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Frago LM, Gómez-Romero A, Collado-Pérez R, Argente J, Chowen JA. Synergism Between Hypothalamic Astrocytes and Neurons in Metabolic Control. Physiology (Bethesda) 2024; 39:0. [PMID: 38530221 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00009.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are no longer considered as passive support cells. In the hypothalamus, these glial cells actively participate in the control of appetite, energy expenditure, and the processes leading to obesity and its secondary complications. Here we briefly review studies supporting this conclusion and the advances made in understanding the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Frago
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Gómez-Romero
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Collado-Pérez
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Argente
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA Food Institute, Campus of International Excellence, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julie A Chowen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA Food Institute, Campus of International Excellence, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
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Minakhina S, Kim SY, Wondisford FE. Regulation of hypothalamic reactive oxygen species and feeding behavior by phosphorylation of the beta 2 thyroid hormone receptor isoform. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7200. [PMID: 38531895 PMCID: PMC10965981 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57364-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Unlike other thyroid hormone receptors (THRs), the beta 2 isoform (THRB2) has a restricted expression pattern and is uniquely and abundantly phosphorylated at a conserved serine residue S101 (S102 in humans). Using tagged and or phosphorylation-defective (S101A) THRB2 mutant mice, we show that THRB2 is present in a large subset of POMC neurons and mitigates ROS accumulation during ROS-triggering events, such as fasting/refeeding or high fat diet (HFD). Excessive ROS accumulation in mutant POMC neurons was accompanied by a skewed production of orexigenic/anorexigenic hormones, resulting in elevated food intake. The prolonged exposure to pathogenic hypothalamic ROS levels during HFD feeding lead to a significant loss of POMC neurons in mutant versus wild-type (WT) mice. In cultured cells, the presence of WT THRB2 isoform, but not other THRs, or THRB2S101A, reduced ROS accumulation upon exogenous induction of oxidative stress by tert-butyl hydroperoxide. The protective function of phospho-THRB2 (pTHRB2) did not require thyroid hormone (TH), suggesting a TH-independent role of the THRB2 isoform, and phospho-S101 in particular, in regulating oxidative stress. We propose that pTHRB2 has a fundamental role in neuronal protection against ROS cellular damage, and mitigates hypothalamic pathological changes found in diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Minakhina
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Sun Young Kim
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Fredric E Wondisford
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
- University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
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Kim JD, Copperi F, Diano S. Microglia in Central Control of Metabolism. Physiology (Bethesda) 2024; 39:0. [PMID: 37962895 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00021.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Beyond their role as brain immune cells, microglia act as metabolic sensors in response to changes in nutrient availability, thus playing a role in energy homeostasis. This review highlights the evidence and challenges of studying the role of microglia in metabolism regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Dae Kim
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - Francesca Copperi
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - Sabrina Diano
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
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Srour N, Lavoie O, Khouma A, Minbashi Moeini M, Plamondon J, Kinkead R, Michael NJ, Caron A. Electrophysiological Comparison of Definitive Pro-opiomelanocortin Neurons in the Arcuate Nucleus and the Retrochiasmatic Area of Male and Female Mice. Neuroscience 2023; 530:95-107. [PMID: 37619768 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-expressing neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC) are considered a major site of leptin action. Due to increasing evidence that POMC neurons are highly heterogeneous and indications that the conventional molecular tools to study their functions have important limitations, a reassessment of leptin's effects on definitive POMC neurons is needed. POMC neurons are also expressed in the retrochiasmatic area (RCA), where their function is poorly understood. Furthermore, the response of POMC neurons to leptin in females is largely unknown. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the differences in leptin responsiveness of POMC neurons in the ARC and the RCA using a mouse model allowing adult-inducible fluorescent labeling. We performed whole-cell patch clamp electrophysiology on 154 POMC neurons from male and female mice. We confirmed and extended the model by which leptin depolarizes POMC neurons, in both the ARC and the RCA. Furthermore, we characterized the electrophysiological properties of an underappreciated subpopulation representing ∼10% of hypothalamic POMC neurons that are inhibited by leptin. We also provide evidence that sex does not appear to be a major determinant of basal properties and leptin responsiveness of POMC neurons, but that females are overall less responsive to leptin compared to males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Srour
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada; Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Olivier Lavoie
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada; Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Axelle Khouma
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada; Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Moein Minbashi Moeini
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada; Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | | | - Richard Kinkead
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, QC, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Natalie J Michael
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada; Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
| | - Alexandre Caron
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada; Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
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Nakagawa T, Hosoi T. Recent progress on action and regulation of anorexigenic adipokine leptin. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1172060. [PMID: 37547309 PMCID: PMC10399691 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1172060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Organismal energy balance is controlled by inter-tissue communication mediated by the nervous system and hormones, the disruption of which causes metabolic syndrome exemplified by diabetes and obesity. Fat-storing adipose tissue, especially those located in subcutaneous white adipose tissue, secretes leptin in a proportion of fat mass, inhibiting the accumulation of organismal fat by suppressing appetite and promoting energy expenditure. With a prevalence of obesity that exhibits hyperleptinemia, most of the investigation on leptin has been focused on how it works and how it does not, which is expected to be a clue for treating obesity. In contrast, how it is synthesized, transported, and excreted, all of which are relevant to the homeostasis of blood leptin concentration, are not much understood. Of note, acute leptin reduction after hyperleptinemia in the context of obesity exhibited a beneficial effect on obesity and insulin sensitivity, indicating that manipulation of circulating leptin level may provide a therapeutic strategy. Technological advances such as "omics" analysis combined with sophisticated gene-engineered mice studies in the past decade enabled a deeper understanding of leptin's action in more detail. Here, we summarize the updated understanding of the action as well as regulation of leptin and point out the emerging direction of research on leptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Nakagawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Sanyo-Onoda, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Division of Cell Proliferation, ART, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Toru Hosoi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Sanyo-Onoda, Yamaguchi, Japan
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Félix-Soriano E, Stanford KI. Exerkines and redox homeostasis. Redox Biol 2023; 63:102748. [PMID: 37247469 PMCID: PMC10236471 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise physiology has gained increasing interest due to its wide effects to promote health. Recent years have seen a growth in this research field also due to the finding of several circulating factors that mediate the effects of exercise. These factors, termed exerkines, are metabolites, growth factors, and cytokines secreted by main metabolic organs during exercise to regulate exercise systemic and tissue-specific effects. The metabolic effects of exerkines have been broadly explored and entail a promising target to modulate beneficial effects of exercise in health and disease. However, exerkines also have broad effects to modulate redox signaling and homeostasis in several cellular processes to improve stress response. Since redox biology is central to exercise physiology, this review summarizes current evidence for the cross-talk between redox biology and exerkines actions. The role of exerkines in redox biology entails a response to oxidative stress-induced pathological cues to improve health outcomes and to modulate exercise adaptations that integrate redox signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Félix-Soriano
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kristin I Stanford
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.
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