1
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Minakhina S, Kim SY, Wondisford FE. Regulation of hypothalamic reactive oxygen species and feeding behavior by phosphorylation of the beta 2 thyroid hormone receptor isoform. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7200. [PMID: 38531895 PMCID: PMC10965981 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57364-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Unlike other thyroid hormone receptors (THRs), the beta 2 isoform (THRB2) has a restricted expression pattern and is uniquely and abundantly phosphorylated at a conserved serine residue S101 (S102 in humans). Using tagged and or phosphorylation-defective (S101A) THRB2 mutant mice, we show that THRB2 is present in a large subset of POMC neurons and mitigates ROS accumulation during ROS-triggering events, such as fasting/refeeding or high fat diet (HFD). Excessive ROS accumulation in mutant POMC neurons was accompanied by a skewed production of orexigenic/anorexigenic hormones, resulting in elevated food intake. The prolonged exposure to pathogenic hypothalamic ROS levels during HFD feeding lead to a significant loss of POMC neurons in mutant versus wild-type (WT) mice. In cultured cells, the presence of WT THRB2 isoform, but not other THRs, or THRB2S101A, reduced ROS accumulation upon exogenous induction of oxidative stress by tert-butyl hydroperoxide. The protective function of phospho-THRB2 (pTHRB2) did not require thyroid hormone (TH), suggesting a TH-independent role of the THRB2 isoform, and phospho-S101 in particular, in regulating oxidative stress. We propose that pTHRB2 has a fundamental role in neuronal protection against ROS cellular damage, and mitigates hypothalamic pathological changes found in diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Minakhina
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Sun Young Kim
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Fredric E Wondisford
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
- University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
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2
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Ramatchandirin B, Iijima M, Ikeda A, Pearah A, Radovick S, Wondisford FE, Sesaki H, He L. Protocol for measuring mitochondrial size in mouse and human liver tissues. STAR Protoc 2024; 5:102842. [PMID: 38244201 PMCID: PMC10831311 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2024.102842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dynamic process is important for cell viability, metabolic activity, and mitochondria health. Here, we present a protocol for measuring mitochondrial size through immunofluorescence staining, confocal imaging, and analysis in ImageJ. We describe the steps for tissue processing, antigen retrieval, mitochondrial staining using an integrating immunofluorescence assay, and computerized image analysis to measure each mitochondrial size in mouse and human liver tissues. This protocol reduces tissue sample volume and processing time for the preparation of primary cells. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Pearah et al.1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miho Iijima
- Departments of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Arisa Ikeda
- Departments of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Alexia Pearah
- Departments of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Sally Radovick
- Institute of Clinical Translational Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Fredric E Wondisford
- Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Hiromi Sesaki
- Departments of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Ling He
- Departments of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Departments of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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3
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Yang X, Wang J, Chang CY, Zhou F, Liu J, Xu H, Ibrahim M, Gomez M, Guo GL, Liu H, Zong WX, Wondisford FE, Su X, White E, Feng Z, Hu W. Leukemia inhibitory factor suppresses hepatic de novo lipogenesis and induces cachexia in mice. Nat Commun 2024; 15:627. [PMID: 38245529 PMCID: PMC10799847 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44924-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a systemic metabolic syndrome characterized by involuntary weight loss, and muscle and adipose tissue wasting. Mechanisms underlying cachexia remain poorly understood. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), a multi-functional cytokine, has been suggested as a cachexia-inducing factor. In a transgenic mouse model with conditional LIF expression, systemic elevation of LIF induces cachexia. LIF overexpression decreases de novo lipogenesis and disrupts lipid homeostasis in the liver. Liver-specific LIF receptor knockout attenuates LIF-induced cachexia, suggesting that LIF-induced functional changes in the liver contribute to cachexia. Mechanistically, LIF overexpression activates STAT3 to downregulate PPARα, a master regulator of lipid metabolism, leading to the downregulation of a group of PPARα target genes involved in lipogenesis and decreased lipogenesis in the liver. Activating PPARα by fenofibrate, a PPARα agonist, restores lipid homeostasis in the liver and inhibits LIF-induced cachexia. These results provide valuable insights into cachexia, which may help develop strategies to treat cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Jianming Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Chun-Yuan Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Fan Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Huiting Xu
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Maria Ibrahim
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Maria Gomez
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Grace L Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Biostatistics Shared Resource, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Wei-Xing Zong
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Fredric E Wondisford
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Su
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Metabolomics Core Facility, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Eileen White
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Ludwig Princeton Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Zhaohui Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
| | - Wenwei Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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4
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Pearah A, Ramatchandirin B, Liu T, Wolf RM, Ikeda A, Radovick S, Sesaki H, Wondisford FE, O'Rourke B, He L. Blocking AMPKαS496 phosphorylation improves mitochondrial dynamics and hyperglycemia in aging and obesity. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:1585-1600.e6. [PMID: 37890479 PMCID: PMC10841824 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Impaired mitochondrial dynamics causes aging-related or metabolic diseases. Yet, the molecular mechanism responsible for the impairment of mitochondrial dynamics is still not well understood. Here, we report that elevated blood insulin and/or glucagon levels downregulate mitochondrial fission through directly phosphorylating AMPKα at S496 by AKT or PKA, resulting in the impairment of AMPK-MFF-DRP1 signaling and mitochondrial dynamics and activity. Since there are significantly increased AMPKα1 phosphorylation at S496 in the liver of elderly mice, obese mice, and obese patients, we, therefore, designed AMPK-specific targeting peptides (Pa496m and Pa496h) to block AMPKα1S496 phosphorylation and found that these targeting peptides can increase AMPK kinase activity, augment mitochondrial fission and oxidation, and reduce ROS, leading to the rejuvenation of mitochondria. Furthermore, these AMPK targeting peptides robustly suppress liver glucose production in obese mice. Our data suggest these targeting peptides are promising therapeutic agents for improving mitochondrial dynamics and activity and alleviating hyperglycemia in elderly and obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Pearah
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | | | - Ting Liu
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Risa M Wolf
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Arisa Ikeda
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Sally Radovick
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Hiromi Sesaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Fredric E Wondisford
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Brian O'Rourke
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Ling He
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Departments of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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5
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Shah A, Wondisford FE. Gluconeogenesis Flux in Metabolic Disease. Annu Rev Nutr 2023; 43:153-177. [PMID: 37603427 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-061121-091507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Gluconeogenesis is a critical biosynthetic process that helps maintain whole-body glucose homeostasis and becomes altered in certain medical diseases. We review gluconeogenic flux in various medical diseases, including common metabolic disorders, hormonal imbalances, specific inborn genetic errors, and cancer. We discuss how the altered gluconeogenic activity contributes to disease pathogenesis using data from experiments using isotopic tracer and spectroscopy methodologies. These in vitro, animal, and human studies provide insights into the changes in circulating levels of available gluconeogenesis substrates and the efficiency of converting those substrates to glucose by gluconeogenic organs. We highlight ongoing knowledge gaps, discuss emerging research areas, and suggest future investigations. A better understanding of altered gluconeogenesis flux may ultimately identify novel and targeted treatment strategies for such diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Shah
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA; ,
| | - Fredric E Wondisford
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA; ,
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6
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Xu H, Wang Y, Kwon H, Shah A, Kalemba K, Su X, He L, Wondisford FE. Glucagon changes substrate preference in gluconeogenesis. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102708. [PMID: 36402444 PMCID: PMC9747632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fasting hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus is caused by unregulated glucagon secretion that activates gluconeogenesis (GNG) and increases the use of pyruvate, lactate, amino acids, and glycerol. Studies of GNG in hepatocytes, however, tend to test a limited number of substrates at nonphysiologic concentrations. Therefore, we treated cultured primary hepatocytes with three identical substrate mixtures of pyruvate/lactate, glutamine, and glycerol at serum fasting concentrations, where a different U-13C- or 2-13C-labeled substrate was substituted in each mix. In the absence of glucagon stimulation, 80% of the glucose produced in primary hepatocytes incorporated either one or two 13C-labeled glycerol molecules in a 1:1 ratio, reflecting the high overall activity of this pathway. In contrast, glucose produced from 13C-labeled pyruvate/lactate or glutamine rarely incorporated two labeled molecules. While glucagon increased the glycerol and pyruvate/lactate contributions to glucose carbon by 1.6- and 1.8-fold, respectively, the glutamine contribution to glucose carbon was increased 6.4-fold in primary hepatocytes. To account for substrate 13C carbon loss during metabolism, we also performed a metabolic flux analysis, which confirmed that the majority of glucose carbon produced by primary hepatocytes was from glycerol. In vivo studies using a PKA-activation mouse model that represents elevated glucagon activity confirmed that most circulating lactate carbons originated from glycerol, but very little glycerol was derived from lactate carbons, reflecting glycerol's importance as a carbon donor to GNG. Given the diverse entry points for GNG substrates, hepatic glucagon action is unlikely to be due to a single mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiting Xu
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yujue Wang
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Hyokjoon Kwon
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ankit Shah
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Katarzyna Kalemba
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Su
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ling He
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Fredric E. Wondisford
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA,For correspondence: Fredric E. Wondisford
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7
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Shah A, Wang Y, Wondisford FE. Differential Metabolism of Glycerol Based on Oral versus Intravenous Administration in Humans. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12100890. [PMID: 36295792 PMCID: PMC9611849 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12100890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycerol can be metabolized to glucose via gluconeogenesis or lactate via glycolysis. It is unknown if glycerol is metabolized similarly in the portal and systemic circulations in humans. Eight metabolically healthy overnight-fasted individuals received equimolar amounts of 13C3-glycerol orally and intravenously on two separate occasions with serial blood draws over four hours. Serum samples underwent liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis. Oral 13C3-glycerol administration led to higher average serum glucose enrichment than intravenous administration (5.02 ± 1.43 versus 4.07 ± 0.79%, p = 0.009). In contrast, intravenous 13C3-glycerol administration yielded higher average serum lactate enrichment than oral administration (5.67 ± 0.80 versus 4.85 ± 1.30%, p = 0.032). Peak serum glucose enrichment was also higher with oral administration (9.37 ± 2.93 versus 7.12 ± 1.28%, p = 0.010). Glycerol metabolism across the portal and systemic circulations is not congruent. Orally administered labeled glycerol led to greater labeled glucose production, while intravenously administration yielded greater lactate production. These data support direct glycerol to lactate conversion in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Shah
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Yujue Wang
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Fredric E. Wondisford
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Correspondence:
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8
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Peng J, Qin C, Ramatchandirin B, Pearah A, Guo S, Hussain M, Yu L, Wondisford FE, He L. Activation of the canonical ER Stress IRE1-XBP1 Pathway by Insulin Regulates Glucose and Lipid Metabolism. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102283. [PMID: 35863429 PMCID: PMC9396404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Knockout of the transcription factor X-box binding protein (XBP1) is known to decrease liver glucose production and lipogenesis. However, whether insulin can regulate gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis through XBP1 and how insulin activates the inositol-requiring enzyme-XBP1 ER stress pathway remains unexplored. Here, we report that in the fed state, insulin-activated kinase AKT directly phosphorylates inositol-requiring enzyme 1 at S724, which in turn mediates the splicing of XBP1u mRNA, thus favoring the generation of the spliced form, XBP1s, in the liver of mice. Subsequently, XBP1s stimulate the expression of lipogenic genes and upregulates liver lipogenesis as previously reported. Intriguingly, we find that fasting leads to an increase in XBP1u along with a drastic decrease in XBP1s in the liver of mice, and XBP1u, not XBP1s, significantly increases PKA-stimulated CRE reporter activity in cultured hepatocytes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that overexpression of XBP1u significantly increases cAMP-stimulated expression of rate-limiting gluconeogenic genes, G6pc and Pck1, and glucose production in primary hepatocytes. Reexpression of XBP1u in the liver of mice with XBP1 depletion significantly increases fasting blood glucose levels and gluconeogenic gene expression. These data support an important role of XBP1u in upregulating gluconeogenesis in the fasted state. Taken together, we reveal that insulin signaling via AKT controls the expression of XBP1 isoforms and that XBP1u and XBP1s function in different nutritional states to regulate liver gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Peng
- Departments of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Caolitao Qin
- Departments of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | | | - Alexia Pearah
- Departments of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Shaodong Guo
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, TX 77843
| | - Mehboob Hussain
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Liqing Yu
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Fredric E Wondisford
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Ling He
- Departments of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Departments of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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9
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Shah A, Wang Y, Su X, Wondisford FE. Glycerol's contribution to lactate production outside of a glucose intermediate in fasting humans. Metabolism 2022; 132:155214. [PMID: 35562085 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycerol is a well-recognized substrate for new glucose production via gluconeogenesis in the liver. However, its carbon contribution to the glycolytic intermediate lactate is not known in humans. METHODS Here we infused stable isotope tracers 13C3-glycerol and 6,6-D2-glucose into six metabolically healthy individuals after an overnight fast to study glycerol metabolism and measure glucose rate of appearance. Serum samples underwent liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. RESULTS Glycerol and glucose rates of appearance were 2.21 ± 1.42 μmol/kg/min and 7.81 ± 1.15 μmol/kg/min, respectively. Under steady-state conditions, the 13C enrichment for lactate was significantly higher than that of glucose (2.90 ± 0.52% versus 1.53 ± 0.78%, p = 0.017), suggesting direct glycerol to lactate metabolism. The percentage of lactate derived from glycerol was also significantly higher than the percentage of glucose (13.88 ± 2.69% versus 6.50 ± 2.59%, p = 0.005). CONCLUSION Given that lactate itself is a carbon source for gluconeogenesis and tricycarboxylic cycle intermediates, glycerol's ability to donate carbons to lactate may make it quantitatively more important to intermediary metabolism than currently appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Shah
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Yujue Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Su
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Fredric E Wondisford
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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10
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Guzman S, Dragan M, Kwon H, de Oliveira V, Rao S, Bhatt V, Kalemba KM, Shah A, Rustgi VK, Wang H, Bech PR, Abbara A, Izzi-Engbeaya C, Manousou P, Guo JY, Guo GL, Radovick S, Dhillo WS, Wondisford FE, Babwah AV, Bhattacharya M. Targeting hepatic kisspeptin receptor ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in a mouse model. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:145889. [PMID: 35349482 PMCID: PMC9106350 DOI: 10.1172/jci145889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common liver disease, has become a silent worldwide pandemic. The incidence of NAFLD correlates with the rise in obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. A hallmark featureof NAFLD is excessive hepatic fat accumulation or steatosis, due to dysregulated hepatic fat metabolism, which can progress to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Currently, there are no approved pharmacotherapies to treat this disease. Here, we have found that activation of the kisspeptin 1 receptor (KISS1R) signaling pathway has therapeutic effects in NAFLD. Using high-fat diet-fed mice, we demonstrated that a deletion of hepatic Kiss1r exacerbated hepatic steatosis. In contrast, enhanced stimulation of KISS1R protected against steatosis in wild-type C57BL/6J mice and decreased fibrosis using a diet-induced mouse model of NASH. Mechanistically, we found that hepatic KISS1R signaling activates the master energy regulator, AMPK, to thereby decrease lipogenesis and progression to NASH. In patients with NAFLD and in high-fat diet-fed mice, hepatic KISS1/KISS1R expression and plasma kisspeptin levels were elevated, suggesting a compensatory mechanism to reduce triglyceride synthesis. These findings establish KISS1R as a therapeutic target to treat NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephania Guzman
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, and,Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Hyokjoon Kwon
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, and
| | | | - Shivani Rao
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, and
| | - Vrushank Bhatt
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Ankit Shah
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, and
| | - Vinod K. Rustgi
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, and
| | - He Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Paul R. Bech
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine and
| | - Ali Abbara
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine and
| | | | - Pinelopi Manousou
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jessie Y. Guo
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, and,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Grace L. Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, and
| | - Sally Radovick
- Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | - Andy V. Babwah
- Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Child Health Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Moshmi Bhattacharya
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, and,Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Child Health Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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11
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Gamboa CM, Wang Y, Xu H, Kalemba K, Wondisford FE, Sabaawy HE. Optimized 3D Culture of Hepatic Cells for Liver Organoid Metabolic Assays. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123280. [PMID: 34943788 PMCID: PMC8699701 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is among the principal organs for glucose homeostasis and metabolism. Studies of liver metabolism are limited by the inability to expand primary hepatocytes in vitro while maintaining their metabolic functions. Human hepatic three-dimensional (3D) organoids have been established using defined factors, yet hepatic organoids from adult donors showed impaired expansion. We examined conditions to facilitate the expansion of adult donor-derived hepatic organoids (HepAOs) and HepG2 cells in organoid cultures (HepGOs) using combinations of growth factors and small molecules. The expansion dynamics, gluconeogenic and HNF4α expression, and albumin secretion are assessed. The conditions tested allow the generation of HepAOs and HepGOs in 3D cultures. Nevertheless, gluconeogenic gene expression varies greatly between conditions. The organoid expansion rates are limited when including the TGFβ inhibitor A8301, while are relatively higher with Forskolin (FSK) and Oncostatin M (OSM). Notably, expanded HepGOs grown in the optimized condition maintain detectable gluconeogenic expression in a spatiotemporal distribution at 8 weeks. We present optimized conditions by limiting A8301 and incorporating FSK and OSM to allow the expansion of HepAOs from adult donors and HepGOs with gluconeogenic competence. These models increase the repertoire of human hepatic cellular tools available for use in liver metabolic assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Moya Gamboa
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA;
| | - Yujue Wang
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; (Y.W.); (H.X.); (K.K.)
| | - Huiting Xu
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; (Y.W.); (H.X.); (K.K.)
| | - Katarzyna Kalemba
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; (Y.W.); (H.X.); (K.K.)
| | - Fredric E. Wondisford
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; (Y.W.); (H.X.); (K.K.)
- Correspondence: (F.E.W.); (H.E.S.); Tel.: +1-732-235-9838 (F.E.W.); +1-732-235-8081 (H.E.S.)
| | - Hatem E. Sabaawy
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; (Y.W.); (H.X.); (K.K.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, RBHS-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Correspondence: (F.E.W.); (H.E.S.); Tel.: +1-732-235-9838 (F.E.W.); +1-732-235-8081 (H.E.S.)
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12
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Wang Y, Hui S, Wondisford FE, Su X. Utilizing tandem mass spectrometry for metabolic flux analysis. J Transl Med 2021; 101:423-429. [PMID: 32994481 PMCID: PMC7987671 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-020-00488-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic flux analysis (MFA) aims at revealing the metabolic reaction rates in a complex biochemical network. To do so, MFA uses the input of stable isotope labeling patterns of the intracellular metabolites. Elementary metabolic unit (EMU) is the computational framework to simulate the metabolite labeling patterns in a network, which was originally designed for simulating mass isotopomer distributions (MIDs) at the MS1 level. Recently, the EMU framework is expanded to simulate tandem mass spectrometry data. Tandem mass spectrometry has emerged as a new experimental approach to provide information on the positional isotope labeling of metabolites and therefore greatly improves the precision of MFA. In this review, we will discuss the new EMU framework that can accommodate the tandem mass isotopomer distributions (TMIDs) data. We will also analyze the improvement on the MFA precision by using TMID. Our analysis shows that combining the MIDs of the parent and daughter ions and the TMID for the MFA is more powerful than using TMID alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujue Wang
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Sheng Hui
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fredric E Wondisford
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Su
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
- Metabolomics Shared Resource, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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13
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Shah AM, Wondisford FE. Reply to Hernández-Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis: A teaching view. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100021. [PMID: 33450696 PMCID: PMC7948971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2020.100021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ankit M Shah
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Fredric E Wondisford
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
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14
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Kosaraju J, Seegobin M, Gouveia A, Syal C, Sarma SN, Lu KJ, Ilin J, He L, Wondisford FE, Lagace D, De Repentigny Y, Kothary R, Wang J. Metformin promotes CNS remyelination and improves social interaction following focal demyelination through CBP Ser436 phosphorylation. Exp Neurol 2020; 334:113454. [PMID: 32877653 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with demyelinating diseases often experience difficulties during social interactions that are not well studied in preclinical models. Here, we describe a novel juvenile focal corpus callosum demyelination murine model exhibiting a social interaction deficit. Using this preclinical murine demyelination model, we discover that application of metformin, an FDA-approved drug, in this model promotes oligodendrocyte regeneration and remyelination and improves the social interaction. This beneficial effect of metformin acts through stimulating Ser436 phosphorylation in CBP, a histone acetyltransferase. In addition, we found that metformin acts through two distinct molecular pathways to enhance oligodendrocyte precursor (OPC) proliferation and differentiation, respectively. Metformin enhances OPC proliferation through early-stage autophagy inhibition, while metformin promotes OPC differentiation into mature oligodendrocytes through activating CBP Ser436 phosphorylation. In summary, we identify that metformin is a promising remyelinating agent to improve juvenile demyelination-associated social interaction deficits by promoting oligodendrocyte regeneration and remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayasankar Kosaraju
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Matthew Seegobin
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Ayden Gouveia
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Charvi Syal
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Sailendra Nath Sarma
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Kevin Jiaqi Lu
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Julius Ilin
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Ling He
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical School, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Fredric E Wondisford
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Diane Lagace
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Ottawa, ON K1G 5Z3, Canada
| | - Yves De Repentigny
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Rashmi Kothary
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jing Wang
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Ottawa, ON K1G 5Z3, Canada.
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15
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Wang Y, Wondisford FE, Song C, Zhang T, Su X. Metabolic Flux Analysis-Linking Isotope Labeling and Metabolic Fluxes. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10110447. [PMID: 33172051 PMCID: PMC7694648 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10110447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic flux analysis (MFA) is an increasingly important tool to study metabolism quantitatively. Unlike the concentrations of metabolites, the fluxes, which are the rates at which intracellular metabolites interconvert, are not directly measurable. MFA uses stable isotope labeled tracers to reveal information related to the fluxes. The conceptual idea of MFA is that in tracer experiments the isotope labeling patterns of intracellular metabolites are determined by the fluxes, therefore by measuring the labeling patterns we can infer the fluxes in the network. In this review, we will discuss the basic concept of MFA using a simplified upper glycolysis network as an example. We will show how the fluxes are reflected in the isotope labeling patterns. The central idea we wish to deliver is that under metabolic and isotopic steady-state the labeling pattern of a metabolite is the flux-weighted average of the substrates’ labeling patterns. As a result, MFA can tell the relative contributions of converging metabolic pathways only when these pathways make substrates in different labeling patterns for the shared product. This is the fundamental principle guiding the design of isotope labeling experiment for MFA including tracer selection. In addition, we will also discuss the basic biochemical assumptions of MFA, and we will show the flux-solving procedure and result evaluation. Finally, we will highlight the link between isotopically stationary and nonstationary flux analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujue Wang
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; (Y.W.); (F.E.W.)
- Metabolomics Shared Resource, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Fredric E. Wondisford
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; (Y.W.); (F.E.W.)
| | - Chi Song
- Division of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Teng Zhang
- Department of Mathematics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA;
| | - Xiaoyang Su
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; (Y.W.); (F.E.W.)
- Metabolomics Shared Resource, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-732-235-5447
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16
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Wang Y, An H, Liu T, Qin C, Sesaki H, Guo S, Radovick S, Hussain M, Maheshwari A, Wondisford FE, O'Rourke B, He L. Metformin Improves Mitochondrial Respiratory Activity through Activation of AMPK. Cell Rep 2020; 29:1511-1523.e5. [PMID: 31693892 PMCID: PMC6866677 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired mitochondrial respiratory activity contributes to the development of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. Metformin, a first-line antidiabetic drug, functions mainly by improving patients’ hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. However, its mechanism of action is still not well understood. We show here that pharmacological metformin concentration increases mitochondrial respiration, membrane potential, and ATP levels in hepatocytes and a clinically relevant metformin dose increases liver mitochondrial density and complex 1 activity along with improved hyperglycemia in high-fat- diet (HFD)-fed mice. Metformin, functioning through 5′ AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), promotes mitochondrial fission to improve mitochondrial respiration and restore the mitochondrial life cycle. Furthermore, HFD-fed-mice with liver-specific knockout of AMPKα1/2 subunits exhibit higher blood glucose levels when treated with metformin. Our results demonstrate that activation of AMPK by metformin improves mitochondrial respiration and hyperglycemia in obesity. We also found that supra-pharmacological metformin concentrations reduce adenine nucleotides, resulting in the halt of mitochondrial respiration. These findings suggest a mechanism for metformin’s anti-tumor effects. The mechanism of metformin action still remains controversial, in particular on mitochondrial activity and the involvement of AMPK. Wang et al. show that pharmacological metformin concentration or dose improves mitochondrial respiration by increasing mitochondrial fission through AMPK-Mff signaling; in contrast, supra-pharmacological metformin concentrations reduce mitochondrial respiration through decreasing adenine nucleotide levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Division of Neonatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Hongying An
- Division of Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Caolitao Qin
- Division of Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Hiromi Sesaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Shaodong Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, TX 77843, USA
| | - Sally Radovick
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Mehboob Hussain
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Akhil Maheshwari
- Division of Neonatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Fredric E Wondisford
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Brian O'Rourke
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Ling He
- Division of Neonatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Division of Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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17
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Ahmed Z, Zeeshan S, Foran DJ, Kleinman LC, Wondisford FE, Dong X. Integrative clinical, genomics and metabolomics data analysis for mainstream precision medicine to investigate COVID-19. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjinnov-2020-000444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant scientific and medical discoveries, the genetics of novel infectious diseases like COVID-19 remains far from understanding. SARS-CoV-2 is a single-stranded RNA respiratory virus that causes COVID-19 by binding to the ACE2 receptor in the lung and other organs. Understanding its clinical presentation and metabolomic and genetic profile will lead to the discovery of diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarkers, which may lead to more effective medical therapy. It is important to investigate correlations and overlap between reported diagnoses of a patient with COVID-19 in clinical data with identified germline and somatic mutations, and highly expressed genes from genomics data analysis. Timely model clinical, genomics and metabolomics data to find statistical patterns across millions of features to identify underlying biological pathways, modifiable risk factors and actionable information that supports early detection and prevention of COVID-19, and development of new therapies for better patient care. Next, ensuring security reconcile noise, need to build and train machine learning prognostic models to find actionable information that supports early detection and prevention of COVID-19. Based on the myriad data, applying appropriate machine learning algorithms to stratify patients, understand scenarios, optimise decision-making, identify high-risk rare variants (including ACE2, TMPRSS2) and making medically relevant predictions. Innovative and intelligent solutions are required to improve the traditional symptom-driven practice, and allow earlier interventions using predictive diagnostics and tailor better personalised treatments, when confronted with the challenges of pandemic situations.
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Abstract
As the burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) grows in the 21st century, the need to understand glucose metabolism heightens. Increased gluconeogenesis is a major contributor to the hyperglycemia seen in T2DM. Isotope tracer experiments in humans and animals over several decades have offered insights into gluconeogenesis under euglycemic and diabetic conditions. This review focuses on the current understanding of carbon flux in gluconeogenesis, including substrate contribution of various gluconeogenic precursors to glucose production. Alterations of gluconeogenic metabolites and fluxes in T2DM are discussed. We also highlight ongoing knowledge gaps in the literature that require further investigation. A comprehensive analysis of gluconeogenesis may enable a better understanding of T2DM pathophysiology and identification of novel targets for treating hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit M Shah
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Fredric E Wondisford
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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19
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Minakhina S, Bansal S, Zhang A, Brotherton M, Janodia R, De Oliveira V, Tadepalli S, Wondisford FE. A Direct Comparison of Thyroid Hormone Receptor Protein Levels in Mice Provides Unexpected Insights into Thyroid Hormone Action. Thyroid 2020; 30:1193-1204. [PMID: 32122258 PMCID: PMC7415890 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2019.0763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Thyroid hormone (TH) action is mediated by three major thyroid hormone receptor (THR) isoforms α1, β1, and β2 (THRA1, THRB1, and THRB2). These THRs and a fourth major but non-TH binding isoform, THRA2, are encoded by two genes Thra and Thrb. Reliable antibodies against all THR isoforms are not available, and THR isoform protein levels in mammalian tissues are often inferred from messenger RNA (mRNA) levels. Methods: We generated knock-in mouse models expressing endogenously and identically 2X hemagglutenin epitope (HA)-tagged THRs (THRA1/2, THRB1, and THRB2), which could then be detected by commercially available anti-HA antibodies. Using nuclear enrichment, immunoprecipitation, and Western blotting, we determined relative THR protein expression in 16 mouse organs. Results: In all peripheral organs tested except the liver, the predominant THR isoform was THRA1. Surprisingly, in metabolically active organs such as fat and muscle, THRB1 protein levels were up to 10 times lower than that of THRA1, while their mRNA levels appeared similar. In contrast to peripheral organs, the central nervous system (CNS) had a unique pattern with relatively low levels of both THRB1 and THRA1, and high levels of THRA2 expression. As expected, THRB2 was highly expressed in the pituitary, but a previously unknown sex-specific difference in THRB2 expression was found (female mice having higher pituitary expression than male mice). Higher THRB2 expression appears to make the central axis more sensitive to TH as both serum thyrotropin and Tshb mRNA levels were lower in female mice. Conclusions: Direct comparison of THR protein abundance in different organs using endogenously tagged HA-THR mouse lines shows that expression of THR isoforms is regulated at transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels, and in organ-specific manner. The prevalence of THRA1 and low abundance of THRB1 in majority of peripheral tissues suggest that peripheral actions of these isoforms should be revisited. A unique pattern of high THRA2 in CNS warrants further exploration of this non-TH binding isoform in brain development. Finally, THRB2, in addition to cell-specific control, is also regulated in a sex-specific manner, which may change the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis set point and perhaps metabolism in males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Minakhina
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
- Address correspondence to: Svetlana Minakhina, PhD, Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Clinical Academic Building, 7th floor, 125 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Sanya Bansal
- School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Alice Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Michael Brotherton
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Rucha Janodia
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Vanessa De Oliveira
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Srikanth Tadepalli
- School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Fredric E. Wondisford
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
- Fredric E. Wondisford, MD, Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Clinical Academic Building, 7th floor, 125 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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20
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Syal C, Kosaraju J, Hamilton L, Aumont A, Chu A, Sarma SN, Thomas J, Seegobin M, Dilworth FJ, He L, Wondisford FE, Zimmermann R, Parent M, Fernandes K, Wang J. Dysregulated expression of monoacylglycerol lipase is a marker for anti-diabetic drug metformin-targeted therapy to correct impaired neurogenesis and spatial memory in Alzheimer's disease. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:6337-6360. [PMID: 32483456 PMCID: PMC7255032 DOI: 10.7150/thno.44962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Monoacylglycerol lipase (Mgll), a hydrolase that breaks down the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) to produce arachidonic acid (ARA), is a potential target for neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Increasing evidence shows that impairment of adult neurogenesis by perturbed lipid metabolism predisposes patients to AD. However, it remains unknown what causes aberrant expression of Mgll in AD and how Mgll-regulated lipid metabolism impacts adult neurogenesis, thus predisposing to AD during aging. Here, we identify Mgll as an aging-induced factor that impairs adult neurogenesis and spatial memory in AD, and show that metformin, an FDA-approved anti-diabetic drug, can reduce the expression of Mgll to reverse impaired adult neurogenesis, prevent spatial memory decline and reduce β-amyloid accumulation. Methods: Mgll expression was assessed in both human AD patient post-mortem hippocampal tissues and 3xTg-AD mouse model. In addition, we used both the 3xTg-AD animal model and the CbpS436A genetic knock-in mouse model to identify that elevated Mgll expression is caused by the attenuation of the aPKC-CBP pathway, involving atypical protein kinase C (aPKC)-stimulated Ser436 phosphorylation of histone acetyltransferase CBP through biochemical methods. Furthermore, we performed in vivo adult neurogenesis assay with BrdU/EdU labelling and Morris water maze task in both animal models following pharmacological treatments to show the key role of Mgll in metformin-corrected neurogenesis and spatial memory deficits of AD through reactivating the aPKC-CBP pathway. Finally, we performed in vitro adult neurosphere assays using both animal models to study the role of the aPKC-CBP mediated Mgll repression in determining adult neural stem/progenitor cell (NPC) fate. Results: Here, we demonstrate that aging-dependent induction of Mgll is observed in the 3xTg-AD model and human AD patient post-mortem hippocampal tissues. Importantly, we discover that elevated Mgll expression is caused by the attenuation of the aPKC-CBP pathway. The accumulation of Mgll in the 3xTg-AD mice reduces the genesis of newborn neurons and perturbs spatial memory. However, we find that metformin-stimulated aPKC-CBP pathway decreases Mgll expression to recover these deficits in 3xTg-AD. In addition, we reveal that elevated Mgll levels in cultured adult NPCs from both 3xTg-AD and CbpS436A animal models are responsible for their NPC neuronal differentiation deficits. Conclusion: Our findings set the stage for development of a clinical protocol where Mgll would serve as a biomarker in early stages of AD to identify potential metformin-responsive AD patients to restore their neurogenesis and spatial memory.
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21
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Aloqaily B, Kwon H, Negron AL, Wondisford FE, Radovick S. SUN-261 Deletion of Hepatic Kisspeptin Results in Abnormal Glucose Metabolism in Female Mice. J Endocr Soc 2020. [PMCID: PMC7208880 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa046.1917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptin is a hypothalamic protein critical for neuroendocrine control of pubertal development and fertility and is modulated by nutritional signals. Kisspeptin has been localized to specific neurons located in the arcuate and anteroventral periventricular (AVPV) nuclei of the hypothalamus and is secreted to control GnRH mediated pubertal maturation and reproduction. Kisspeptin has also been localized to peripheral tissues including the liver, fat, gonads, intestine and placenta, although its role in these tissues is unclear. The objective of current study is to define the role of hepatic kisspeptin as a metabolic sensor. A floxed Kiss1 mouse has been developed, and ablation of liver-specific Kiss1 was achieved in two to three month old Kiss1f/f male and female mice given a single tail vein injection of thyroid hormone-binding globulin (TBG) promoter-driven Cre recombinase adeno-associated virus (AAV-CRE). A control group of Kiss1f/f male and female mice received an injection of AAV-GFP, expressing green fluorescent protein. Two weeks after injection, a glucose tolerance test (GTT) was performed followed by an insulin tolerance test. To determine whether changes had occurred in the reproductive axis, estrous cyclicity was assessed by daily vaginal smears and estrous cycle phases determined by vaginal cytology. Mice were euthanized four weeks post-injection and tissues were collected for RNA extraction and gene expression analysis via qRT-PCR. As expected, qRT-PCR data showed absence of Kiss1 expression in the liver of AAV-CRE mice compared to AAV-GFP mice with no changes in kisspeptin gene expression were noted in the ovary, testes, spleen, pancreas, arcuate or AVPV. Estrous cyclicity was also not affected by viral ablation of hepatic Kiss1. Elevated fasting glucose and glucose intolerance in the GTT were found in AAV-CRE compared to AAV-GFP females (P < 0.05). No differences in AAV-CRE and AAV-GFP male mice were found, indicating the importance of Kiss1 in glucose homeostasis in females. The insulin tolerance test was not statistically different between groups or treatments. Further research is required to elucidate the mechanism by which hepatic kisspeptin alters glucose metabolism in mice in a sexually-dimorphic fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahaa Aloqaily
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School/ Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Hyokjoon Kwon
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School/ Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Ariel L Negron
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School/ Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | | - Sally Radovick
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School/ Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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22
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Su X, Chiles E, Maimouni S, Wondisford FE, Zong WX, Song C. In-Source CID Ramping and Covariant Ion Analysis of Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography Metabolomics. Anal Chem 2020; 92:4829-4837. [PMID: 32125145 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A large proportion of the complexity and redundancy of LC-MS metabolomics data comes from adduct formation. To reduce such redundancy, many tools have been developed to recognize and annotate adduct ions. These tools rely on predefined adduct lists that are generated empirically from reversed-phase LC-MS studies. In addition, hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) is gaining popularity in metabolomics studies due to its enhanced performance over other methods for polar compounds. HILIC methods typically use high concentrations of buffer salts to improve chromatographic performance. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze adduct formation in HILIC metabolomics. To this end, we developed covariant ion analysis (COVINA) to investigate metabolite adduct formation. Using this tool, we completely annotated 201 adduct and fragment ions from 10 metabolites. Many of the metabolite adduct ions were found to contain cluster ions corresponding to mobile phase additives. We further utilized COVINA to find the major ionized forms of metabolites. Our results show that for some metabolites, the adduct ion signals can be >200-fold higher than the signals from the deprotonated form, offering better sensitivity for targeted metabolomics analysis. Finally, we developed an in-source CID ramping (InCIDR) method to analyze the intensity changes of the adduct and fragment ions from metabolites. Our analysis demonstrates a promising method to distinguish the protonated and deprotonated ions of metabolites from the adduct and fragment ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Su
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Eric Chiles
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Sara Maimouni
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States.,Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Fredric E Wondisford
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Wei-Xing Zong
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States.,Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Chi Song
- Division of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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23
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Wang Y, Kwon H, Su X, Wondisford FE. Glycerol not lactate is the major net carbon source for gluconeogenesis in mice during both short and prolonged fasting. Mol Metab 2019; 31:36-44. [PMID: 31918920 PMCID: PMC6881678 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Fasting results in major metabolic changes including a switch from glycogenolysis to gluconeogenesis to maintain glucose homeostasis. However, the relationship between the length of fasting and the relative contribution of gluconeogenic substrates remains unclear. We investigated the relative contribution of glycogen, lactate, and glycerol in glucose production of male C57BL/6 J-albino mice after 6, 12, and 18 h of fasting. Methods We used non-perturbative infusions of 13C3 lactate, 13C3 glycerol, and 13C6 glucose combined with liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and metabolic flux analysis to study the contribution of substrates in gluconeogenesis (GNG). Results During infusion studies, both lactate and glycerol significantly label about 60% and 30–50% glucose carbon, respectively, but glucose labels much more lactate (∼90%) than glycerol carbon (∼10%). Our analyses indicate that lactate, but not glycerol is largely recycled during all fasting periods such that lactate is the largest direct contributor to GNG via the Cori cycle but a minor source of new glucose carbon (overall contribution). In contrast, glycerol is not only a significant direct contributor to GNG but also the largest overall contributor to GNG regardless of fasting length. Prolonged fasting decreases both the whole body turnover rate of glucose and lactate but increases that of glycerol, indicating that the usage of glycerol in GNG become more significant with longer fasting. Conclusion Collectively, these findings suggest that glycerol is the dominant overall contributor of net glucose carbon in GNG during both short and prolonged fasting. Prolonged fasting significantly decreases the turnover rate of glucose and lactate but increases the glycerol turnover rate in mice. In both short and prolonged fasting, lactate is the largest direct contributor to gluconeogenesis but a minor source of new carbon entry. Glycerol is the second largest direct contributor to gluconeogenesis and the dominant overall carbon contributor during both short and prolonged fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujue Wang
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Hyokjoon Kwon
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Su
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Fredric E Wondisford
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
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24
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Kalemba KM, Wang Y, Xu H, Chiles E, McMillin SM, Kwon H, Su X, Wondisford FE. Glycerol induces G6pc in primary mouse hepatocytes and is the preferred substrate for gluconeogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:18017-18028. [PMID: 31645433 PMCID: PMC6885632 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Gluconeogenesis (GNG) is de novo production of glucose from endogenous carbon sources. Although it is a commonly studied pathway, particularly in disease, there is a lack of consensus about substrate preference. Moreover, primary hepatocytes are the current gold standard for in vitro liver studies, but no direct comparison of substrate preference at physiological fasting concentrations has been performed. We show that mouse primary hepatocytes prefer glycerol to pyruvate/lactate in glucose production assays and 13C isotope tracing studies at the high concentrations commonly used in the literature, as well as at more relevant fasting, physiological concentrations. In addition, when glycerol, pyruvate/lactate, and glutamine are all present, glycerol is responsible for over 75% of all glucose carbons labeled. We also found that glycerol can induce a rate-limiting enzyme of GNG, glucose-6-phosphatase. Lastly, we suggest that glycerol is a better substrate than pyruvate to test in vivo production of glucose in fasting mice. In conclusion, glycerol is the major carbon source for GNG in vitro and in vivo and should be compared with other substrates when studying GNG in the context of metabolic disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna M Kalemba
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
| | - Yujue Wang
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
| | - Huiting Xu
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
| | - Eric Chiles
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903
| | - Sara M McMillin
- Fred Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina
| | - Hyokjoon Kwon
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
| | - Xiaoyang Su
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901; Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903
| | - Fredric E Wondisford
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901; Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903.
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25
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Du D, Tan L, Wang Y, Peng B, Weinstein JN, Wondisford FE, Su X, Lorenzi PL. ElemCor: accurate data analysis and enrichment calculation for high-resolution LC-MS stable isotope labeling experiments. BMC Bioinformatics 2019; 20:89. [PMID: 30782135 PMCID: PMC6381631 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-019-2669-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The investigation of intracellular metabolism is the mainstay in the biotechnology and physiology settings. Intracellular metabolic rates are commonly evaluated using labeling pattern of the identified metabolites obtained from stable isotope labeling experiments. The labeling pattern or mass distribution vector describes the fractional abundances of all isotopologs with different masses as a result of isotopic labeling, which are typically resolved using mass spectrometry. Because naturally occurring isotopes and isotopic impurity also contribute to measured signals, the measured patterns must be corrected to obtain the labeling patterns. Since contaminant isotopologs with the same nominal mass can be resolved using modern mass spectrometers with high mass resolution, the correction process should be resolution dependent. RESULTS Here we present a software tool, ElemCor, to perform correction of such data in a resolution-dependent manner. The tool is based on mass difference theory (MDT) and information from unlabeled samples (ULS) to account for resolution effects. MDT is a mathematical theory and only requires chemical formulae to perform correction. ULS is semi-empirical and requires additional measurement of isotopologs from unlabeled samples. We validate both methods and show their improvement in accuracy and comprehensiveness over existing methods using simulated data and experimental data from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The tool is available at https://github.com/4dsoftware/elemcor . CONCLUSIONS We present a software tool based on two methods, MDT and ULS, to correct LC-MS data from isotopic labeling experiments for natural abundance and isotopic impurity. We recommend MDT for low-mass compounds for cost efficiency in experiments, and ULS for high-mass compounds with relatively large spectral inaccuracy that can be tracked by unlabeled standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Du
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lin Tan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yumeng Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bo Peng
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John N Weinstein
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fredric E Wondisford
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Su
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA. .,Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
| | - Philip L Lorenzi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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26
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Novaira HJ, Negron AL, Graceli JB, Capellino S, Schoeffield A, Hoffman GE, Levine JE, Wolfe A, Wondisford FE, Radovick S. Impairments in the reproductive axis of female mice lacking estrogen receptor β in GnRH neurons. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315:E1019-E1033. [PMID: 30040478 PMCID: PMC6293171 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00173.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The effect of estrogen on the differentiation and maintenance of reproductive tissues is mediated by two nuclear estrogen receptors (ERs), ERα, and ERβ. Lack of functional ERα and ERβ genes in vivo significantly affects reproductive function; however, the target tissues and signaling pathways in the hypothalamus are not clearly defined. Here, we describe the generation and reproductive characterization of a complete-ERβ KO (CERβKO) and a GnRH neuron-specific ERβKO (GERβKO) mouse models. Both ERβKO mouse models displayed a delay in vaginal opening and first estrus. Hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) mRNA expression levels in both ERβKO mice were similar to control mice; however female CERβKO and GERβKO mice had lower basal and surge serum gonadotropin levels. Although a GnRH stimulation test in both female ERβKO models showed preserved gonadotropic function in the same animals, a kisspeptin stimulation test revealed an attenuated response by GnRH neurons, suggesting a role for ERβ in normal GnRH neuron function. No alteration in estrogen-negative feedback was observed in either ERβKO mouse models after ovariectomy and estrogen replacement. Further, abnormal development of ovarian follicles with low serum estradiol levels and impairment of fertility were observed in both ERβKO mouse models. In male ERβKO mice, no differences in the timing of pubertal onset or serum luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone levels were observed as compared with controls. Taken together, these data provide in vivo evidence for a role of ERβ in GnRH neurons in modulating puberty and reproduction, specifically through kisspeptin responsiveness in the female hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horacio J Novaira
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Ariel L Negron
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Jones B Graceli
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espirito Santo , Vitoria , Brazil
| | - Silvia Capellino
- IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Department of Immunology , Dortmund , Germany
| | | | - Gloria E Hoffman
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jon E Levine
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Andrew Wolfe
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Fredric E Wondisford
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Sally Radovick
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , New Brunswick, New Jersey
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27
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Konopka AR, Esponda RR, Robinson MM, Johnson ML, Carter RE, Schiavon M, Cobelli C, Wondisford FE, Lanza IR, Nair KS. Hyperglucagonemia Mitigates the Effect of Metformin on Glucose Production in Prediabetes. Cell Rep 2018; 23:2532. [PMID: 29791861 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
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28
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Pinto VMS, Minakhina S, Qiu S, Sidhaye A, Brotherton MP, Suhotliv A, Wondisford FE. Naturally Occurring Amino Acids in Helix 10 of the Thyroid Hormone Receptor Mediate Isoform-Specific TH Gene Regulation. Endocrinology 2017; 158:3067-3078. [PMID: 28911178 PMCID: PMC5659674 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) action is mediated by the products of two genes, TH receptor (THR)α (THRA) and THRβ (THRB) that encode several closely related receptor isoforms with differing tissue distributions. The vast majority of THR isoform-specific effects are thought to be due to tissue-specific differences in THR isoform expression levels. We investigated the alternative hypothesis that intrinsic functional differences among THR isoforms mediate these tissue-specific effects. To achieve the same level of expression of each isoform, we created tagged THR isoforms and tested their DNA and functional properties in vitro. We found significant homodimerization and functional differences among the THR isoforms. THRA1 was unable to form homodimers on direct repeat separated by 4 bp DNA elements and was also defective in TH-dependent repression of Tshb and Rxrg in a thyrotroph cell line, TαT1.1. In contrast, THRB2 was both homodimer sufficient and fully functional on these negatively regulated genes. Using domain exchanges and individual amino acid switches between THRA1 and THRB2, we identified three amino acids in helix 10 of the THRB2 ligand-binding domain that are required for negative regulation and are absent in THRA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor M. S. Pinto
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 04021-001 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Svetlana Minakhina
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
| | - Shuiqing Qiu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Aniket Sidhaye
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Michael P. Brotherton
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
| | - Amy Suhotliv
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
| | - Fredric E. Wondisford
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
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29
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Flamant F, Cheng SY, Hollenberg AN, Moeller LC, Samarut J, Wondisford FE, Yen PM, Refetoff S. Thyroid Hormone Signaling Pathways: Time for a More Precise Nomenclature. Endocrinology 2017; 158:2052-2057. [PMID: 28472304 PMCID: PMC6283428 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Current literature makes a distinction between two pathways for thyroid hormone signaling: genomic and nongenomic. However, this classification is a source of confusion. We propose a clarification in the nomenclature that may help to avoid unproductive controversies and favor progress in this field of research. Four types of thyroid hormone signaling are defined, and the experimental criteria for classification are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Flamant
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, INRA USC 1370, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - Sheue-Yann Cheng
- Gene Regulation Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-6264
| | - Anthony N Hollenberg
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Lars C Moeller
- Division of Laboratory Research, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45127 Essen, Germany
| | - Jacques Samarut
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, INRA USC 1370, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - Fredric E Wondisford
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903
| | - Paul M Yen
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857, Singapore
| | - Samuel Refetoff
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
- Department of Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
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30
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Santiago LA, Faustino LC, Pereira GF, Imperio GE, Pazos-Moura CC, Wondisford FE, Bloise FF, Ortiga-Carvalho TM. Gene expression of T3-regulated genes in a mouse model of the human thyroid hormone resistance. Life Sci 2017; 170:93-99. [PMID: 27919825 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To understand how thyroid hormone (TH) regulates tissue-specific gene expression in patients with the syndrome of resistance to TH (RTHβ), we used a mouse model that replicates the human RTHβ, specifically the ∆337T mutation in the thyroid hormone receptor β (THRβ). MAIN METHODS We investigated the expression of key TH target genes in the pituitary and liver of TRβ∆337T and wild type THRβ mice by qPCR before and after a T3 suppression test consisting of the administration of increasing concentrations of T3 to hypothyroid mice. KEY FINDINGS Pituitary Tshb and Cga expression decreased and Gh expression increased in TRβ∆337T mice after T3 suppression. The stimulation of positively regulated TH genes was heterogeneous in the liver. Levels of liver Me1 and Thsrp were elevated in TRβ∆337T mice after T3 administration. Slc16a2 and Gpd2 did not respond to T3 stimulation in the liver of TRβ∆337T mice whereas Dio1 response was lower than that observed in WT mice. Moreover, although Chdh and Upd1 genes were negatively regulated in the liver, the expression of these genes was elevated after T3 suppression. We did not observe significant changes in THRα expression in the liver and pituitary, while THRβ levels were diminished in the pituitary and increased in the liver. SIGNIFICANCE Using a model expressing a THRβ unable to bind T3, we showed the expression pattern of liver negative and positive regulated genes by T3.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Santiago
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Translacional, Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - L C Faustino
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Translacional, Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - G F Pereira
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Translacional, Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - G E Imperio
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Translacional, Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - C C Pazos-Moura
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - F E Wondisford
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - F F Bloise
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Translacional, Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - T M Ortiga-Carvalho
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Translacional, Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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31
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Konopka AR, Esponda RR, Robinson MM, Johnson ML, Carter RE, Schiavon M, Cobelli C, Wondisford FE, Lanza IR, Nair KS. Hyperglucagonemia Mitigates the Effect of Metformin on Glucose Production in Prediabetes. Cell Rep 2016; 15:1394-1400. [PMID: 27160898 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic mechanism of metformin action remains incompletely understood. Whether metformin inhibits glucagon-stimulated endogenous glucose production (EGP), as in preclinical studies, is unclear in humans. To test this hypothesis, we studied nine prediabetic individuals using a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, crossover study design. Metformin increased glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and plasma glucagon. Metformin did not alter average basal EGP, although individual variability in EGP correlated with plasma glucagon. Metformin increased basal EGP in individuals with severe hyperglucagonemia (>150 pg/ml). Decreased fasting glucose after metformin treatment appears to increase glucagon to stimulate EGP and prevent further declines in glucose. Similarly, intravenous glucagon infusion elevated plasma glucagon (>150 pg/ml) and stimulated a greater increase in EGP during metformin therapy. Metformin also counteracted the protein-catabolic effect of glucagon. Collectively, these data indicate that metformin does not inhibit glucagon-stimulated EGP, but hyperglucagonemia may decrease the ability of the metformin to lower EGP in prediabetic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Konopka
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | | | | | - Rickey E Carter
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Michele Schiavon
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Claudio Cobelli
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Fredric E Wondisford
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Ian R Lanza
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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32
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He L, Chang E, Peng J, An H, McMillin SM, Radovick S, Stratakis CA, Wondisford FE. Activation of the cAMP-PKA pathway Antagonizes Metformin Suppression of Hepatic Glucose Production. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:10562-70. [PMID: 27002150 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.719666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Metformin is the most commonly prescribed oral anti-diabetic agent worldwide. Surprisingly, about 35% of diabetic patients either lack or have a delayed response to metformin treatment, and many patients become less responsive to metformin over time. It remains unknown how metformin resistance or insensitivity occurs. Recently, we found that therapeutic metformin concentrations suppressed glucose production in primary hepatocytes through AMPK; activation of the cAMP-PKA pathway negatively regulates AMPK activity by phosphorylating AMPKα subunit at Ser-485, which in turn reduces AMPK activity. In this study, we find that metformin failed to suppress glucose production in primary hepatocytes with constitutively activated PKA and did not improve hyperglycemia in mice with hyperglucagonemia. Expression of the AMPKα1(S485A) mutant, which is unable to be phosphorylated by PKA, increased both AMPKα activation and the suppression of glucose production in primary hepatocytes treated with metformin. Intriguingly, salicylate/aspirin prevents the phosphorylation of AMPKα at Ser-485, blocks cAMP-PKA negative regulation of AMPK, and improves metformin resistance. We propose that aspirin/salicylate may augment metformin's hepatic action to suppress glucose production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling He
- From the Division of Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287,
| | - Evan Chang
- From the Division of Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
| | - Jinghua Peng
- From the Division of Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
| | - Hongying An
- From the Division of Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
| | | | - Sally Radovick
- Pediatrics, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, and
| | - Constantine A Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Dadwal P, Mahmud N, Sinai L, Azimi A, Fatt M, Wondisford FE, Miller FD, Morshead CM. Activating Endogenous Neural Precursor Cells Using Metformin Leads to Neural Repair and Functional Recovery in a Model of Childhood Brain Injury. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 5:166-73. [PMID: 26235894 PMCID: PMC4618663 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of cell replacement strategies to repair the injured brain has gained considerable attention, with a particular interest in mobilizing endogenous neural stem and progenitor cells (known as neural precursor cells [NPCs]) to promote brain repair. Recent work demonstrated metformin, a drug used to manage type II diabetes, promotes neurogenesis. We sought to determine its role in neural repair following brain injury. We find that metformin administration activates endogenous NPCs, expanding the size of the NPC pool and promoting NPC migration and differentiation in the injured neonatal brain in a hypoxia-ischemia (H/I) injury model. Importantly, metformin treatment following H/I restores sensory-motor function. Lineage tracking reveals that metformin treatment following H/I causes an increase in the absolute number of subependyma-derived NPCs relative to untreated H/I controls in areas associated with sensory-motor function. Hence, activation of endogenous NPCs is a promising target for therapeutic intervention in childhood brain injury models. Metformin activates endogenous NPCs in the neonatal brain Metformin increases the absolute number of NPCs after neonatal brain injury Sensory-motor functional recovery occurs following metformin treatment post-injury
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvati Dadwal
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Neemat Mahmud
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Laleh Sinai
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Ashkan Azimi
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Michael Fatt
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Neuroscience and Mental Health Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Fredric E Wondisford
- Department of Medicine, Pediatrics and Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Freda D Miller
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Neuroscience and Mental Health Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Cindi M Morshead
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Institute of Biomaterial and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 563 Spadina Crescent, Toronto, ON M5S 2J7, Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredric E Wondisford
- Johns Hopkins Diabetes Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
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Cao J, Meng S, Chang E, Beckwith-Fickas K, Xiong L, Cole RN, Radovick S, Wondisford FE, He L. Low concentrations of metformin suppress glucose production in hepatocytes through AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). J Biol Chem 2015; 289:20435-46. [PMID: 24928508 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.567271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Metformin is a first-line antidiabetic agent taken by 150 million people across the world every year, yet its mechanism remains only partially understood and controversial. It was proposed that suppression of glucose production in hepatocytes by metformin is AMPK-independent; however, unachievably high concentrations of metformin were employed in these studies. In the current study, we find that metformin, via an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent mechanism, suppresses glucose production and gluconeogenic gene expression in primary hepatocytes at concentrations found in the portal vein of animals (60-80 μM). Metformin also inhibits gluconeogenic gene expression in the liver of mice administered orally with metformin. Furthermore, the cAMP-PKA pathway negatively regulates AMPK activity through phosphorylation at Ser-485/497 on the α subunit, which in turn reduces net phosphorylation at Thr-172. Because diabetic patients often have hyperglucagonemia, AMPKα phosphorylation at Ser-485/497 is a therapeutic target to improve metformin efficacy.
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Abstract
Metformin has been used for nearly a century and is now the most widely prescribed oral anti-diabetic agent worldwide. Yet how metformin acts remains only partially understood and controversial. One key reason may be that almost all previous studies were conducted with supra-pharmacological concentrations (doses) of metformin, 10-100 times higher than maximally achievable therapeutic concentrations found in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling He
- Division of Metabolism, Departments of Pediatrics, Physiology and Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Fredric E Wondisford
- Division of Metabolism, Departments of Pediatrics, Physiology and Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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Meng S, Cao J, He Q, Xiong L, Chang E, Radovick S, Wondisford FE, He L. Metformin activates AMP-activated protein kinase by promoting formation of the αβγ heterotrimeric complex. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:3793-802. [PMID: 25538235 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.604421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin is the most widely prescribed oral anti-diabetic agent. Recently, we have shown that low metformin concentrations found in the portal vein suppress glucose production in hepatocytes through activation of AMPK. Moreover, low concentrations of metformin were found to activate AMPK by increasing the phosphorylation of AMPKα at Thr-172. However, the mechanism underlying the increase in AMPKα phosphorylation at Thr-172 and activation by metformin remains unknown. In the current study, we find that low concentrations of metformin promote the formation of the AMPK αβγ complex, resulting in an increase in net phosphorylation of the AMPK α catalytic subunit at Thr-172 by augmenting phosphorylation by LKB1 and antagonizing dephosphorylation by PP2C.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jia Cao
- From the Divisions of Metabolism and
| | - Qiyi He
- From the Divisions of Metabolism and
| | | | | | - Sally Radovick
- Endocrinology, Departments of Pediatrics, Physiology, and Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
| | | | - Ling He
- From the Divisions of Metabolism and
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Tuttle RM, Wondisford FE. Welcome to the 84th annual meeting of the American Thyroid Association. Thyroid 2014; 24:1439-40. [PMID: 25229351 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2014.0429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Abstract
Thyroid hormone action is predominantly mediated by thyroid hormone receptors (THRs), which are encoded by the thyroid hormone receptor α (THRA) and thyroid hormone receptor β (THRB) genes. Patients with mutations in THRB present with resistance to thyroid hormone β (RTHβ), which is a disorder characterized by elevated levels of thyroid hormone, normal or elevated levels of TSH and goitre. Mechanistic insights about the contributions of THRβ to various processes, including colour vision, development of the cochlea and the cerebellum, and normal functioning of the adult liver and heart, have been obtained by either introducing human THRB mutations into mice or by deletion of the mouse Thrb gene. The introduction of the same mutations that mimic human THRβ alterations into the mouse Thra and Thrb genes resulted in distinct phenotypes, which suggests that THRA and THRB might have non-overlapping functions in human physiology. These studies also suggested that THRA mutations might not be lethal. Seven patients with mutations in THRα have since been described. These patients have RTHα and presented with major abnormalities in growth and gastrointestinal function. The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in these individuals is minimally affected, which suggests that the central T3 feedback loop is not impaired in patients with RTHα, in stark contrast to patients with RTHβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia M Ortiga-Carvalho
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, S/N, Cidade Universitária, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aniket R Sidhaye
- Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, CMSC 10-113, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Fredric E Wondisford
- Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, CMSC 10-113, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Abstract
Metformin is a first-line, anti-diabetic agent prescribed to over 150 million people worldwide. The main effect of metformin is to suppress glucose production in the liver; however, there is no reliable biomarker to assess the effectiveness of metformin administration. Our previous studies have shown that phosphorylation of CBP at S436 is important for the regulation of hepatic glucose production by metformin. In current study, we found that CBP could be phosphorylated in white blood cells (WBCs), and CBP phosphorylation in the liver and in WBCs of mice had a similar pattern of change during a fasting time course experiment. These data suggests that CBP phosphorylation in WBCs may be used as a biomarker of metformin action in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling He
- Division of MetabolismDivision of EndocrinologyDepartments of Pediatrics, Physiology and Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USAKennedy Krieger InstituteBaltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Shumei Meng
- Division of MetabolismDivision of EndocrinologyDepartments of Pediatrics, Physiology and Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USAKennedy Krieger InstituteBaltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Emily L Germain-Lee
- Division of MetabolismDivision of EndocrinologyDepartments of Pediatrics, Physiology and Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USAKennedy Krieger InstituteBaltimore, Maryland 21287, USADivision of MetabolismDivision of EndocrinologyDepartments of Pediatrics, Physiology and Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USAKennedy Krieger InstituteBaltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Sally Radovick
- Division of MetabolismDivision of EndocrinologyDepartments of Pediatrics, Physiology and Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USAKennedy Krieger InstituteBaltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Fredric E Wondisford
- Division of MetabolismDivision of EndocrinologyDepartments of Pediatrics, Physiology and Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USAKennedy Krieger InstituteBaltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
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Aninye IO, Matsumoto S, Sidhaye AR, Wondisford FE. Circadian regulation of Tshb gene expression by Rev-Erbα (NR1D1) and nuclear corepressor 1 (NCOR1). J Biol Chem 2014; 289:17070-7. [PMID: 24794873 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.569723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH) are critical for development, growth, and metabolism. Circulating TH levels are tightly regulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion within the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. Although circadian TSH secretion has been well documented, the mechanism of this observation remains unclear. Recently, the nuclear corepressor, NCOR1, has been postulated to regulate TSH expression, presumably by interacting with thyroid hormone receptors (THRs) bound to TSH subunit genes. We report herein the first in vitro study of NCOR1 regulation of TSH in a physiologically relevant cell system, the TαT1.1 mouse thyrotroph cell line. Knockdown of NCOR1 by shRNA adenovirus increased baseline Tshb mRNA levels compared with scrambled control, but surprisingly had no affect on the T3-mediated repression of this gene. Using ChIP, we show that NCOR1 enriches on the Tshb promoter at sites different from THR previously identified by our group. Furthermore, NCOR1 enrichment on Tshb is unaffected by T3 treatment. Given that NCOR1 does not target THR on Tshb, we hypothesized that NCOR1 targeted Rev-Erbα (NR1D1), an orphan nuclear receptor that is a potent repressor of gene transcription and regulator of metabolism and circadian rhythms. Using a serum shock technique, we synchronized TαT1.1 cells to study circadian gene expression. Post-synchronization, Tshb and Nr1d1 mRNA levels displayed oscillations that inversely correlated with each other. Furthermore, NR1D1 was enriched at the same locus as NCOR1 on Tshb. Therefore, we propose a model for Tshb regulation whereby NR1D1 and NCOR1 interact to regulate circadian expression of Tshb independent of TH negative regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene O Aninye
- From the Division of Metabolism, Departments of Pediatrics, Physiology, and Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
| | - Shunichi Matsumoto
- From the Division of Metabolism, Departments of Pediatrics, Physiology, and Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
| | - Aniket R Sidhaye
- From the Division of Metabolism, Departments of Pediatrics, Physiology, and Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
| | - Fredric E Wondisford
- From the Division of Metabolism, Departments of Pediatrics, Physiology, and Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
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He L, Cao J, Meng S, Ma A, Radovick S, Wondisford FE. Activation of basal gluconeogenesis by coactivator p300 maintains hepatic glycogen storage. Mol Endocrinol 2013; 27:1322-32. [PMID: 23770612 DOI: 10.1210/me.2012-1413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Because hepatic glycogenolysis maintains euglycemia during early fasting, proper hepatic glycogen synthesis in the fed/postprandial states is critical. It has been known for decades that gluconeogenesis is essential for hepatic glycogen synthesis; however, the molecular mechanism remains unknown. In this report, we show that depletion of hepatic p300 reduces glycogen synthesis, decreases hepatic glycogen storage, and leads to relative hypoglycemia. We previously reported that insulin suppressed gluconeogenesis by phosphorylating cAMP response element binding protein-binding protein (CBP) at S436 and disassembling the cAMP response element-binding protein-CBP complex. However, p300, which is closely related to CBP, lacks the corresponding S436 phosphorylation site found on CBP. In a phosphorylation-competent p300G422S knock-in mouse model, we found that mutant mice exhibited reduced hepatic glycogen content and produced significantly less glycogen in a tracer incorporation assay in the postprandial state. Our study demonstrates the important and unique role of p300 in glycogen synthesis through maintaining basal gluconeogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling He
- Division of Metabolism, Departments of Pediatrics, Physiology and Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA.
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Abstract
TSH is the most important biomarker in the interpretation of thyroid function in man. Its levels are determined by circulating thyroid hormone (TH) levels that feed back centrally to regulate the expression of the subunits that comprise TSH from the pituitary. The nuclear corepressor 1 (NCoR1), is a critical coregulator of the TH receptor (TR) isoforms. It has been established to play a major role in the control of TSH secretion, because mice that express a mutant NCoR1 allele (NCoRΔID) that cannot interact with the TR have normal TSH levels despite low circulating TH levels. To determine how NCoR1 controls TSH secretion, we first developed a mouse model that allowed for induction of NCoRΔID expression postnatally to rule out a developmental effect of NCoR1. Expression of NCoRΔID postnatally led to a drop in TH levels without a compensatory rise in TSH production, indicating that NCoR1 acutely controls both TH production and feedback regulation of TSH. To demonstrate that this was a cell autonomous function of NCoR1, we expressed NCoRΔID in the pituitary using a Cre driven by the glycoprotein α-subunit promoter (P-ΔID mice). Importantly, P-ΔID mice have low TH levels with decreased TSH production. Additionally, the rise in TSH during hypothyroidism is blunted in P-ΔID mice. Thus, NCoR1 plays a critical role in TH-mediated regulation of TSH in the pituitary by regulating the repressive function of the TR. Furthermore, these studies suggest that endogenous NCoR1 levels in the pituitary could establish the set point of TSH secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo H Costa-e-Sousa
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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He L, Naik K, Meng S, Cao J, Sidhaye AR, Ma A, Radovick S, Wondisford FE. Transcriptional co-activator p300 maintains basal hepatic gluconeogenesis. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:32069-77. [PMID: 22815486 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.385864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A major cause of fasting hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus is unregulated hepatic glucose production (HGP). Insulin suppresses HGP by phosphorylating CBP and disassembling the CREB-CBP complex from gluconeogenic genes. p300 is closely related to CBP; but in contrast to CBP, p300 binds constitutively to CREB due to the absence of phosphorylation site found in CBP. In a phosphorylation-competent p300(G442S) knock-in mouse model, we demonstrate that HGP is now exquisitely sensitive to insulin suppression. p300(G422S) and hepatic-deleted p300 mice exhibited significant lower blood glucose levels in the fasted and post-prandial states, indicating a role for p300 in maintaining basal HGP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling He
- Division of Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA.
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Chiamolera MI, Sidhaye AR, Matsumoto S, He Q, Hashimoto K, Ortiga-Carvalho TM, Wondisford FE. Fundamentally distinct roles of thyroid hormone receptor isoforms in a thyrotroph cell line are due to differential DNA binding. Mol Endocrinol 2012; 26:926-39. [PMID: 22570333 DOI: 10.1210/me.2011-1290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones have a profound influence on human development and disease. The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis involves finely tuned feedback mechanisms to maintain thyroid hormone (TH) levels. Despite the important role of TH-negative feedback in regulating this axis, the mechanism by which this occurs is not clearly defined. Previous in vivo studies suggest separate roles for the two thyroid hormone receptor isoforms, THRA and THRB, in this axis. We performed studies using a unique pituitary thyrotroph cell line (TαT1.1) to determine the relative roles of THRA and THRB in the regulation of Tshb. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we found that THRB, not THRA, bound to the Tshb promoter. By selectively depleting THRB, THRA, or both THRA and THRB in TαT1.1 cells, we found that simultaneous knockdown of both THRB and THRA abolished T(3)-mediated down-regulation of Tshb at concentrations as high as 100 nm T(3). In contrast, THRA knockdown alone had no effect on T(3)-negative regulation, whereas THRB knockdown alone abolished T(3)-mediated down-regulation of Tshb mRNA levels at 10 nm but not 100 nm T(3) concentrations. Interestingly, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that THRA becomes enriched on the Tshb promoter after knockdown of THRB. Thus, a likely mechanism for the differential effects of THR isoforms on Tshb may be based on their differential DNA-binding affinity to the promoter.
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Richter CP, Münscher A, Machado DS, Wondisford FE, Ortiga-Carvalho TM. Complete activation of thyroid hormone receptor β by T3 is essential for normal cochlear function and morphology in mice. Cell Physiol Biochem 2011; 28:997-1008. [PMID: 22178950 DOI: 10.1159/000335812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Thyroid hormones (THs) regulate many developmental processes, including the developmental onset of cochlear differentiation and function. TH action is mediated mostly by triiodothyronine (T3) bound to thyroid hormone nuclear receptors (TRs). At positive regulated genes and in the absence of THs, nuclear co-repressors are bound to TRs and decrease basal transcription rate. Ligand (T(3)) binding results in the dissociation of co-repressors and the recruitment of co-activators to the complex, which results in full transcriptional activation. METHODS We measured cochlear function in two knock-in mouse models: TRβ(E457A/E457A), with the TRβ co-activator binding surface (AF-2) disrupted to prevent co-activator binding; and TRβ(Δ337T/Δ337T), which is unable to bind T(3). Cochlear morphology and function were analyzed in 10-week-old normal and mutated mice. Cochlear function was determined by measuring auditory brainstem responses, cochlear tuning and compound action potential (CAP) thresholds. RESULTS All TRβ(Δ337T/Δ337T) and 85% of the TRβ(E457A/E457A) mice presented elevated CAP thresholds (P < 0.05 or less). Five percent of the TRβ(E457A/E457A) mice presented normal CAP thresholds with broadened cochlear tuning. TRβ(E457A/E457A) and TRβ(Δ337T/Δ337T) presented developmental defects that led to a decreased width (P < 0.01) and an increased thickness (P<0.01) of the tectorial membrane. In addition, TRβ(Δ337T/Δ337T) animals showed an increased tectorial membrane area (P<0.01). CONCLUSION Both mutations were deleterious to tectorial membrane development and led to important alterations in cochlear morphology and loss of cochlear function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus-Peter Richter
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Abstract
Members of the ErbB family of cell surface tyrosine kinase receptors are important targets for cancer treatment because they frequently contribute to the pathogenesis of malignancy. In this issue of the JCI, Fukuoka et al. generate data that suggest that using a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) against epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR; also known as ErbB1) may be a novel approach for treating patients with hypercortisolemia due to pituitary corticotroph adenomas (Cushing disease). While surgical resection remains the cornerstone of treatment for individuals with such tumors, this study suggests that TKIs could perhaps be used to reduce tumor size prior to surgery or to treat recurrent disease after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredric E Wondisford
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA.
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Santiago LA, Santiago DA, Faustino LC, Cordeiro A, Lisboa PC, Wondisford FE, Pazos-Moura CC, Ortiga-Carvalho TM. The Δ337T mutation on the TRβ causes alterations in growth, adiposity, and hepatic glucose homeostasis in mice. J Endocrinol 2011; 211:39-46. [PMID: 21746794 DOI: 10.1530/joe-11-0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mice bearing the genomic mutation Δ337T on the thyroid hormone receptor β (TRβ) gene present the classical signs of resistance to thyroid hormone (TH), with high serum TH and TSH. This mutant TR is unable to bind TH, remains constitutively bound to co-repressors, and has a dominant negative effect on normal TRs. In this study, we show that homozygous (TRβΔ337T) mice for this mutation have reduced body weight, length, and body fat content, despite augmented relative food intake and relative increase in serum leptin. TRβΔ337T mice exhibited normal glycemia and were more tolerant to an i.p. glucose load accompanied by reduced insulin secretion. Higher insulin sensitivity was observed after single insulin injection, when the TRβΔ337T mice developed a profound hypoglycemia. Impaired hepatic glucose production was confirmed by the reduction in glucose generation after pyruvate administration. In addition, hepatic glycogen content was lower in homozygous TRβΔ337T mice than in wild type. Collectively, the data suggest that TRβΔ337T mice have deficient hepatic glucose production, by reduced gluconeogenesis and lower glycogen deposits. Analysis of liver gluconeogenic gene expression showed a reduction in the mRNA of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, a rate-limiting enzyme, and of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α, a key transcriptional factor essential to gluconeogenesis. Reduction in both gene expressions is consistent with resistance to TH action via TRβ, reproducing a hypothyroid phenotype. In conclusion, mice carrying the Δ337T-dominant negative mutation on the TRβ are leaner, exhibit impaired hepatic glucose production, and are more sensitive to hypoglycemic effects of insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Santiago
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
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49
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Diaczok D, DiVall S, Matsuo I, Wondisford FE, Wolfe AM, Radovick S. Deletion of Otx2 in GnRH neurons results in a mouse model of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Mol Endocrinol 2011; 25:833-46. [PMID: 21436260 DOI: 10.1210/me.2010-0271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
GnRH is the central regulator of reproductive function responding to central nervous system cues to control gonadotropin synthesis and secretion. GnRH neurons originate in the olfactory placode and migrate to the forebrain, in which they are found in a scattered distribution. Congenital idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CIHH) has been associated with mutations or deletions in a number of genes that participate in the development of GnRH neurons and expression of GnRH. Despite the critical role of GnRH in mammalian reproduction, a comprehensive understanding of the developmental factors that are responsible for regulating the establishment of mature GnRH neurons and the expression of GnRH is lacking. orthodenticle homeobox 2 (OTX2), a homeodomain protein required for the formation of the forebrain, has been shown to be expressed in GnRH neurons, up-regulated during GnRH neuronal development, and responsible for increased GnRH promoter activity in GnRH neuronal cell lines. Interestingly, mutations in Otx2 have been associated with human hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, but the mechanism by which Otx2 mutations cause CIHH is unknown. Here we show that deletion of Otx2 in GnRH neurons results in a significant decrease in GnRH neurons in the hypothalamus, a delay in pubertal onset, abnormal estrous cyclicity, and infertility. Taken together, these data provide in vivo evidence that Otx2 is critical for GnRH expression and reproductive competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Diaczok
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
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Brothers KJ, Wu S, DiVall SA, Messmer MR, Kahn CR, Miller RS, Radovick S, Wondisford FE, Wolfe A. Rescue of obesity-induced infertility in female mice due to a pituitary-specific knockout of the insulin receptor. Cell Metab 2010; 12:295-305. [PMID: 20816095 PMCID: PMC2935812 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2010.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with insulin resistance in metabolic tissues such as adipose, liver, and muscle, but it is unclear whether nonclassical target tissues, such as those of the reproductive axis, are also insulin resistant. To determine if the reproductive axis maintains insulin sensitivity in obesity in vivo, murine models of diet-induced obesity (DIO) with and without intact insulin signaling in pituitary gonadotrophs were created. Diet-induced obese wild-type female mice (WT DIO) were infertile and experienced a robust increase in luteinizing hormone (LH) after gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) or insulin stimulation. By contrast, both lean and obese mice with a pituitary-specific knockout of the insulin receptor (PitIRKO) exhibited reproductive competency, indicating that insulin signaling in the pituitary is required for the reproductive impairment seen in DIO and that the gonadotroph maintains insulin sensitivity in a setting of peripheral insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J Brothers
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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