1
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Klingbeil EA, Schade R, Lee SH, Kirkland R, de La Serre CB. Manipulation of feeding patterns in high fat diet fed rats improves microbiota composition dynamics, inflammation and gut-brain signaling. Physiol Behav 2024; 285:114643. [PMID: 39059597 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Chronic consumption of high fat (HF) diets has been shown to increase meal size and meal frequency in rodents, resulting in overeating. Reducing meal frequency and establishing periods of fasting, independently of caloric intake, may improve obesity-associated metabolic disorders. Additionally, diet-driven changes in microbiota composition have been shown to play a critical role in the development and maintenance of metabolic disorders. In this study, we used a pair-feeding paradigm to reduce meal frequency and snacking episodes while maintaining overall intake and body weight in HF fed rats. We hypothesized that manipulation of feeding patterns would improve microbiota composition and metabolic outcomes. Male Wistar rats were placed in three groups consuming either a HF, low fat diet (LF, matched for sugar), or pair-fed HF diet for 7 weeks (n = 11-12/group). Pair-fed animals received the same amount of food consumed by the HF fed group once daily before dark onset (HF-PF). Rats underwent oral glucose tolerance and gut peptide cholecystokinin sensitivity tests. Bacterial DNA was extracted from the feces collected during both dark and light cycles and sequenced via Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the 16S V4 region. Our pair-feeding paradigm reduced meal numbers, especially small meals in the inactive phase, without changing total caloric intake. This shift in feeding patterns reduced relative abundances of obesity-associated bacteria and maintained circadian fluctuations in microbial abundances. These changes were associated with improved gastrointestinal (GI) function, reduced inflammation, and improved glucose tolerance and gut to brain signaling. We concluded from these data that targeting snacking may help improve metabolic outcomes, independently of energy content of the diet and hyperphagia.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Klingbeil
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, United States
| | - R Schade
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, United States
| | - S H Lee
- Department of Food Sciences, Sun Moon University, South Korea
| | - R Kirkland
- Office of Research, University of Georgia, United States
| | - C B de La Serre
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, United States.
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2
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Xie X, Zhang M, Luo H. Regulation of metabolism by circadian rhythms: Support from time-restricted eating, intestinal microbiota & omics analysis. Life Sci 2024; 351:122814. [PMID: 38857654 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Circadian oscillatory system plays a key role in coordinating the metabolism of most organisms. Perturbation of genetic effects and misalignment of circadian rhythms result in circadian dysfunction and signs of metabolic disorders. The eating-fasting cycle can act on the peripheral circadian clocks, bypassing the photoperiod. Therefore, time-restricted eating (TRE) can improve metabolic health by adjusting eating rhythms, a process achieved through reprogramming of circadian genomes and metabolic programs at different tissue levels or remodeling of the intestinal microbiota, with omics technology allowing visualization of the regulatory processes. Here, we review recent advances in circadian regulation of metabolism, focus on the potential application of TRE for rescuing circadian dysfunction and metabolic disorders with the contribution of intestinal microbiota in between, and summarize the significance of omics technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, PR China
| | - Mengjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, PR China
| | - Hailing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, PR China.
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3
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Soliz-Rueda JR, Cuesta-Marti C, O'Mahony SM, Clarke G, Schellekens H, Muguerza B. Gut microbiota and eating behaviour in circadian syndrome. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024:S1043-2760(24)00189-9. [PMID: 39095231 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2024.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Eating behaviour and circadian rhythms are closely related. The type, timing, and quantity of food consumed, and host circadian rhythms, directly influence the intestinal microbiota, which in turn impacts host circadian rhythms and regulates food intake beyond homeostatic eating. This Opinion discusses the impact of food intake and circadian disruptions induced by an obesogenic environment on gut-brain axis signalling. We also explore potential mechanisms underlying the effects of altered gut microbiota on food intake behaviour and circadian rhythmicity. Understanding the crosstalk between gut microbiota, circadian rhythms, and unhealthy eating behaviour is crucial to addressing the obesity epidemic, which remains one of the biggest societal challenges of our time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge R Soliz-Rueda
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Reus, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain; Center of Environmental, Food and Toxicological Technology (TecnATox), Tarragona, Spain
| | - Cristina Cuesta-Marti
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Siobhain M O'Mahony
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Harriët Schellekens
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Begoña Muguerza
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Reus, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain; Center of Environmental, Food and Toxicological Technology (TecnATox), Tarragona, Spain
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4
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Carmody RN, Varady K, Turnbaugh PJ. Digesting the complex metabolic effects of diet on the host and microbiome. Cell 2024; 187:3857-3876. [PMID: 39059362 PMCID: PMC11309583 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The past 50 years of interdisciplinary research in humans and model organisms has delivered unprecedented insights into the mechanisms through which diet affects energy balance. However, translating these results to prevent and treat obesity and its associated diseases remains challenging. Given the vast scope of this literature, we focus this Review on recent conceptual advances in molecular nutrition targeting the management of energy balance, including emerging dietary and pharmaceutical interventions and their interactions with the human gut microbiome. Notably, multiple current dietary patterns of interest embrace moderate-to-high fat intake or prioritize the timing of eating over macronutrient intake. Furthermore, the rapid expansion of microbiome research findings has complicated multiple longstanding tenets of nutrition while also providing new opportunities for intervention. Continued progress promises more precise and reliable dietary recommendations that leverage our growing knowledge of the microbiome, the changing landscape of clinical interventions, and our molecular understanding of human biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel N Carmody
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Krista Varady
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Peter J Turnbaugh
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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5
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Wang R, Liao Y, Deng Y, Shuang R. Unraveling the Health Benefits and Mechanisms of Time-Restricted Feeding: Beyond Caloric Restriction. Nutr Rev 2024:nuae074. [PMID: 38954563 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuae074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Time-restricted feeding (TRF) is a lifestyle intervention that aims to maintain a consistent daily cycle of feeding and fasting to support robust circadian rhythms. Recently, it has gained scientific, medical, and public attention due to its potential to enhance body composition, extend lifespan, and improve overall health, as well as induce autophagy and alleviate symptoms of diseases like cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and ischemic injury. However, there is still considerable debate on the primary factors that contribute to the health benefits of TRF. Despite not imposing strict limitations on calorie intake, TRF consistently led to reductions in calorie intake. Therefore, while some studies suggest that the health benefits of TRF are primarily due to caloric restriction (CR), others argue that the key advantages of TRF arise not only from CR but also from factors like the duration of fasting, the timing of the feeding period, and alignment with circadian rhythms. To elucidate the roles and mechanisms of TRF beyond CR, this review incorporates TRF studies that did not use CR, as well as TRF studies with equivalent energy intake to CR, which addresses the previous lack of comprehensive research on TRF without CR and provides a framework for future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruhan Wang
- Department of Nutrition Hygiene and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 43000, China
| | - Yuxiao Liao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 43000, China
| | - Yan Deng
- Department of Nutrition Hygiene and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 43000, China
| | - Rong Shuang
- Department of Nutrition Hygiene and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 43000, China
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6
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Guo Y, Abou Daya F, Le HD, Panda S, Melkani GC. Diurnal expression of Dgat2 induced by time-restricted feeding maintains cardiac health in the Drosophila model of circadian disruption. Aging Cell 2024; 23:e14169. [PMID: 38616316 PMCID: PMC11258440 DOI: 10.1111/acel.14169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Circadian disruption is associated with an increased risk of cardiometabolic disorders and cardiac diseases. Time-restricted feeding/eating (TRF/TRE), restricting food intake within a consistent window of the day, has shown improvements in heart function from flies and mice to humans. However, whether and how TRF still conveys cardiac benefits in the context of circadian disruption remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that TRF sustains cardiac performance, myofibrillar organization, and regulates cardiac lipid accumulation in Drosophila when the circadian rhythm is disrupted by constant light. TRF induces oscillations in the expression of genes associated with triglyceride metabolism. In particular, TRF induces diurnal expression of diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 (Dgat2), peaking during the feeding period. Heart-specific manipulation of Dgat2 modulates cardiac function and lipid droplet accumulation. Strikingly, heart-specific overexpression of human Dgat2 at ZT 0-10 significantly improves cardiac performance in flies exposed to constant light. We have demonstrated that TRF effectively attenuates cardiac decline induced by circadian disruption. Moreover, our data suggests that diurnal expression of Dgat2 induced by TRF is beneficial for heart health under circadian disruption. Overall, our findings have underscored the relevance of TRF in preserving heart health under circadian disruptions and provided potential targets, such as Dgat2, and strategies for therapeutic interventions in mitigating cardiac aging, metabolic disorders, and cardiac diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Guo
- Department of Pathology, Division of Molecular and Cellular PathologyHeersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Farah Abou Daya
- Department of Pathology, Division of Molecular and Cellular PathologyHeersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Hiep Dinh Le
- Regulatory Biology LaboratorySalk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Satchidananda Panda
- Regulatory Biology LaboratorySalk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Girish C. Melkani
- Department of Pathology, Division of Molecular and Cellular PathologyHeersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
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7
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Allaband C, Lingaraju A, Flores Ramos S, Kumar T, Javaheri H, Tiu MD, Dantas Machado AC, Richter RA, Elijah E, Haddad GG, Leone VA, Dorrestein PC, Knight R, Zarrinpar A. Time of sample collection is critical for the replicability of microbiome analyses. Nat Metab 2024; 6:1282-1293. [PMID: 38951660 PMCID: PMC11309016 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-024-01064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
As the microbiome field moves from descriptive and associative research to mechanistic and interventional studies, being able to account for all confounding variables in the experimental design, which includes the maternal effect1, cage effect2, facility differences3, as well as laboratory and sample handling protocols4, is critical for interpretability of results. Despite significant procedural and bioinformatic improvements, unexplained variability and lack of replicability still occur. One underexplored factor is that the microbiome is dynamic and exhibits diurnal oscillations that can change microbiome composition5-7. In this retrospective analysis of 16S amplicon sequencing studies in male mice, we show that sample collection time affects the conclusions drawn from microbiome studies and its effect size is larger than those of a daily experimental intervention or dietary changes. The timing of divergence of the microbiome composition between experimental and control groups is unique to each experiment. Sample collection times as short as only 4 hours apart can lead to vastly different conclusions. Lack of consistency in the time of sample collection may explain poor cross-study replicability in microbiome research. The impact of diurnal rhythms on the outcomes and study design of other fields is unknown but likely significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Allaband
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Amulya Lingaraju
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Stephany Flores Ramos
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tanya Kumar
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Haniyeh Javaheri
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Maria D Tiu
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - R Alexander Richter
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Emmanuel Elijah
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gabriel G Haddad
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Vanessa A Leone
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Pieter C Dorrestein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Computational Mass Spectrometry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Halıcıoğlu Data Science Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Shu Chien-Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Amir Zarrinpar
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Shu Chien-Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Division of Gastroenterology, Jennifer Moreno Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Institute of Diabetes and Metabolic Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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8
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Song X, Wang Z, Xia Y, Chen Z, Wang G, Yang Y, Zhu B, Ai L, Xu H, Wang C. A Cross Talking between the Gut Microbiota and Metabolites of Participants in a Confined Environment. Nutrients 2024; 16:1761. [PMID: 38892694 PMCID: PMC11175105 DOI: 10.3390/nu16111761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Certain workplaces, like deep-sea voyages, subject workers to chronic psychological stress and circadian rhythm disorders due to confined environments and frequent shifts. In this study, participants lived in a strictly controlled confined environment, and we analyzed the effects of a confined environment on gut microbiota and metabolites. The results showed that living in confined environments can significantly alter both the gut microbiota and the gut metabolome, particularly affecting lipid metabolism pathways like glycerophospholipid metabolism. There was a significant reduction in the abundance of Faecalibacterium and Bacteroides, while Blautia, Bifidobacterium, and Collinsella showed significant increases. An association analysis revealed a strong correlation between changes in the gut microbiota and the metabolome. Four upregulated lipid metabolites may serve as biomarkers for damage induced by confined environments, and certain gut microbiota alterations, such as those involving Faecalibacterium and Bacteroides, could be potential psychobiotics or therapeutic targets for enhancing mental health in a confined environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Song
- School of Health Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (X.S.); (Y.X.); (G.W.); (Y.Y.); (L.A.)
| | - Ziying Wang
- Naval Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China;
| | - Yongjun Xia
- School of Health Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (X.S.); (Y.X.); (G.W.); (Y.Y.); (L.A.)
| | - Zheng Chen
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China; (Z.C.); (B.Z.)
| | - Guangqiang Wang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (X.S.); (Y.X.); (G.W.); (Y.Y.); (L.A.)
| | - Yijin Yang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (X.S.); (Y.X.); (G.W.); (Y.Y.); (L.A.)
| | - Beiwei Zhu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China; (Z.C.); (B.Z.)
| | - Lianzhong Ai
- School of Health Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (X.S.); (Y.X.); (G.W.); (Y.Y.); (L.A.)
| | - Haodan Xu
- Naval Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China;
| | - Chuan Wang
- Naval Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China;
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9
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Mohr AE, Sweazea KL, Bowes DA, Jasbi P, Whisner CM, Sears DD, Krajmalnik-Brown R, Jin Y, Gu H, Klein-Seetharaman J, Arciero KM, Gumpricht E, Arciero PJ. Gut microbiome remodeling and metabolomic profile improves in response to protein pacing with intermittent fasting versus continuous caloric restriction. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4155. [PMID: 38806467 PMCID: PMC11133430 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48355-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome (GM) modulates body weight/composition and gastrointestinal functioning; therefore, approaches targeting resident gut microbes have attracted considerable interest. Intermittent fasting (IF) and protein pacing (P) regimens are effective in facilitating weight loss (WL) and enhancing body composition. However, the interrelationships between IF- and P-induced WL and the GM are unknown. The current randomized controlled study describes distinct fecal microbial and plasma metabolomic signatures between combined IF-P (n = 21) versus a heart-healthy, calorie-restricted (CR, n = 20) diet matched for overall energy intake in free-living human participants (women = 27; men = 14) with overweight/obesity for 8 weeks. Gut symptomatology improves and abundance of Christensenellaceae microbes and circulating cytokines and amino acid metabolites favoring fat oxidation increase with IF-P (p < 0.05), whereas metabolites associated with a longevity-related metabolic pathway increase with CR (p < 0.05). Differences indicate GM and metabolomic factors play a role in WL maintenance and body composition. This novel work provides insight into the GM and metabolomic profile of participants following an IF-P or CR diet and highlights important differences in microbial assembly associated with WL and body composition responsiveness. These data may inform future GM-focused precision nutrition recommendations using larger sample sizes of longer duration. Trial registration, March 6, 2020 (ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT04327141), based on a previous randomized intervention trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex E Mohr
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Biodesign Institute Center for Health Through Microbiomes, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Karen L Sweazea
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Biodesign Institute Center for Health Through Microbiomes, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Devin A Bowes
- Biodesign Institute Center for Health Through Microbiomes, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Paniz Jasbi
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Systems Precision Engineering and Advanced Research (SPEAR), Theriome Inc., Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Corrie M Whisner
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Biodesign Institute Center for Health Through Microbiomes, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Dorothy D Sears
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Rosa Krajmalnik-Brown
- Biodesign Institute Center for Health Through Microbiomes, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Yan Jin
- Center of Translational Science, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Haiwei Gu
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Center of Translational Science, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Judith Klein-Seetharaman
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Karen M Arciero
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA
| | | | - Paul J Arciero
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA.
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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10
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Pieczyńska-Zając JM, Malinowska A, Łagowska K, Leciejewska N, Bajerska J. The effects of time-restricted eating and Ramadan fasting on gut microbiota composition: a systematic review of human and animal studies. Nutr Rev 2024; 82:777-793. [PMID: 37528052 PMCID: PMC11082590 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT It is well known that the microbiome undergoes cyclical diurnal rhythms. It has thus been hypothesized that meal timing may affect gut microbial composition, function, and host health. OBJECTIVE This review aims to examine the effects of time-restricted eating (TRE) and Ramadan fasting (RF) on the composition of the gut microbiota in animal and human studies. The associations between composition of microbiota and host metabolic parameters are also examined. DATA SOURCES A search was performed on the PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, and Web of Science databases up to December 31, 2022. The search strategy was performed using the Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms "intermittent fasting" and "gastrointestinal microbiome" and the key words "Ramadan fasting" and "microbes." DATA EXTRACTION Seven human studies (4 TRE and 3 RF) and 9 animal studies (7 TRE, 2 RF-like) were retrieved. DATA ANALYSIS TRE and RF in human studies lead to an increase in gut microbial community alpha-diversity. In animal studies (both TRE and RF-like), fasting is not associated with improved alpha-diversity, but enhancement of microbial fluctuation is observed, compared with high-fat diet ad libitum groups. Within Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes phyla, no specific direction of changes resulting from fasting are observed in both animals and human. After TRE or RF, a greater abundance of the Faecalibacterium genus is observed in human studies; changes in Lactobacillus abundance are found in animal studies; and increases in Akkermansia are seen both in humans and in animals fed a feed-pellet diet. Only 2 human studies show a beneficial correlation between microbiota changes and host metabolic (HDL cholesterol) or anthropometric parameters (body mass index). CONCLUSIONS These findings support the importance of both regimens in improving the gut microbiota composition. However, based on results of animal studies, it can be suggested that diet remains the essential factor in forming the microbiota's environment. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration no. CRD42021278918.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Malinowska
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Karolina Łagowska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Natalia Leciejewska
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Biostructure of Animals, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Bajerska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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11
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Xu J, Wang H, Xu R, Li Q, Li L, Su Y, Liu J, Zhu W. Daily fluctuation of Lactobacillus species and their antibiotic resistome in the colon of growing pigs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 918:170821. [PMID: 38336077 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
There are various types of bacteria inhabiting the intestine that help maintain the balance of the intestinal microbiota. Lactobacillus is one of the important beneficial bacteria and is widely used as a food starter and probiotic. In this study, we investigated the daily fluctuation of the colonic Lactobacillus species and their distribution of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) as well as antibiotic susceptibility in pigs. Metagenomic analysis revealed that genus Lactobacillus was one of the most dominant genera in the colon of growing pigs. Rhythmicity analysis revealed that 84 out of 285 Lactobacillus species exhibited rhythmic patterns. Lactobacillus johnsonii and Lactobacillus reuteri were the two most abundant lactobacilli with circadian oscillation, which increased during the day and decreased at night. The profile of the antibiotic resistome was modified over time within 24-h period. Elfamycin resistance genes were the most enriched class found in Lactobacillus. Furthermore, the seven strains of Lactobacillus isolated from the pig intestine mainly exhibited resistance to gentamicin, erythromycin, and lincomycin. The whole genome annotation of four Lactobacillus strains indicated the presence of multiple ARGs, including elfamycin resistance genes, however, the most abundant ARG was optrA in genome of four strains. These results indicate the presence of various Lactobacillus species harboring a large number of ARGs in the swine intestine. This implies that when using animal-derived lactobacilli, it is essential to assess antibiotic resistance to prevent further transmission between animals and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjian Xu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hongyu Wang
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Rongying Xu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qiuke Li
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lian Li
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yong Su
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Jinxin Liu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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12
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Durand G, Charrier P, Bes S, Bernard L, Lamothe V, Gruffat D, Bonnet M. Gene expression of free fatty acids-sensing G protein-coupled receptors in beef cattle. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae114. [PMID: 38659415 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Many physiological functions are regulated by free fatty acids (FFA). Recently, the discovery of FFA-specific G protein-coupled receptors (FFARs) has added to the complexity of their actions at the cellular level. The study of FFAR in cattle is still in its earliest stages focusing mainly on dairy cows. In this study, we set out to map the expression of genes encoding FFARs in 6 tissues of beef cattle. We also investigated the potential effect of dietary forage nature on FFAR gene expression. To this end, 16 purebred Charolais bulls were fed a grass silage ration or a maize silage ration (n = 8/group) with a forage/concentrate ratio close to 60:40 for 196 d. The animals were then slaughtered at 485 ± 42 d and liver, spleen, ileum, rectum, perirenal adipose tissue (PRAT), and Longissimus Thoracis muscle were collected. FFAR gene expression was determined by real-time quantitative PCR. Our results showed that of the five FFARs investigated, FFAR1, FFAR2, FFAR3, and GPR84 are expressed (Ct < 30) in all six tissues, whereas FFAR4 was only expressed (Ct < 30) in PRAT, ileum, and rectum. In addition, our results showed that the nature of the forage, i.e., grass silage or maize silage, had no effect on the relative abundance of FFAR in any of the tissues studied (P value > 0.05). Taken together, these results open new perspectives for studying the physiological role of these receptors in beef cattle, particularly in nutrient partitioning during growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Durand
- INRAE, Université Clermont Auvergne, VetagroSup, UMRH, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, 33170 Gradignan, France
| | | | - Sébastien Bes
- INRAE, Université Clermont Auvergne, VetagroSup, UMRH, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Laurence Bernard
- INRAE, Université Clermont Auvergne, VetagroSup, UMRH, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | | | - Dominique Gruffat
- INRAE, Université Clermont Auvergne, VetagroSup, UMRH, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Muriel Bonnet
- INRAE, Université Clermont Auvergne, VetagroSup, UMRH, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
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13
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Guo X, Wang J, Xu H, Wang Y, Cao Y, Wen Y, Li J, Liu Y, Wang K, Wang J, Zhong X, Sun C, Zhang Y, Xu J, Li C, Mu P, Xu L, Xie C. Obesity induced disruption on diurnal rhythm of insulin sensitivity via gut microbiome-bile acid metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2024; 1869:159419. [PMID: 37951383 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2023.159419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The disruption of the diurnal rhythm has been recognized as a significant contributing factor to metabolic dysregulation. The important role of gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism has attracted extensive attention. However, the function of the gut microbiota-bile acid axis in regulating the diurnal rhythms of metabolic homeostasis remains largely unknown. Herein, we aimed to investigate the interplay between rhythmicity of host metabolism and gut microbiota-bile acid axis, as well as to assess the impact of obesity on them. We found that high fat diet feeding and Leptin gene deficiency (ob/ob) significantly disturbed the rhythmic patterns of insulin sensitivity and serum total cholesterol levels. The bile acid profiling unveiled a conspicuous diurnal rhythm oscillation of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in lean mice, concomitant with fluctuations in insulin sensitivity, whereas it was absent in obese mice. The aforementioned diurnal rhythm oscillations were largely desynchronized by gut microbiota depletion, suggesting the indispensable role of gut microbiota in diurnal regulation of insulin sensitivity and bile acid metabolism. Consistently, 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that UDCA-associated bacteria exhibited diurnal rhythm oscillations that paralleled the fluctuation in insulin sensitivity. Collectively, the current study provides compelling evidence regarding the association between diurnal rhythm of insulin sensitivity and gut microbiota-bile acid axis. Moreover, we have elucidated the deleterious effects of obesity on gut microbiome-bile acid metabolism in both the genetic obesity model and the diet-induced obesity model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiawen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hualing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yangyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Yutang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingquan Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yameng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kanglong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianchun Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Cuina Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengxiang Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingyan Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Cen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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14
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Feng R, Yang W, Feng W, Huang X, Cen M, Peng G, Wu W, Wang Z, Jing Y, Long T, Liu Y, Li Z, Chang G, Huang K. Time-restricted feeding ameliorates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease through modulating hepatic nicotinamide metabolism via gut microbiota remodeling. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2390164. [PMID: 39154362 PMCID: PMC11332628 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2390164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as a global health concern, lacking specific therapeutic strategies. Time-restricted feeding (TRF) regimen demonstrated beneficial effects in NAFLD; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we established a NAFLD mouse model through a high-fat diet (HFD) and implemented the 16:8 TRF regimen for a duration of 6 weeks. We demonstrated that TRF remarkably alleviated hepatic steatosis in HFD mice. Of note, aldehyde oxidase 1 (AOX1), a key enzyme in hepatic nicotinamide (NAM) catabolism, exhibited apparent upregulation in response to HFD, leading to abnormal accumulation of N-Methyl-6-pyridone-3-carboxamide (N-Me-6-PY, also known as 2PY) and N-Methyl-4-pyridone-5-carboxamide (N-Me-4-PY, also known as 4PY), whereas it was almost restored by TRF. Both N-Me-6-PY and N-Me-4-PY promoted de novo lipogenesis and fatty acid uptake capacities in hepatocyte, and aggravated hepatic steatosis in mice either fed chow diet or HFD. In contrast, pharmacological inhibition of AOX1 was sufficient to ameliorate the hepatic steatosis and lipid metabolic dysregulation induced by HFD. Moreover, transplantation of fecal microbiota efficiently mimicked the modulatory effect of TRF on NAM metabolism, thus mitigating hepatic steatosis and lipid metabolic disturbance, suggesting a gut microbiota-dependent manner. In conclusion, our study reveals the intricate relationship between host NAM metabolic modification and gut microbiota remodeling during the amelioration of NAFLD by TRF, providing promising insights into the prevention and treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijia Feng
- Division of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenchao Yang
- Division of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiqi Feng
- Division of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuyi Huang
- Division of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meifeng Cen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guiyan Peng
- Division of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenrui Wu
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhecun Wang
- Division of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yexiang Jing
- Division of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Long
- Division of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunchong Liu
- Division of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zilun Li
- Division of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangqi Chang
- Division of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kan Huang
- Division of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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15
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Chi S, Zhang T, Pan Y, Niu S, Zhao L, Gu Z, Liu Q, Jin A, Wang W, Tan S. Time-restricted feeding alleviates metabolic implications of circadian disruption by regulating gut hormone release and brown fat activation. Food Funct 2023; 14:10443-10458. [PMID: 37916301 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo02063k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with rotating and night shift work are highly susceptible to developing metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes. This is primarily attributed to disruptions in the circadian rhythms caused by activities and irregular eating habits. Time-restricted feeding (tRF) limits the daily eating schedules and has been demonstrated to markedly improve several metabolic disorders. Although an intricate relationship exists between tRF and circadian rhythms, the underlying specific mechanism remains elusive. We used a sleep disruption device for activity interference and established a model of circadian rhythm disorder in mice with different genetic backgrounds. We found that circadian rhythm disruption led to abnormal hormone secretion in the gut and elevated insulin resistance. tRF improved metabolic abnormalities caused by circadian rhythm disruption, primarily by restoring the gut hormone secretion rhythm and activating brown fat thermogenesis. The crucial function of brown fat in tRF was confirmed using a mouse model with brown fat removal. We demonstrated that chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) effectively improved circadian rhythm disruption-induced metabolic disorders by restoring brown fat activation. Our findings demonstrate the potential benefits of CDCA in reversing metabolic disadvantages associated with irregular circadian rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sensen Chi
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China.
| | - Taoyuan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China.
| | - Yu Pan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China.
| | - Shenghui Niu
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zili Gu
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Aishun Jin
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China.
| | - Wang Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China.
| | - Shuai Tan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China.
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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16
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Fang G, Wang S, Chen Q, Luo H, Lian X, Shi D. Time-restricted feeding affects the fecal microbiome metabolome and its diurnal oscillations in lung cancer mice. Neoplasia 2023; 45:100943. [PMID: 37852131 PMCID: PMC10590998 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2023.100943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The homeostasis of the gut microbiota and circadian rhythm is critical to host health, and both are inextricably intertwined with lung cancer. Although time-restricted feeding (TRF) can maintain circadian synchronization and improve metabolic disorders, the effects of TRF on the fecal microbiome, metabolome and their diurnal oscillations in lung cancer have not been discussed. We performed 16S rRNA sequencing and untargeted metabonomic sequencing of the feces prepared from models of tumor-bearing BALB/c nude mice and urethane-induced lung cancer. We demonstrated for the first time that TRF significantly delayed the growth of lung tumors. Moreover, TRF altered the abundances of the fecal microbiome, metabolome and circadian clocks, as well as their rhythmicity, in lung cancer models of tumor-bearing BALB/c nude mice and/or urethane-induced lung cancer C57BL/6J mice. The results of fecal microbiota transplantation proved that the antitumor effects of TRF occur by regulating the fecal microbiota. Notably, Lactobacillus and Bacillus were increased upon TRF and were correlated with most differential metabolites. Pathway enrichment analysis of metabolites revealed that TRF mainly affected immune and inflammatory processes, which might further explain how TRF exerted its anticancer benefits. These findings underscore the possibility that the fecal microbiome/metabolome regulates lung cancer following a TRF paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaofeng Fang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Center for Lipid Research, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Shengquan Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Center for Lipid Research, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Qianyao Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Center for Lipid Research, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Han Luo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Center for Lipid Research, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Xuemei Lian
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Center for Lipid Research, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China.
| | - Dan Shi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Center for Lipid Research, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China.
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17
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Munyoki SK, Goff JP, Kolobaric A, Long A, Mullett SJ, Burns JK, Jenkins AK, DePoy L, Wendell SG, McClung CA, Morrison KE, Jašarević E. Intestinal microbial circadian rhythms drive sex differences in host immunity and metabolism. iScience 2023; 26:107999. [PMID: 37841582 PMCID: PMC10568425 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms dynamically regulate sex differences in metabolism and immunity, and circadian disruption increases the risk of metabolic disorders. We investigated the role of sex-specific intestinal microbial circadian rhythms in host metabolism using germ-free and conventionalized mice and manipulation of dietary-derived fat, fiber, and microbiota-accessible carbohydrates. Our findings demonstrate that sex differences in circadian rhythms of genes involved in immunity and metabolism depend on oscillations in microbiota, microbial metabolic functions, and microbial metabolites. Further, we show that consuming an obesogenic, high-fat, low-fiber diet produced sex-specific changes in circadian rhythms in microbiota, metabolites, and host gene expression, which were linked to sex differences in the severity of metabolic dysfunction. Our results reveal that microbial circadian rhythms contribute to sex differences in immunity and metabolism and that dietary factors can entrain new circadian rhythms and modify the magnitude of sex differences in host-microbe circadian dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K. Munyoki
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Julie P. Goff
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Armari Long
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steven J. Mullett
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Health Sciences Mass Spectrometry Core, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer K. Burns
- Clinical Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Aaron K. Jenkins
- Clinical Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lauren DePoy
- Clinical Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stacy G. Wendell
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Health Sciences Mass Spectrometry Core, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Colleen A. McClung
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Clinical Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Eldin Jašarević
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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18
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Mühlematter C, Nielsen DS, Castro-Mejía JL, Brown SA, Rasch B, Wright KP, Walser JC, Schoch SF, Kurth S. Not simply a matter of parents-Infants' sleep-wake patterns are associated with their regularity of eating. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291441. [PMID: 37796923 PMCID: PMC10553286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In adults there are indications that regular eating patterns are related to better sleep quality. During early development, sleep and eating habits experience major maturational transitions. Further, the bacterial landscape of the gut microbiota undergoes a rapid increase in complexity. Yet little is known about the association between sleep, eating patterns and the gut microbiota. We first hypothesized that higher eating regularity is associated with more mature sleep patterns, and second, that this association is mediated by the maturational status of the gut microbiota. To test this hypothesis, we performed a longitudinal study in 162 infants to assess actigraphy, diaries of sleep and eating times, and stool microbiota composition at ages 3, 6 and 12 months. To comprehensively capture infants' habitual sleep-wake patterns, 5 sleep composites that characterize infants' sleep habits across multiple days in their home environment were computed. To assess timing of eating habits, we developed an Eating Regularity Index (ERI). Gut microbial composition was assessed by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, and its maturation was assessed based on alpha diversity, bacterial maturation index, and enterotype. First, our results demonstrate that increased eating regularity (higher ERI) in infants is associated with less time spent awake during the night (sleep fragmentation) and more regular sleep patterns. Second, the associations of ERI with sleep evolve with age. Third, the link between infant sleep and ERI remains significant when controlling for parents' subjectively rated importance of structuring their infant's eating and sleeping times. Finally, the gut microbial maturational markers did not account for the link between infant's sleep patterns and ERI. Thus, infants who eat more regularly have more mature sleep patterns, which is independent of the maturational status of their gut microbiota. Interventions targeting infant eating rhythm thus constitute a simple, ready-to-use anchor to improve sleep quality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dennis S. Nielsen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Josue L. Castro-Mejía
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steven A. Brown
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Björn Rasch
- Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Kenneth P. Wright
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | | | - Sarah F. Schoch
- Donders Institute for Brain, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Salome Kurth
- Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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19
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Frazier K, Manzoor S, Carroll K, DeLeon O, Miyoshi S, Miyoshi J, St. George M, Tan A, Chrisler EA, Izumo M, Takahashi JS, Rao MC, Leone VA, Chang EB. Gut microbes and the liver circadian clock partition glucose and lipid metabolism. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e162515. [PMID: 37712426 PMCID: PMC10503806 DOI: 10.1172/jci162515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms govern glucose homeostasis, and their dysregulation leads to complex metabolic diseases. Gut microbes exhibit diurnal rhythms that influence host circadian networks and metabolic processes, yet underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we showed hierarchical, bidirectional communication among the liver circadian clock, gut microbes, and glucose homeostasis in mice. To assess this relationship, we utilized mice with liver-specific deletion of the core circadian clock gene Bmal1 via Albumin-cre maintained in either conventional or germ-free housing conditions. The liver clock, but not the forebrain clock, required gut microbes to drive glucose clearance and gluconeogenesis. Liver clock dysfunctionality expanded proportions and abundances of oscillating microbial features by 2-fold relative to that in controls. The liver clock was the primary driver of differential and rhythmic hepatic expression of glucose and fatty acid metabolic pathways. Absent the liver clock, gut microbes provided secondary cues that dampened these rhythms, resulting in reduced lipid fuel utilization relative to carbohydrates. All together, the liver clock transduced signals from gut microbes that were necessary for regulating glucose and lipid metabolism and meeting energy demands over 24 hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katya Frazier
- Department of Medicine and
- Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jun Miyoshi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Evan A. Chrisler
- Department of Animal & Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Joseph S. Takahashi
- Department of Neuroscience and
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | - Vanessa A. Leone
- Department of Animal & Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Eugene B. Chang
- Department of Medicine and
- Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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20
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Guan L, Liu R. The Role of Diet and Gut Microbiota Interactions in Metabolic Homeostasis. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2023; 7:e2300100. [PMID: 37142556 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Diet is a pivotal determinant in shaping the structure and function of resident microorganisms in the gut through different food components, nutritive proportion, and calories. The effects of diet on host metabolism and physiology can be mediated through the gut microbiota. Gut microbiota-derived metabolites have been shown to regulate glucose and lipid metabolism, energy consumption, and the immune system. On the other hand, emerging evidence indicates that baseline gut microbiota could predict the efficacy of diet intervention, highlighting gut microbiota can be harnessed as a biomarker in personalized nutrition. In this review, the alterations of gut microbiota in different dietary components and dietary patterns, and the potential mechanisms in the diet-microbiota crosstalk are summarized to understand the interactions of diet and gut microbiota on the impact of metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhi Guan
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the P. R. China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Ruixin Liu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the P. R. China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
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21
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Chen M, Lin Y, Dang Y, Xiao Y, Zhang F, Sun G, Jiang X, Zhang L, Du J, Duan S, Zhang X, Qin Z, Yang J, Liu K, Wu B. Reprogramming of rhythmic liver metabolism by intestinal clock. J Hepatol 2023; 79:741-757. [PMID: 37230230 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Temporal oscillations in intestinal nutrient processing and absorption are coordinated by the local clock, which leads to the hypothesis that the intestinal clock has major impacts on shaping peripheral rhythms via diurnal nutritional signals. Here, we investigate the role of the intestinal clock in controlling liver rhythmicity and metabolism. METHODS Transcriptomic analysis, metabolomics, metabolic assays, histology, quantitative (q)PCR, and immunoblotting were performed with Bmal1-intestine-specific knockout (iKO), Rev-erba-iKO, and control mice. RESULTS Bmal1 iKO caused large-scale reprogramming of the rhythmic transcriptome of mouse liver with a limited effect on its clock. In the absence of intestinal Bmal1, the liver clock was resistant to entrainment by inverted feeding and a high-fat diet. Importantly, Bmal1 iKO remodelled diurnal hepatic metabolism by shifting to gluconeogenesis from lipogenesis during the dark phase, leading to elevated glucose production (hyperglycaemia) and insulin insensitivity. Conversely, Rev-erba iKO caused a diversion to lipogenesis from gluconeogenesis during the light phase, resulting in enhanced lipogenesis and an increased susceptibility to alcohol-related liver injury. These temporal diversions were attributed to disruption of hepatic SREBP-1c rhythmicity, which was maintained via gut-derived polyunsaturated fatty acids produced by intestinal FADS1/2 under the control of a local clock. CONCLUSIONS Our findings establish a pivotal role for the intestinal clock in dictating liver rhythmicity and diurnal metabolism, and suggest targeting intestinal rhythms as a new avenue for improving metabolic health. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS Our findings establish the centrality of the intestinal clock among peripheral tissue clocks, and associate liver-related pathologies with its malfunction. Clock modifiers in the intestine are shown to modulate liver metabolism with improved metabolic parameters. Such knowledge will help clinicians improve the diagnosis and treatment of metabolic diseases by incorporating intestinal circadian factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Institute of Molecular Rhythm and Metabolism, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanke Lin
- Institute of Molecular Rhythm and Metabolism, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongkang Dang
- Institute of Molecular Rhythm and Metabolism, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifei Xiao
- Institute of Molecular Rhythm and Metabolism, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fugui Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Rhythm and Metabolism, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanghui Sun
- Institute of Molecular Rhythm and Metabolism, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuejun Jiang
- Institute of Molecular Rhythm and Metabolism, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Rhythm and Metabolism, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianhao Du
- Institute of Molecular Rhythm and Metabolism, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuyi Duan
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zifei Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Kaisheng Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Baojian Wu
- Institute of Molecular Rhythm and Metabolism, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
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22
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Goens D, Virzi NE, Jung SE, Rutledge TR, Zarrinpar A. Obesity, Chronic Stress, and Stress Reduction. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2023; 52:347-362. [PMID: 37197878 PMCID: PMC10746495 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2023.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The obesity epidemic is caused by the misalignment between human biology and the modern food environment, which has led to unhealthy eating patterns and behaviors and an increase in metabolic diseases. This has been caused by the shift from a "leptogenic" to an "obesogenic" food environment, characterized by the availability of unhealthy food and the ability to eat at any time of day due to advances in technology. Binge Eating Disorder (BED) is the most commonly diagnosed eating disorder, characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating and a sense of loss of control over eating, and is treated with cognitive-behavioral therapy-enhanced (CBT-E). Shift work, especially night shift work, can disrupt the body's natural circadian rhythms and increase the risk of obesity and other negative health consequences, such as cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome. One dietary approach to address circadian dysregulation is time-restricted eating (TRE), which involves restricting food intake to specific periods of the day to synchronize the body's internal clock with the external environment. TRE has been found to cause modest weight loss and improve metabolic outcomes such as insulin sensitivity and blood pressure, but the extent to which it is beneficial may depend on adherence and other factors such as caloric restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Goens
- Division of Gastroenterology, UC San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nicole E Virzi
- Department of Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program, 6363 Alvarado Court, San Diego, CA 92120, USA
| | - Sarah E Jung
- VA San Diego Health Sciences, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Thomas R Rutledge
- VA San Diego Health Sciences, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Amir Zarrinpar
- Division of Gastroenterology, UC San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; VA San Diego Health Sciences, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, USA.
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23
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Fogelson KA, Dorrestein PC, Zarrinpar A, Knight R. The Gut Microbial Bile Acid Modulation and Its Relevance to Digestive Health and Diseases. Gastroenterology 2023; 164:1069-1085. [PMID: 36841488 PMCID: PMC10205675 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2023.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
The human gut microbiome has been linked to numerous digestive disorders, but its metabolic products have been much less well characterized, in part due to the expense of untargeted metabolomics and lack of ability to process the data. In this review, we focused on the rapidly expanding information about the bile acid repertoire produced by the gut microbiome, including the impacts of bile acids on a wide range of host physiological processes and diseases, and discussed the role of short-chain fatty acids and other important gut microbiome-derived metabolites. Of particular note is the action of gut microbiome-derived metabolites throughout the body, which impact processes ranging from obesity to aging to disorders traditionally thought of as diseases of the nervous system, but that are now recognized as being strongly influenced by the gut microbiome and the metabolites it produces. We also highlighted the emerging role for modifying the gut microbiome to improve health or to treat disease, including the "engineered native bacteria'' approach that takes bacterial strains from a patient, modifies them to alter metabolism, and reintroduces them. Taken together, study of the metabolites derived from the gut microbiome provided insights into a wide range of physiological and pathophysiological processes, and has substantial potential for new approaches to diagnostics and therapeutics of disease of, or involving, the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Fogelson
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Pieter C Dorrestein
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California; Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California.
| | - Amir Zarrinpar
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California; Division of Gastroenterology, Jennifer Moreno Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Diego, California; Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California; Institute of Diabetes and Metabolic Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California.
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California; Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California; Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California.
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24
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Homeida AM, Homeida MA, Al-Suhaimi EA. Circadian hormone secretion of enteroendocrine cells: implication on pregnancy status. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1106382. [PMID: 37234809 PMCID: PMC10206244 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1106382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The timing of food intake is a key cue for circadian rhythms in humans and animals. In response to food intake, gut hormones called incretin are produced by intestinal enteroendocrine cells in a circadian rhythm that stimulates insulin secretion and regulates body weight and energy expenditure. Pregnancy is associated with the expansion of β cells, the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus, and excessive weight gain. The timing of food intake is a good way to address metabolic complications during pregnancy. The current review focuses on the circadian rhythms and biological actions of enteroendocrine hormones and their associations with pregnancy status, specifically topics like food intake and gut circadian rhythms, the circadian secretion of enteroendocrine peptides, and the effects of these factors during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelgadir M. Homeida
- Department of Environmental Health Research, Institute of Research and Medical Consultations Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A. Homeida
- UH Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Ebtesam A. Al-Suhaimi
- Department of Environmental Health Research, Institute of Research and Medical Consultations Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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25
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Harris C, Czaja K. Can Circadian Eating Pattern Adjustments Reduce Risk or Prevent Development of T2D? Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15071762. [PMID: 37049602 PMCID: PMC10096926 DOI: 10.3390/nu15071762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a chronic condition that occurs in insulin-resistant people with reduced glucose uptake. It is contributed to and exacerbated by a poor diet that results in accumulation of adipose tissue, high blood sugar, and other metabolic issues. Because humans have undergone food scarcity throughout history, our species has adapted a fat reserve genotype. This adaptation is no longer beneficial, as eating at a higher frequency than that of our ancestors has had a significant effect on T2D development. Eating at high frequencies disrupts the circadian clock, the circadian rhythm, and the composition of the gut microbiome, as well as hormone secretion and sensitivity. The current literature suggests an improved diet requires meal consistency, avoiding late-night eating, low meal frequency, and fasting to increase metabolic health. In addition, fasting as a treatment for T2D must be used correctly for beneficial results. Early time-restricted eating (TRE) provides many benefits such as improving insulin resistance, cognitive function, and glycemic control. Alternate-day fasting (ADF), 5:2 fasting, and long-term fasting all have benefits; however, they may be less advantageous than early TRE. Therefore, eating pattern adjustments can be used to reduce T2D if used correctly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlee Harris
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Krzysztof Czaja
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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26
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Nagahisa T, Kosugi S, Yamaguchi S. Interactions between Intestinal Homeostasis and NAD + Biology in Regulating Incretin Production and Postprandial Glucose Metabolism. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061494. [PMID: 36986224 PMCID: PMC10052115 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestine has garnered attention as a target organ for developing new therapies for impaired glucose tolerance. The intestine, which produces incretin hormones, is the central regulator of glucose metabolism. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) production, which determines postprandial glucose levels, is regulated by intestinal homeostasis. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT)-mediated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) biosynthesis in major metabolic organs such as the liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle plays a crucial role in obesity- and aging-associated organ derangements. Furthermore, NAMPT-mediated NAD+ biosynthesis in the intestines and its upstream and downstream mediators, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and NAD+-dependent deacetylase sirtuins (SIRTs), respectively, are critical for intestinal homeostasis, including gut microbiota composition and bile acid metabolism, and GLP-1 production. Thus, boosting the intestinal AMPK-NAMPT-NAD+-SIRT pathway to improve intestinal homeostasis, GLP-1 production, and postprandial glucose metabolism has gained significant attention as a novel strategy to improve impaired glucose tolerance. Herein, we aimed to review in detail the regulatory mechanisms and importance of intestinal NAMPT-mediated NAD+ biosynthesis in regulating intestinal homeostasis and GLP-1 secretion in obesity and aging. Furthermore, dietary and molecular factors regulating intestinal NAMPT-mediated NAD+ biosynthesis were critically explored to facilitate the development of new therapeutic strategies for postprandial glucose dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Nagahisa
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shotaro Kosugi
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shintaro Yamaguchi
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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27
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Wang W, Liu Y, Li Y, Luo B, Lin Z, Chen K, Liu Y. Dietary patterns and cardiometabolic health: Clinical evidence and mechanism. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e212. [PMID: 36776765 PMCID: PMC9899878 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
For centuries, the search for nutritional interventions to underpin cardiovascular treatment and prevention guidelines has contributed to the rapid development of the field of dietary patterns and cardiometabolic disease (CMD). Numerous studies have demonstrated that healthy dietary patterns with emphasis on food-based recommendations are the gold standard for extending lifespan and reducing the risks of CMD and mortality. Healthy dietary patterns include various permutations of energy restriction, macronutrients, and food intake patterns such as calorie restriction, intermittent fasting, Mediterranean diet, plant-based diets, etc. Early implementation of healthy dietary patterns in patients with CMD is encouraged, but an understanding of the mechanisms by which these patterns trigger cardiometabolic benefits remains incomplete. Hence, this review examined several dietary patterns that may improve cardiometabolic health, including restrictive dietary patterns, regional dietary patterns, and diets based on controlled macronutrients and food groups, summarizing cutting-edge evidence and potential mechanisms for CMD prevention and treatment. Particularly, considering individual differences in responses to dietary composition and nutritional changes in organ tissue diversity, we highlighted the critical role of individual gut microbiota in the crosstalk between diet and CMD and recommend a more precise and dynamic nutritional strategy for CMD by developing dietary patterns based on individual gut microbiota profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Wang
- National Clinical Research Centre for Chinese Medicine CardiologyXiyuan HospitalChina Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yanfei Liu
- National Clinical Research Centre for Chinese Medicine CardiologyXiyuan HospitalChina Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yiwen Li
- National Clinical Research Centre for Chinese Medicine CardiologyXiyuan HospitalChina Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Binyu Luo
- National Clinical Research Centre for Chinese Medicine CardiologyXiyuan HospitalChina Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhixiu Lin
- Faculty of MedicineThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Keji Chen
- National Clinical Research Centre for Chinese Medicine CardiologyXiyuan HospitalChina Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yue Liu
- National Clinical Research Centre for Chinese Medicine CardiologyXiyuan HospitalChina Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijingChina
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28
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Gallop MR, Tobin SY, Chaix A. Finding balance: understanding the energetics of time-restricted feeding in mice. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2023; 31 Suppl 1:22-39. [PMID: 36513496 PMCID: PMC9877167 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the course of mammalian evolution, the ability to store energy likely conferred a survival advantage when food became scarce. A long-term increase in energy storage results from an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure, two tightly regulated parameters that generally balance out to maintain a fairly stable body weight. Understanding the molecular determinants of this feat likely holds the key to new therapeutic development to manage obesity and associated metabolic dysfunctions. Time-restricted feeding (TRF), a dietary intervention that limits feeding to the active phase, can prevent and treat obesity and metabolic dysfunction in rodents fed a high-fat diet, likely by exerting effects on energetic balance. Even when body weight is lower in mice on active-phase TRF, food intake is generally isocaloric as compared with ad libitum fed controls. This discrepancy between body weight and energy intake led to the hypothesis that energy expenditure is increased during TRF. However, at present, there is no consensus in the literature as to how TRF affects energy expenditure and energy balance as a whole, and the mechanisms behind metabolic adaptation under TRF are unknown. This review examines our current understanding of energy balance on TRF in rodents and provides a framework for future studies to evaluate the energetics of TRF and its molecular determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly R Gallop
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Selene Y Tobin
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Amandine Chaix
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
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29
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James KL, Gertz ER, Kirschke CP, Allayee H, Huang L, Kable ME, Newman JW, Stephensen CB, Bennett BJ. Trimethylamine N-Oxide Response to a Mixed Macronutrient Tolerance Test in a Cohort of Healthy United States Adults. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:2074. [PMID: 36768394 PMCID: PMC9917175 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma trimethylamine n-oxide (TMAO) concentration increases in responses to feeding TMAO, choline, phosphatidylcholine, L-carnitine, and betaine but it is unknown whether concentrations change following a mixed macronutrient tolerance test (MMTT) with limited amounts of TMAO precursors. In this proof-of-concept study, we provided healthy female and male adults (n = 97) ranging in age (18-65 years) and BMI (18-44 kg/m2) a MMTT (60% fat, 25% sucrose; 42% of a standard 2000 kilo calorie diet) and recorded their metabolic response at fasting and at 30 min, 3 h, and 6 h postprandially. We quantified total exposure to TMAO (AUC-TMAO) and classified individuals by the blood draw at which they experienced their maximal TMAO concentration (TMAO-response groups). We related AUC-TMAO to the 16S rRNA microbiome, to two SNPs in the exons of the FMO3 gene (rs2266782, G>A, p.Glu158Lys; and rs2266780, A>G, p.Glu308Gly), and to a priori plasma metabolites. We observed varying TMAO responses (timing and magnitude) and identified a sex by age interaction such that AUC-TMAO increased with age in females but not in males (p-value = 0.0112). Few relationships between AUC-TMAO and the fecal microbiome and FMO3 genotype were identified. We observed a strong correlation between AUC-TMAO and TNF-α that depended on TMAO-response group. These findings promote precision nutrition and have important ramifications for the eating behavior of adults who could benefit from reducing TMAO exposure, and for understanding factors that generate plasma TMAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L. James
- Department of Nutrition, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Erik R. Gertz
- USDA-ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, 430 West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Catherine P. Kirschke
- USDA-ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, 430 West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Hooman Allayee
- Department of Population & Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Liping Huang
- Department of Nutrition, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- USDA-ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, 430 West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Mary E. Kable
- Department of Nutrition, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- USDA-ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, 430 West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - John W. Newman
- Department of Nutrition, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- USDA-ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, 430 West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Charles B. Stephensen
- Department of Nutrition, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- USDA-ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, 430 West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Brian J. Bennett
- Department of Nutrition, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- USDA-ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, 430 West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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30
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Ratiner K, Fachler-Sharp T, Elinav E. Small Intestinal Microbiota Oscillations, Host Effects and Regulation-A Zoom into Three Key Effector Molecules. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:142. [PMID: 36671834 PMCID: PMC9855434 DOI: 10.3390/biology12010142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota features a unique diurnal rhythmicity which contributes to modulation of host physiology and homeostasis. The composition and activity of the microbiota and its secreted molecules influence the intestinal milieu and neighboring organs, such as the liver. Multiple immune-related molecules have been linked to the diurnal microbiota-host interaction, including Reg3γ, IgA, and MHCII, which are secreted or expressed on the gut surface and directly interact with intestinal bacteria. These molecules are also strongly influenced by dietary patterns, such as high-fat diet and time-restricted feeding, which are already known to modulate microbial rhythms and peripheral clocks. Herein, we use Reg3γ, IgA, and MHCII as test cases to highlight the divergent effects mediated by the diurnal activity of the gut microbiota and their downstream host effects. We further highlight current challenges and conflicts, remaining questions, and perspectives toward a holistic understanding of the microbiome's impacts on circadian human behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Ratiner
- Systems Immunology Department, Weisman Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Tahel Fachler-Sharp
- Systems Immunology Department, Weisman Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Department of Dermatology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 9987500, Israel
| | - Eran Elinav
- Systems Immunology Department, Weisman Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Microbiota & Cancer Division, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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31
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Deota S, Lin T, Chaix A, Williams A, Le H, Calligaro H, Ramasamy R, Huang L, Panda S. Diurnal transcriptome landscape of a multi-tissue response to time-restricted feeding in mammals. Cell Metab 2023; 35:150-165.e4. [PMID: 36599299 PMCID: PMC10026518 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Time-restricted feeding (TRF) is an emerging behavioral nutrition intervention that involves a daily cycle of feeding and fasting. In both animals and humans, TRF has pleiotropic health benefits that arise from multiple organ systems, yet the molecular basis of TRF-mediated benefits is not well understood. Here, we subjected mice to isocaloric ad libitum feeding (ALF) or TRF of a western diet and examined gene expression changes in samples taken from 22 organs and brain regions collected every 2 h over a 24-h period. We discovered that TRF profoundly impacts gene expression. Nearly 80% of all genes show differential expression or rhythmicity under TRF in at least one tissue. Functional annotation of these changes revealed tissue- and pathway-specific impacts of TRF. These findings and resources provide a critical foundation for future mechanistic studies and will help to guide human time-restricted eating (TRE) interventions to treat various disease conditions with or without pharmacotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaunak Deota
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Terry Lin
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Amandine Chaix
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - April Williams
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hiep Le
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hugo Calligaro
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ramesh Ramasamy
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ling Huang
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Satchidananda Panda
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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32
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Lao BN, Luo JH, Xu XY, Fu LZ, Tang F, Ouyang WW, Xu XZ, Wei MT, Xiao BJ, Chen LY, Wu YF, Liu XS. Time-restricted feeding's effect on overweight and obese patients with chronic kidney disease stages 3-4: A prospective non-randomized control pilot study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1096093. [PMID: 37082115 PMCID: PMC10111616 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1096093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Time-restricted feeding (TRF) has become a popular weight loss method in recent years. It is widely used in the nutritional treatment of normal obese people and obese people with chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension, and has shown many benefits. However, most TRF studies have excluded chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, resulting in a lack of sufficient evidence-based practice for the efficacy and safety of TRF therapy for CKD. Therefore, we explore the efficacy and safety of TRF in overweight and obese patients with moderate-to-severe stage CKD through this pilot study, and observe patient compliance to assess the feasibility of the therapy. Methods This is a prospective, non-randomized controlled short-term clinical trial. We recruited overweight and obese patients with CKD stages 3-4 from an outpatient clinic and assigned them to either a TRF group or a control diet (CD) group according to their preferences. Changes in renal function, other biochemical data, anthropometric parameters, gut microbiota, and adverse events were measured before the intervention and after 12 weeks. Results The change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) before and after intervention in the TRF group (Δ = 3.1 ± 5.3 ml/min/1.73m2) showed significant improvement compared with the CD group (Δ = -0.8 ± 4.4 ml/min/1.73m2). Furthermore, the TRF group had a significant decrease in uric acid (Δ = -70.8 ± 124.2 μmol/L), but an increase in total protein (Δ = 1.7 ± 2.5 g/L), while the changes were inconsistent for inflammatory factors. In addition, the TRF group showed a significant decrease in body weight (Δ = -2.8 ± 2.9 kg) compared to the CD group, and body composition indicated the same decrease in body fat mass, fat free mass and body water. Additionally, TRF shifted the gut microbiota in a positive direction. Conclusion Preliminary studies suggest that overweight and obese patients with moderate-to-severe CKD with weight loss needs, and who were under strict medical supervision by healthcare professionals, performed TRF with good compliance. They did so without apparent adverse events, and showed efficacy in protecting renal function. These results may be due to changes in body composition and alterations in gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei-ni Lao
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiang-hong Luo
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue-yi Xu
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-zhe Fu
- Chronic Disease Management Outpatient, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Tang
- Chronic Disease Management Outpatient, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-wei Ouyang
- Key Unit of Methodology in Clinical Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xin-zhu Xu
- Nutritional Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng-ting Wei
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing-jie Xiao
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin-yi Chen
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-fan Wu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yi-fan Wu, ; Xu-sheng Liu,
| | - Xu-sheng Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yi-fan Wu, ; Xu-sheng Liu,
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Zhou YD, Liang FX, Tian HR, Luo D, Wang YY, Yang SR. Mechanisms of gut microbiota-immune-host interaction on glucose regulation in type 2 diabetes. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1121695. [PMID: 36891383 PMCID: PMC9986296 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1121695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal absorption of food is one of the sources of glucose. Insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance caused by lifestyle and diet are the precursors of type 2 diabetes. Patients with type 2 diabetes have trouble controlling their blood sugar levels. For long-term health, strict glycemic management is necessary. Although it is thought to be well correlated with metabolic diseases like obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes, its molecular mechanism is still not completely understood. Disturbed microbiota triggers the gut immune response to reshape the gut homeostasis. This interaction not only maintains the dynamic changes of intestinal flora, but also preserves the integrity of the intestinal barrier. Meanwhile, the microbiota establishes a systemic multiorgan dialog on the gut-brain and gut-liver axes, intestinal absorption of a high-fat diet affects the host's feeding preference and systemic metabolism. Intervention in the gut microbiota can combat the decreased glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity linked to metabolic diseases both centrally and peripherally. Moreover, the pharmacokinetics of oral hypoglycemic medications are also influenced by gut microbiota. The accumulation of drugs in the gut microbiota not only affects the drug efficacy, but also changes the composition and function of them, thus may help to explain individual therapeutic variances in pharmacological efficacy. Regulating gut microbiota through healthy dietary patterns or supplementing pro/prebiotics can provide guidance for lifestyle interventions in people with poor glycemic control. Traditional Chinese medicine can also be used as complementary medicine to effectively regulate intestinal homeostasis. Intestinal microbiota is becoming a new target against metabolic diseases, so more evidence is needed to elucidate the intricate microbiota-immune-host relationship, and explore the therapeutic potential of targeting intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Dian Zhou
- College of Acupuncture and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hebei, China
| | - Feng-Xia Liang
- College of Acupuncture and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hebei, China
| | - Hao-Ran Tian
- College of Acupuncture and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hebei, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Respiratory Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Wuhan, Hebei, China
| | - Ya-Yuan Wang
- College of Acupuncture and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hebei, China
| | - Shu-Rui Yang
- College of Acupuncture and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hebei, China
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Zarrinpar
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- VA Health Sciences San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Institute of Diabetes and Metabolic Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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35
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Tolba SA, Leone VA. Timed high-fat diet feeding restores small bowel circadian rhythms. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2022; 18:721-722. [PMID: 36266573 PMCID: PMC10594235 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-022-00759-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Host–microorganism circadian dynamics are key contributors to metabolic health. In addition, diet composition and timed feeding affect gut microbiota diurnal rhythms, with high-fat diets altering the composition of the gut microbiota and dampening circadian rhythms throughout the intestine. A recent study shows that time-restricted feeding of a high-fat diet restores the rhythms of small bowel host–microorganism interactions, preventing diet-induced obesity in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar A Tolba
- Department of Animal & Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Vanessa A Leone
- Department of Animal & Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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36
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Host circadian behaviors exert only weak selective pressure on the gut microbiome under stable conditions but are critical for recovery from antibiotic treatment. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001865. [PMID: 36350921 PMCID: PMC9645659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian rhythms of hosts dictate an approximately 24 h transformation in the environment experienced by their gut microbiome. The consequences of this cyclic environment on the intestinal microbiota are barely understood and are likely to have medical ramifications. Can daily rhythmicity in the gut act as a selective pressure that shapes the microbial community? Moreover, given that several bacterial species have been reported to exhibit circadian rhythms themselves, we test here whether a rhythmic environment is a selective pressure that favors clock-harboring bacteria that can anticipate and prepare for consistent daily changes in the environment. We observed that the daily rhythmicity of the mouse gut environment is a stabilizing influence that facilitates microbiotal recovery from antibiotic perturbation. The composition of the microbiome recovers to pretreatment conditions when exposed to consistent daily rhythmicity, whereas in hosts whose feeding and activity patterns are temporally disrupted, microbiotal recovery is incomplete and allows potentially unhealthy opportunists to exploit the temporal disarray. Unexpectedly, we found that in the absence of antibiotic perturbation, the gut microbiome is stable to rhythmic versus disrupted feeding and activity patterns. Comparison of our results with those of other studies reveals an intriguing correlation that a stable microbiome may be resilient to one perturbation alone (e.g., disruption of the daily timing of host behavior and feeding), but not to multiple perturbations in combination. However, after a perturbation of the stable microbiome, a regular daily pattern of host behavior/feeding appears to be essential for the microbiome to recover to the original steady state. Given the inconsistency of daily rhythms in modern human life (e.g., shiftwork, social jet-lag, irregular eating habits), these results emphasize the importance of consistent daily rhythmicity to optimal health not only directly to the host, but also indirectly by preserving the host's microbiome in the face of perturbations.
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Tilg H, Adolph TE, Trauner M. Gut-liver axis: Pathophysiological concepts and clinical implications. Cell Metab 2022; 34:1700-1718. [PMID: 36208625 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bidirectional crosstalk along the gut-liver axis controls gastrointestinal health and disease and exploits environmental and host mediators. Nutrients, microbial antigens, metabolites, and bile acids regulate metabolism and immune responses in the gut and liver, which reciprocally shape microbial community structure and function. Perturbation of such host-microbe interactions is observed in a variety of experimental liver diseases and is facilitated by an impaired intestinal barrier, which is fueling hepatic inflammation and disease progression. Clinical evidence describes perturbation of the gut-liver crosstalk in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, and primary sclerosing cholangitis. In liver cirrhosis, a common sequela of these diseases, the intestinal microbiota and microbial pathogen-associated molecular patterns constitute liver inflammation and clinical complications, such as hepatic encephalopathy. Understanding the intricate metabolic interplay between the gut and liver in health and disease opens an avenue for targeted therapies in the future, which is probed in controlled clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Tilg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Timon E Adolph
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University, Vienna, Austria
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38
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Brubaker PL. The Molecular Determinants of Glucagon-like Peptide Secretion by the Intestinal L cell. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6717959. [PMID: 36156130 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal L cell secretes a diversity of biologically active hormones, most notably the glucagon-like peptides, GLP-1 and GLP-2. The highly successful introduction of GLP-1-based drugs into the clinic for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity, and of a GLP-2 analog for patients with short bowel syndrome, has led to the suggestion that stimulation of the endogenous secretion of these peptides may serve as a novel therapeutic approach in these conditions. Situated in the intestinal epithelium, the L cell demonstrates complex relationships with not only circulating, paracrine, and neural regulators, but also ingested nutrients and other factors in the lumen, most notably the microbiota. The integrated input from these numerous secretagogues results in a variety of temporal patterns in L cell secretion, ranging from minutes to 24 hours. This review combines the findings of traditional, physiological studies with those using newer molecular approaches to describe what is known and what remains to be elucidated after 5 decades of research on the intestinal L cell and its secreted peptides, GLP-1 and GLP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L Brubaker
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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39
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Petersen MC, Gallop MR, Flores Ramos S, Zarrinpar A, Broussard JL, Chondronikola M, Chaix A, Klein S. Complex physiology and clinical implications of time-restricted eating. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:1991-2034. [PMID: 35834774 PMCID: PMC9423781 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00006.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Time-restricted eating (TRE) is a dietary intervention that limits food consumption to a specific time window each day. The effect of TRE on body weight and physiological functions has been extensively studied in rodent models, which have shown considerable therapeutic effects of TRE and important interactions among time of eating, circadian biology, and metabolic homeostasis. In contrast, it is difficult to make firm conclusions regarding the effect of TRE in people because of the heterogeneity in results, TRE regimens, and study populations. In this review, we 1) provide a background of the history of meal consumption in people and the normal physiology of eating and fasting; 2) discuss the interaction between circadian molecular metabolism and TRE; 3) integrate the results of preclinical and clinical studies that evaluated the effects of TRE on body weight and physiological functions; 4) summarize other time-related dietary interventions that have been studied in people; and 4) identify current gaps in knowledge and provide a framework for future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max C Petersen
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Molly R Gallop
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Stephany Flores Ramos
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Amir Zarrinpar
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Veterans Affairs San Diego Health System, La Jolla, California
| | - Josiane L Broussard
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Maria Chondronikola
- Departments of Nutrition and Radiology, University of California, Davis, California
- Departments of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, Kallithea, Greece
| | - Amandine Chaix
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Samuel Klein
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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40
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Russell BJ, Brown SD, Siguenza N, Mai I, Saran AR, Lingaraju A, Maissy ES, Dantas Machado AC, Pinto AFM, Sanchez C, Rossitto LA, Miyamoto Y, Richter RA, Ho SB, Eckmann L, Hasty J, Gonzalez DJ, Saghatelian A, Knight R, Zarrinpar A. Intestinal transgene delivery with native E. coli chassis allows persistent physiological changes. Cell 2022; 185:3263-3277.e15. [PMID: 35931082 PMCID: PMC9464905 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Live bacterial therapeutics (LBTs) could reverse diseases by engrafting in the gut and providing persistent beneficial functions in the host. However, attempts to functionally manipulate the gut microbiome of conventionally raised (CR) hosts have been unsuccessful because engineered microbial organisms (i.e., chassis) have difficulty in colonizing the hostile luminal environment. In this proof-of-concept study, we use native bacteria as chassis for transgene delivery to impact CR host physiology. Native Escherichia coli bacteria isolated from the stool cultures of CR mice were modified to express functional genes. The reintroduction of these strains induces perpetual engraftment in the intestine. In addition, engineered native E. coli can induce functional changes that affect physiology of and reverse pathology in CR hosts months after administration. Thus, using native bacteria as chassis to “knock in” specific functions allows mechanistic studies of specific microbial activities in the microbiome of CR hosts and enables LBT with curative intent. Native E. coli strains isolated from mouse stool are genetically engineered for long-term engraftment in the conventional mouse gut and enable long-term systemic effects on the host, such as improvements in insulin sensitivity in mouse models of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baylee J Russell
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Steven D Brown
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nicole Siguenza
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Irene Mai
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Anand R Saran
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Amulya Lingaraju
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Erica S Maissy
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ana C Dantas Machado
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Antonio F M Pinto
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Concepcion Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Leigh-Ana Rossitto
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yukiko Miyamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - R Alexander Richter
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Samuel B Ho
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; VA Health Sciences San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
| | - Lars Eckmann
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jeff Hasty
- BioCircuits Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - David J Gonzalez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alan Saghatelian
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Amir Zarrinpar
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; VA Health Sciences San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA; Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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