and highlight the role of glial-mediated pathology in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reilly L Allison
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Allison D Ebert
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
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6
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Rotterman TM, Haley-Johnson Z, Pottorf TS, Chopra T, Chang E, Zhang S, McCallum WM, Fisher S, Franklin H, Alvarez M, Cope TC, Alvarez FJ. Modulation of central synapse remodeling after remote peripheral injuries by the CCL2-CCR2 axis and microglia. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113776. [PMID: 38367237 PMCID: PMC10947500 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia-mediated synaptic plasticity after CNS injury varies depending on injury severity, but the mechanisms that adjust synaptic plasticity according to injury differences are largely unknown. This study investigates differential actions of microglia on essential spinal motor synaptic circuits following different kinds of nerve injuries. Following nerve transection, microglia and C-C chemokine receptor type 2 signaling permanently remove Ia axons and synapses from the ventral horn, degrading proprioceptive feedback during motor actions and abolishing stretch reflexes. However, Ia synapses and reflexes recover after milder injuries (nerve crush). These different outcomes are related to the length of microglia activation, being longer after nerve cuts, with slower motor-axon regeneration and extended expression of colony-stimulating factor type 1 in injured motoneurons. Prolonged microglia activation induces CCL2 expression, and Ia synapses recover after ccl2 is deleted from microglia. Thus, microglia Ia synapse removal requires the induction of specific microglia phenotypes modulated by nerve regeneration efficiencies. However, synapse preservation was not sufficient to restore the stretch-reflex function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis M Rotterman
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30318, USA
| | - Zoë Haley-Johnson
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Tana S Pottorf
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Tavishi Chopra
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ethan Chang
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30318, USA
| | - Shannon Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | - Sarah Fisher
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Haley Franklin
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; The Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dothan, AL 36301, USA
| | - Myriam Alvarez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Timothy C Cope
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30318, USA; W.H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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7
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Mistretta OC, Wood RL, English AW, Alvarez FJ. Air-stepping in the neonatal mouse: a powerful tool for analyzing early stages of rhythmic limb movement development. J Neurophysiol 2024; 131:321-337. [PMID: 38198656 PMCID: PMC11305634 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00227.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a lack of experimental methods in genetically tractable mouse models to analyze the developmental period at which newborns mature weight-bearing locomotion. To overcome this deficit, we introduce methods to study l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA)-induced air-stepping in mice at postnatal day (P)7 and P10. Air-stepping is a stereotypic rhythmic behavior that resembles mouse walking overground locomotion but without constraints imposed by weight bearing, postural adjustments, or sensory feedback. We propose that air-stepping represents the functional organization of early spinal circuits coordinating limb movements. After subcutaneous injection of l-DOPA (0.5 mg/g), we recorded air-stepping movements in all four limbs and electromyographic (EMG) activity from ankle flexor (tibialis anterior, TA) and extensor (lateral gastrocnemius, LG) muscles. Using DeepLabCut pose estimation, we analyzed rhythmicity and limb coordination. We demonstrate steady rhythmic stepping of similar duration from P7 to P10 but with some fine-tuning of interlimb coordination with age. Hindlimb joints undergo a greater range of flexion at older ages, indicating maturation of flexion-extension cycles as the animal starts to walk. EMG recordings of TA and LG show alternation but with more focused activation particularly in the LG from P7 to P10. We discuss similarities to neonatal rat l-DOPA-induced air-stepping and infant assisted walking. We conclude that limb coordination and muscle activations recorded with this method represent basic spinal cord circuitry for limb control in neonates and pave the way for future investigations on the development of rhythmic limb control in genetic or disease models with correctly or erroneously developing motor circuitry.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We present novel methods to study neonatal air-stepping in newborn mice. These methods allow analyses at the onset of limb coordination during the period in which altricial species like rats, mice, and humans "learn" to walk. The methods will be useful to test a large variety of mutations that serve as models of motor disease in newborns or that are used to probe for specific circuit mechanisms that generate coordinated limb motor output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia C Mistretta
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Ryan L Wood
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Arthur W English
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Francisco J Alvarez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
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8
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Wen L, Bi D, Shen Y. Complement-mediated synapse loss in Alzheimer's disease: mechanisms and involvement of risk factors. Trends Neurosci 2024; 47:135-149. [PMID: 38129195 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The complement system is increasingly recognized as a key player in the synapse loss and cognitive impairments observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In particular, the process of complement-dependent synaptic pruning through phagocytosis is over-activated in AD brains, driving detrimental excessive synapse elimination and contributing to synapse loss, which is the strongest neurobiological correlate of cognitive impairments in AD. Herein we review recent advances in characterizing complement-mediated synapse loss in AD, summarize the underlying mechanisms, and discuss the possible involvement of AD risk factors such as aging and various risk genes. We conclude with an overview of key questions that remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Wen
- Department of Neurology and Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Danlei Bi
- Department of Neurology and Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Aging Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, 230026, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Yong Shen
- Department of Neurology and Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Aging Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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9
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Xu Y, Koch SC, Chamessian A, He Q, Sundukova M, Heppenstall P, Ji R, Fitzgerald M, Beggs S. Microglial Refinement of A-Fiber Projections in the Postnatal Spinal Cord Dorsal Horn Is Required for Normal Maturation of Dynamic Touch. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1354232023. [PMID: 37989592 PMCID: PMC10860632 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1354-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory systems are shaped in postnatal life by the refinement of synaptic connectivity. In the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, somatosensory circuits undergo postnatal activity-dependent reorganization, including the refinement of primary afferent A-fiber terminals from superficial to deeper spinal dorsal horn laminae which is accompanied by decreases in cutaneous sensitivity. Here, we show in the mouse that microglia, the resident immune cells in the CNS, phagocytose A-fiber terminals in superficial laminae in the first weeks of life. Genetic perturbation of microglial engulfment during the initial postnatal period in either sex prevents the normal process of A-fiber refinement and elimination, resulting in an altered sensitivity of dorsal horn cells to dynamic tactile cutaneous stimulation, and behavioral hypersensitivity to dynamic touch. Thus, functional microglia are necessary for the normal postnatal development of dorsal horn sensory circuits. In the absence of microglial engulfment, superfluous A-fiber projections remain in the dorsal horn, and the balance of sensory connectivity is disrupted, leading to lifelong hypersensitivity to dynamic touch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Xu
- Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, UCL, London, WC1E 6BT United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie C Koch
- Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, UCL, London, WC1E 6BT United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Chamessian
- Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Qianru He
- Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Mayya Sundukova
- SISSA (International School for Advanced Studies), 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Paul Heppenstall
- SISSA (International School for Advanced Studies), 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - RuRong Ji
- Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Maria Fitzgerald
- Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, UCL, London, WC1E 6BT United Kingdom
| | - Simon Beggs
- Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, UCL, London, WC1E 6BT United Kingdom
- Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH United Kingdom
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10
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Dejanovic B, Sheng M, Hanson JE. Targeting synapse function and loss for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2024; 23:23-42. [PMID: 38012296 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-023-00823-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Synapse dysfunction and loss are hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases that correlate with cognitive decline. However, the mechanisms and therapeutic strategies to prevent or reverse synaptic damage remain elusive. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in understanding the molecular and cellular pathways that impair synapses in neurodegenerative diseases, including the effects of protein aggregation and neuroinflammation. We also highlight emerging therapeutic approaches that aim to restore synaptic function and integrity, such as enhancing synaptic plasticity, preventing synaptotoxicity, modulating neuronal network activity and targeting immune signalling. We discuss the preclinical and clinical evidence for each strategy, as well as the challenges and opportunities for developing effective synapse-targeting therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Morgan Sheng
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jesse E Hanson
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
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11
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Garcia EL, Steiner RE, Raimer AC, Herring LE, Matera AG, Spring AM. Dysregulation of innate immune signaling in animal models of Spinal Muscular Atrophy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.14.571739. [PMID: 38168196 PMCID: PMC10760185 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.14.571739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Background Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is a devastating neuromuscular disease caused by hypomorphic loss of function in the Survival Motor Neuron (SMN) protein. SMA presents across broad spectrum of disease severity. Unfortunately, vertebrate models of intermediate SMA have been difficult to generate and are thus unable to address key aspects of disease etiology. To address these issues, we developed a Drosophila model system that recapitulates the full range of SMA severity, allowing studies of pre-onset biology as well as late-stage disease processes. Results Here, we carried out transcriptomic and proteomic profiling of mild and intermediate Drosophila models of SMA to elucidate molecules and pathways that contribute to the disease. Using this approach, we elaborated a role for the SMN complex in the regulation of innate immune signaling. We find that mutation or tissue-specific depletion of SMN induces hyperactivation of the Immune Deficiency (IMD) and Toll pathways, leading to overexpression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and ectopic formation of melanotic masses in the absence of an external challenge. Furthermore, knockdown of downstream targets of these signaling pathways reduced melanotic mass formation caused by SMN loss. Importantly, we identify SMN as a negative regulator of an ubiquitylation complex that includes Traf6, Bendless and Diap2, and plays a pivotal role in several signaling networks. Conclusions In alignment with recent research on other neurodegenerative diseases, these findings suggest that hyperactivation of innate immunity contributes to SMA pathology. This work not only provides compelling evidence that hyperactive innate immune signaling is a primary effect of SMN depletion, but it also suggests that the SMN complex plays a regulatory role in this process in vivo. In summary, immune dysfunction in SMA is a consequence of reduced SMN levels and is driven by cellular and molecular mechanisms that are conserved between insects and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L. Garcia
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill NC, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY, USA
| | - Rebecca E. Steiner
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill NC, USA
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Amanda C. Raimer
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill NC, USA
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Laura E. Herring
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - A. Gregory Matera
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill NC, USA
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Ashlyn M. Spring
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill NC, USA
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro NC, USA
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12
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Kordala AJ, Stoodley J, Ahlskog N, Hanifi M, Garcia Guerra A, Bhomra A, Lim WF, Murray LM, Talbot K, Hammond SM, Wood MJA, Rinaldi C. PRMT inhibitor promotes SMN2 exon 7 inclusion and synergizes with nusinersen to rescue SMA mice. EMBO Mol Med 2023; 15:e17683. [PMID: 37724723 PMCID: PMC10630883 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202317683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a leading genetic cause of infant mortality. The advent of approved treatments for this devastating condition has significantly changed SMA patients' life expectancy and quality of life. Nevertheless, these are not without limitations, and research efforts are underway to develop new approaches for improved and long-lasting benefits for patients. Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) are emerging as druggable epigenetic targets, with several small-molecule PRMT inhibitors already in clinical trials. From a screen of epigenetic molecules, we have identified MS023, a potent and selective type I PRMT inhibitor able to promote SMN2 exon 7 inclusion in preclinical SMA models. Treatment of SMA mice with MS023 results in amelioration of the disease phenotype, with strong synergistic amplification of the positive effect when delivered in combination with the antisense oligonucleotide nusinersen. Moreover, transcriptomic analysis revealed that MS023 treatment has minimal off-target effects, and the added benefit is mainly due to targeting neuroinflammation. Our study warrants further clinical investigation of PRMT inhibition both as a stand-alone and add-on therapy for SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna J Kordala
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine (IDRM)OxfordUK
| | - Jessica Stoodley
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine (IDRM)OxfordUK
| | - Nina Ahlskog
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine (IDRM)OxfordUK
| | | | - Antonio Garcia Guerra
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine (IDRM)OxfordUK
| | - Amarjit Bhomra
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine (IDRM)OxfordUK
| | - Wooi Fang Lim
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine (IDRM)OxfordUK
| | - Lyndsay M Murray
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Euan McDonald Centre for Motor Neuron Disease ResearchUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Kevin Talbot
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe HospitalUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience DiscoveryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | | | - Matthew JA Wood
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine (IDRM)OxfordUK
- MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular CentreOxfordUK
| | - Carlo Rinaldi
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine (IDRM)OxfordUK
- MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular CentreOxfordUK
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13
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Delestrée N, Semizoglou E, Pagiazitis JG, Vukojicic A, Drobac E, Paushkin V, Mentis GZ. Serotonergic dysfunction impairs locomotor coordination in spinal muscular atrophy. Brain 2023; 146:4574-4593. [PMID: 37678880 PMCID: PMC10629775 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuromodulation by serotonin regulates the activity of neuronal networks responsible for a wide variety of essential behaviours. Serotonin (or 5-HT) typically activates metabotropic G protein-coupled receptors, which in turn initiate second messenger signalling cascades and induce short and long-lasting behavioural effects. Serotonin is intricately involved in the production of locomotor activity and gait control for different motor behaviours. Although dysfunction of serotonergic neurotransmission has been associated with mood disorders and spasticity after spinal cord injury, whether and to what extent such dysregulation is implicated in movement disorders has not been firmly established. Here, we investigated whether serotonergic neuromodulation is affected in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a neurodegenerative disease caused by ubiquitous deficiency of the SMN protein. The hallmarks of SMA are death of spinal motor neurons, muscle atrophy and impaired motor control, both in human patients and mouse models of disease. We used a severe mouse model of SMA, that closely recapitulates the severe symptoms exhibited by type I SMA patients, the most common and most severe form of the disease. Together, with mouse genetics, optogenetics, physiology, morphology and behavioural analysis, we report severe dysfunction of serotonergic neurotransmission in the spinal cord of SMA mice, both at early and late stages of the disease. This dysfunction is followed by reduction of 5-HT synapses on vulnerable motor neurons. We demonstrate that motor neurons innervating axial and trunk musculature are preferentially affected, suggesting a possible cause for the proximo-distal progression of disease, and raising the possibility that it may underlie scoliosis in SMA patients. We also demonstrate that the 5-HT dysfunction is caused by SMN deficiency in serotonergic neurons in the raphe nuclei of the brainstem. The behavioural significance of the dysfunction in serotonergic neuromodulation is underlined by inter-limb discoordination in SMA mice, which is ameliorated when selective restoration of SMN in 5-HT neurons is achieved by genetic means. Our study uncovers an unexpected dysfunction of serotonergic neuromodulation in SMA and indicates that, if normal function is to be restored under disease conditions, 5-HT neuromodulation should be a key target for therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Delestrée
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Evangelia Semizoglou
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - John G Pagiazitis
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Aleksandra Vukojicic
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Estelle Drobac
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Vasilissa Paushkin
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - George Z Mentis
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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14
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Wilton DK, Mastro K, Heller MD, Gergits FW, Willing CR, Fahey JB, Frouin A, Daggett A, Gu X, Kim YA, Faull RLM, Jayadev S, Yednock T, Yang XW, Stevens B. Microglia and complement mediate early corticostriatal synapse loss and cognitive dysfunction in Huntington's disease. Nat Med 2023; 29:2866-2884. [PMID: 37814059 PMCID: PMC10667107 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02566-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a devastating monogenic neurodegenerative disease characterized by early, selective pathology in the basal ganglia despite the ubiquitous expression of mutant huntingtin. The molecular mechanisms underlying this region-specific neuronal degeneration and how these relate to the development of early cognitive phenotypes are poorly understood. Here we show that there is selective loss of synaptic connections between the cortex and striatum in postmortem tissue from patients with HD that is associated with the increased activation and localization of complement proteins, innate immune molecules, to these synaptic elements. We also found that levels of these secreted innate immune molecules are elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of premanifest HD patients and correlate with established measures of disease burden.In preclinical genetic models of HD, we show that complement proteins mediate the selective elimination of corticostriatal synapses at an early stage in disease pathogenesis, marking them for removal by microglia, the brain's resident macrophage population. This process requires mutant huntingtin to be expressed in both cortical and striatal neurons. Inhibition of this complement-dependent elimination mechanism through administration of a therapeutically relevant C1q function-blocking antibody or genetic ablation of a complement receptor on microglia prevented synapse loss, increased excitatory input to the striatum and rescued the early development of visual discrimination learning and cognitive flexibility deficits in these models. Together, our findings implicate microglia and the complement cascade in the selective, early degeneration of corticostriatal synapses and the development of cognitive deficits in presymptomatic HD; they also provide new preclinical data to support complement as a therapeutic target for early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Wilton
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, US.
| | - Kevin Mastro
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, US
| | - Molly D Heller
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, US
| | - Frederick W Gergits
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, US
| | - Carly Rose Willing
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, US
| | - Jaclyn B Fahey
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, US
| | - Arnaud Frouin
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, US
| | - Anthony Daggett
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Gu
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yejin A Kim
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, US
| | - Richard L M Faull
- Department of Anatomy with Radiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Suman Jayadev
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ted Yednock
- Annexon Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - X William Yang
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Beth Stevens
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, US.
- Stanley Center, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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15
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Schlepckow K, Morenas-Rodríguez E, Hong S, Haass C. Stimulation of TREM2 with agonistic antibodies-an emerging therapeutic option for Alzheimer's disease. Lancet Neurol 2023; 22:1048-1060. [PMID: 37863592 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(23)00247-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, are associated with microgliosis. Microglia have long been considered to have detrimental roles in Alzheimer's disease. However, functional analyses of genes encoding risk factors that are linked to late-onset Alzheimer's disease, and that are enriched or exclusively expressed in microglia, have revealed unexpected protective functions. One of the major risk genes for Alzheimer's disease is TREM2. Risk variants of TREM2 are loss-of-function mutations affecting chemotaxis, phagocytosis, lipid and energy metabolism, and survival and proliferation. Agonistic anti-TREM2 antibodies have been developed to boost these protective functions in patients with intact TREM2 alleles. Several anti-TREM2 antibodies are in early clinical trials, and current efforts aim to achieve more efficient transport of these antibodies across the blood-brain barrier. PET imaging could be used to monitor target engagement. Data from animal models, and biomarker studies in patients, further support a rationale for boosting TREM2 functions during the preclinical stage of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Schlepckow
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
| | - Estrella Morenas-Rodríguez
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Group of Neurogenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Soyon Hong
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Christian Haass
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany; Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
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16
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Rueda‐Carrasco J, Sokolova D, Lee S, Childs T, Jurčáková N, Crowley G, De Schepper S, Ge JZ, Lachica JI, Toomey CE, Freeman OJ, Hardy J, Barnes SJ, Lashley T, Stevens B, Chang S, Hong S. Microglia-synapse engulfment via PtdSer-TREM2 ameliorates neuronal hyperactivity in Alzheimer's disease models. EMBO J 2023; 42:e113246. [PMID: 37575021 PMCID: PMC10548173 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022113246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal hyperactivity is a key feature of early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Genetic studies in AD support that microglia act as potential cellular drivers of disease risk, but the molecular determinants of microglia-synapse engulfment associated with neuronal hyperactivity in AD are unclear. Here, using super-resolution microscopy, 3D-live imaging of co-cultures, and in vivo imaging of lipids in genetic models, we found that spines become hyperactive upon Aβ oligomer stimulation and externalize phosphatidylserine (ePtdSer), a canonical "eat-me" signal. These apoptotic-like spines are targeted by microglia for engulfment via TREM2 leading to amelioration of Aβ oligomer-induced synaptic hyperactivity. We also show the in vivo relevance of ePtdSer-TREM2 signaling in microglia-synapse engulfment in the hAPP NL-F knock-in mouse model of AD. Higher levels of apoptotic-like synapses in mice as well as humans that carry TREM2 loss-of-function variants were also observed. Our work supports that microglia remove hyperactive ePtdSer+ synapses in Aβ-relevant context and suggest a potential beneficial role for microglia in the earliest stages of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Rueda‐Carrasco
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Dimitra Sokolova
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Neuroscience BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaCambridgeUK
| | - Sang‐Eun Lee
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical SciencesSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Thomas Childs
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Natália Jurčáková
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and PharmacologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Gerard Crowley
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Judy Z Ge
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Joanne I Lachica
- The Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological DisordersUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
- Department of Clinical and Movement NeurosciencesUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - Christina E Toomey
- The Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological DisordersUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
- Department of Clinical and Movement NeurosciencesUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | | | - John Hardy
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Samuel J Barnes
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Department of Brain SciencesImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Tammaryn Lashley
- The Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological DisordersUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseasesUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - Beth Stevens
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology CenterBoston Children's HospitalBostonMAUSA
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric ResearchBroad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeMAUSA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's HospitalBostonMAUSA
| | - Sunghoe Chang
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical SciencesSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Soyon Hong
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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17
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Song ZH, Song XJ, Yang CL, Cao P, Mao Y, Jin Y, Xu MY, Wang HT, Zhu X, Wang W, Zhang Z, Tao WJ. Up-regulation of microglial chemokine CXCL12 in anterior cingulate cortex mediates neuropathic pain in diabetic mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023; 44:1337-1349. [PMID: 36697977 PMCID: PMC10310783 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-01046-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic patients frequently experience neuropathic pain, which currently lacks effective treatments. The mechanisms underlying diabetic neuropathic pain remain unclear. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is well-known to participate in the processing and transformation of pain information derived from internal and external sensory stimulation. Accumulating evidence shows that dysfunction of microglia in the central nervous system contributes to many diseases, including chronic pain and neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we investigated the role of microglial chemokine CXCL12 and its neuronal receptor CXCR4 in diabetic pain development in a mouse diabetic model established by injection of streptozotocin (STZ). Pain sensitization was assessed by the left hindpaw pain threshold in von Frey filament test. Iba1+ microglia in ACC was examined using combined immunohistochemistry and three-dimensional reconstruction. The activity of glutamatergic neurons in ACC (ACCGlu) was detected by whole-cell recording in ACC slices from STZ mice, in vivo multi-tetrode electrophysiological and fiber photometric recordings. We showed that microglia in ACC was significantly activated and microglial CXCL12 expression was up-regulated at the 7-th week post-injection, resulting in hyperactivity of ACCGlu and pain sensitization. Pharmacological inhibition of microglia or blockade of CXCR4 in ACC by infusing minocycline or AMD3100 significantly alleviated diabetic pain through preventing ACCGlu hyperactivity in STZ mice. In addition, inhibition of microglia by infusing minocycline markedly decreased STZ-induced upregulation of microglial CXCL12. Together, this study demonstrated that microglia-mediated ACCGlu hyperactivity drives the development of diabetic pain via the CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling, thus revealing viable therapeutic targets for the treatment of diabetic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Hua Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
- Innovation Laboratory of Terahertz Biophysics, National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Xiang-Jie Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Chen-Ling Yang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
- College & Hospital of stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Lab. of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Peng Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Yu Mao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Yan Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Meng-Yun Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Laboratory for Diabetes, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Hai-Tao Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Xia Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Laboratory for Diabetes, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China.
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China.
| | - Wen-Juan Tao
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China.
- College & Hospital of stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Lab. of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230022, China.
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18
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Whitelaw BS, Stoessel MB, Majewska AK. Movers and shakers: Microglial dynamics and modulation of neural networks. Glia 2023; 71:1575-1591. [PMID: 36533844 PMCID: PMC10729610 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are multifaceted cells that act as immune sentinels, with important roles in pathological events, but also as integral contributors to the normal development and function of neural circuits. In the last decade, our understanding of the contributions these cells make to synaptic health and dysfunction has expanded at a dizzying pace. Here we review the known mechanisms that govern the dynamics of microglia allowing these motile cells to interact with synapses, and recruit microglia to specific sites on neurons. We then review the molecular signals that may underlie the function of microglia in synaptic remodeling. The emerging picture from the literature suggests that microglia are highly sensitive cells, reacting to neuronal signals with dynamic and specific actions tuned to the need of specific synapses and networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Steven Whitelaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Mark Blohm Stoessel
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Ania Katarzyna Majewska
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
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19
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Britten RA, Limoli CL. New Radiobiological Principles for the CNS Arising from Space Radiation Research. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1293. [PMID: 37374076 DOI: 10.3390/life13061293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, the brain has been regarded as a relatively insensitive late-reacting tissue, with radiologically detectable damage not being reported at doses < 60 Gy. When NASA proposed interplanetary exploration missions, it was required to conduct an intensive health and safety evaluation of cancer, cardiovascular, and cognitive risks associated with exposure to deep space radiation (SR). The SR dose that astronauts on a mission to Mars are predicted to receive is ~300 mGy. Even after correcting for the higher RBE of the SR particles, the biologically effective SR dose (<1 Gy) would still be 60-fold lower than the threshold dose for clinically detectable neurological damage. Unexpectedly, the NASA-funded research program has consistently reported that low (<250 mGy) doses of SR induce deficits in multiple cognitive functions. This review will discuss these findings and the radical paradigm shifts in radiobiological principles for the brain that were required in light of these findings. These included a shift from cell killing to loss of function models, an expansion of the critical brain regions for radiation-induced cognitive impediments, and the concept that the neuron may not be the sole critical target for neurocognitive impairment. The accrued information on how SR exposure impacts neurocognitive performance may provide new opportunities to reduce neurocognitive impairment in brain cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Britten
- EVMS Radiation Oncology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - Charles L Limoli
- Department Radiation Oncology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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20
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Chung HY, Wickel J, Hahn N, Mein N, Schwarzbrunn M, Koch P, Ceanga M, Haselmann H, Baade-Büttner C, von Stackelberg N, Hempel N, Schmidl L, Groth M, Andreas N, Götze J, Coldewey SM, Bauer M, Mawrin C, Dargvainiene J, Leypoldt F, Steinke S, Wang ZQ, Hust M, Geis C. Microglia mediate neurocognitive deficits by eliminating C1q-tagged synapses in sepsis-associated encephalopathy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eabq7806. [PMID: 37235660 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq7806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is a severe and frequent complication of sepsis causing delirium, coma, and long-term cognitive dysfunction. We identified microglia and C1q complement activation in hippocampal autopsy tissue of patients with sepsis and increased C1q-mediated synaptic pruning in a murine polymicrobial sepsis model. Unbiased transcriptomics of hippocampal tissue and isolated microglia derived from septic mice revealed an involvement of the innate immune system, complement activation, and up-regulation of lysosomal pathways during SAE in parallel to neuronal and synaptic damage. Microglial engulfment of C1q-tagged synapses could be prevented by stereotactic intrahippocampal injection of a specific C1q-blocking antibody. Pharmacologically targeting microglia by PLX5622, a CSF1-R inhibitor, reduced C1q levels and the number of C1q-tagged synapses, protected from neuronal damage and synapse loss, and improved neurocognitive outcome. Thus, we identified complement-dependent synaptic pruning by microglia as a crucial pathomechanism for the development of neuronal defects during SAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Yeun Chung
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Jonathan Wickel
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Nina Hahn
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Nils Mein
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Meike Schwarzbrunn
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Philipp Koch
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Mihai Ceanga
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Holger Haselmann
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Carolin Baade-Büttner
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Nikolai von Stackelberg
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Nina Hempel
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Lars Schmidl
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Marco Groth
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Nico Andreas
- Institute of Immunology, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Juliane Götze
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Sina M Coldewey
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Michael Bauer
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Christian Mawrin
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Section of Pathology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07749, Germany
| | | | - Frank Leypoldt
- Neuroimmunology, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, UKSH, Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel 24105, Germany
| | - Stephan Steinke
- Department Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Zhao-Qi Wang
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena 07745, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena 07745, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Michael Hust
- Department Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christian Geis
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
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21
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Cheung DL, Toda T, Narushima M, Eto K, Takayama C, Ooba T, Wake H, Moorhouse AJ, Nabekura J. KCC2 downregulation after sciatic nerve injury enhances motor function recovery. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7871. [PMID: 37188694 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34701-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Injury to mature neurons induces downregulated KCC2 expression and activity, resulting in elevated intracellular [Cl-] and depolarized GABAergic signaling. This phenotype mirrors immature neurons wherein GABA-evoked depolarizations facilitate neuronal circuit maturation. Thus, injury-induced KCC2 downregulation is broadly speculated to similarly facilitate neuronal circuit repair. We test this hypothesis in spinal cord motoneurons injured by sciatic nerve crush, using transgenic (CaMKII-KCC2) mice wherein conditional CaMKIIα promoter-KCC2 expression coupling selectively prevents injury-induced KCC2 downregulation. We demonstrate, via an accelerating rotarod assay, impaired motor function recovery in CaMKII-KCC2 mice relative to wild-type mice. Across both cohorts, we observe similar motoneuron survival and re-innervation rates, but differing post-injury reorganization patterns of synaptic input to motoneuron somas-for wild-type, both VGLUT1-positive (excitatory) and GAD67-positive (inhibitory) terminal counts decrease; for CaMKII-KCC2, only VGLUT1-positive terminal counts decrease. Finally, we recapitulate the impaired motor function recovery of CaMKII-KCC2 mice in wild-type mice by administering local spinal cord injections of bicuculline (GABAA receptor blockade) or bumetanide (lowers intracellular [Cl-] by NKCC1 blockade) during the early post-injury period. Thus, our results provide direct evidence that injury-induced KCC2 downregulation enhances motor function recovery and suggest an underlying mechanism of depolarizing GABAergic signaling driving adaptive reconfiguration of presynaptic GABAergic input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Lawrence Cheung
- Division of Homeostatic Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takuya Toda
- Division of Homeostatic Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Madoka Narushima
- Division of Homeostatic Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kei Eto
- Division of Homeostatic Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Physiology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Tatsuko Ooba
- Division of Homeostatic Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Wake
- Division of Multicellular Circuit Dynamics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Andrew John Moorhouse
- School of Biomedical Sciences, UNSW Sydney (The University of New South Wales), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Junichi Nabekura
- Division of Homeostatic Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.
- Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
- School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.
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22
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Zhou J, Wade SD, Graykowski D, Xiao MF, Zhao B, Giannini LAA, Hanson JE, van Swieten JC, Sheng M, Worley PF, Dejanovic B. The neuronal pentraxin Nptx2 regulates complement activity and restrains microglia-mediated synapse loss in neurodegeneration. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadf0141. [PMID: 36989373 PMCID: PMC10467038 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adf0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Complement overactivation mediates microglial synapse elimination in neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), but how complement activity is regulated in the brain remains largely unknown. We identified that the secreted neuronal pentraxin Nptx2 binds complement C1q and thereby regulates its activity in the brain. Nptx2-deficient mice show increased complement activity, C1q-dependent microglial synapse engulfment, and loss of excitatory synapses. In a neuroinflammation culture model and in aged TauP301S mice, adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated neuronal overexpression of Nptx2 was sufficient to restrain complement activity and ameliorate microglia-mediated synapse loss. Analysis of human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from a genetic FTD cohort revealed reduced concentrations of Nptx2 and Nptx2-C1q protein complexes in symptomatic patients, which correlated with elevated C1q and activated C3. Together, these results show that Nptx2 regulates complement activity and microglial synapse elimination in the brain and that diminished Nptx2 concentrations might exacerbate complement-mediated neurodegeneration in patients with FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiechao Zhou
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21205, USA
| | - Sarah D. Wade
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, 02142, USA
| | | | - Mei-Fang Xiao
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21205, USA
| | - Binhui Zhao
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, 02142, USA
| | - Lucia A. A. Giannini
- Alzheimer Center, Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GD, Netherlands
| | | | - John C. van Swieten
- Alzheimer Center, Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GD, Netherlands
| | - Morgan Sheng
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, 02142, USA
| | - Paul F. Worley
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21205, USA
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23
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Arbat-Plana A, Bolívar S, Navarro X, Udina E, Alvarez FJ. Massive Loss of Proprioceptive Ia Synapses in Rat Spinal Motoneurons after Nerve Crush Injuries in the Postnatal Period. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0436-22.2023. [PMID: 36759186 PMCID: PMC9948128 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0436-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) induce the retraction from the ventral horn of the synaptic collaterals of Ia afferents injured in the nerve, effectively removing Ia synapses from α-motoneurons. The loss of Ia input impairs functional recovery and could explain, in part, better recovery after PNIs with better Ia synaptic preservation. Synaptic losses correlate with injury severity, speed, and efficiency of muscle reinnervation and requires ventral microglia activation. It is unknown whether this plasticity is age dependent. In neonates, axotomized motoneurons and sensory neurons undergo apoptosis, but after postnatal day 10 most survive. The goal of this study was to analyze vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGluT1)-labeled Ia synapses (which also include II afferents) after nerve crush in 10 day old rats, a PNI causing little Ia/II synapse loss in adult rats. We confirmed fast and efficient reinnervation of leg muscles; however, a massive number of VGluT1/Ia/II synapses were permanently lost. This synapse loss was similar to that after more severe nerve injuries involving full transection in adults. In adults, disappearance of ventrally directed Ia/II collaterals targeting α-motoneurons was associated with a prolonged microglia reaction and a CCR2 mechanism that included infiltration of CCR2 blood immune cells. By contrast, microgliosis after P10 injuries was fast, resolved in about a week, and there was no evidence of peripheral immune cell infiltration. We conclude that VGluT1/Ia/II synapse loss in young animals differs in mechanism, perhaps associated with higher microglia synaptic pruning activity at this age and results in larger losses after milder nerve injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna Arbat-Plana
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Sara Bolívar
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Xavier Navarro
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Esther Udina
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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24
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Ladle DR, Hippenmeyer S. Loss of ETV1/ER81 in motor neurons leads to reduced monosynaptic inputs from proprioceptive sensory neurons. J Neurophysiol 2023; 129:501-512. [PMID: 36695533 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00172.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Presynaptic inputs determine the pattern of activation of postsynaptic neurons in a neural circuit. Molecular and genetic pathways that regulate the selective formation of subsets of presynaptic inputs are largely unknown, despite significant understanding of the general process of synaptogenesis. In this study, we have begun to identify such factors using the spinal monosynaptic stretch reflex circuit as a model system. In this neuronal circuit, Ia proprioceptive afferents establish monosynaptic connections with spinal motor neurons that project to the same muscle (termed homonymous connections) or muscles with related or synergistic function. However, monosynaptic connections are not formed with motor neurons innervating muscles with antagonistic functions. The ETS transcription factor ER81 (also known as ETV1) is expressed by all proprioceptive afferents, but only a small set of motor neuron pools in the lumbar spinal cord of the mouse. Here we use conditional mouse genetic techniques to eliminate Er81 expression selectively from motor neurons. We find that ablation of Er81 in motor neurons reduces synaptic inputs from proprioceptive afferents conveying information from homonymous and synergistic muscles, with no change observed in the connectivity pattern from antagonistic proprioceptive afferents. In summary, these findings suggest a role for ER81 in defined motor neuron pools to control the assembly of specific presynaptic inputs and thereby influence the profile of activation of these motor neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Ladle
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, United States
| | - Simon Hippenmeyer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
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25
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An Early Enriched Experience Drives an Activated Microglial Profile at Site of Corrective Neuroplasticity in Ten-m3 Knock-Out Mice. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0162-22.2022. [PMID: 36635245 PMCID: PMC9831145 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0162-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental enrichment (EE) is beneficial for brain development and function, but our understanding of its capacity to drive circuit repair, the underlying mechanisms, and how this might vary with age remains limited. Ten-m3 knock-out (KO) mice exhibit a dramatic and stereotyped mistargeting of ipsilateral retinal inputs to the thalamus, resulting in visual deficits. We have recently shown a previously unexpected capacity for EE during early postnatal life (from birth for six weeks) to drive the partial elimination of miswired axonal projections, along with a recovery of visually mediated behavior, but the timeline of this repair was unclear. Here, we reveal that with just 3.5 weeks of EE from birth, Ten-m3 KOs exhibit a partial behavioral rescue, accompanied by pruning of the most profoundly miswired retinogeniculate terminals. Analysis suggests that the pruning is underway at this time point, providing an ideal opportunity to probe potential mechanisms. With the shorter EE-period, we found a localized increase in microglial density and activation profile within the identified geniculate region where corrective pruning was observed. No comparable response to EE was found in age-matched wild-type (WT) mice. These findings identify microglia as a potential mechanistic link through which EE drives the elimination of miswired neural circuits during early postnatal development. Activity driven, atypical recruitment of microglia to prune aberrant connectivity and restore function may have important therapeutic implications for neurodevelopmental disorders such as autistic spectrum disorder.
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26
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Cohen LD, Ziv T, Ziv NE. Synapse integrity and function: Dependence on protein synthesis and identification of potential failure points. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1038614. [PMID: 36583084 PMCID: PMC9792512 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1038614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic integrity and function depend on myriad proteins - labile molecules with finite lifetimes that need to be continually replaced with freshly synthesized copies. Here we describe experiments designed to expose synaptic (and neuronal) properties and functions that are particularly sensitive to disruptions in protein supply, identify proteins lost early upon such disruptions, and uncover potential, yet currently underappreciated failure points. We report here that acute suppressions of protein synthesis are followed within hours by reductions in spontaneous network activity levels, impaired oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial function, and, importantly, destabilization and loss of both excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic specializations. Conversely, gross impairments in presynaptic vesicle recycling occur over longer time scales (days), as does overt cell death. Proteomic analysis identified groups of potentially essential 'early-lost' proteins including regulators of synapse stability, proteins related to bioenergetics, fatty acid and lipid metabolism, and, unexpectedly, numerous proteins involved in Alzheimer's disease pathology and amyloid beta processing. Collectively, these findings point to neuronal excitability, energy supply and synaptic stability as early-occurring failure points under conditions of compromised supply of newly synthesized protein copies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie D. Cohen
- Technion Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Institute and Network Biology Research Laboratories, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tamar Ziv
- Smoler Proteomics Center, Lokey Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences & Engineering, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Noam E. Ziv
- Technion Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Institute and Network Biology Research Laboratories, Haifa, Israel,*Correspondence: Noam E. Ziv,
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27
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A link between agrin signalling and Ca v3.2 at the neuromuscular junction in spinal muscular atrophy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18960. [PMID: 36347955 PMCID: PMC9643518 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23703-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
SMN protein deficiency causes motoneuron disease spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). SMN-based therapies improve patient motor symptoms to variable degrees. An early hallmark of SMA is the perturbation of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), a synapse between a motoneuron and muscle cell. NMJ formation depends on acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clustering triggered by agrin and its co-receptors lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 (LRP4) and transmembrane muscle-specific kinase (MuSK) signalling pathway. We have previously shown that flunarizine improves NMJs in SMA model mice, but the mechanisms remain elusive. We show here that flunarizine promotes AChR clustering in cell-autonomous, dose- and agrin-dependent manners in C2C12 myotubes. This is associated with an increase in protein levels of LRP4, integrin-beta-1 and alpha-dystroglycan, three agrin co-receptors. Furthermore, flunarizine enhances MuSK interaction with integrin-beta-1 and phosphotyrosines. Moreover, the drug acts on the expression and splicing of Agrn and Cacna1h genes in a muscle-specific manner. We reveal that the Cacna1h encoded protein Cav3.2 closely associates in vitro with the agrin co-receptor LRP4. In vivo, it is enriched nearby NMJs during neonatal development and the drug increases this immunolabelling in SMA muscles. Thus, flunarizine modulates key players of the NMJ and identifies Cav3.2 as a new protein involved in the NMJ biology.
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28
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Yednock T, Fong DS, Lad EM. C1q and the classical complement cascade in geographic atrophy secondary to age-related macular degeneration. Int J Retina Vitreous 2022; 8:79. [PMID: 36348407 PMCID: PMC9641935 DOI: 10.1186/s40942-022-00431-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Geographic atrophy (GA) secondary to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a retinal neurodegenerative disorder. Human genetic data support the complement system as a key component of pathogenesis in AMD, which has been further supported by pre-clinical and recent clinical studies. However, the involvement of the different complement pathways (classical, lectin, alternative), and thus the optimal complement inhibition target, has yet to be fully defined. There is evidence that C1q, the initiating molecule of the classical pathway, is a key driver of complement activity in AMD. C1q is expressed locally by infiltrating phagocytic cells and C1q-activating ligands are present at disease onset and continue to accumulate with disease progression. The accumulation of C1q on photoreceptor synapses with age and disease is consistent with its role in synapse elimination and neurodegeneration that has been observed in other neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, genetic deletion of C1q, local pharmacologic inhibition within the eye, or genetic deletion of downstream C4 prevents photoreceptor cell damage in mouse models. Hence, targeting the classical pathway in GA could provide a more specific therapeutic approach with potential for favorable efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted Yednock
- Annexon Biosciences, 1400 Sierra Point Parkway Building C, 2nd Floor, Brisbane, CA, 94005, USA
| | - Donald S Fong
- Annexon Biosciences, 1400 Sierra Point Parkway Building C, 2nd Floor, Brisbane, CA, 94005, USA.
| | - Eleonora M Lad
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, 2351 Erwin Rd, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
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29
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Bradford BM, McGuire LI, Hume DA, Pridans C, Mabbott NA. Microglia deficiency accelerates prion disease but does not enhance prion accumulation in the brain. Glia 2022; 70:2169-2187. [PMID: 35852018 PMCID: PMC9544114 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Prion diseases are transmissible, neurodegenerative disorders associated with misfolding of the prion protein. Previous studies show that reduction of microglia accelerates central nervous system (CNS) prion disease and increases the accumulation of prions in the brain, suggesting that microglia provide neuroprotection by phagocytosing and destroying prions. In Csf1rΔFIRE mice, the deletion of an enhancer within Csf1r specifically blocks microglia development, however, their brains develop normally and show none of the deficits reported in other microglia-deficient models. Csf1rΔFIRE mice were used as a refined model in which to study the impact of microglia-deficiency on CNS prion disease. Although Csf1rΔFIRE mice succumbed to CNS prion disease much earlier than wild-type mice, the accumulation of prions in their brains was reduced. Instead, astrocytes displayed earlier, non-polarized reactive activation with enhanced phagocytosis of neuronal contents and unfolded protein responses. Our data suggest that rather than simply phagocytosing and destroying prions, the microglia instead provide host-protection during CNS prion disease and restrict the harmful activities of reactive astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry M. Bradford
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVSUniversity of Edinburgh, Easter Bush CampusMidlothianUK
| | - Lynne I. McGuire
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVSUniversity of Edinburgh, Easter Bush CampusMidlothianUK
| | - David A. Hume
- Mater Research Institute‐University of Queensland, Translational Research InstituteWoolloongabbaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Clare Pridans
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Centre for Discovery Brain SciencesUniversity of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson BuildingEdinburghUK
- Centre for Inflammation ResearchThe Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarterEdinburghUK
| | - Neil A. Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVSUniversity of Edinburgh, Easter Bush CampusMidlothianUK
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Butchbach MER, Scott RC. Biological networks and complexity in early-onset motor neuron diseases. Front Neurol 2022; 13:1035406. [PMID: 36341099 PMCID: PMC9634177 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1035406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor neuron diseases (MNDs) are neuromuscular disorders where the spinal motor neurons-either the cell bodies themselves or their axons-are the primary cells affected. To date, there are 120 different genes that are lost or mutated in pediatric-onset MNDs. Most of these childhood-onset disorders, aside from spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), lack viable therapeutic options. Previous research on MNDs has focused on understanding the pathobiology of a single, specific gene mutation and targeting therapies to that pathobiology. This reductionist approach has yielded therapeutic options for a specific disorder, in this case SMA. Unfortunately, therapies specific for SMA have not been effective against other pediatric-onset MNDs. Pursuing the same approach for the other defined MNDs would require development of at least 120 independent treatments raising feasibility issues. We propose an alternative to this this type of reductionist approach by conceptualizing MNDs in a complex adaptive systems framework that will allow identification of common molecular and cellular pathways which form biological networks that are adversely affected in early-onset MNDs and thus MNDs with similar phenotypes despite diverse genotypes. This systems biology approach highlights the complexity and self-organization of the motor system as well as the ways in which it can be affected by these genetic disorders. Using this integrated approach to understand early-onset MNDs, we would be better poised to expand the therapeutic repertoire for multiple MNDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E. R. Butchbach
- Division of Neurology, Nemours Children's Hospital Delaware, Wilmington, DE, United States,Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States,*Correspondence: Matthew E. R. Butchbach
| | - Rod C. Scott
- Division of Neurology, Nemours Children's Hospital Delaware, Wilmington, DE, United States,Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States,Neurosciences Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom,Rod C. Scott
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31
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Sun J, Qiu J, Yang Q, Ju Q, Qu R, Wang X, Wu L, Xing L. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals dysregulation of spinal cord cell types in a severe spinal muscular atrophy mouse model. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010392. [PMID: 36074806 PMCID: PMC9488758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a motor neuron disease caused by the loss of survival of motor neuron (SMN) proteins, there is growing evidence that non-neuronal cells play important roles in SMA pathogenesis. However, transcriptome alterations occurring at the single-cell level in SMA spinal cord remain unknown, preventing us from fully comprehending the role of specific cells. Here, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing of the spinal cord of a severe SMA mouse model, and identified ten cell types as well as their differentially expressed genes. Using CellChat, we found that cellular communication between different cell types in the spinal cord of SMA mice was significantly reduced. A dimensionality reduction analysis revealed 29 cell subtypes and their differentially expressed gene. A subpopulation of vascular fibroblasts showed the most significant change in the SMA spinal cord at the single-cell level. This subpopulation was drastically reduced, possibly causing vascular defects and resulting in widespread protein synthesis and energy metabolism reductions in SMA mice. This study reveals for the first time a single-cell atlas of the spinal cord of mice with severe SMA, and sheds new light on the pathogenesis of SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Sun
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- * E-mail: (JS); (LW); (LX)
| | - Jiaying Qiu
- Department of Prenatal Screening and Diagnosis Center, Affiliated Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qiongxia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qianqian Ju
- Laboratory Animal Center, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ruobing Qu
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Liucheng Wu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- * E-mail: (JS); (LW); (LX)
| | - Lingyan Xing
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- * E-mail: (JS); (LW); (LX)
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Blagburn-Blanco SV, Chappell MS, De Biase LM, DeNardo LA. Synapse-specific roles for microglia in development: New horizons in the prefrontal cortex. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:965756. [PMID: 36003220 PMCID: PMC9394540 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.965756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of both microglia and circuitry in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) have been implicated in numerous neuropsychiatric disorders, but how microglia affect mPFC development in health and disease is not well understood. mPFC circuits undergo a prolonged maturation after birth that is driven by molecular programs and activity-dependent processes. Though this extended development is crucial to acquire mature cognitive abilities, it likely renders mPFC circuitry more susceptible to disruption by genetic and environmental insults that increase the risk of developing mental health disorders. Recent work suggests that microglia directly influence mPFC circuit maturation, though the biological factors underlying this observation remain unclear. In this review, we discuss these recent findings along with new studies on the cellular mechanisms by which microglia shape sensory circuits during postnatal development. We focus on the molecular pathways through which glial cells and immune signals regulate synaptogenesis and activity-dependent synaptic refinement. We further highlight how disruptions in these pathways are implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders associated with mPFC dysfunction, including schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Using these disorders as a framework, we discuss microglial mechanisms that could link environmental risk factors including infections and stress with ongoing genetic programs to aberrantly shape mPFC circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara V. Blagburn-Blanco
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Megan S. Chappell
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Lindsay M. De Biase
- Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Lindsay M. De Biase,
| | - Laura A. DeNardo
- Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Laura A. DeNardo,
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Ball JB, Green-Fulgham SM, Watkins LR. Mechanisms of Microglia-Mediated Synapse Turnover and Synaptogenesis. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 218:102336. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Carlini MJ, Triplett MK, Pellizzoni L. Neuromuscular denervation and deafferentation but not motor neuron death are disease features in the Smn2B/- mouse model of SMA. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267990. [PMID: 35913953 PMCID: PMC9342749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of motor neurons and skeletal muscle atrophy which is caused by ubiquitous deficiency in the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein. Several cellular defects contribute to sensory-motor circuit pathology in SMA mice, but the underlying mechanisms have often been studied in one mouse model without validation in other available models. Here, we used Smn2B/- mice to investigate specific behavioral, morphological, and functional aspects of SMA pathology that we previously characterized in the SMNΔ7 model. Smn2B/- SMA mice on a pure FVB/N background display deficits in body weight gain and muscle strength with onset in the second postnatal week and median survival of 19 days. Morphological analysis revealed severe loss of proprioceptive synapses on the soma of motor neurons and prominent denervation of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) in axial but not distal muscles. In contrast, no evidence of cell death emerged from analysis of several distinct pools of lumbar motor neurons known to be lost in the disease. Moreover, SMA motor neurons from Smn2B/- mice showed robust nuclear accumulation of p53 but lack of phosphorylation of serine 18 at its amino-terminal, which selectively marks degenerating motor neurons in the SMNΔ7 mouse model. These results indicate that NMJ denervation and deafferentation, but not motor neuron death, are conserved features of SMA pathology in Smn2B/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Carlini
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Marina K. Triplett
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Livio Pellizzoni
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Khayrullina G, Alipio‐Gloria ZA, Deguise M, Gagnon S, Chehade L, Stinson M, Belous N, Bergman EM, Lischka FW, Rotty J, Dalgard CL, Kothary R, Johnson KA, Burnett BG. Survival motor neuron protein deficiency alters microglia reactivity. Glia 2022; 70:1337-1358. [PMID: 35373853 PMCID: PMC9081169 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Survival motor neuron (SMN) protein deficiency results in loss of alpha motor neurons and subsequent muscle atrophy in patients with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Reactive microglia have been reported in SMA mice and depleting microglia rescues the number of proprioceptive synapses, suggesting a role in SMA pathology. Here, we explore the contribution of lymphocytes on microglia reactivity in SMA mice and investigate how SMN deficiency alters the reactive profile of human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived microglia. We show that microglia adopt a reactive morphology in spinal cords of SMA mice. Ablating lymphocytes did not alter the reactive morphology of SMA microglia and did not improve the survival or motor function of SMA mice, indicating limited impact of peripheral immune cells on the SMA phenotype. We found iPSC-derived SMA microglia adopted an amoeboid morphology and displayed a reactive transcriptome profile, increased cell migration, and enhanced phagocytic activity. Importantly, cell morphology and electrophysiological properties of motor neurons were altered when they were incubated with conditioned media from SMA microglia. Together, these data reveal that SMN-deficient microglia adopt a reactive profile and exhibit an exaggerated inflammatory response with potential impact on SMA neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guzal Khayrullina
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and GeneticsUniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, F. Edward Hebert School of MedicineBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | | | - Marc‐Olivier Deguise
- Regenerative Medicine ProgramOttawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawaOntarioCanada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
- Centre for Neuromuscular DiseaseUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
- Department of PediatricsChildren's Hospital of Eastern OntarioOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Sabrina Gagnon
- Regenerative Medicine ProgramOttawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Lucia Chehade
- Regenerative Medicine ProgramOttawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawaOntarioCanada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
- Centre for Neuromuscular DiseaseUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Matthew Stinson
- Department of BiochemistryUniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, F. Edward Hebert School of MedicineBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Natalya Belous
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and GeneticsUniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, F. Edward Hebert School of MedicineBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Elizabeth M. Bergman
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and GeneticsUniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, F. Edward Hebert School of MedicineBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Fritz W. Lischka
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and GeneticsUniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, F. Edward Hebert School of MedicineBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Jeremy Rotty
- Department of BiochemistryUniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, F. Edward Hebert School of MedicineBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Clifton L. Dalgard
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and GeneticsUniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, F. Edward Hebert School of MedicineBethesdaMarylandUSA
- The American Genome CenterUniformed Services University of the Health SciencesBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Rashmi Kothary
- Regenerative Medicine ProgramOttawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawaOntarioCanada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
- Centre for Neuromuscular DiseaseUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
- Department of MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
| | | | - Barrington G. Burnett
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and GeneticsUniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, F. Edward Hebert School of MedicineBethesdaMarylandUSA
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36
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Pottorf TS, Rotterman TM, McCallum WM, Haley-Johnson ZA, Alvarez FJ. The Role of Microglia in Neuroinflammation of the Spinal Cord after Peripheral Nerve Injury. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132083. [PMID: 35805167 PMCID: PMC9265514 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries induce a pronounced immune reaction within the spinal cord, largely governed by microglia activation in both the dorsal and ventral horns. The mechanisms of activation and response of microglia are diverse depending on the location within the spinal cord, type, severity, and proximity of injury, as well as the age and species of the organism. Thanks to recent advancements in neuro-immune research techniques, such as single-cell transcriptomics, novel genetic mouse models, and live imaging, a vast amount of literature has come to light regarding the mechanisms of microglial activation and alluding to the function of microgliosis around injured motoneurons and sensory afferents. Herein, we provide a comparative analysis of the dorsal and ventral horns in relation to mechanisms of microglia activation (CSF1, DAP12, CCR2, Fractalkine signaling, Toll-like receptors, and purinergic signaling), and functionality in neuroprotection, degeneration, regeneration, synaptic plasticity, and spinal circuit reorganization following peripheral nerve injury. This review aims to shed new light on unsettled controversies regarding the diversity of spinal microglial-neuronal interactions following injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tana S. Pottorf
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (T.S.P.); (W.M.M.); (Z.A.H.-J.)
| | - Travis M. Rotterman
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30318, USA;
| | - William M. McCallum
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (T.S.P.); (W.M.M.); (Z.A.H.-J.)
| | - Zoë A. Haley-Johnson
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (T.S.P.); (W.M.M.); (Z.A.H.-J.)
| | - Francisco J. Alvarez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (T.S.P.); (W.M.M.); (Z.A.H.-J.)
- Correspondence:
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37
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Ton ST, Laghi JR, Tsai SY, Blackwell AA, Adamczyk NS, Oltmanns JRO, Britten RA, Wallace DG, Kartje GL. Exposure to 5 cGy 28Si Particles Induces Long-Term Microglial Activation in the Striatum and Subventricular Zone and Concomitant Neurogenic Suppression. Radiat Res 2022; 198:28-39. [DOI: 10.1667/rade-21-00021.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The proposed mission to Mars will expose astronauts to space radiation that is known to adversely affect cognition and tasks that rely on fine sensorimotor function. Space radiation has also been shown to affect the microglial and neurogenic responses in the center nervous system (CNS). We recently reported that a low dose of 5 cGy 600 MeV/n 28Si results in impaired cognition and skilled motor behavior in adult rats. Since these tasks rely at least in part on the proper functioning of the striatum, we examined striatal microglial cells in these same subjects. Using morphometric analysis, we found that 28Si exposure increased activated microglial cells in the striatum. The majority of these striatal Iba1+ microglia were ED1–, indicating that they were in an alternatively activated state, where microglia do not have phagocytic activity but may be releasing cytokines that could negatively impact neuronal function. In the other areas studied, Iba1+ microglial cells were increased in the subventricular zone (SVZ), but not in the dentate gyrus (DG). Additionally, we examined the relationship between the microglial response and neurogenesis. An analysis of new neurons in the DG revealed an increase in doublecortin-positive (DCX+) hilar ectopic granule cells (hEGC) which correlated with Iba1+ cells, suggesting that microglial cells contributed to this aberrant distribution which may adversely affect hippocampal function. Taken together, these results indicate that a single dose of 28Si radiation results in persistent cellular effects in the CNS that may impact astronauts both in the short and long-term following deep space missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Son T. Ton
- Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois
| | - Julia R. Laghi
- Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois
| | - Shih-Yen Tsai
- Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois
| | | | | | | | - Richard A. Britten
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia
| | - Douglas G. Wallace
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois
| | - Gwendolyn L. Kartje
- Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois
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Folick A, Cheang RT, Valdearcos M, Koliwad SK. Metabolic factors in the regulation of hypothalamic innate immune responses in obesity. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:393-402. [PMID: 35474339 PMCID: PMC9076660 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00666-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus is a central regulator of body weight and energy homeostasis. There is increasing evidence that innate immune activation in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) is a key element in the pathogenesis of diet-induced obesity. Microglia, the resident immune cells in the brain parenchyma, have been shown to play roles in diverse aspects of brain function, including circuit refinement and synaptic pruning. As such, microglia have also been implicated in the development and progression of neurological diseases. Microglia express receptors for and are responsive to a wide variety of nutritional, hormonal, and immunological signals that modulate their distinct functions across different brain regions. We showed that microglia within the MBH sense and respond to a high-fat diet and regulate the function of hypothalamic neurons to promote food intake and obesity. Neurons, glia, and immune cells within the MBH are positioned to sense and respond to circulating signals that regulate their capacity to coordinate aspects of systemic energy metabolism. Here, we review the current knowledge of how these peripheral signals modulate the innate immune response in the MBH and enable microglia to regulate metabolic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Folick
- Diabetes Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rachel T Cheang
- Diabetes Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Martin Valdearcos
- Diabetes Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Suneil K Koliwad
- Diabetes Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Farrugia M, Vassallo N, Cauchi RJ. Disruption of Smn in glia impacts survival but has no effect on neuromuscular function in Drosophila. Neuroscience 2022; 491:32-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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The Complement System in the Central Nervous System: From Neurodevelopment to Neurodegeneration. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020337. [PMID: 35204837 PMCID: PMC8869249 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The functions of the complement system to both innate and adaptive immunity through opsonization, cell lysis, and inflammatory activities are well known. In contrast, the role of complement in the central nervous system (CNS) which extends beyond immunity, is only beginning to be recognized as important to neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration. In addition to protecting the brain against invasive pathogens, appropriate activation of the complement system is pivotal to the maintenance of normal brain function. Moreover, overactivation or dysregulation may cause synaptic dysfunction and promote excessive pro-inflammatory responses. Recent studies have provided insights into the various responses of complement components in different neurological diseases and the regulatory mechanisms involved in their pathophysiology, as well as a glimpse into targeting complement factors as a potential therapeutic modality. However, there remain significant knowledge gaps in the relationship between the complement system and different brain disorders. This review summarizes recent key findings regarding the role of different components of the complement system in health and pathology of the CNS and discusses the therapeutic potential of anti-complement strategies for the treatment of neurodegenerative conditions.
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41
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Allison RL, Welby E, Khayrullina G, Burnett BG, Ebert AD. Viral mediated knockdown of GATA6 in SMA iPSC-derived astrocytes prevents motor neuron loss and microglial activation. Glia 2022; 70:989-1004. [PMID: 35088910 PMCID: PMC9303278 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a pediatric genetic disorder, is characterized by the profound loss of spinal cord motor neurons and subsequent muscle atrophy and death. Although the mechanisms underlying motor neuron loss are not entirely clear, data from our work and others support the idea that glial cells contribute to disease pathology. GATA6, a transcription factor that we have previously shown to be upregulated in SMA astrocytes, is negatively regulated by SMN (survival motor neuron) and can increase the expression of inflammatory regulator NFκB. In this study, we identified upregulated GATA6 as a contributor to increased activation, pro-inflammatory ligand production, and neurotoxicity in spinal-cord patterned astrocytes differentiated from SMA patient induced pluripotent stem cells. Reducing GATA6 expression in SMA astrocytes via lentiviral infection ameliorated these effects to healthy control levels. Additionally, we found that SMA astrocytes contribute to SMA microglial phagocytosis, which was again decreased by lentiviral-mediated knockdown of GATA6. Together these data identify a role of GATA6 in SMA astrocyte pathology and further highlight glia as important targets of therapeutic intervention in SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reilly L Allison
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Emily Welby
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Guzal Khayrullina
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Barrington G Burnett
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Allison D Ebert
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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42
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Chalif JI, Mentis GZ. Normal Development and Pathology of Motoneurons: Anatomy, Electrophysiological Properties, Firing Patterns and Circuit Connectivity. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 28:63-85. [PMID: 36066821 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-07167-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This chapter will provide an introduction into motoneuron anatomy, electrophysiological properties, firing patterns focusing on development and also describing several pathological conditions that affect mononeurons. It starts with a historical retrospective describing the early landmark work into motoneurons. The next section lays out the various types of motoneurons (alpha, beta, and gamma) and their subclasses (fast-twitch fatigable, fast-twitch fatigue-resistant, and slow-twitch fatigue resistant), highlighting the functional relevance of this classification scheme. The third section describes the development of motoneurons' passive and active electrophysiological properties. This section also defines the major terms one uses in describing how a neuron functions electrophysiologically. The electrophysiological aspects of a neuron is critical to understanding how it behaves within a circuit and contributes to behavior since the firing of an action potential is how neurons communicate with each other and with muscles. The electrophysiological changes of motoneurons over development underlies how their function changes over the lifetime of an organism. After describing the properties of individual motoneurons, the chapter then turns to revealing how motoneurons interact within complex neural circuits, with other motoneurons as well as sensory neurons, and how these circuits change over development. Finally, this chapter ends with highlighting some recent advances made in motoneuron pathology, focusing on spinal muscular atrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and axotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua I Chalif
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology & Cell Biology, Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - George Z Mentis
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology & Cell Biology, Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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43
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Wang M, Kang L, Wang Y, Yang B, Zhang C, Lu Y, Kang L. Microglia in motor neuron disease: Signaling evidence from last 10 years. Dev Neurobiol 2022; 82:625-638. [PMID: 36309345 PMCID: PMC9828749 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Motor neuron disease (MND), including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal muscular atrophy and others, involved the upper or lower motor neurons selective loss, is characterized by neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation, in conjunction with microglia. We summarized that pathways and key mediators are associated with microglia, such as fractalkine signaling, purinergic signaling, NF-κB signaling, p38 MAPK signaling, TREM2-APOE signaling, ROCK signaling, C1q signaling, and Ion channel, which are involved in the activation, proliferation, and inflammation of microglia. This review aims to identify the microglia-related molecular target and explore potential treatment strategies for MND based on that target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min‐Jia Wang
- School of Sports Medicine and HealthChengdu Sports UniversityChengduChina
| | - Lu Kang
- School of Sports Medicine and HealthChengdu Sports UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yao‐Zheng Wang
- School of Sports Medicine and HealthChengdu Sports UniversityChengduChina
| | - Bi‐Ru Yang
- Department of Postpartum RehabilitationSichuan Jinxin Women & Children HospitalChengduChina
| | - Chun Zhang
- School of Sports Medicine and HealthChengdu Sports UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yu‐Feng Lu
- School of Sports Medicine and HealthChengdu Sports UniversityChengduChina
| | - Liang Kang
- Institute of Sports Medicine and HealthChengdu Sports UniversityChengduChina
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44
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Lotti F, Przedborski S. Motoneuron Diseases. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 28:323-352. [PMID: 36066831 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-07167-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Motoneuron diseases (MNDs) represent a heterogeneous group of progressive paralytic disorders, mainly characterized by the loss of upper (corticospinal) motoneurons, lower (spinal) motoneurons or, often both. MNDs can occur from birth to adulthood and have a highly variable clinical presentation, even within gene-positive forms, suggesting the existence of environmental and genetic modifiers. A combination of cell autonomous and non-cell autonomous mechanisms contributes to motoneuron degeneration in MNDs, suggesting multifactorial pathogenic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Lotti
- Departments of Neurology, Pathology & Cell Biology, and Neuroscience, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Serge Przedborski
- Departments of Neurology, Pathology & Cell Biology, and Neuroscience, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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45
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Buettner JM, Sime Longang JK, Gerstner F, Apel KS, Blanco-Redondo B, Sowoidnich L, Janzen E, Langenhan T, Wirth B, Simon CM. Central synaptopathy is the most conserved feature of motor circuit pathology across spinal muscular atrophy mouse models. iScience 2021; 24:103376. [PMID: 34825141 PMCID: PMC8605199 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by reduced survival motor neuron (SMN) protein. Recently, SMN dysfunction has been linked to individual aspects of motor circuit pathology in a severe SMA mouse model. To determine whether these disease mechanisms are conserved, we directly compared the motor circuit pathology of three SMA mouse models. The severe SMNΔ7 model exhibits vast motor circuit defects, including degeneration of motor neurons, spinal excitatory synapses, and neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). In contrast, the Taiwanese model shows very mild motor neuron pathology, but early central synaptic loss. In the intermediate Smn2B/- model, strong pathology of central excitatory synapses and NMJs precedes the late onset of p53-dependent motor neuron death. These pathological events correlate with SMN-dependent splicing dysregulation of specific mRNAs. Our study provides a knowledge base for properly tailoring future studies and identifies central excitatory synaptopathy as a key feature of motor circuit pathology in SMA. Comparison of detailed motor circuit pathology across three SMA mouse models Motor circuit pathology correlates with dysregulation of specific mRNAs Motor neuron death in severe and intermediate SMA models is p53-dependent Central excitatory synaptopathy is the most conserved feature of SMA pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannik M Buettner
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, Leipzig University, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | | | - Florian Gerstner
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, Leipzig University, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Katharina S Apel
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, Leipzig University, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Beatriz Blanco-Redondo
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Division of General Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Leonie Sowoidnich
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, Leipzig University, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Eva Janzen
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tobias Langenhan
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Division of General Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Brunhilde Wirth
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian M Simon
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, Leipzig University, Leipzig 04103, Germany
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46
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Blank N, Mayer M, Mass E. The development and physiological and pathophysiological functions of resident macrophages and glial cells. Adv Immunol 2021; 151:1-47. [PMID: 34656287 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In the past, brain function and the onset and progression of neurological diseases have been studied in a neuron-centric manner. However, in recent years the focus of many neuroscientists has shifted to other cell types that promote neurodevelopment and contribute to the functionality of neuronal networks in health and disease. Particularly microglia and astrocytes have been implicated in actively contributing to and controlling neuronal development, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. Here, we summarize the development of brain-resident macrophages and astrocytes and their core functions in the developing brain. We discuss their contribution and intercellular crosstalk during tissue homeostasis and pathophysiology. We argue that in-depth knowledge of non-neuronal cells in the brain could provide novel therapeutic targets to reverse or contain neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelli Blank
- Developmental Biology of the Immune System, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Marina Mayer
- Developmental Biology of the Immune System, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Elvira Mass
- Developmental Biology of the Immune System, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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47
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Gomez-Arboledas A, Acharya MM, Tenner AJ. The Role of Complement in Synaptic Pruning and Neurodegeneration. Immunotargets Ther 2021; 10:373-386. [PMID: 34595138 PMCID: PMC8478425 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s305420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system, an essential part of the innate immune system, is composed of a group of secreted and membrane proteins that collectively participate in maintaining the function of the healthy and diseased brain. However, an inappropriate activation of the complement system has been related to an inflammatory response in multiple diseases, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease, as well as Zika infection and radiotherapy. In addition, C1q and C3 (initial activation components of the complement cascade) have been shown to play a key beneficial role in the refinement of synaptic circuits during developmental stages and adult plasticity. Nevertheless, excessive synaptic pruning in the adult brain can be detrimental and has been associated with synaptic loss in several pathological conditions. In this brief review, we will discuss the role of the complement system in synaptic pruning as well as its contribution to neurodegeneration and cognitive deficits. We also mention potential therapeutic approaches to target the complement system to treat several neuroinflammatory diseases and unintended consequences of radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Gomez-Arboledas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Munjal M Acharya
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Andrea J Tenner
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
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48
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Sapio MR, Kim JJ, Loydpierson AJ, Maric D, Goto T, Vazquez FA, Dougherty MK, Narasimhan R, Muhly WT, Iadarola MJ, Mannes AJ. The Persistent Pain Transcriptome: Identification of Cells and Molecules Activated by Hyperalgesia. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2021; 22:1146-1179. [PMID: 33892151 PMCID: PMC9441406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2021.03.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
During persistent pain, the dorsal spinal cord responds to painful inputs from the site of injury, but the molecular modulatory processes have not been comprehensively examined. Using transcriptomics and multiplex in situ hybridization, we identified the most highly regulated receptors and signaling molecules in rat dorsal spinal cord in peripheral inflammatory and post-surgical incisional pain models. We examined a time course of the response including acute (2 hours) and longer term (2 day) time points after peripheral injury representing the early onset and instantiation of hyperalgesic processes. From this analysis, we identify a key population of superficial dorsal spinal cord neurons marked by somatotopic upregulation of the opioid neuropeptide precursor prodynorphin, and 2 receptors: the neurokinin 1 receptor, and anaplastic lymphoma kinase. These alterations occur specifically in the glutamatergic subpopulation of superficial dynorphinergic neurons. In addition to specific neuronal gene regulation, both models showed induction of broad transcriptional signatures for tissue remodeling, synaptic rearrangement, and immune signaling defined by complement and interferon induction. These signatures were predominantly induced ipsilateral to tissue injury, implying linkage to primary afferent drive. We present a comprehensive set of gene regulatory events across 2 models that can be targeted for the development of non-opioid analgesics. PERSPECTIVE: The deadly impact of the opioid crisis and the need to replace morphine and other opioids in clinical practice is well recognized. Embedded within this research is an overarching goal of obtaining foundational knowledge from transcriptomics to search for non-opioid analgesic targets. Developing such analgesics would address unmet clinical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Sapio
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jenny J Kim
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Amelia J Loydpierson
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Dragan Maric
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Flow and Imaging Cytometry Core Facility, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Taichi Goto
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; National Institute of Nursing Research, Symptom Management Branch, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Overseas Research Fellowship, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fernando A Vazquez
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mary K Dougherty
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Radhika Narasimhan
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Wallis T Muhly
- National Institute of Nursing Research, Symptom Management Branch, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael J Iadarola
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Andrew J Mannes
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
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49
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Thomsen G, Burghes AHM, Hsieh C, Do J, Chu BTT, Perry S, Barkho B, Kaufmann P, Sproule DM, Feltner DE, Chung WK, McGovern VL, Hevner RF, Conces M, Pierson CR, Scoto M, Muntoni F, Mendell JR, Foust KD. Biodistribution of onasemnogene abeparvovec DNA, mRNA and SMN protein in human tissue. Nat Med 2021; 27:1701-1711. [PMID: 34608334 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01483-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy type 1 (SMA1) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease resulting from survival motor neuron 1 gene (SMN1) deletion/mutation. Onasemnogene abeparvovec (formerly AVXS-101) is a gene therapy that restores SMN production via one-time systemic administration. The present study demonstrates widespread biodistribution of vector genomes and transgenes throughout the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral organs, after intravenous administration of an AAV9-mediated gene therapy. Two symptomatic infants with SMA1 enrolled in phase III studies received onasemnogene abeparvovec. Both patients died of respiratory complications unrelated to onasemnogene abeparvovec. One patient had improved motor function and the other died shortly after administration before appreciable clinical benefit could be observed. In both patients, onasemnogene abeparvovec DNA and messenger RNA distribution were widespread among peripheral organs and in the CNS. The greatest concentration of vector genomes was detected in the liver, with an increase over that detected in CNS tissues of 300-1,000-fold. SMN protein, which was low in an untreated SMA1 control, was clearly detectable in motor neurons, brain, skeletal muscle and multiple peripheral organs in treated patients. These data support the fact that onasemnogene abeparvovec has effective distribution, transduction and expression throughout the CNS after intravenous administration and restores SMN expression in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arthur H M Burghes
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. .,Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | | | - Janet Do
- Novartis Gene Therapies, Bannockburn, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wendy K Chung
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vicki L McGovern
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Robert F Hevner
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Miriam Conces
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Christopher R Pierson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mariacristina Scoto
- National Institute for Health Research, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, UK.,Great Ormond Street Hospital Trust, London, UK
| | - Francesco Muntoni
- National Institute for Health Research, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, UK.,Great Ormond Street Hospital Trust, London, UK
| | - Jerry R Mendell
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Center for Gene Therapy, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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50
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Holden SS, Grandi FC, Aboubakr O, Higashikubo B, Cho FS, Chang AH, Forero AO, Morningstar AR, Mathur V, Kuhn LJ, Suri P, Sankaranarayanan S, Andrews-Zwilling Y, Tenner AJ, Luthi A, Aronica E, Corces MR, Yednock T, Paz JT. Complement factor C1q mediates sleep spindle loss and epileptic spikes after mild brain injury. Science 2021; 373:eabj2685. [PMID: 34516796 DOI: 10.1126/science.abj2685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie S Holden
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), 2103 SW Heemstede, Netherlands
| | - Fiorella C Grandi
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Oumaima Aboubakr
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Bryan Higashikubo
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Frances S Cho
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Andrew H Chang
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Alejandro Osorio Forero
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Neuropathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Allison R Morningstar
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Vidhu Mathur
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Annexon Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Logan J Kuhn
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Annexon Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Poojan Suri
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Annexon Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Sethu Sankaranarayanan
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Annexon Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Yaisa Andrews-Zwilling
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Annexon Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Andrea J Tenner
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Anita Luthi
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Neuropathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Neuropathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), 2103 SW Heemstede, Netherlands
| | - M Ryan Corces
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ted Yednock
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Annexon Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jeanne T Paz
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Annexon Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.,Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), 2103 SW Heemstede, Netherlands.,The Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, and The Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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